ANALYSIS OF STEEL SHEET PILING
(Metod Choosing Vibratory Hammer)
A. General Formula Choosing Vibratory Hammer
15 x ( D + 2 GP
Reguired centrifugal force, Fc (kN) =
100
D : Driving depth (m)
GP : Weight of pile (kg)
(NASSPA – North American Steel Sheet Piling Associaton – [Link])
B. Using Diagram for Determining Centrifugal Forces (TUNKERS)
Example :
Sheet pile Larsen 22DB is used for pilling
Weight of pile, GP (kg) = 2300
Driving depth, D (m) = 18
Required centrifugal force, F c (ton)
For normal extracting = 50
For normal driving = 94
For heavy driving = 120
Suitable TUNKERS Vibro : HVD having 100 – 110 ton max centrifugal force
(PILECO, INC P.O Box 16099, Houston TX 77222, fax 713-691-0089, email : pileco@[Link]
C. Based on Recommendations for Minimum Amplitude
1. Soil properties suitable for vibrating
a) Gravel and sand with round grading, soft loam and silt : Good
b) Fine sharp gravel, medium sharp sand, stiff loam and loes : Patly suitable
c) Cooarse cohesive gravel, fine dry sand, stiff marl and clay : Not suitable
2. Recommendations for minimum amplitude
a) s > 3 – 4 mm (>0.125o) for purling out
b) s > 5 – 6 mm (>0.182o) for driving down
3. Choosing vibratory hammer by recommended amplitude :
a) Vibro type HVB 100-0 is used for driving down
b) Weight of the vibro and clam, GV (kg) = 3800
c) Static moment of the vibro type HVB 100-0, MS (kg.m) = 34
d) Weight of pile, GF (kg) =1700
Ms x 1000
Amplitude of the vibro, s (mm) =
GVF
34 x 1000
=
5500
= 6.2
Since the Vibro type HVB 100-0 has s > 4 mm, the vibro is suitable in this case
4. Checking vibratory hummer by required pilling force :
a) Vibro type HVB 100-0 is used for pulling out
b) Weight of the vibro and clam, Gv (kg) = 3800
c) Weight of pile, GP (kg) = 1700
d) Surface area of rammed section of the pile, F (m2) = 34
e) Soil friction value, RN (kN/m2) = 12
Surface Friction
Soil Type
(kN/m²)
loose medium - medium dense 10 - 16
Sand & gravel
dense - very dense 15 - 28
Cohesive & silty soft 3-8
soils plastic 6 - 12
hard 12 - 20
very hard > 20
Note : - The surface friction value depens beside the soil type from the water
content and from the time the pile was remaining in the soil
- High water content has lower values for the friction
- Long remaining time of the pile in the soil has the higher friction value
GVP x 9.81
Reguired pulling force, PPull (kN) = + ( RM x F )
1000
5500 x 9.81
= + ( 34 x 12 )
1000
= 462 ̴ 52 ton
Since the Vibro type HVB 100-0 has PPull < 55 ton, the vibro is suitable in this case
(PILECO, INC P.O Box 16099, Houston, TX 77222 fax: 713-691-0019, email: pileco@[Link])
D. Penetration Rate
1) It is generally recognired that a penetration rate of approximately 50 cm/mnt be used as a limit.
This is to be considered only as an indication for the control of possible vibration nuirance.
Careful monitoring is required if driving is continued past the limit
(NASSPA – North American Steel Sheet Piling Association – [Link])
2) Refusal is defined as a certain limiting rate of penetration (mm/s). Smart defines it as 6.2 mm/s.
Vilcing anggests 8 mm/s, citing the danger of excessive heat development in sheet pile locks.
(Modeling of vibratory pile driving, FRouscha, GRI Engineer, Inc, Clavelend, Chio, USA)
3) Hammer Hammer
Length Area
Pile Type Penetration Power Frequency
(m) (m²) (m) (kW) (1/s)
62.1 HP 14 x 117 30 221 27 343 107
62.2 HP 14 x 117 30 221 27 310 113
62.3 HP 14 x 117 30 221 27 343 107
Penetration Load Davioson
Benhard
Pile Rate Test 0.1 0.03 0.001
(mm/sec) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
62.1 132.1 2314 882 1667 2642 289
62.2 8.9 2492 1049 3268 26399 3869
63.3 15.2 3560 1201 3561 19192 2502
Soil, Silt, dense to very dence Sand
(Modeling of vibratory pile driving, FRouscha, GRI Engineer, Inc, Clavelend, Chio, USA)
E. Tips for Instaling Sheet Piles
Always set – up a template system
Rule of thumb Crane Boom length should be twice that of the sheets
Drive the Sheet with the “male” interlock loading leading in order to avoid soil plugs
If the “female” interlock must load, place a bolt or other object at the bottom to avoid
debris filling the slot
Align and plumb the first two sheets and drive carefully and accurately
Drive sheets in pains when possible placing the hammer in the center of the pair
Some contractors recommend not driving a sheet more than 1/3 length before driving
the a djacent pile
Letting the sheets “freefall” and drop in order to aid in penetration will generally cause
the sheets to fall “out of plumb”
Cellular conferdarns require that all sheets are set and “dosed” before any driving is
done
Finally…. Never rush the Pile Foreman
F. Equipments Sets
Table; Example Pile Properties (After Smart, 1969)
