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Drilling Techniques and Equipment Overview

This document provides a summary of work completed in weeks 1 and 2 of an advanced drilling techniques course (TM-6004). It lists the names of 3 students and their professor, and covers topics like the international system of units used in drilling, preparing a drilling location, determining required drilling personnel, selecting appropriate rig components, how wells are drilled on land, and the 5 main systems of drilling equipment used in operations.

Uploaded by

Nandya Sesilia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Drilling Performance,
  • Drilling Rig Technology,
  • Drilling Personnel,
  • Drilling Operations Planning,
  • BOP System,
  • Power System,
  • Drilling Rig Selection,
  • Drilling Rig Setup,
  • Drilling Techniques,
  • Drilling Rig Operations Manage…
266 views27 pages

Drilling Techniques and Equipment Overview

This document provides a summary of work completed in weeks 1 and 2 of an advanced drilling techniques course (TM-6004). It lists the names of 3 students and their professor, and covers topics like the international system of units used in drilling, preparing a drilling location, determining required drilling personnel, selecting appropriate rig components, how wells are drilled on land, and the 5 main systems of drilling equipment used in operations.

Uploaded by

Nandya Sesilia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Drilling Performance,
  • Drilling Rig Technology,
  • Drilling Personnel,
  • Drilling Operations Planning,
  • BOP System,
  • Power System,
  • Drilling Rig Selection,
  • Drilling Rig Setup,
  • Drilling Techniques,
  • Drilling Rig Operations Manage…

TUGAS #1

TEKNIK PEMBORAN LANJUT


(TM-6004)

Resume Week 1 and 2

Nama : Rini Andriani (22217005)

Dananjaya Putra (22217009)


Sesilia Nandya L. (22217012)
Ari Tri Ananda (22217013)

Dosen : [Link]. Bonar Tua Halomoan Marbun

Tanggal : 3 September 2018


Penyerahan

PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN


INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2018
1. System of Units
There are two systems used, Field Units and SI Units (Metric). Some units are primary and
somehow derived from it primary units are
a. Mass
b. Length
c. Time
d. Amount of substance (mol)Electric current
e. Temperature
f. Luminous intensity
g. Plane angle
h. Solid angle

Below are units commonly used in drilling operations.


Length
1 in = 2.54 cm
100 cm = 1 m
1 micron = 10-6 m
1 A = 10-10 = 10-4 micron.m
1 mile = 5280 ft
1 m = 3.2808 ft = 32.7 in

Pressure
1 bar = 105 Pa = 105 N/m2
1 psia = 1 lb/in2
1 psia = 2.0360 cmHg @ 0 oC
1 psia = 2.311 ft H2O @ 70 oF
1 psia = 51.715 mmHg @ 0 oC (Pho = 13.5955 g/cm3)
1 atm = 14686 psia =1.01325 x105 N/m2 = 1.01325 bar
1 atm = 760 mmHg @ 0 oC = 1.031325 x105 Pa
1 atm = 25921 Hg @ 0 oC
1 atm = 33.90 ft H2O @ 4 oC
1 atm = 6.89475 x104 g/cm2

Viscosity
1 cp = 10-2 g/cm.s
1 cp = 2.4191 lbm/ft3
1cp = 6.7197 x104
1 cp = 10-3 Pa.s
1 cp = 2.0886 x105
1 Pa.s = 1 Ns/m2 = 1 kg/ms = 1000 cp

Power
1 HP = 0.74570 kW
1 HP = 550 [Link]/s = 0.7068 btu/s
1 HP = 0.7068 btu/s
1 Watt = 14.340
1 btu/h = 0.29307
1 J = 1 Watt.s = 9.478 x10-4 btu

