AN TAM INVESTMENT CONSULTING JSC

Add: 50/6 Nguyen Dinh Chieu St, Ward 3,

Phu Nhuan Dist, HCM City
Tel: +84 8 344 7647
Fax: +84 8 345 9352

Cilent: AUSTDOOR
Project: NEW FACTORY
Itemt: XUONG DUN
Location: NHON TRACH - DONG NAI - VIETNAM
Issue Date: 17/08/20178
Rev Time: 0
Rev Content: N/A

DESIGN PROCEDURE

Design parameter:
Project were designed by following American & Canadian code

ASCE 7-10 : Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.
IBC 2012 : International Building Code.
AISC ASD 89 : Allowable Stress Design.
MBMA 2012 : Metal Building Manufactures Association.

Load case:
Dead load_(DL) : By structural components
Colateral load : 10 kg/m2
Roof live load_(RL) : 30 kg/m2
Windload_(W) : v=83 mph
Exposure : B
Crane Load : By 5Tons Crane
Earthquake load : Neglected
Load combination:
By ASCE 7-10 for Allowable Stress Design (ASD) combinations

Analysis type:
Direct Analysis Method (DAM), including P-Delta effect, Notional load automatic creation
Serviceability check:

No,# Component Service Case Load applied Critical value Ref

RL L/150
1 Rafter Vertical deflection MBMA Table 1.3.1b

2 Purlin Vertical deflection RL L/150 MBMA Table 3.1

3 Column Horizontal deflection W/ CR H/100
Vertical deflection CR_Vertical L/600 MBMA Table 3.5
4 Runway Beam
Horizontal deflection CR_Lateral L/400
I. DESIGN PRACTICE AND LOAD APPLICATION:
1.1 Design Code:
A few of the more important national standards promulagating bodies and industry practice developers are:
• American Society for Testing and Materials. (ASTM)
• Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other structures. (ASCE7-2010)
• International Building Code (IBC-2012)
• American National Standards Institute. (ANSI)
• American Welding Society. (AWS)
• Metal Building Manufacturers Association. (MBMA-2012)
• Specification for Structural Steel Building. (ANSI/AISC 360-10)
• Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structure. (EN 1993-1-8)
• AISC Steel Design Guide.
Design Guide 1 :Base Plate and Anchor Rod Design (2006), 2nd Edition.
Design guide 2 :Design of Steel and Composite Beams with Web Openings,(1990).
Design guide 4 :Extended End-Plate Moment Connections Seismic and Wind Applications (2004), 2nd Edition.
Design guide 8 :Partially Resistanced Composite Connections (1996).
Design Guide 13 :Wide-Flange Column Stiffening at Moment Connections (1999).
Design Guide 16 :Flush and Extended Multiple-Row Moment End-Plate Connections (2002).
Design Guide 17 :High Strength Bolts – A Primer for Structural Engineers (2002).
Design Guide 21 :Weld Connections – A Primer for Enginners (2006).
Design Guide 24 :Hollow Structural Section Connection (2010).
• AISI Design Guide.
AISI-S100-07 Specification :North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
Design Guide D111-09 :Design Guide for Cold-Formed Steel Purlin Roof Framing Systems.
1.2 Design Practice:
The design standards, which cover the various members that comprise a metal builing systems, have remained consistent throunghout the year in the
building codes. The following requirements in the International Building Code (IBC 2012)
• Structural Steel:
The design, fabrication and erection of structural steel for buildings and structures shall be in accordance with AISC 360 Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings (Ref. IBC 2012, Section 2205.1). Structural steel includes steel elements that are defined in the AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings
and Bridges, Section 2.1. With regard to a typical metal building system, this would cover all the structural steel used except cables for bracing, cold-formed
steel products (girts, purlins, and cladding), and crane rails.
• Steel Joists :
The design, manufacturing and use of open web steel joists and joist girders shall be in accordance with the appropriate Steel Joist Institute specification
listed in IBC 2012, Section 2207.1. Steel joists are typically used in metal building systems as a substitute for cold-formed purlins where spans are longer.
• Steel Cable :
The design strength of steel cables shall be determined by the provisions of ASCE 19 Structural Applications of Steel Cables for Buildings (Ref. IBC 2012,
Section 2208.1).
• Cold Formed Steel :
The design of cold-formed carbon and low-alloy steel structural members shall be in accordance with the AISI-S100-07 Specification North American
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (Ref. IBC 2012, Section 2210.1).
1.3 Load Application:
IBC 2012 provides guidance on the application of loads to metal buildings. For some provisions, the IBC 2012 makes direct reference to the American Society
of Civil Engineers Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-10). Therefore, both of these source documents are cited accordingly.
1.4 Risk Category:
Each Building and structure shall be assigned a Risk Category in accordance with table 1604.5 (IBC 2012)

Table 1: Risk Category ( Table 164.05 IBC 2012)

Risk
Nature of Occupancy
Category
Building and other structures that represent a low hazard to human life in the event of failure, including but not limited to:
- Agricultural facilities.
I
- Certain temporary facilities.
- Minor storage facilities.

II Building and other structures except those listed in Risk Category I,III and IV

Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event of failure, including but not limited to:
- Buildings and other structures whose primary occupancy is public assembly with an occupant load greater than 300.
- Buildings and other structures containing elementary school, secondary school or day care facilities with an occupa load
greater than 250.
- Buildings and other structures containing adult education facilities, such as colleges and universities, with an occupant load
greater than 500.
- Group 1-2 occupancies with an occupant load of 50 or more resident care recipients but not having surgery or emergencv
treatment facilities.
III
- Group 1-3 occupancies.
- Any other occupancy with an occupant load greater than 5,000'’.
- Power-generating stations, water treatment facilities for potable water, waste water treatment facilities and other public utility
facilities not included in Risk Category IV.
- Buildings and other structures not included in Risk Category IV containing quantities of toxic or explosive materials that:
Exceed maximum allowable quantities per control area as given in Table 307.1 (1) or 307.1(2) or per outdoor control area in
accordance with the International Fire Code', and
Are sufficient to pose a threat to the public if released b
 Building and other structures designated as essential facilities, including but not limited to:
- Group 1-2 occupancies having surgery or emergency treatment facilities.
- Fire, recuse, ambulance and police stations and emergency vehicle garages.
- Designated earthquake, hurricane or other emergency shelters.
- Designated emergency preparedness, communications and operations centers and other facilities required for emergency
response.
- Power-generating stations and other public ultility facilities required as emergency backup facilities for Risk Category IV
IV structures.
- Building and other structures containing quantities of highly toxic materials that :
Exceed maximum allowable quantities per control area as given in table 307.1(2) or per outdoor control area in accordance
with the International Fire code and
Are sufficient to pose a treat to the public if releaseb
- Aviation control towers, air traffic control centers and emergency aircraft hangars.
- Building and other structures having critical national defense functions.
- Water strorage facilities and pump structures required to maintain water pressure for fire suppression.

1.5 Importance factor:

A factor that accounts for the degree of risk to human life, health, and welfare associated with damage to property or loss of use or functionality (Ref. ASCE 7-
10, Section 1.2.1). Importance factors are given for snow loads, and seismic loads in ASCE 7-10. They are based on the Risk Categories defined in IBC 2012

Table 2: Important factor1 ( Table 1.5-2) ASCE7-10)

Nature of Occupancy Risk Category Seismic Factor IE Snow Factor IS

Building that represent a Low Risk to human

I 1 0.8
life in the event of failure

Standard buildings ( not listed in other

II 1 1
occupancies)
Building that represent a Substantial Risk to
III 1.25 1.1
human life in the event of failure

Building designated as Essential Facilities IV 1.50 1.2

Notes:
1 Note that beginning with ASCE 7-10, there is no importance factor for wind because this is

incorporated into the wind speed maps.

1.6 Deflection:
Those deformations produced by dead, live, snow, wind, seismic, or other loads. The deflection of structural members shall not exceed the more restrictive of
Sections 1604.3.2 through 1604.3.5 or that permitted by Table 1604.3 (ref. IBC 2012, Section 1604.3.1). Sections 1604.3.2 through 1604.3.5 are the material
specifications for reinforced concrete, steel, masonry, and aluminum, respectively. A summary of the deflection limits is provided in Table 2. The lateral drift of
frames is covered.
Drift should not be confused with “Deflection”. Deflection limits are base on the Structural members length (L) while Drift are base on the Building height (H).