1. Place preparing and Drilling Location


Drilling preparation
1. Prepare location
a. The land must be cleared and leveled, and access roads may be built.
b. Prepare water source nearby, if there is no natural source, the crew drill a water
well. Water used as drilling fluids.
c. Prepare a reserve pit, to dispose drilling cuttings, drilling mud, and lines with
plastic to protect the environment.
d. Dig a cellar, a rectangular pit, size 3-15 ft, to provides easier access to valves,
chokes, x-mas tree and other equipment. There are two method to dig a cellar:
• Pound, for soft formation
• Drill, for hard formation
Bigger cellar, bigger drilling capabilities
2. Determine the drilling personnel
a. Companyman, the representative of the oil company who responsible from the
start drilling design, operational issues on field including safety and efficiency,
ensuring project on schedule, coordinate with driling contractor and service
company and all the decision discussed with state.
b. Toolpusher, the representative of the contractor who responsible for keeping
rig in all necessary tools, equipment and supplies. They work coordinately with
companyman.
c. Driller, responsible for monitoring the efficiency operation of the rigsite as
well as safety of the crew and controlling a rig machinery during drilling.
d. Roughneck, an employee of a drilling contractor who works on the drillfloor
under direction of driller. Sometimes work as derrickman or rotary helper.
They responsible for connecting drillpipe joint, casing, tubing and all tubular
equipment in subsurface.

3. Determine derrick, is one of three component of hoisting system. Derrick to provides


space needed to pull out/in drillpipe joint, drillstring and tubing from wellbore. Higher
derrick, means longer drillpipe joint that can be handle, means more efficient drilling.
Usually drillpipe is 27-30 ft long.
a. Land, there are conventional & mobile. Conventional built on location, high
cost construction. Mobile less cost construction, eg. Jacknife and portable mast
b. Offshore, there are two system, bottom support and floating. Bottom support
are platform, barge and jack up. Floating are semisubmersible and drillship.

4. Determine drilling component


a. Hoisting system, to provides facilities to pull out, hold, put down drillpipe,
drillstring, casing string and all tubular subsurface equipment. Consist three
component: derrick, block/tackle and drawwork
b. Circulating system, to provides drilling fluid which lift drilling cuttings from
wellbore to annulus. Methodology are fluids flow from steel tanks, mud pump,
high pressure surface connection, drillstring, nozzle bit, annulus, contaminant
removal, then suction tank.
c. Rotating system, to transmit force from rotary table to the bit in wellbore.
Consist swivel, Kelly, rotary drive, rotary table, drillpipe, drillcollar, and bit.
d. Power system, to transmit power to all of the rig system to operate drilling.
there are consist two system: prime mover and transmission system
e. BOP system, to provides facilities to prevent blow out. Component are BOP
stack, accumulator, and supporting system.
f. Well monitoring system, to record paramaters on drilling. Located at driller
control station
g. Special Marine equipment, are required when drilling from floating vessel.
First, required to hold the vessel on location over the borehole. Second,
compensate for vertical, lateral, tilting movements caused by wave action
against the vessel.

5. Finishing → completion (work over), methods used to prepare a well for production
oil and gas. There are some tools installed in the production casing, packer, tubing,
wellhead and x-mas tree. Work over is well maintenance and remedial work on
wellbore to increase production.
How a well is drilled on a land?
1. Digging cellar

2. Running conductor pipe


3. Connecting BOP

4. Running surface pipe (well barrier element)


5. Connecting the surface pipe

6. Cutting the conductor pipe& surface casing


7. Installing casing head& housing base plate

8. Instaling BOP system


9. Installing casing head wear bushing

10. Installing the intermediate string


11. Installing the casing hanger and casing spool

12. Installing BOP system


13. Installing wear bushing

14. Running the production casing string


15. Installing casing hanger and tubing spool

16. Running the production tubing


17. Installing downhole packer assembly

18. Installling the tubing hanger


19. Installling X-mas tree
Drilling Equipments
Pada operasi pemboran, peralatan yang digunakan terbagi ke dalam lima sistem utama, yaitu

1. Sistem Daya ( Power System )


Terdiri dari power supply equipments, yang dihasilkan oleh mesin – mesin besar yang
dikenal dengan nama “prime mover” dan distribution equipments. Berfungsi untuk
mendukung jalannya kegiatan pengeboran. Penggunaan prime mover ditentukan oleh
besarnya tenaga pada sumur yang didasarkan pada casing program dan kedalaman
sumur.