Table 3: Deflection Limits a,b,c,h,i ( Table 1604.3) IBC 2012)

Construction Load
Live Snow or Windf Dead+Lived,g

Roof memberse:

Suportting Plaster Celling L/360 L/360 L/240

Suportting Non Plaster Celling L/240 L/240 L/180
Non supporting Celling L/180 L/180 L/120
Roof members supporting Metal Roofing L/150 N/A N/A
Structural Metal Roof and Siding Panelsa N/A N/A L/60
Floor members L/360 N/A L/240

Exterior Walls and Interior Partitions

With brittle finished N/A L/240 N/A

With flexible finished N/A L/120 N/A
Wall member supporting Metal siding N/A L/90 N/A
Farm buildings N/A N/A L/180
Green houses N/A N/A L/120

Notes:
a. For structural roofing and siding made of formed metal sheets, the total load deflection shall not exceed L/60. For secondary roof structural members
supporting formed metal roofing, the live load deflection shall not exceed L/150. For secondary wall members supporting formed metal siding, the design wind
load deflection shall not exceed L/90. For roofs, this exception only applies when the metal sheets have no roof covering. (Note: Requirements of this Note "a"
have been added to Table 1.3.1(b) for clarification purposes.)
b. Interior partitions not exceeding 6 feet in height and flexible, folding and portable partitions are not governed by the provisions of this section. The deflection
criterion for interior partitions is based on the horizontal load defined in Section 1607.13.
c. See Section 2403 for glass supports.
d. For wood structural members having a moisture content of less than 16 percent at time of installation and used under dry conditions, the deflection resulting
from Live + Dead is permitted to be substituted for the deflection resulting from Live + Dead.
e. The above deflections do not ensure against ponding. Roofs that do not have sufficient slope or camber to assure adequate drainage shall be investigated
for ponding. See Section 1611 for rain and ponding requirements and Section 1503.4 for roof drainage requirements. Note that Section 1611.2 of IBC 2012
requires that bays of roofs susceptible to ponding instability shall be evaluated in accordance with Section 8.4 of ASCE 7-10. A susceptible bay is defined in
Section 202, cross-referenced by Section 1602.1 of IBC 2012 as a roof or portion thereof with (1) a slope less than 1/4-inch per foot, or (2) on which water is
impounded upon it, in whole or in part, and the secondary drainage system is functional but the primary drainage system is blocked. A roof surface with a
slope of 1/4-inch per foot or greater towards points of free drainage is not a susceptible bay.
f. The wind load is permitted to be taken as 0.42 times the "component and cladding" loads for the purpose of determining deflection limits herein.
g. For steel structural members, the dead load shall be taken as zero.
h. For aluminum structural members or aluminum panels used in skylights and sloped glazing framing, roofs or walls of sunroom additions or patio covers, the
total load deflection shall not exceed L/60. For aluminum sandwich panels used in roofs or walls of sunroom additions or patio covers, the total load deflection
shall not exceed L/120.
i. For cantilever members, L shall be taken as twice the length of the cantilever.

Table 4: Serviceability Considerations – Cladding (Table 3.3 MBMA 2012)

Cladding support type
Structural Elements Deformation Recommendation Loading

Metal panels/ Bare frame Driff Perpendicular to Wall H/60 to H/100 (Max) 10 Year wind
Metal panels/ Girts Horizontal Deflection L/120 (Max) 10 Year wind
Metal panel/ Wind Column Horizontal Deflection L/120 (Max) 10 Year wind
Precast Walls/ Bare frame Driff Perpendicular to Wall H/100 (Max) 10 Year wind
Unreinforced Masonry Walls/ Bare 1/16 inch crack Base of 10 Year wind
Driff Perpendicular to Wall
frame Wall
Foundation
Reinforced Masonry Walls/ Bare 10 Year wind
Driff Perpendicular to Wall H/200 (Max)
frame
Masonry Walls/ Girts Horizontal Deflection L/240, 1.5 inch (Max) 10 Year wind
Masonry Walls/ Wind Column Horizontal Deflection L/240, 1.5 inch (Max) 10 Year wind

Masonry Walls/ Lintel Vertical Deflection L/600, 0.3 inch (Max) DL+LL
Masonry Walls/ Lintel Rotation ≤1 degree (Max) DL+LL
Pre-Assembled Units/ Columns Relative Shortening 1/4 inch (Max) 0.5LL
Column
Pre-Assembled Units/ Bare frame Racking H/500 10 Year wind
Curtain Walls/ Bare frame Vertical Deflection H/500 10 Year wind
Curtain Walls/ Spandrels Vertical Deflection 3/8 inch (Max) DL Prior to Cladding
Curtain Walls/ Spandrels Vertical Deflection L/480, 5/8 inch (Max) Total DL
Spandrel
Curtain Walls/ Spandrels Vertical Deflection L/360, 1/2 inch (Max) 0.5LL
DL, including
Curtain Walls/ Spandrels Vertical Deflection L/600, 3/8 inch (Max)
Cladding Seft weight

Table 5: Serviceability Considerations – Celling & Partitions (Table 3.4 MBMA 2012)
Finished type
Structural Elements Deformation Recommendation Loading

0.5LL or 50 Year
Plastered Celling Roof member Vertical Deflection L/360 (Max)
Snow
0.5LL or 50 Year
Roof member Vertical Deflection L/240 (Max)
Non Plastered Celling Snow
Floor Beam/ Girder Vertical Deflection L/360,1 inch (Max) DL
Frame Horizontal Movement H/500 (Max) 10 Year wind
0.5LL or 50 Year
Partitions Roof member Vertical Deflection 3/8 inch to 1 inch (Max)
Snow
Floor Beam/ Girder Vertical Deflection L/360,1 inch (Max) 0.5LL
 Table 6: Serviceability Considerations – Equipment (Table 3.5 MBMA 2012)
Equipment Type
Structural Elements Deformation Recommendation Loading

0.5LL or 50 Year
Runway supports Total Inward ,movement 1/2 inch (Max)
Snow
Runway supports Total Outward ,movement 1 inch (Max) Snow

Runway beam Horizontal Deflection L/400, (Max) Crane Lateral Load

Top Running Crane Crane Vertical Static

Runway beam CMAA, “A”, “B”,&”C” Vertical Deflection L/600, (Max)
Load
Crane Vertical Static
Runway beam CMAA, “D” Vertical Deflection L/800, (Max)
Load
Crane Vertical Static
Runway beam CMAA, “E”, “F” Vertical Deflection L/1000, (Max)
Load
Crane Lateral or 10
Top running Cab Operated Bare frame Driff at Runway Elevation H/240, 2 inch (Max)
Year Wind
Crane Lateral or 10
Top running Pendant Operated Bare frame Driff at Runway Elevation H/100, (Max)
Year Wind
Crane Vertical Static
Underhung Crane Runway Beam CMAA “A”,”B”,&”C” Vertical Deflection L/450, (Max)
Load
Crane Vertical Static
JIB Crane Boom Vertical Deflection H/225, (Max)
Load

1.7 Load combination:

Combining factored Loads using strength design
Basic Combinations:
Structures, components, and foudations shall be designed so that their design strength equals or exceeds the effects of the factored loads in the following
combinations:
1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S or R)
3. 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(L or 0.5W)
4. 1.2D+1.0W+L+0.5(Lr or S or R)
5. 1.2D+1.0E+L+0.2S
6. 0.9D+1.0W
7. 0.9D+1.0E

Where: D = Dead Load, L = Live load, Lr = Roof live load, S = Snow load, R = Rain load, W = Wind load, E = Earthquake load
1.8 Dead Load:
The weight of materials of construction incorporated into the building, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions,
finishes, cladding, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, and the weight of fixed service equipment, such as cranes, plumbing
stacks and risers, electrical feeders, heating ventilating and air-conditioning systems and automatic sprinkler systems. (Ref. IBC 2012, Section 202, cross-
referenced by Section 1602.1). Further definition is provided in IBC Section 1606 as follows:
Dead loads shall be considered permanent loads.
For purposes of design, the actual weights of materials of construction and fixed service equipment shall be used. In the absence of definite information,
values used shall be subject to the approval of the building official.
Note that it is customary in the metal building industry to refer to the "weights of fixed service equipment" as collateral load. This distinction is made because
this portion of the dead load is not part of the system provided by the manufacturer. This could also include other dead load such as partitions, finishes, and
ceilings. See Table 7 for typical values that may be used as a guide to specify collateral loads.

Table 7: Typical Collateral Load ( Table 1.3.1(c) MBMA 2012)

Material Collateral Load (psf)

Cellings

Suspended Acoustical Fiber Tile 1

Suspended Gypsum Board-1/2inch 2
Suspended Gypsum Board-5/8inch 3
Insullations
Glass Fiber Blanket Negligible
Cellular Plastic, per inch of Insulation 0.2
Lighting 0.1 to 1
HVAC Ducts, Officce/Commerical 1
Sprinkler
Dry 1.5
Wet 3
1.9 Live Load:
A load produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure that does not include construction or environmental loads such as wind load,
snow load, rain load, earthquake load, flood load, or dead load (Ref. IBC 2012)
Section 202, cross-referenced by Section 1602.1). Live loads of primary interest in metal building design from IBC 2012 are summarized.
1.9.1 Reduction in Live Loads:
The minimum uniformly distributed live loads from IBC 2012, Table 1607.1 are permitted to be reduced as specified in Section 1607.10. The appropriate
reduction factor for a structural member is based on the influence area which is equal to the tributary area supported by the member multiplied by the live load
element factor, KLL, given in IBC 2012 Table 1607.10.1. For further clarification on the appropriate live load element factor and the relationship between the
tributary area and influence area, see ASCE 7-10 Commentary Figure C4-1.
1.9.2 Uniform Live Load:
Uniform live loads are specified in IBC 2012, Section 1607.3 as follows:
The live loads used in the design of buildings and other structures shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy but shall in no
case be less than the minimum uniformly distributed live loads required by Table 1607.1
1.9.3 Concentrated Load:
Concentrated loads are specified in IBC 2012, Section 1607.4 as follows:
Floors and other similar surfaces shall be designed to support the uniformly distributed live loads prescribed in Section 1607.3 or the concentrated live loads
given in Table 1607.1, whichever produces the greater load effects. Unless otherwise specified, the indicated concentration shall be assumed to be uniformly
distributed over an area of 2.5 feet by 2.5 feet and shall be located so as to produce the maximum load effects in the structural members.
1.9.4 Partition Load:
Partition loads are specified in IBC 2012, Section 1607.5 as follows:
In office buildings and in other buildings where partition locations are subject to change, provision for partition weight shall be made, whether or not partitions
are shown on the construction documents, unless the specified live load exceeds 80 psf.
The partition load shall not be less than a uniformly distributed live load of 15 psf.
1.9.5 Distribution of Floor Loads:
The distribution of floor live loads is specified in IBC 2012, Section 1607.11 as follows:
Where uniform floor live loads are involved in the design of structural members arranged so as to create continuity, the minimum applied loads shall be the full
dead loads on all spans in combination with the floor live loads on spans selected to produce the greatest load effect at each location under consideration.
Floor live loads are permitted to be reduced in accordance with Section 1607.10.
1.9.6 Roof Live Load:
A load on a roof produced (1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials; (2) during the life of the structure by movable objects such as
planters or other similar small decorative appurtenances that are not occupancy related; or (3) by the use and occupancy of the roof such as for roof gardens
or assembly areas (Ref. 2012, Section 202, cross-referenced by Section 1602.1). Note that roof live loads do not include wind, snow, seismic, or dead loads.
A clear distinction must be made between roof live loads and snow loads because the probabilities of occurrence for snow loads are very different from those
for roof live loads. Specific roof live load requirements from IBC 2012 are summarized.
1.9.7 Distribution of Roof Live Loads:
The distribution of roof live loads is specified in IBC 2012, Section 1607.12.1 as follows:
Where uniform roof live loads are reduced to less than 20 psf in accordance with Section 1607.12.2.1, and are applied to the design of structural members
arranged so as to create continuity, the reduced roof live load shall be applied to adjacent spans or to alternate spans, whichever produces the most
unfavorable load effect. See Section 1607.12.2 for reductions in minimum roof live loads and Section 7.5 of ASCE 7-10 for partial snow loading.
1.9.8 Reduction of Roof Live Loads:
The minimum uniformly distributed roof live loads, Lo, IBC 2012 Table 1607.1, are permitted to be reduced according to IBC 2012 Section 1607.12.2.1 for
ordinary flat, pitched and curved roofs, and awnings and canopies other than of fabric construction supported by a skeleton structure.

Table 8: Roof live load ( Table 1.3.3(a) MBMA 2012)

Roof slope, Tributary Loaded Area (At) in square feet for any structural members
F:12
At ≤ 200 200 < At < 600 At ≥ 600

F≤4 20 20(1.2 – 0.001At) 12

4 < F < 12 20(1.2-0.05F) 20(1.2 – 0.001At)(1.2 – 0.05F) ≥ 12 12

F ≥ 12 12 12 12

1.10 Wind Loads:

Building and other structures, including the Main Wind-Force Resisting Systems (MWFRS) and all Components and Cladding (C&C) thereof, shall be
designed and constructed to resist the Wind load.
1.10.1 Definitions:
• Basic Wind speed, v : Three-second gust speed at 33 (ft)/ 10(m) above the ground in Exposure C.
• Building Endclosed : A building that does not comply with the requirements for open or partially enclosed buildings.
• Building Enveloped : Cladding, Roofing, Exterior walls, Glazing, Door assemblies, Windown assemblies, Skylight assemblies, and
other component enclosing the building.
• Building and other structure , Flexible : Slender building and other structures that have a fundamental natural frequency less than 1Hz.
• Building or other structure Rigid : A building or other structure whose fundamental frequency is greater than or equal 1Hz.
• Building Low-Rise : EndClosed or partially endclosed building that comply with the following conditions:
Mean Roof height h less than or equal to 60 ft (18m).
Mean Roof height h does not exceed least horizontal dimension.
• Building Open : A building having each wall at least 80% open, this condition is expressed for each wall by the equation A0
≥0.8Ag
Where: A0= Total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure, in ft2, m2.
• Building partially EndClosed : A building that complies with both of the following conditions:
The total area of opening in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of
openings in the balance of the building envelope ( walls or roof) by more than 10%.
The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds 4ft2 (0.37m2) or 1% of the
area of that wall, whichever is smaller and the percentage of openings in the balance of the building envelope
does not exceed 20%.
• Building, Simple Diaphragm : A building in which both winward and leeward wind loads are transmitted by roof and vertically spanning wall
assemblies, through continous floor and roof diaphragm.
• Diaphragm : Roof, Floor, or other membrane or bracing system acting to transfer lateral forces to the vertical Main Wind-
Force Resisting System. For analysis under Wind loads, diaphragm constructed of untopped steel decks,
concrete filled steel decks and concrete slab, each having a span-to-depth ratio of two or less, shall be
permitted to be idealized as rigid. Diaphragms constructed of wood structural panel are permitted to be
idealized as flexible.
• Mean Roof height , h : The average of the roof eave height and the height to the highest point of the roof surface, except that, for roof
angles of less than or equal to 10 degree, the mean roof height is permitted to be taken as the roof eave height
• Directional Procedure : A procedure for determining wind loads on buildings and other structures for specific wind direction, in wich the
external pressure coefficients utilized are base on past wind tunnel testing of prototypical building models for
the corresponding direction of wind.
• Envelope procedure : A procedure for determining wind load cases on buildings, in which pseudo-external pressure coefficients are
derived from past wind tunnel testing of prototypical building models successively rotated through 360 degree,
such that the pseudo-pressure case produce key structural actions ( uplift, horizontal shear, bending moments,
etc.) that envelope their maximum values among all possible wind directions.
• Main Wind-Force Resisting System : An assemblage of structural elements assigned to provide support and stability for the overall structure. The
system generally receives wind loading from more than one surface.
• Components and Cladding : Elements of the building envelope that do not qualify as part of the MWFRS.
• The minimum design loads for the Main Wind Force Resisting Systems is stipulated in Section 28.4.4 of ASCE 7-10 as follow:
The wind load to be used in the design of the main wind force resisting system for an enclosed or partially enclosed building or other structure shall not be
less than 16 psf multiplied by the wall area of the building and 8 psf multiplied by the roof area of the building projected onto a vertical plane normal to the
assumed wind direction.
• The minimum design wind pressure for components and cladding is stipulated in Section 30.2.2 of ASCE 7-10 as follows:
The design wind pressure for components and cladding of buildings shall be not less than a net pressure of 16 psf acting in either direction normal to the
surface.
• "a"—Dimension used to define width of pressure coefficient zones. The smaller of 10 percent of least horizontal dimension; or 0.4h.
But not less than either 4 percent of least horizontal dimension; or 3 feet.
• Openings—Apertures or holes in the building envelope that allow air to flow through the building envelope and that are designed as "open" during design
winds as defined by these provisions.
• Exposure Category—The characteristics of ground surface irregularities (natural topography and vegetation as well as constructed features) for the site at
which the building is to be constructed. The ASCE 7-10 Commentary provides aerial photographs of typical exposures. The definitions are provided in
Section 1609.4.3 of IBC 2012. The following abbreviated definitions are provided, but the user must refer to the IBC 2012 or ASCE 7-10 definitions to
determine the appropriate category.
• Exposure B—Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family
dwellings or larger.
• Exposure C—Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 30 feet. This category includes flat open country and grasslands.
• Exposure D—Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This category includes smooth mudflats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
• Effective Wind Load Area—The area used to determine GCp. For component and cladding elements, the effective wind load area is the span length
multiplied by an effective width that need not be less than one-third the span length. For cladding fasteners, the effective wind area shall not be greater
than the area that is tributary to an individual fastener. To further clarify this, the effective wind load area is equal to L x W (See Figure 1)
Where:
L = Span
W = Greater of 0.5(A+B) or L/3
Notes:
Effective wind load area is to be used for determination of pressure coefficient only and not for design loads.
For cladding and other panel type members, without definitive width, the effective width need not be less than W=L/3
For fasteners, the effective wind load area is the area of the building surface contributing to the force being considered.