2. Sistem Angkat ( Hoisting System )


Fungsi utama dari sistem ini adalah memberikan ruang kerja yang cukup untuk
pengangkatan dan penurunan rangkaian pipa bor dan peralatan lainnya. Sistem angkat
terdiri dari dua bagian utama, yaitu :
A. Supporting Structure (Rig) : Merupakan konstruksi menara yang ditempatkan di
atas titik bor. Fungsi utamanya sebagai penyangga peralatan – peralatan pengeboran
dan memberi ruang yang cukup untuk operasi pengeboran.
• Drilling tower, sub structure, dan rig floor. Drilling tower berfungsi untuk
mendapatkan ruang vertikal yang cukup untuk menaikkan dan menurunkan
rangkaian pipa bor dan casing ke dalam lubang bor selama operasi
pengeborang berlangsung.
• Substructure adalah konstruksi kerangka baja sebagai platform yang dipasang
langsung diatas titik bor.
• Rig floor ditempatkan diatas substructure. Berfungsi untuk menampung
peralatan – peralatan pemboran yang kecil, tempat berdirinya menara,
mendudukan drawwork, tempat kerja driller, dan rotary helper. Susunan
lantai bor sendiri terdiri dari :
1. Rotary Table ( memutar rangkaian pipa bor )
2. Rotary Drive ( meneruskan daya dari drawwork ke meja putar )
3. Drawwork ( hoisting mechanisme pada rotary drilling rig )
4. Drilles Console ( pusat instrumentasi drilling rig )
5. Make Up and Break Out Tongs ( penyambung atau pelepas drill pipe
dan drill collar )
6. Mouse Hole ( tempat dimana drill pipe diletakkan saat dilakukan
penyambungan pada Kelly dan rangkaian pipa bor )
7. Rat Hole ( dimana Kelly ditempatkan saat berlangsung cabut pasang
pipa )
8. Dog House (rumah kecil yang digunakan sebagai ruang kerja driller dan
penyimpanan alat – alat kecil )
9. Pipe Ramp ( jembatan penghubung antara catwalk dengan rig floor )
10. Catwalk ( untuk menyimpan pipa yang akan ditarik ke lantai bor lewat
pipe ramp )
11. Hydraulic Cathead (untuk menyambung dan melepas sambungan jika
dipasang drill pipe atau drill collar akan ditambahkan atau dikurangi
dari drill stem pada saat tripping yaitu masuk atau keluar dari sumur bor
)

B. Hoisting Equipments, terdiri dari :


1. Drawwork : Merupakan otak dari derrick atau suatu unit pengeboran, dimana
seorang driller melakukan dan mengatur operasi pengeboran. Drawwork
biasanya dihubungkan dengan prime mover dan diletakkan didekat meja putar.
2. Overhead Tool : Merupakan rangkaian sekumpulan peralatan yang terdiri dari
crown block, traveling block, hook, dan elevator
3. Drilling Line : Terdiri dari dead line, fast line, drilling line, supply, dan dead
line anchor. Digunakan untuk menahan beban pada hook.

3. Sistem Putar ( Rotary System )


Fungsi utamanya adalah untuk memutar rangkaian pipa bor dan juga memberikan
beratan di atas pahat untuk member suatu formasi. Terdiri dari :
• Rotary Table : Dipasang pada lantai bor dengan posisi tegak lurus traveling block,
bagian tengahnya terdapat lubang tempat master bushing dipasang.
• Master Bushing : Disebut juga bantalan dan didalamnya terdapat bowl.
• Kelly Bushing : Menyatukan master bushing dengan pin drive. Saat Kelly bushing
berada di atas master bushing, pin drive masuk ke dalam pin hole.
• Kelly : Merupakan rangkaian pipa bor yang paling atas dimana bentuk luarnya
dapat berbentuk segi empat, segi tiga, dan segi enam. Hal ini untuk memudahkan
rotary table memutar Kelly. Kelly dapat dimasukkan ke dalam Kelly bushing.
• Swivel : Ujung teratas rangkaian pipa bor. Berfungsi untuk memberikan kebebasan
pada pipa bor untuk berputar, memberikan perpaduan gerak vertikal dengan gerak
berputar dapat bekerja bersama – sama, penghubung rotary hose dengan Kelly.
• Drill Pipe : Drill pipe merupakan rangkaian pipa bor terpanjang ( jumlah paling
banyak dalam satu rangkaian pipa bor ), fungsinya untuk menghubungkan Kelly
dengan drill collar dan mata bor di dasar lubang bor, memberikan rangkaian
panjang pipa bor, memungkinkan naik turunnya mata bor, meneruskan putaran
dari meja putar ke meja bor, meneruskan aliran lumpur bor dari swivel ke mata
bor. Terdapat dua tipe utama dari drill pipe, yaitu :
• Drill Collar : Berbentuk seperti drill pipe tetapi diameter dalamnya lebih kecil dan
diameter luarnya sama dengan diameter luar “tool joint” DP. Sehingga dinding
DC lebih tebal dari DP. Ditempatkan pada rangkaian pipa bor bagian bawah diatas
mata bor. Fungsi utamanya sebagai pemberat, membuat putaran rangkaian pipa
bor stabil, memperkuat bagian bawah dari rangkaian pipa bor. Mata Bor
• Bit : Merupakan ujung dari rangkaian pipa bor yang langsung menyentuh formasi
dengan fungsi menghancurkan dan menembus formasi.

4. Sistem Sirkulasi ( Circulation System )


Tersusun oleh empat sub komponen utama, yaitu :
• Drilling Fluid ( Lumpur Pengeboran ) : Lumpur pengeboran pada mulanya
berfungsi sebagai pembawa cutting dari dasar lubang bor ke permukaan.
• Preparation Area : ditempatkan pada tempat dimulainya sirkulasi lumpur, yaitu di
dekat pompa lumpur, terdiri dari peralatan – peralatan yang diatur untuk
memberikan fasilitas persiapan atau treatment lumpur bor yang meliputi mud house,
steel mud pits, mixing hopper, chemical mixing barrel, water tanks, dan reserve pit.
• Circulating Equipment : berfungsi mengalirkan lumpur dari mud pit ke rangkaian
pipa bor dan naik ke annulus membawa serbuk bor ke permukaan menuju ke solid
control equipments, sebelum kembali ke mud pit untuk disirkulasikan
kembali. Peralatannya terdiri dari mud pit, mud pump, pump discharge, return line,
stand pipe, dan rotary hose.
• Solid Control Equipment : ditempatkan didekat rig. Terdiri dari peralatan –
peralatan khusus yang digunakan untuk ”clean up” lumpur bor setelah keluar dari
lubang bor. Fungsi utamanya adalah memisahkan lumpur dari cutting dan gas yang
terikut.

5. Well Control System


Komponen – komponen terdiri dari :
• BOP Stack: peralatan pencegah semburan liar ditempatkan pada kepala casing
dibawah rotary table pada lantai bor. BOP stack ( peralatan dengan valve
bertekanan tinggi yang didesain untuk menahan tekanan lubang bor bila terjadi
kick ) meiputi :
- Annular Preventer :Ditempatkan paling atas dari susunan BOP stack.
Berisi rubber packing element yang dapat menutup annulus baik lubang
dalam keadaan kosong atau ada rangkaian bor. Semakin besar tekanan dari
bawah semakin rapat menutupnya.
- Pipe Ram Preventer : Menutup lubang bor pada waktu rangkaian pipa bor
berada pada lubang.
- Drilling Spool : Terletak diantara preventers. Berfungsi sebagai tempat
pemasangan choke line dan kill line.
- Blind Ram Preventer
- Casing Head : Merupakan alat tambahan pada bagian atas casing yang
berfungsi sebagai pondasi BOP stack.
• Accumulator : Ditempatkan pada jarak sekitar seratus meter dari rig, bekerja pada
BOP stack dengan ”high pressure hydraulis”. Pada saat terjadi kick, crew dapat
dengan cepat menutup blow out preventer dengan menghidupkan kontrol pada
accumulator atau remote pada panel yang terletak di lantai bor. Unit ini dijalankan
pada saat crew sudah meninggalkan lantai bor.