Figure 1: Effective Wind Load Area

1.10.2 Velocity Pressure:
The velocity pressure, qh, used to compute the design wind pressures is calculated according to the following procedure:
Select the basic wind speed, V, for building location and risk category (See ASCE 710, Figure 26.5-1A for Risk Category II, Figure 26.5-1B for Risk Categories
III and IV, and Figure 26.5-1C for Risk Category I).
Select the exposure category (B, C, or D )
Compute the velocity pressure, qh, based on the mean roof height (or eave height if θ < 10°)
qh = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 Eq. 28.3-1 (ASCE7-10).
where:
Kz = 2.01(h/1200)2/ 7 for Exposure B and with h > 30.
= 2.01(h/900)2/ 9 . 5 for Exposure C and with h > 15.
= 2.01(h/700)2/ 1 1 . 5 for Exposure D and with h > 15.
Kzt = Topographic factor that accounts for wind speed-up over hills, ridges, and escarpments. This factor is assumed to be 1.0, representing no
speed-up effect present in the computed velocity pressures.
Kd = Directionality factor, equal to 0.85, for Main Wind Force Resisting Systems and Components and Cladding.
V = Basic wind speed in miles per hour (3-second gust).
1.10.3 Wind Directionality factor Kd:
The Wind directionality factor, Kd shall be determined from table 26.6-1. This directionality factor shall only be included in determining Wind loads when the
load combinations specified in Section 2.3 and 2.4 are use for the design. The effect of Wind directionality in determining Wind loads in accordance with
Chapter 31 shall be based on analysis for Wind speeds that conform to the requirements of Sections 26.5.3

Table 9: Wind Directionality Factor, Kd (Table 26.6-1 ASCE7-10)

Structure Type Directionality Factor, Kd

Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85

Arched Roofs 0.85

Chimneys, Tanks, and similar structures

Square 0.9
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95

Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid

Freestanding and attached Sings 0.85

Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85

Trussed Towers
Triangle, Square, Rectangular 0.85
All other cross sections 0.95

1.10.4 Topographic factor Kzt:

The Wind speed-up effect shall be included in the calculation of design Wind Loads by using the factor Kzt:
Kzt = (1+K1K2K3)2 Eq.26.8-1 (ASCE7-10)
If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified in Section 26.8-1, then Kzt=1.0.
1.10.5 Velocity Pressure Exposure coefficient Kz:

Table 10: Velocity Pressure coefficients, Kh and Kz ( for all heights) (Table 27.3-1 ASCE7-10)
Height above
Exposure
Ground level, z

(ft) (m) B C D
0-15 0-4.6 0.57 0.85 1.03
20 6.1 0.62 0.90 1.08
25 7.6 0.66 0.94 1.12
30 9.1 0.7 0.98 1.16
40 12.2 0.76 1.04 1.22
50 15.2 0.81 1.09 1.27
60 18 0.85 1.13 1.31
70 21.3 0.89 1.17 1.34
80 24.4 0.93 1.21 1.38
90 27.4 0.96 1.24 1.40
 100 30.5 0.99 1.26 1.43
120 36.6 1.04 1.31 1.48
140 42.7 1.09 1.36 1.52
160 48.8 1.13 1.39 1.55
180 54.9 1.17 1.43 1.58
200 61.0 1.20 1.46 1.61
250 76.2 1.28 1.53 1.68
300 91.4 1.35 1.59 1.73
350 106.7 1.41 1.64 1.78
400 121.9 1.47 1.69 1.82
450 137.2 1.52 1.73 1.86
500 152.4 1.56 1.77 1.89
Note:
The velocity pressure exposure coefficients Kz may be determined from the following formula:
For 15(ft) ≤ z ≤ zg For z < 15(ft)
Kz = 2.01 (z/zg)2/α Kz = 2.01 (15/zg)2/α
1.10.6 Design Pressure for Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS):
1.10.6.1 Envelope Procedure for Low-Rise Buildings:
The design wind pressure used for the main wind force resisting system (MWFRS) is to computed as follows:
Step 1: Determine Risk category of Buildings or other Structures, see Table 1.5-2 (ASCE7-10).
Step 2: Determine the basic Wind speed ,v, for applicable Risk Category, see Fig. 26.5-1A, B, or C (for USA).
Step 3: Determine Wind load parameters:
Wind directionality factor, Kd, see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1 (ASCE7-10).
Exposure category B, c or D, see Section 26.7 (ASCE7-10).
Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and Fig. 26.8-1 (ASCE7-10).
Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10 (ASCE7-10).
Internal Pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see Section 26.11 and Table 26.11-1 (ASCE7-10).
Step 4: Determine Velocity Pressure Exposure coefficient, Kz or Kh, see Table 28.3-1 (ASCE7-10).
Step 5: Determine Velocity Pressure, qz or qh, Eq. 28.3-1 (ASCE7-10).
Step 6: Determine External Pressure coeeficient, (GCp), Fig. 28.4-1 for Flat and Gable Roofs (ASCE7-10).
Step 7: Caculate Wind Pressure, p, p = qh[(GCpf) - (GCpi)] Eq. 28.4-1 (ASCE7-10).
where:
p = Design wind pressure in pounds per square foot (psf).
qh = Velocity pressure in pounds per square foot (psf).
GCpf = External pressure coefficient from Figure 28.4-1, ASCE 7-10.
GCpi = Internal pressure coefficient from Table 26.11-1, ASCE 7-10.
h = Mean roof height above ground. Eave height may be substituted for mean roof height if 9 < 10°. For single slope buildings, the lower eave
height may be substituted for the mean roof height if θ < 10°.

Figure 2: External pressure coefficients (GCpf)

Enclosed, Partially Endclosed Buildings Low-Rise Walls, Gable & Monoslope Roof (h ≤ 60ft)

ASCE7-10 Fig 28.4-1: MWFRS – Basic load cases

ASCE7-10 Fig 28.4-1: MWFRS – Torsional Load cases

 Table 11: Walls and Roofs External pressure coefficients (GCpf) for Low-Rise h ≤ 60ft (Fig 28.4-1 ASCE7-10)
Roof angle, θ Load Case A
deg
Building Surface
1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
0-5 0.4 -0.69 -0.37 -0.29 0.61 -1.07 -0.53 -0.43
20 0.53 -0.69 -0.48 -0.43 0.80 -1.07 -0.69 -0.64
30 - 45 0.56 0.21 -0.43 -0.37 0.69 0.27 -0.53 -0.48
90 0.56 0.56 -0.37 -0.37 0.69 0.69 -0.48 -0.48

Table 12: Walls and Roofs External pressure coefficients (GCpf) for Low-Rise h ≤ 60ft (Fig 28.4-1 ASCE7-10)
Roof angle, θ Load Case B
deg
Building Surface
1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E
0 - 90 -0.45 -0.69 -0.37 -0.45 0.4 -0.29 -0.48 -1.07 -0.53 -0.48 0.61 -0.43

Notes:
1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
2. For values of θ other than those shown, linear interpolation is permitted.
3. The building must be designed for all Wind directions using the 8 loading patterns shown. The load patterns are applied to each building corner in turn as
the Windward Corner.
4. Combinations of external and internal pressures shall be evaluated as required to obtain the most severe loading.
5. For the Torsional load case shown below, the pressures in zone designated with a “T” shall be 25% of the full design Wind pressure (zone 1,2,3,4,5,6)
Exception: One story buildings with h less than or equal to 30(ft)/ 9.1(m), building two stories or less framed with light frame construction, and buildings two
stories or less designed with flexible diaphragms need not to be designed for the Torsional load case.
Torsional loading shall apply to all eight basic load patterns using the figures above applied at each Windward Corner.
6. For purpose of designing a building’s MWFRS, the total horizontal shear shall not be less than that determined by neglecting the Wind force on the roof.
7. For flat roof, use θ =0 (deg) and locate the zone 2/3 and zone 2E/3E boundary at the mid-width of the building.
8. The roof pressure coefficient (GCpf), when negative in Zone 2 and 2E, shall be applied in Zone 2/2E for a distance from the edge of roof equal to 0.5 times
the horizontal dimension of the building parallel to the direction of the MWFRS being designed or 2.5 times the eave height at the windward wall, whichever
is less : the remainder of zone 2/2E extending to the Ridge line shall use the pressure coefficient (GCpf) for zone 3/3E
9. Notation:
a: 10% of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either 4% of least horizontal dimension or 3(ft)/ 0.9(m).
h:Mean roof height, except that eavea height shall be used for θ ≤ 10(deg).
θ:Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
10. Roof overhangs : The Positive external pressure on the bottom surface of windward roof overhangs shall be determined using Cp = 0.7 (ASCE7-10), Cp =
0.68 ( MBMA 2012), in combination with the top surface pressures determined using Table 11 ( Fig 28.4-1 ASCE 7-10).
1.10.6.2 Directional Procedure for all height Buildings:
The design wind pressure used for the main wind force resisting system (MWFRS) is to computed as follows:
Step 1: Determine Risk category of Buildings or other Structures, see Table 1.5-2 (ASCE7-10).
Step 2: Determine the basic Wind speed ,v, for applicable Risk Category, see Fig. 26.5-1A, B, or C (for USA).
Step 3: Determine Wind load parameters:
Wind directionality factor, Kd, see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1 (ASCE7-10).
Exposure category B, c or D, see Section 26.7 (ASCE7-10).
Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and Fig. 26.8-1 (ASCE7-10).
Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10 (ASCE7-10).
Internal Pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see Section 26.11 and Table 26.11-1 (ASCE7-10).
Gust Effect factor, G see Section 26.9 (ASCE7-10).
Step 4: Determine Velocity Pressure Exposure coefficient, Kz or Kh, see Table 27.3-1 (ASCE7-10).
Step 5: Determine Velocity Pressure, qz or qh, Eq. 27.3-1 (ASCE7-10).
Step 6: Determine External Pressure coeeficient, Cp or CN, Fig. 27.4-1 for Walls, Flat, Gable, Hip, Monoslope or Mansard Roofs.
Fig. 27.4-2 for Domed Roofs.
Fig. 27.4-3 for Arched Roofs.
Fig. 27.4-4 for Monoslope Roofs, Open Buildings.
Fig. 27.4-5 for Pitched Roofs, Open Buildings.
Fig. 27.4-6 for Troughed Roofs, Open Buildings.
Fig. 27.4-7 for along-ridge/ valley Wind load case for Monoslpoe, Pitched
or Troughed Roofs, Open Buildings.
Step 7: Caculate Wind Pressure, p, on each Building surface
p = qGCp – qi(GCpi) Eq. 27.4-1 for Rigid Buildings, Endclosed or Partially Endclosed.
p = qGfCp – qi(GCpi) Eq. 27.4-2 for Flexible Buildings, Endclosed or Partially Endclosed.
p = qhGCN Eq. 27.4-3 for Monoslope, Pitched or Troughed free Roofs Open Buildings.
where:
q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground.
q = qh for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs evaluate bat height h
qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of endclosed buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially
endclosed buildings.
qi = qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially endclosed building where height z is defined as the level of the highest opening in the
building that could affect the positive internal pressure.
G = Gust-effec factor, see Section 26.9.
Cp = External pressure coefficient from Figs 27.4-1, 27.4-2 and 27.4-3.
(GCpi) = Internal pressure coefficient from table 26.11-1

Figure 3: External pressure coefficients (GCpf)

Enclosed, Partially Endclosed Buildings Walls and Roofs for All Height Buildings

ASCE7-10 Fig 27.4-1: Gable, Hip Roof

ASCE7-10 Fig 27.4-1: Monoslope Roof

ASCE7-10 Fig 27.4-1: Mansard Roof

Table 13: Wall External pressure coefficients Cp for All height buildings (Fig 27.4-1 ASCE7-10)
Surface Wall Pressure Coefficients, Cp
L/B Cp Use with
Winward Wall All values 0.8 qz
0-1 -0.5
Leeward Wall
2 -0.3
qh
≥4 -0.2
Side Wall All values -0.7
 Table 14: Roof External pressure coefficients Cp for All height buildings (Fig 27.4-1 ASCE7-10)
Winward Leeward
Wind Direction Angle θ (deg)
Angle θ (deg)
h/L 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 ≥ 60 10 15 ≥ 20
-0.17 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.0*
≤ 0.25 0.01θ -0.3 -0.5 -0.6
-0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
Nomal to Ridge for
θ ≥ 10 (deg) -0.9 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.0*
0.5 0.01θ -0.5 -0.5 -0.6
-0.18 -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4
-1.3** -1.0 -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 0.0*
≥1 0.01θ -0.7 -0.6 -0.6
-0.18 -0.18 -0.18 0.0* 0.2 0.2 0.3
Horizontal distance from winward edge
-0.18 * value is provided for interpolation purpose
0 to h/2 -0.9
** value can be reduced linearly with area
≤ 0.5 h/2 to h -0.9 -0.18 over which it is applicable as follows
Normal to Ridge for θ h to 2h -0.5 -0.18
<10 and parallel to Ridge
> 2h -0.3 -0.18
for all θ
Area Reduction factor
0 to h/2 -1.3** -0.18 ≤ 100 (9.3m2) 1.0
≥1
250 (23.2m2) 0.9
> h/2 -0.7 -0.18 ≥ 1000 (92.9m2) 0.8
Notes:
1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
2. Linear interpolation is permitted for values of L/B, h/L and θ other than shown. Interpolation shall only be carried out between values of the same sign.
Where no value of the same sign is given, assume 0.0 for interpolation purpose.
3. Where two case of Cp are listed, this indicates that the Windward roof slope is subjected to either positive or negative pressures and the roof structure shall
be designed for both conditions. Interpolation for intermediate ratios of h/L in this case shall only be carried out between Cp values of like sign..
4. For monoslope roofs, entire roof surface is either a Windward or Leeward surface.
5. For flexible buildings use apporiate Gf as determined by Section 26.9.4.
6. Refer to Fig 27.4-2 for domes and Fig 27.4-3 for arched roofs.
7. Notation:
B: Horizontal dimension of building, in feet (meter), measured normal to Wind direction.
L: Horizontal dimension of building, in feet (meter), measured parallel ton Wind direction.
h: Mean roof heght in feet (meters), except that eave height shall be used for θ ≤ 10 degrees.
z: Height above ground, in feet (meters).
G: Gust effect factor.
qz, qhVelocity pressure, in pounds per square foot (N/m2), evaluate at respective height.
θ:Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
8. For mansard roofs, the top horizontal surface and leeward inclined surface shall be treated as leeward surfaces from the table.
9. Except for MWFRS’s at the roof consisting of moment resisting frames, the total horizontal shear shall not be less than that determined by neglecting wind
forces on roof surfaces.
10.For roof slopes greater than 80, Use Cp = 0.8

Figure 4: Net pressure coefficients,CN 0.25 ≤ h/L ≤ 1.0

Open buildings Monoslope free roofs θ ≤ 45, γ = 0, 180

ASCE7-10 Fig 27.4-4: Monoslope Free Roofs

 Table 15: Roof Net pressure coefficients CN for Monoslope Free Roofs (Fig 27.4-4 ASCE7-10)
Roof angle Load case Wind direction, γ = 0 Wind direction, γ = 180
θ Clear Wind Flow Obstructed Wind Flow
Clear Wind Flow Obstructed Wind Flow
CNW CNL CNW CNL CNW CNL CNW CNL
A 1.2 0.3 -0.5 -1.2 1.2 0.3 -0.5 -1.2
0°
B -1.1 -0.1 -1.1 -0.6 -1.1 -0.1 -1.1 -0.6
A -0.6 -1 -1 -1.5 0.9 1.5 -0.2 -1.2
7.5°
B -1.4 0 -1.7 -0.8 1.6 0.3 0.8 -0.3
A -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 -1.5 1.3 1.6 0.4 -1.1
15°
B -1.9 0 -2.1 -0.6 1.8 0.6 1.2 -0.3
A -1.5 -1.6 -1.5 -1.7 1.7 1.8 0.5 -1
22.5°
B -2.4 -0.3 -2.3 -0.9 2.2 0.7 1.3 0
A -1.8 -1.8 -1.5 -1.8 2.1 2.1 0.6 -1
30°
B -2.5 -0.5 -2.3 -1.1 2.6 1 1.6 0.1
A -1.8 -1.8 -1.5 -1.8 2.1 2.2 0.7 -0.9
37.5°
B -2.4 -0.6 -2.2 -1.1 2.7 1.1 1.9 0.3
A -1.6 -1.8 -1.3 -1.8 2.2 2.5 0.8 -0.9
45°
B -2.3 -0.7 -1.9 -1.2 2.6 1.4 2.1 0.4

Notes:
1. CNW and CNL denote net pressure (contributions from top and bottom surfaces) for winward and leeward half of roof surfaces, respectively.
2. Clear wind flow denotes relative unobstructed wind flow with blockage less than or equal to 50%. Obstructed wind flow denotes objects below roof inhibiting
wind flow ( >50% blockage).
3. For value of θ between 7.5(deg) and 45(deg), linear interpolation is permitted. For values of θ less than 7.5(deg), use load coefficients for 0(deg).
4. Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting towards and away from the top roof surface, respectively.
5. All load case shown for each roof angle shall be investigated.
6. Notation:
L: Horizontal dimension of roof, measured in the along wind direction, ft (m).
h: Mean roof heght in feet (meters)
γ: Direction of Wind, degrees
θ: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.