• Supporting System
- Choke Manifold : Bekerja pada BOP stack dengan “high pressure line”
disebut “choke line”. Membantu menjaga back pressure dalam lubang bor
untuk mencegah terjadinya intrusi fluida formasi.
- Kill Line : Bekerja dengan BOP stack, lumpur berat dipompakan melalui
kill line kedalam lumpur bor sampai tekanan hidrostatik lumpur dapat
mengimbangi formasi.

Rotary drilling
Metode pemboran ini lebih baik dari yang sebelumnya. Metode rotary drilling menggunakan
prinsip rotasi dari bit untuk merusak formasi batuan. Bit ini akan ditempelkan pada string,
yang menjadi bagian dari drill pipe, dengan menggunakan satu atau lebih drill collar. Drill
pipe akan mencuat sampai ke prmukaan sumur dan bersambung dengan suatu rotary table
yang menjadi sumber gerakan rotasi. Joint atau sambungan yang dipakai untuk
menghubungakan rotary table dan drill pipe bernama Kelly joint. Cutting dari formasi batuan
akan diangkut ke permukaan dengan menggunakan circulating fluid (drilling mud atau water-
base fluids). Dalam kondisi sirkulasi yang normal, drilling fluid dipompakan ke bawah
melalui Kelly joint melewati drill pipe, dan sampai di bit. Kemudian mengalir kembali ke
permukaan melalui annular space (bagian yang terletak diantara drill pipe dan dinding
sumur).

Drill pipe harus diputar agar dapat mentransmisikan tenaga ata daya dari permukaan sampai
dengan ke bit. Dengan adanya putaran dari drill pipe, stuck pipe akibat penumpukan cutting
pada dinding sumur dapat diminimalisir. Selain itu proses memindahakan cutting dari dasar
sumur juga dapat dilakukan dengan lebih mudah.
Rig Sizing and Selection

Fundamental
A drilling rig is a device used to drill, case and cement oil and gas wells. The correct
procedure for selecting and sizing a drilling rig is as follows:
1. Design the well
2. Establish the various loads to be expected during drilling and use the highest loads
3. Compare the rating of existing rigs with the design loads
4. Select the appropriate rig and its components.

Rig Types
As shown in figure below, rotary drilling rigs can be classified broadly as land rigs or marine
rigs. The main design features of land rigs are portability and maximum operating depth.
1. Conventional rig
This is the largest land rigs
available for drilling. It must be built on
location. So large that they cannot be
transported on a single truck bed. Vary in
depth rating from 6,000 to 35,000 ft.
Usually operated on a 24-hr/day basis
Most conventional rigs pull three-joint
standard.
Maximum capabilities are in the following
ranges:
Derrick capability : 2,000,000 lb
Pump horsepower : 3,000 hp
Pit volume : 300 – 1,500 bbl
Drill pipe size : 3,5 – 5,5 in

2. Portable rig

Considered to be a truck-mounted unit. The truck bed contains the derrick,


draw works, and mud pumps The principal advantage: the low rig-up and rig-down
time Used frequently in workover operations and when drilling to depths of about
10,000 ft. Usually operated on an 8-, 12-, or 24-hr/day basis

3. Jacknife Rig

Assembled on the ground with pins and then raised as a unit using the rig-
hoisting equipment. Usually torn down before moving to the next location The derrick
was left standing above the well after it began production (in case workovers became
necessary)

4. Barge Rig

Have a vessel compartments A minimum water depth 6-8 ft is required for


vessel draft during transport to the location and water depth less than 20 ft. The water
depth can be extended to 30-40 ft if a shell mat is built. Barges are not used when
wave height exceeds 5 ft

5. Jackup Rig

Have a three or four legs as bottom-supported. A minimum water depth 13-25


ft and maximum water depth is 250-350 ft. During the towing process, the legs are up
in the air and the barge floats on the water. After spotting the rig, the legs are jacked
down to contact the seafloor and the rig is raised into the air to avoid the wave. When
drilling is completed, the rig is lowered to the water level, the legs are raised, and the
rig is towed to the next location.
6. Platform Rig

In offshore, platform usually used to drill a number of directional well and produce
them to extract the reserves economically
- Self-contained platform : when the platform is sufficiently large, so that all
drilling and personnel support equipment is maintained on the one platform
- Tender supported platform : when the platform working area of load is
restricted, the tender supported platform is needed to support personnel and
auxiliary drilling equipment such as mud pumps and bulk chemical storage

7. Semi-submersible Rig
Can be used in water depths as great
as 6000 ft. Have a pontoons and
columns. The shape of a
semisubmersible rig tends to dampen
severe wave motion greatly
regardless of wave direction. Can
drill in a floating position using
tension leg. f using Dynamic
Positioning, semi-submersible rig can
drill in water depths excess from
7500 ft
8. Drillships

Usually much less costly than semi-submersible unless they are designed to be
positioned dynamically. Be able to operate in water depths up to 13,000 ft. To dampen
wave motion, the ship is rotated about the central turret using thruster so that the ship
always face incoming waves. Limited to areas where wave action is not severe
Drilling Cost Analysis

Preface
The main function of the drilling engineer is to recommend drilling procedures that will result
in the successful completion of the well as safely and inexpensively as possible. In many
cases, the use of a drilling cost equation can be useful in making these recommendations.

Cf = drilled cost per unit depth ($/ft)


Cb = the cost of bit ($)
Cr = the fixed operating cost of the rig per unit time ($)
tb = the total rotating time during the bit run (hr)
t𝑐 = connection time (hr)
tt = trip time (hr)

The drilling engineer frequently is called upon to predict the cost of a well at a given location.
These predictions are required so that sound economic decisions can be made. In some cases,
such as the evaluation of a given tract of land available for lease, only an approximate cost
estimate is required. In other cases, such as in a proposal for drilling a new well, a more
detailed cost estimate may be required.

Common questions

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Rotary drilling is a method where the drill bit is rotated to cut through the rock, which is accomplished by transmitting force from the rotary table through the drillpipe and drill collar to the bit . This method offers significant advantages over earlier drilling techniques, such as enabling continuous rotation to penetrate rock formations effectively and minimizing the risk of stuck pipes by removing drilled cuttings with circulating drilling fluid . The drilling fluid helps in carrying the cuttings to the surface, thereby maintaining clear pathways and reducing operational interruptions . Rotary drilling has improved efficiency in drilling operations by permitting deeper penetration and more complex well trajectories with greater control.

The power system of a drilling rig distributes energy using prime movers and distribution equipment to enable various operations. Prime movers are typically large engines that provide the core power supply needed for drilling operations. This energy is then distributed to different systems such as the hoisting, rotating, and circulating systems . For instance, the drawworks in the hoisting system depend on power from the prime mover to control the lifting and lowering of drill strings, while the rotary system requires energy to spin the drill bit . Effective energy distribution is critical to maintaining synchronized and efficient operation of the entire rig.

Offshore drilling rigs face challenges such as harsh weather conditions, wave motion, and greater logistical complexity compared to land rigs. To adapt, offshore rigs like semi-submersibles and drillships are designed to dampen wave motion by using dynamic positioning or tension leg systems, allowing them to operate in deep water and varying sea states . Additionally, offshore rigs require specialized marine equipment to stabilize and navigate the rig while accounting for ocean currents and tidal movements . Engineering solutions, such as anchoring systems and modular platform extensions, enable offshore rigs to maintain operational efficiency and safety under adverse conditions, which land rigs do not encounter.

The hoisting system comprises three main components: the derrick, block/tackle, and drawworks. The derrick provides vertical space to handle long drillpipe joints, improving drilling efficiency by accommodating longer lengths . The drawworks function as the central mechanism, enabling the driller to control the operation by connecting to the prime mover near the rotary table . Overhead tools, which include the crown block, traveling block, hook, and elevator, are suspended within the derrick and work collectively to handle the load of drill strings during drilling operations . The integration of these components allows for efficient raising and lowering of equipment within the wellbore, essential for effective drilling operations.

The critical considerations for selecting and sizing a drilling rig involve designing the well, anticipating the loads expected during drilling, and matching these to existing rig ratings. Rig selection must account for the maximum operating depth and portability, particularly for land rigs . The process involves comparing the rig's derrick capability, pump horsepower, and pit volume against the requirements derived from the casing program and well depth . Additionally, environmental factors such as water depth and potential wave action for marine rigs play significant roles, influencing the choice between different rig types like semi-submersibles, jackups, or platform rigs . Correct sizing ensures operational safety and cost-efficiency during drilling.

The BOP system is designed to contain hazardous blowouts by sealing the wellbore and withstanding subterranean pressures. It includes the BOP stack, accumulator, and supporting systems. The BOP stack consists of several preventers such as annular preventers and pipe ram preventers, which close off the annulus under different scenarios . Annular preventers seal around the drillpipe while pipe rams provide a robust seal when the pipe is present. Supporting systems like the choke manifold manage back pressure within the borehole, while the accumulator ensures that the BOP can be activated promptly under high-pressure circumstances . Collectively, these components allow for swift response to prevent uncontrolled fluid flow from the well.

Conventional land rigs are large and constructed on-site, operating on a 24-hour basis with deep-drilling capabilities ranging from 6,000 to 35,000 feet . These rigs require significant infrastructure, as they cannot be transported on a single truck bed, and often include derricks capable of handling large weights. Portable rigs, conversely, are truck-mounted, providing the advantage of quick rig-up and rig-down times, making them ideal for workover operations or shallow drilling up to 10,000 feet . While conventional rigs offer extensive capabilities for heavy and deep drilling operations, portable rigs offer flexibility and speed for less demanding drilling and maintenance tasks.

The toolpusher is responsible for coordinating with the companyman and ensuring the rig is supplied with the necessary tools, equipment, and supplies needed for efficient operation . They play an essential role in managing logistical support and overseeing the overall functioning of the rig's operations. On the other hand, the driller is tasked with monitoring rig efficiency and crew safety, controlling the rig machinery during drilling, and ensuring all operations proceed smoothly . Both roles are crucial for maintaining safety standards and operational efficiency on the rig, with the toolpusher focusing on preparedness and resource management, while the driller ensures technical operations are conducted safely and effectively.

The circulating system employs drilling fluid, known as mud, to carry drill cuttings from the drill bit at the bottom of the well to the surface. The mud is pumped down through the drill string, exits at the drill bit, and returns through the annular space between the drill string and wellbore, bringing cuttings with it . Components like mud pumps, preparation areas for treating the mud, and solid control equipment for cleaning the mud facilitate this operation . This process is essential to keep the wellbore clear of debris and prevent blockages that could delay drilling.

Factors influencing the cost of drilling a well include the cost of the drill bit, fixed operating costs of the rig, and the time required for rotating, connecting, and tripping . The drilling cost equation incorporates these factors, represented as Cf (drilled cost per unit depth), Cb (bit cost), Cr (fixed rig cost per time), and time variables such as tb (rotating time), tc (connection time), and tt (trip time). This equation helps drilling engineers predict well costs, enabling informed economic decisions, such as evaluating land tracts for lease or drafting proposals for new drilling ventures. Accurately estimating costs is crucial for project viability and budgeting.

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