Figure 5: Net pressure coefficients,CN 0.25 ≤ h/L ≤ 1.0

Open buildings Pitched free roofs θ ≤ 45, γ = 0, 180

ASCE7-10 Fig 27.4-5: Pitched Free Roofs

 Table 16: Roof Net pressure coefficients CN for Pitched Free Roofs (Fig 27.4-5 ASCE7-10)
Roof angle Load case Wind direction, γ = 0 Wind direction, γ = 180
θ Clear Wind Flow Obstructed Wind Flow
Clear Wind Flow Obstructed Wind Flow
CNW CNL CNW CNL CNW CNL CNW CNL

A 1.1 -0.3 -1.6 -1.0 1.1 -0.3 -1.6 -1.0

7.5°
B 0.2 -1.2 -0.9 -1.7 0.2 -1.2 -0.9 -1.7
A 1.1 -0.4 -1.2 -1.0 1.1 -0.4 -1.2 -1.0
15°
B 0.1 -1.1 -0.6 -1.6 0.1 -1.1 -0.6 -1.6
A 1.1 0.1 -1.2 -1.2 1.1 0.1 -1.2 -1.2
22.5°
B -0.1 -0.8 -0.8 -1.7 -0.1 -0.8 -0.8 -1.7
A 1.3 0.3 -0.7 -1.7 1.3 0.3 -0.7 -1.7
30°
B -0.1 -0.9 -0.2 -1.1 -0.1 -0.9 -0.2 -1.1
A 1.3 0.6 -0.6 -0.6 1.3 0.6 -0.6 -0.6
37.5°
B -0.2 -0.6 -0.3 -0.9 -0.2 -0.6 -0.3 -0.9
A 1.1 0.9 -0.5 -0.5 1.1 0.9 -0.5 -0.5
45°
B -0.3 -0.5 -0.3 -0.7 -0.3 -0.5 -0.3 -0.7

Notes:
1. CNW and CNL denote net pressure (contributions from top and bottom surfaces) for winward and leeward half of roof surfaces, respectively.
2. Clear wind flow denotes relative unobstructed wind flow with blockage less than or equal to 50%. Obstructed wind flow denotes objects below roof inhibiting
wind flow ( >50% blockage).
3. For value of θ between 7.5(deg) and 45(deg), linear interpolation is permitted. For values of θ less than 7.5(deg), use load coefficients for 0(deg).
4. Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting towards and away from the top roof surface, respectively.
5. All load case shown for each roof angle shall be investigated.
6. Notation:
L: Horizontal dimension of roof, measured in the along wind direction, ft (m).
h: Mean roof heght in feet (meters)
γ: Direction of Wind, degrees
θ: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.

Figure 6: Net pressure coefficients,CN 0.25 ≤ h/L ≤ 1.0

Open buildings Troughed free roofs θ ≤ 45, γ = 0, 180

ASCE7-10 Fig 27.4-6: Troughed Free Roofs

 Table 17: Roof Net pressure coefficients CN for Troughed Free Roofs (Fig 27.4-6 ASCE7-10)
Roof angle Load case Wind direction, γ = 0 Wind direction, γ = 180
θ Clear Wind Flow Obstructed Wind Flow
Clear Wind Flow Obstructed Wind Flow
CNW CNL CNW CNL CNW CNL CNW CNL

A -1.1 0.3 -1.6 -0.5 -1.1 0.3 -1.6 -0.5

7.5°
B -0.2 1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -0.2 1.2 -0.9 -0.8
A -1.1 0.4 -1.2 -0.5 -1.1 0.4 -1.2 -0.5
15°
B 0.1 1.1 -0.6 -0.8 0.1 1.1 -0.6 -0.8
A -1.1 -0.1 -1.2 -0.6 -1.1 -0.1 -1.2 -0.6
22.5°
B -0.1 0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.1 0.8 -0.8 -0.8
A -1.3 -0.3 -1.4 -0.4 -1.3 -0.3 -1.4 -0.4
30°
B -0.1 0.9 -0.2 -0.5 -0.1 0.9 -0.2 -0.5
A -1.3 -0.6 -1.4 -0.3 -1.3 -0.6 -1.4 -0.3
37.5°
B 0.2 0.6 -0.3 -0.4 0.2 0.6 -0.3 -0.4
A -1.1 -0.9 -1.2 -0.3 -1.1 -0.9 -1.2 -0.3
45°
B 0.3 0.5 -0.3 -0.4 0.3 0.5 -0.3 -0.4

Notes:
1. CNW and CNL denote net pressure (contributions from top and bottom surfaces) for winward and leeward half of roof surfaces, respectively.
2. Clear wind flow denotes relative unobstructed wind flow with blockage less than or equal to 50%. Obstructed wind flow denotes objects below roof inhibiting
wind flow ( >50% blockage).
3. For value of θ between 7.5(deg) and 45(deg), linear interpolation is permitted. For values of θ less than 7.5(deg), use load coefficients for 0(deg).
4. Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting towards and away from the top roof surface, respectively.
5. All load case shown for each roof angle shall be investigated.
6. Notation:
L: Horizontal dimension of roof, measured in the along wind direction, ft (m).
h: Mean roof heght in feet (meters)
γ: Direction of Wind, degrees
θ: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.

Figure 7: Net pressure coefficients,CN 0.25 ≤ h/L ≤ 1.0

Open buildings Free roofs θ ≤ 45, γ = 90, 270

ASCE7-10 Fig 27.4-7: Free Roofs

Table 18: Roof Net pressure coefficients CN for Troughed Free Roofs (Fig 27.4-6 ASCE7-10)
Horizontal Roof angle Load case Clear Wind O Obstructed
Distance from Windward Edge θ Flow Wind Flow
CN CN
All shape A -0.8 -1.2
≤h
θ ≤ 45 B 0.8 0.5
All shape A -0.6 -0.9
>h , ≤ 2h
θ ≤ 45 B 0.5 0.5
All shape A -0.3 -0.6
≤ 2h
θ ≤ 45 B 0.3 0.3
 Figure 8: External pressure coefficients,GCp h ≤ 60ft
Endclosed, Partially Endclosed buildings Arched Roofs

Arched roofs.

Notes:
1. Value listed are for the determination of average loads on MWFRS.
2. Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting towards and away from the top roof surface, respectively.
3. For wind directed parallel to the axis of the arch, use pressure coefficients from Fig 27.4-1 with wind directed parallel to Ridge.
4. For C&C: (1) At roof perimeter, use the external pressure coefficients in Fig 30.4-2A , 2B, and 2C with θ base on spring-line slope and (2) for remaining roof
areas, use external pressure coefficients of this table multiplied by 0.87.

Table 18: Roof Net pressure coefficients Arched Roofs (Fig 27.4-3 ASCE7-10)
Conditions Rise-to-span ratio,r Cp

Windward Center half Leeward

quater quater
0 < r < 0.2 -0.9 -0.7- r -0.5
Roof on elevated structure 0.2 ≤ r < 0.3* 1.5r – 0.3 -0.7- r -0.5
0.3 ≤ r ≤ 0.6 2.75r – 0.7 -0.7- r -0.5

Roof on springing from Ground level 0 < r ≤ 0.6 1.4r -0.7 - r -0.5

1.10.7 Design Pressure for Component and Cladding (C&C):

1.10.7.1 Procedure for Low-Rise Buildings:
The design wind pressure used for the Component and Cladding (C&C) is to computed as follows:
Step 1: Determine Risk category of Buildings or other Structures, see Table 1.5-2 (ASCE7-10).
Step 2: Determine the basic Wind speed ,v, for applicable Risk Category, see Fig. 26.5-1A, B, or C (for USA).
Step 3: Determine Wind load parameters:
Wind directionality factor, Kd, see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1 (ASCE7-10).
Exposure category B, c or D, see Section 26.7 (ASCE7-10).
Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and Fig. 26.8-1 (ASCE7-10).
Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10 (ASCE7-10).
Internal Pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see Section 26.11 and Table 26.11-1 (ASCE7-10).
Step 4: Determine Velocity Pressure Exposure coefficient, Kz or Kh, see Table 30.3-1 (ASCE7-10).
Step 5: Determine Velocity Pressure, qz or qh, Eq. 30.3-1 (ASCE7-10).
Step 6: Determine External Pressure coeeficient, (GCp)
Fig. 30.4-1 for Walls
Fig. 30.4-2 for Flat roofs, Gable roofs, Hip roofs.
Fig. 30.4-3 for Stepped roofs.
Fig. 30.4-4 for Multispan Gable roofs.
Fig. 30.4-5 for Monoslope roofs.
Fig. 30.4-6 for Sawtooth roofs.
Fig. 30.4-7 for Domed roofs.
Step 7: Caculate wind pressure,p, p = qh[(GCp) - (GCpi)] Eq. 30.4-1.
 Figure 9: External pressure coefficients,GCp h ≤ 60ft
Endclosed, Partially Endclosed buildings Walls

ASCE7-10 Fig 30.4-1: Walls

Table 19: Wall Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Outward pressure for Components and Cladding
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -1.58 -1.95
Corner (5) 10 < A < 500 +0.353 logA – 1.93 +0.353 logA – 2.30
A ≥ 500 -0.98 -1.35
A ≤ 10 -1.28 -1.65
Interior (4) 10 < A < 500 +0.176 logA – 1.46 +0.176 logA – 1.83
A ≥ 500 -0.98 -1.35

Table 20: Wall Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Inward pressure for Components and Cladding
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 +1.18 +1.55
All zones 10 < A < 500 -0.176 logA + 1.36 -0.176 logA + 1.73
A ≥ 500 +0.88 +1.25
Table 21: Wall Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Outward pressure for Components and Cladding w/10% Reduction
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -1.44 -1.81
Corner (5) 10 < A < 500 +0.318 logA – 1.76 +0.318 logA – 2.13
A ≥ 500 -0.90 -1.27
A ≤ 10 -1.17 -1.54
Interior (4) 10 < A < 500 +0.176 logA – 1.33 +0.176 logA – 1.70
A ≥ 500 -0.90 -1.27

Table 22: Wall Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Inward pressure for Components and Cladding w/10% Reduction
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 +1.08 +1.45
All zones 10 < A < 500 -0.159 logA + 1.24 -0.159 logA + 1.61
A ≥ 500 +0.81 +1.18
Notes:
1. Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting towards and away from the top roof surface, respectively.
2. Each component shall be design for maximum positive and negative pressures.
3. Value of GCp for walls shall be reduced by 10% when θ ≤ 10(deg).
4. Notation:
a : 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either 4 percent of least horizontal dimension or 3ft (0.9m).
h : Mean roof height, in feet (meters), except that eave height shall be used for θ ≤ 10(deg).
θ : Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
 Figure 10: External pressure coefficients,GCp h ≤ 60ft
Endclosed, Partially Endclosed buildings Gable Roofs 0 ≤ θ ≤ 45 (deg)

ASCE7-10
Fig 30.4-1: Gable roofs.

Table 23: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – Gcpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding, Gable Roofs, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 7
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -2.98 -3.35
Corner (3) 10 < A < 100 +1.70 logA – 4.68 +1.70 logA – 5.05
A ≥ 100 -1.28 -1.65
A ≤ 10 -1.98 -2.35
Edge (2) 10 < A < 100 +0.7 logA – 2.68 +0.7 logA – 3.05
A ≥ 100 -1.28 -1.65
A ≤ 10 -1.18 -1.55
Interior (1) 10 < A < 100 +0.10 logA – 1.28 +0.10 logA – 1.65
A ≥ 100 -1.08 -1.45

Table 24: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Downward pressure for Components and Cladding Gable Roofs, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 7
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 +0.48 +0.85
All zones 10 < A < 100 -0.1 logA + 0.58 -0.1 logA + 0.95
A ≥ 100 +0.38 +0.75

Table 25: OverHang Roof Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding Gable Roofs, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 7
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings or
Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -2.80
Corner (3) 10 < A < 100 +2.00 logA – 4.80
A ≥ 100 -0.8
A ≤ 10 -1.7
10 < A ≤ 100 +0.10 logA – 1.80
Edge (2) and Interior (1)
100 < A ≤ 500 +0.715 logA – 3.03
A ≥ 500 -1.10
Table 26: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – Gcpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding, Gable Roofs, 7 ≤ θ ≤ 27
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -2.78 -3.15
Corner (3) 10 < A < 100 +0.60 logA – 3.38 +0.60 logA – 3.75
A ≥ 100 -2.18 -2.55
A ≤ 10 -1.88 -2.25
Edge (2) 10 < A < 100 +0.50 logA – 2.38 +0.50 logA – 2.75
A ≥ 100 -1.38 -1.75
A ≤ 10 -1.08 -1.45
Interior (1) 10 < A < 100 +0.10 logA – 1.28 +0.10 logA – 1.55
A ≥ 100 -0.98 -1.35

Table 27: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Downward pressure for Components and Cladding Gable Roofs, 7 ≤ θ ≤ 27
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 +0.68 +1.05
All zones 10 < A < 100 -0.20 logA + 0.88 -0.20 logA + 1.25
A ≥ 100 +0.48 +0.85

Table 28: OverHang Roof Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding Gable Roofs, 7 ≤ θ ≤ 27
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings or
Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -3.70
Corner (3) 10 < A < 100 +1.20 logA – 4.90
A ≥ 100 -2.50

Edge (2) All A -2.20

Table 29: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – Gcpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding, Gable Roofs, 27 ≤ θ ≤ 45
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -1.38 -1.75
Corner (3) and Edge (2) 10 < A < 100 +0.20 logA – 1.58 +0.20 logA – 1.95
A ≥ 100 -1.18 -1.55
A ≤ 10 -1.18 -1.55
Interior (1) 10 < A < 100 +0.20 logA – 1.38 +0.20 logA – 1.75
A ≥ 100 -0.98 -1.35

Table 30: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Downward pressure for Components and Cladding Gable Roofs, 27 ≤ θ ≤ 45
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 +1.08 +1.45
All zones 10 < A < 100 -0.10 logA + 1.18 -0.10 logA + 1.55
A ≥ 100 +0.98 +1.35

Table 31: OverHang Roof Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding Gable Roofs, 27 ≤ θ ≤ 45
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings or
Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -2.00
Corner (3)
10 < A < 100 +0.2 logA – 2.20
and Edge (2)
A ≥ 100 -1.80
Figure 11: External pressure coefficients,GCp h ≤ 60ft
Endclosed, Partially Endclosed buildings Multispan Gable Roofs

ASCE7-10 Fig 30.4-4: Multispan Gable roofs.

Table 32: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – Gcpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding, Multispan Roofs, 10 ≤ θ ≤ 30
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -2.88 -3.25
Corner (3) 10 < A < 100 +1.00logA – 3.88 +0.60 logA – 4.25
A ≥ 100 -1.88 -2.25
A ≤ 10 -2.38 -2.75
Edge (2) 10 < A < 100 +0.50 logA – 2.88 +0.50 logA – 3.25
A ≥ 100 -1.88 -2.25
A ≤ 10 -1.78 -2.15
Interior (1) 10 < A < 100 +0.20 logA – 1.98 +0.20 logA – 2.35
A ≥ 100 -1.58 -1.95

Table 33: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Downward pressure for Components and Cladding Multispan Roofs, 10 ≤ θ ≤ 30
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 +0.78 +1.15
All zones 10 < A < 100 -0.20 logA + 0.98 -0.20 logA + 1.35
A ≥ 100 +0.58 +0.95

Table 34: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – Gcpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding, Multispan Roofs, 30 ≤ θ ≤ 45
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -2.78 -3.15
Corner (3) 10 < A < 100 +0.90logA – 3.68 +0.90 logA – 4.05
A ≥ 100 -1.88 -2.25
 A ≤ 10 -2.68 -3.05
Edge (2) 10 < A < 100 +0.80 logA – 3.48 +0.80 logA – 3.85
A ≥ 100 -1.88 -2.25
A ≤ 10 -2.18 -2.55
Interior (1) 10 < A < 100 +0.20 logA – 3.08 +0.90 logA – 3.45
A ≥ 100 -1.28 -1.65

Table 35: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Downward pressure for Components and Cladding Multispan Roofs, 30 ≤ θ ≤ 45
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 +1.18 +1.55
All zones 10 < A < 100 -0.20 logA + 1.38 -0.20 logA + 1.75
A ≥ 100 +0.98 +1.35

Figure 12: External pressure coefficients,GCp h ≤ 60ft

Endclosed, Partially Endclosed buildings Monoslope Roofs, 3 ≤ θ ≤ 10

ASCE7-10 Fig 30.4-5A: Monoslope roofs.

Figure 13: External pressure coefficients,GCp h ≤ 60ft

Endclosed, Partially Endclosed buildings Monoslope Roofs, 10 ≤ θ ≤ 30

ASCE7-10 Fig 30.4-5B: Monoslope roofs.

Table 36: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – Gcpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding, Single Slope Roofs, 3 ≤ θ ≤ 10
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -2.78 -3.15
High-Side
10 < A < 100 +1.0logA – 3.78 +1.0 logA – 4.15
Corner (3)
A ≥ 100 -1.78 -2.15
A ≤ 10 -1.98 -2.35
Low-Side
10 < A < 100 +0.60 logA – 2.58 +0.60 logA – 2.95
Corner (3)
A ≥ 100 -1.38 -1.75
A ≤ 10 -1.78 -2.15
High-Side
10 < A < 100 +0.10 logA – 1.88 +0.10 logA – 2.25
Edge (2)
A ≥ 100 -1.68 -2.05
A ≤ 10 -1.48 -1.85
Low-Side
10 < A < 100 +0.10 logA – 1.58 +0.10 logA – 1.95
Edge (2)
A ≥ 100 -1.38 -1.75

Interior (1) All A -1.28 -1.65

Table 37: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Downward pressure for Components and Cladding Single Roofs, 3 ≤ θ ≤ 10
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 +0.48 +0.85
All zones 10 < A < 100 -0.10 logA + 0.58 -0.10 logA + 0.95
A ≥ 100 +0.38 +0.75

Table 38: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – Gcpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding, Single Slope Roofs, 10 ≤ θ ≤ 30
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -3.08 -3.45
High-Side
10 < A < 100 +0.90 logA – 3.98 +0.9 logA – 4.35
Corner (3)
A ≥ 100 -2.18 -2.55
A ≤ 10 -1.78 -2.15
Edge (2) 10 < A < 100 +0.40 logA – 2.18 +0.40 logA – 2.55
A ≥ 100 -1.38 -1.75
A ≤ 10 -1.48 -1.85
Interior (1) 10 < A < 100 +0.20 logA – 1.68 +0.20 logA – 2.05
A ≥ 100 -1.28 -1.65

Table 39: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – GCpi ) Downward pressure for Components and Cladding Single Roofs, 10 ≤ θ ≤ 30
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 +0.58 +0.95
All zones 10 < A < 100 -0.10 logA + 0.68 -0.10 logA + 1.05
A ≥ 100 +0.48 +0.85

Figure 14: External pressure coefficients,GCp h ≤ 60ft

Endclosed, Partially Endclosed buildings Sawtooth Roofs
Table 40: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – Gcpi ) Uplift pressure for Components and Cladding, Sawtooth Roofs
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 -4.28 -4.65
Span A 10 < A ≤ 100 +0.40 logA – 4.68 +0.4 logA – 5.05
Corner (3) 100 < A < 500 +2.289 logA – 8.46 +2.289 logA – 8.83
A ≥ 500 -2.28 -2.65
A ≤ 100 -2.78 -3.15
Span B, C, & D
100 < A < 500 +1.001 logA – 4.78 +1.001 logA – 5.15
Corner (3)
A ≥ 500 -2.08 -2.45
A ≤ 10 -3.38 -3.75
Edge (2) 10 < A < 500 +0.942 logA – 4.32 +0.942 logA – 4.69
A ≥ 500 -1.78 -2.15
A ≤ 10 -2.38 -2.75
Interior (1) 10 < A < 500 +0.647 logA – 3.03 +0.647 logA -3.40
A ≥ 500 -1.28 -1.65

Table 41: Roof Coefficients ( GCp – Gcpi ) Downward pressure for Components and Cladding, Sawtooth Roofs
Zone Effective Wind Load Area (ft2) Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings

A ≤ 10 +0.98 +1.25
Corner (3) 10 < A < 100 -0.10 logA + 1.08 -0.3 logA + 1.55
A ≥ 100 +0.88 +0.95
A ≤ 10 +1.28 +1.65
Edge (2) 10 < A < 100 -0.30 logA +1.58 -0.30 logA +1.95
A ≥ 100 +0.98 +1.35
A ≤ 10 +0.88 +1.25
Interior (1) 10 < A < 500 -0.177 logA +1.06 -0.177 logA +1.43
A ≥ 500 +0.58 +0.95

Figure 15: Net pressure coefficients, CN 0.25 ≤ h/L ≤ 1

Open Buildings Monoslope Free Roofs θ ≤ 45◦

ASCE7-10 Fig 30.8-1: Monoslope Free Roofs θ ≤ 45◦

Table 42: Net Pressure Coefficients CN for Components and Cladding, Monoslope Free Roofs
Roof Angle Effective Endclosed Buildings Partially Endclose Buildings
Wind
Load
Area (ft2)
A ≤ 10 +0.98 +1.25
10 < A < -0.10 logA + 1.08 -0.3 logA + 1.55
Corner (3)
100
A ≥ 100 +0.88 +0.95
A ≤ 10 +1.28 +1.65
10 < A < -0.30 logA +1.95
Edge (2) -0.30 logA +1.58
100
A ≥ 100 +0.98 +1.35
Interior A ≤ 10 +0.88 +1.25
 (1) 10 < A < -0.177 logA +1.06 -0.177 logA +1.43
500
A ≥ 500 +0.58 +0.95

1.11 Seismic Loads:

Structural amalysis methods can be divided into the following five categories:
1. Equivalent Static analysis.
2. Response Spectrum analysis.
3. Linear Dynamic analysis.
4. Nonlinear Static analysis.
5. Nonlinear Dynamic analysis.
1.11.1 Definitions:
Seismic design category (SDC):
A Seismic design category (SDC) is a classification assigned to a structure based on it occupancy or use ( Occupancy Category ) and on the level of expected
soil modified seismic ground motion. This can be expressed schematically as follow:
[Occupancy Category] + [Soil modified seismic ground motion] = SDC
Seismic Design Category (SDC) What does it mean ?

A Very small seismic vulenability

B Low to moderate seismic vulenability
C Moderate seismic vulenability
D Hight seismic vulenability
E&F Very high seismic vulenability and near a major fault

Table 43: Seismic design category based on Short period Acceleration

Occupancy Category
SDS I,II III IV
SDS < 0.167g A A A
0.167g < SDS < 0.33g B B C
0.33g < SDS < 0.5g C C D
0.5g > SDS D D D

Table 44: Seismic design category based on Long period Acceleration

Occupancy Category
SD1 I,II III IV
SD1 < 0.067g A A A
0.067g < SD1 < 0.133g B B C
0.133g < SD1 < 0.2g C C D
0.2g > SD1 D D D

Table 45: Dertermination of SDc E & F

Occupancy Category
S1 I,II III IV
S1 > 75g E E F

Site class:
Based on the site Soil properties, the site shall be classified as Site Class A, B, C, D, E, or F in accordance with Table 7. Where the soil properties are not
known in sufficient detail to determine the site class, Site Class D shall be used unless the authority having jurisdiction or geotechnical data determines Site
Class E or F soils are present at the site.

Table 46: ASCE Site Class Definitions

Average properties in top 100 feet
Site
Class Soil Profile Name
Soil Shear wave velocity Standard Penetration Soil Undrained Shear strength
Vs (ft/s) Resistance N Su (psf)
A Hard Rock >5000 N/A N/A
B Rock 2,500 < v s < 5,000 N/A N/A
C Very dense soil and soft Rock 1,200 < v < 2,500 >50 >2000
D Stiff soil profile 600 < v s < 1,200 15 < N < 50 1,000 < su < 2,000
E Soft soil profile v s < 600 < 15 < 1,000
Any Profile with more than 10 feet of Soil having the following characteristics
1. Plastic index PI
E -
2. Moisture content w ≥ 40% and
3. Undrained Shear strength Su < 500 psf
 Any Profile with more than 10 feet of Soil having the following characteristics
1. Soil vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading such as liquefiable soils,
quick and highly sensitive clays, collapsible weakly cemented soils.
2. Peats and/ or highly organic clays (H >100 ft of peat and/ or highly organic clay, H =
F -
thickness of soil
3. Very high plasticity clays (H >25 ft with plasticity index PI >75
4. Very thick soft/ medium stiff clays (H> 120 ft)

Table 47: EUROpean Site Class definitions (Eurocode 8 Table 3.1)

Paremeter
Ground
Description of stratigraphic Profile Soil Shear NSPT Cu
wave velocity (blows/30c (KPa)
Vs30 (m/s) m)
Rock or other rock-like geological formation, including at most 5m of weaker material
A
at the surface. >800 N/A N/A
Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or very stiff clay, at least several tens of metres
B in thickness, characterised by a gradual increase of mechanical properties with 360-800 >50 >250
depth.
Deep deposits of dense or medium- dense sand, gravel or stiff clay with thickness 180-360 15-50 70 - 250
C
from several tens to many hundreds of metres
Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesionless soil (with or without some soft
D < 180 < 15 <70
cohesive layers), or of predominantly soft-to-firm cohesive soil.
A soil profile consisting of a surface alluvium layer with vs values of type C or D
E and thickness varying between about 5 m and 20 m, underlain by stiffer material
with vs> 800 m/s. < 600 < 15 < 1,000

S1 Deposits consisting, or containing a layer at least 10 m thick, of soft clays/silts < 100 - 10-20
with a high plasticity index (PI > 40) and high water content

S2 Deposits of liquefiable soils, of sensitive clays, or any other soil profile not
included in types A - E or S1

Structural system :
Space Frame system: A 3D structural system composed of interconnected members, other than bearing walls, that is capable of supporting vertical loads and,
where designed for such an application, is capable of providing resistance to seismic force.
Seismic Ground motion value:
The parameters Ss and S1 shall be determined from the 0.2s and 1.0 s spectral response accelerations in National Building Code. Where S1 is less than or
equal to 0.04 and Ss is less than or equal to 0.15.
Flexible Diaphram:
The stiffness of the horizontal diaphragm is very small relative to the stiffeness of the vertical system.
Rigid Diaphram:
The stiffness of the horizontal diaphragm is very large compared to the stiffness of the vertical system
Site coefficients and adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) Spectral Response Acceleration parameters:
The MCE spectral response acceleration for short periods (SMS) and at 1 s (SM1), adjusted for Site Class effects, shall be determined by:
SMS = FaSs
SM1 = FV S1
Where:
SS = the MCE spectral response acceleration at short periods
S1 = the MCE spectral response acceleration at a period of 1s
Fa and Fv are site coefficients defined in Tables

Table 48: Site Coefficients Fa ( Table 1613.3.3(1) IBC 2012)

Mapped Risk-Targeted maximum Considered EarthQuake (MCER) Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at Short
Period
Site Class

Ss <0.25 Ss =0.5 Ss =0.75 Ss =1.0 S1 >0.5

A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9

Note: Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of Ss

 Table 49: Site Coefficients FV ( Table 1613.3.3(2) IBC 2012)

Mapped Maximum Considered Earthquake Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at 1s Period

Site Class

S1 <0.1 S1 =0.2 S1 =0.3 S1 =0.4 Ss >1.25

A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4

Note: Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of S

II. DESIGN PROCEDURE:

2.1 Design software:
Microsoft excel spreedsheet
CSI Sap200
Bentley Ram Connection
2.2 Design Method: