RIDER’S

GUIDE to Operation, Safety

and Licensing
MOTORCYCLES, MOPEDS & POWER-ASSISTED BICYCLES

MAXIMUM
RIDER’S
GUIDEto Operation, Safety
and Licensing
MOTORCYCLES, MOPEDS &
POWER-ASSISTED BICYCLES
Introduction

A motorcycle rider must have skill,

knowledge and a responsible attitude to vehicles, motorcycle riders were most
operate a motorcycle safely. The thought of likely to have consumed alcohol before
safety first must be present for every ride. the crash
Riding a motorcycle can be an • dry roads were present 85% of the time
enjoyable experience, but riding can also
be a high-risk activity. Motorcycles are not Those wishing to ride a motorcycle
like a vehicle with four or more wheels. should not attempt to do so without
Two-wheeled vehicles are smaller and full knowledge of how to operate one.
less stable. A rider who loses control of The operation requires the complex
a motorcycle or is involved in a collision coordination of clutch, throttle, and
will likely receive a serious injury. In some brakes, in varying traffic conditions.
cases, even death can be the result. The Office of Traffic Safety strongly
New riders have a greater risk of being in recommends that anyone wanting to learn
a collision than experienced riders. Lack of to ride should obtain training and education
practice with the control and safe handling from a licensed motorcycle rider training
of a two-wheeled vehicle is a major factor. school. New knowledge and skills will be
Even drivers who have experience with learned, as will how to avoid or reduce
other types of vehicles are beginners when the risk of dangerous situations. For more
learning to operate a motorcycle. information regarding rider training schools,
In an average year collisions involving please refer to your local directory.
motorcycle riders where there was injury Riding a motorcycle is not like driving
or death: a car, or riding a bicycle or moped. Some
• 42 people were killed and 852 injured people make the mistake of thinking they
• motorcycle riders under the age of 25 can get on a motorcycle and ride. This
had the highest involvement rate per has led to deaths. Also, for this reason, a
1,000 licensed drivers. In particular, 16 rider should not lend his or her motorcycle
to 17 year olds had the highest rate to anyone who has not had training in
• the most common improper actions of riding and does not hold a valid class 6
motorcycle riders were running off the (motorcycle) licence.
road (45%), following too closely (18%), For the safety of all drivers, riders and
or passing unsafely (8%) pedestrians, everyone in control of a vehicle
• compared to drivers of other types of must cooperate with other road users, and
follow all laws and regulations.

2 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

Guides available:

Geared to Go
A Workbook for
Coaching New Drivers

The following guides provide information used when preparing for the knowledge
about the safe operation of cars and test and when learning to operate a
light trucks, commercial vehicles, tractor-trailer unit, large truck, ambulance,
and motorcycles, and the licensing of taxi, bus or school bus, as well as when
drivers and riders. These guides provide handling dangerous goods.
information for all classes of driver
licences in Alberta, and will help you A RIDER’S GUIDE TO OPERATION,
obtain an Alberta operatorr’s licence. SAFETY AND LICENSING
Consider keeping the guides in your Motorcycles, Mopeds and Power-
vehicle as a reference. Assisted Bicycles
This guide provides information on the
A DRIVER’S GUIDE TO OPERATION, safe operation of motorcycles, mopeds
SAFETY AND LICENSING and power-assisted bicycles. It is used
Cars and Light Trucks with A Driver’s Guide to Operation, Safety
This guide provides information and Licensing.
for all drivers.
GEARED TO GO: A WORKBOOK
A COMMERCIAL DRIVER’S GUIDE TO FOR COACHING NEW DRIVERS
OPERATION, SAFETY AND LICENSING This guide assists coaches who are
Tractor-Trailers, Buses, Large Trucks, providing supervision to new drivers
Ambulances and Taxis as they gain experience and skills.
This guide provides information about
driving commercial vehicles. It is used with
A Driver’s Guide to Operation, Safety and
Licensing. Both of these guides should be

INTRODUCTION 3
This guide is about operating a motorcycle, The laws that apply to operating a
riding one safely, and obtaining a class 6 vehicle can be found in the Traffic Safety
(motorcycle) licence. It also has information Act and its related regulations.
about mopeds and power-assisted These documents are available at
bicycles. It is a supplement to A Driver’s www.qp.alberta.ca/Laws_Online.cfm, and:
Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
(Cars and Light Trucks), which outlines the Queen’s Printer Bookstore
rules of the road for all road users. Main Floor, Park Plaza
These two guides contain the 10611–98 Avenue
information beginner and experienced Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2P7
riders need to ride safely. They also provide
the information needed for the knowledge Tel: 780–427–4952
test for riding a motorcycle and moped, Fax: 780–452–0668
and for the practical road test to obtain a For toll free service anywhere in Alberta,
licence to operate a motorcycle. call 310-0000, then the number.
Some of the information in this guide
also applies to mopeds and power-assisted For more driver and
bicycles. However, the term motorcycle vehicle information
will be used throughout this guide. Riders
of mopeds and power-assisted bicycles Some registry agent offices provide
should read relevant sections. knowledge tests and arrange road
These guides are available at all Alberta tests with driver examiners. The driver
registry agent offices. They are also available examiners operate independently and are
on-line at www.transportation.alberta.ca in not employees of the registry.
the Drivers and Vehicles section. To find testing services, and information
The information in this guide explains about driver licensing and vehicle registration:
best practices for motorcycle riding, but • visit www.servicealberta.ca/1641.cfm
cannot cover all circumstances. The • visit the Association of Alberta Registries
motorcycle rider must use judgment and at www.e-registry.ca
a safety-first attitude to make decisions • refer to your local directory under
when riding in real on-road situations. License and Registry Services
This guide interprets the laws that • call 780–427–7013 (Service Alberta)
govern the movement of vehicles and
people on Alberta roadways. It is a guide
only, and has no legal authority.

4 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

Contents
Licensing 20 Motorcycle pre-trip inspection
1and Learning 22 Yearly maintenance

8 Before you ride

The Basics of Safe
8
8
Taking a class 6 knowledge test
Taking a motorcycle rider
4 Operation and Riding
training course 24 Riding position
8 Practice your riding 24 Starting
9 Taking a class 6 road test 25 Signalling
10 Conditions for riders with a 25 Manual (standard) transmissions
class 6 licence who are still in
the GDL program 26 Selecting and changing gears

11 Rider Requirements 28 Parking

12 Motorcycle, Moped, and 28 Tires and Traction

Power Bicycle Defined 29 Braking and stopping
30 Stopping time and distance
Preparing
2to Ride
30
30
Turns and corners
Curves
31 Skids
14 Protecting your head,
eyes and face
16 Dressing for safety and Managing Risk
the weather 5 in Traffic
18 Responsible riding
34 Be proactive when riding
18 Cell phones and
other distractions 34 Blind spots
34 Managing the space around
you and being seen
Knowing Your
3 Motorcycle
36 Choosing a lane and lane position
37 Changing lanes
20 Choosing the right motorcycle 38 Intersections
20 Be familiar with the motorcycle 39 Passing
controls and gauges

INTRODUCTION 5
 Riding in Challenging 60 Multi-lane highway with two
6 Conditions
lanes in same direction
61 Multi-lane highway with three or
42 Conditions of less light more lanes in the same direction
and reduced visibility 61 Single file formation
43 Poor weather and
temperature extremes
43 Road surface hazards that
Appendix 1
affect traction 63 Traffic Safety Act, Vehicle
Equipment Regulation 61
(1–4), Mufflers
Handling Riding
7 Emergencies
46 Emergency braking and stopping
46 Obstacles
47 Mechanical problems
47 Wobble
48 Tire blowouts
49 Airborne objects
49 Animals

Carrying a Passenger
8 or Cargo
52 Riding with a passenger
53 Carrying cargo
54 Towing a trailer
54 Three-wheeled motorcycles
55 Riding with a sidecar

Riding in
9 a Group
58 Group riding safety
59 Two lane highway

6 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

1
Licensing
and Learning
Before you ride Some specific skills taught may be:
• weaving left and right through markers
To qualify to learn to ride a motorcycle, (serpentine)
you must: • making a circle or figure eight pattern
• be 16 years of age or older while riding
• hold a valid driver’s licence • riding at a slow speed in a straight line
• have a person supervise you while you • shifting up, shifting down then turning
are learning. A supervisor is required until left and right
you have passed a class 6 road test • changing gears to prepare for curves.
• starting and moving on a hill
• stopping quickly in an emergency
Taking a class 6 • steering and braking methods to avoid

knowledge test obstacles or a collision

The knowledge test consists of 30 questions

about safe-driving practices for motorcycle Practice your riding
riders, rules of the road, and traffic control
signs and signals, as well as licensing As a learning rider, before you have a class
information. This test is done on a computer. 6 licence, you must have a supervisor. The
The motorcycle (class 6) knowledge test person supervising you must:
questions are based on this guide and the • hold a valid full class 6 driver’s licence
A Driver’s Guide to Operation, Safety and (cannot be in the graduated driver
Licensing (formerly the Alberta Basic Licence licensing program)
Driver’s Handbook). • provide supervision at all times by:
Knowledge tests can be taken at most ·· being seated on the learning rider’s
Alberta registry agent offices. A test permit motorcycle, or
must be purchased for the knowledge test. ·· following on another motorcycle, or
If more than one test is needed, a permit ·· following in a vehicle
must be purchased for each test.
The motorcycle knowledge test must be
passed before the road test is taken.

Taking a motorcycle
rider training course
It is recommended that all new riders take
a course to learn how to ride a motorcycle
safely. Balance and control skills will
be taught at these courses, as well as
motorcycle riding theory.

8 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

 A learning rider who holds a valid class Registry agents schedule the tests
7 driver’s licence (Learner’s): which are conducted by licensed driver
• must not ride during night-time hours examiners. This includes tests done at
(night-time for GDL motorcycle riders motorcycle schools.
is midnight or one hour after sunset,
whichever is earlier, until 5 a.m. or one NOTE: that driver examiners operate
hour before sunrise, whichever is later) independently and are not employees of
• must have a blood-alcohol the registry agents.)
concentration (BAC) of zero while
seated on or riding their motorcycle A road test to obtain a motorcycle
• must have fewer than eight demerit points driver’s licence is done in a traffic situation.
The test starts and finishes at the registry
A learning rider who holds a valid class agent office, or at motorcycle schools that
5-GDL (Probationary) driver’s licence: have been approved as a testing location.
• must have a blood alcohol Road tests at motorcycle schools are
concentration of zero while seated on or available for students who have completed
riding their motorcycle an authorized training course.
• cannot supervise a learning rider The person being tested must provide
• must have fewer than eight demerit points a motorcycle for the road test. Valid
insurance and valid registration for the
A learning rider who holds a class 1, motorcycle being used for the road test
2, 3 4 or 5 driver’s licence must have a must also be provided. (If the road test
supervising rider. takes place at a motorcycle rider training
school, then a training school motorcycle
may be used.) The examiner will check
Taking a class the motorcycle before the test. If it is not

6 road test mechanically safe, the examiner will not

do the test.
A valid class 6 driver’s licence is required The road test is about 45 minutes long.
to operate a motorcycle on a public This provides time for the examiner to
roadway without a supervising rider. The assess the rider’s skills and abilities in a
road test is the last step in the process to variety of road and traffic conditions.
obtain your class 6 licence. The road test will include:
A road test permit must be purchased • an equipment and motorcycle
for a road test. Test permits are available fitness check
at most Alberta Registry Agent offices. • an evaluation of the rider’s ability to
If more than one test is needed, a fee is follow the rules of the road, signal
charged for each test permit. properly, perform left and right turns,
and use safe judgment at intersections
• an evaluation of the rider’s skills with
balance, road position and speed control

CHAPTER ONE LICENSING AND LEARNING 9

 Examiners will assess the road-readiness Conditions for riders
of clients. One-way radios are used for
communication, allowing the examiner to
with a class 6 licence
give the rider instructions, advise the rider of who are still in the
immediate dangers, and to discontinue the
road test if necessary.
GDL program
The examiner will follow the motorcycle If you had a class 7 (Learner’s) driver’s
rider in another vehicle. Instructions will licence and then passed the class 6
be given to the rider during the test using motorcycle road test:
a one-way radio. During the test you may • you will now hold a class 6-GDL driver’s
be asked to pull over to the curb and licence. You will remain in the two year
then park briefly, allowing the examiner probationary stage and be subject to
to score on the checklist. There are to the conditions and restrictions of the
be three of these stops during the test. GDL program
These stops are routine test components • you must meet the requirements of
and will be made regardless of whether the two year probationary stage and
any errors have occurred. successfully complete an advanced
After the road test, the driver examiner road test, if you choose to exit the
will explain the results of the test, and GDL program
areas where you did well or that need more
attention. The driver examiner will give you If you had a class 7 (Learner’s) driver’s
a copy of the test permit and a copy of licence and then passed the class
the Examination Checklist. This checklist 5-GDL basic road test before passing
will show you which errors were made the class 6 motorcycle test:
and the points assigned to each. Some • you will now hold a combination Class
errors will result in the road test being (5,6) GDL driver’s licence. You will
failed regardless of the number of points remain in the two year probationary
assessed for other errors. The checklist will stage and be subject to the conditions
also show you your road test results. It is and restrictions of the GDL program
your copy to keep. • you must meet the requirements of
If you passed the road test, take your the two year probationary stage and
road test permit to a registry to have your successfully complete an advanced
licence re-classed. Just passing the road road test, if you choose to exit the
test does not change your driver’s license. GDL program
You must provide the registry with your
permit and pay the fee for re-classing your
driver’s license.
If this road test was unsuccessful,
practice your riding and then schedule
another appointment just as you did
this one.

10 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

Rider requirements
Motorcycle rider requirements

Requirements

Licence Class 6 or 6-GDL

Minimum Age 16 years
Registration Required
Insurance Required
Equipment Approved motorcycle helmet
As a learner Class 7:
• no nighttime riding
Special Laws • needs supervising rider
• zero blood alcohol concentration
• riding privileges suspended at 8 or more demerits

Moped and power-assisted bicycle rider requirements

Requirements Requirements

Licence Any Class; 1 through 7 Not Required

Minimum Age 14 years 12 years

Registration Required Not Required

Insurance Required Not Required

Equipment Approved motorcycle helmet Approved motorcycle helmet

• must ride as far to the • must ride as far to the
right as practical right as practical
• no passenger permitted • no passenger permitted
if operator under 16 if operator under 16
Special Laws
years of age years of age
• riding privileges
suspended at 8 or
more demerits

CHAPTER ONE LICENSING AND LEARNING 11

Motorcycle, moped, and power bicycle defined

Motorcycle means a motor vehicle other than a moped that is

Definition mounted on 2 or 3 wheels.

Powered by Engine or motor

Other Not applicable
Speed Not applicable
Weight 55 kgs. or greater

Motorcycles in this category, that meet the requirements of the

limited-speed motorcycle definition of Transport Canada, can be
Definition
identified by the federally required compliance label ‘LSM’ in the
vehicle-type section of the label.
Electric motor, or has an engine that has a displacement of not
Powered by
more than 50 cc (cubic centimeters).

Other Minimum seat height of 65 cm from the ground.

Speed Top speed of 70 km/h

Weight Can be any weight

Bicycles in this category, that meets the requirements of the

power-assisted bicycle definition of Transport Canada, will be
Definition
clearly marked as a ‘power-assisted bicycle’ as required by
Transport Canada.

Powered by Electric motor with a maximum power of 500 watts.

Other Not applicable

Speed Top speed of 32 km/h
Weight Can be any weight

12 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

2
Preparing
to Ride
Protecting your head, • protect the lower face and chin

eyes and face • have a face shield for eye and face
protection
• have the design structure that provides
Helmet safety standards the greatest strength
• provide the best protection from the
In Alberta, operators and passengers weather and airborne objects
of motorcycles, mopeds and power-
assisted bicycles must wear an approved
motorcycle helmet. An approved helmet
will have a label or mark to show that it
meets the safety requirements set by one
of the standards organizations, on the date
that it was manufactured.
• CSA – Canadian Standards Association
• DOT – U.S. Department of Transportation
• BSI – British Standards Institute
• SNELL – Snell Memorial Foundation

NOTE: It is illegal to buy or sell a safety THREE-QUARTER COVERAGE

motorcycle helmet unless it meets current (OPEN FACE) HELMETS:
safety standards. For more information, • provide good protection for the top,
see the Vehicle Equipment Regulation sides and back of the head
of the Traffic Safety Act at www. • protect the ears and base of the skull
transportation.alberta.ca/525.htm • can be used with a face shield to
protect the eyes

Types of helmets They do not:

• protect the face and chin
There are three types of approved • protect completely from the weather
helmets. Each type provides a different
level of coverage and protection. When
choosing your helmet, consider that many
motorcycle crashes involve impact to the
head, face and chin.

FULL COVERAGE (FULL FACE)

HELMETS (RECOMMENDED):
• provide the best protection for the
entire head
• protect the ears and base of the skull

14 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

ONE-HALF COVERAGE (SHORTY) • Do not use a helmet that is past the
HELMETS (LEAST RECOMMENDED manufacturer’s recommended date for
OF THE APPROVED HELMETS): safe usage.
• provide limited head protection • Do not alter or change a helmet in any
way, because this could reduce its
They do not: effectiveness. For example, do not paint
• protect the face and chin it, clean it with solvent, or install any
• protect the base of the skull equipment.
• protect completely from the weather • Do not apply reflective strips or stickers
Lighter coloured helmets are more to a helmet that are not approved for
that purpose. Purchase a helmet with
reflective features as part of the design.

Eye and face protection

Most motorcycle windshields do not

give adequate protection for your eyes
and face. The best protection is a full
coverage helmet that already has a built-
in face shield.
visible to other motorists. When choosing a A plastic shatter-resistant face shield
helmet, wear it for five to ten minutes. This will help protect your face from wind, dust,
will help you decide if the helmet will be dirt, rain, insects, and rocks thrown by
comfortable when worn for a longer time. other vehicles. These problems can be
Be sure the helmet fits properly. Fasten distracting, painful and dangerous. If you
the chin strap securely. If you can remove have to deal with distractions, you will
the helmet without loosening the chin not be able to give your full attention to
strap, either the helmet is not properly operating your motorcycle.
secured on your head or it is the wrong To be effective, a face shield or eye
size for you. protection must:
Following are some tips to maintain the • be motorcycle specific (a shield that
effectiveness of your helmet: comes on an approved helmet will also
• Manufacturers recommend that a be approved)
helmet be replaced after it has been • be free of scratches
involved in a collision. • be strong enough to resist being
• You may need to replace a helmet if penetrated
it has been damaged or dropped • give a clear view side to side as well
onto a hard surface with a weight as forward
bearing impact. • be fastened securely so it does not
• Do not buy a used helmet, as it may come off when riding
have been in a collision or damaged. • be large enough to fit over eyeglasses
or sunglasses

CHAPTER TWO PREPARING TO RIDE 15

 If you choose a helmet that does not Hypothermia will also reduce your ability
have full coverage protection, you should to concentrate and respond safely to
consider eyewear specifically designed to traffic conditions. Proper riding gear, such
protect your eyes when riding. Eyeglasses as a windproof jacket and insulated layers
or sunglasses may not provide adequate of clothing, are essential. Motorcycle-
protection. If you wear corrective glasses, specific clothing that you can heat while
you should wear goggles that go over you are riding is also available.
the glasses.
Tinted eye protection should not be Hyperthermia
worn at night or when light conditions and dehydration
are poor. Use a clear replacement shield
for your helmet or wear clear goggles in Hyperthermia happens when the body
conditions of reduced light and visibility. overheats. The body temperature can rise
when the weather is warm or hot. Wind
passing over exposed skin will quickly dry
Dressing for safety the moisture from the body, increasing the

and the weather risk of dehydration.

To avoid overheating and dehydration,
Your clothing should be motorcycle- stay well hydrated by drinking plenty of
specific for riding. It provides the best water before the ride and when taking
protection against scrapes and cuts breaks. Plan for frequent water breaks
in a collision as well as contact with and rest periods that are out of the direct
the ground or road surface. It also sunlight.
provides protection from the weather The effects of hyperthermia and
and flying debris. Clothing should be dehydration may be more severe if you ride
worn in layers so that you can adjust without a jacket. Some motorcycle riding
to changing weather conditions, jackets and helmets come with venting,
and reduce the risk of hypothermia, which allows for airflow. If you wear a
hyperthermia and dehydration. proper jacket, you reduce the chance that
you will become too hot or dehydrated.
Hypothermia
Jackets and pants
Hypothermia occurs when the body
loses heat faster than it can produce Always ride with complete and proper gear
heat, causing dangerously low body recommended for motorcycle riding.
temperature. The body loses heat due to • Jackets and pants should cover your
cold or wind chill. Riders are especially torso, arms and legs completely.
at risk for rapid chilling. Even in warm • Clothing should be snug enough not to
weather, the constant exposure to wind flap in the wind or get caught in your
when riding may cause hypothermia. motorcycle. However, it should be loose
If you become chilled, your reflexes enough to move freely while covering
and response time will be slowed. your layered clothing.

16 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

• Sturdy synthetic textiles or leather • have short enough heels that they do not
that are designed for riding provides catch on rough surfaces or the controls
the best protection. • have the laces tucked in to prevent
• Denim jackets and pants give only them catching on the motorcycle
minimum protection and will wear
through quickly when a rider is Gloves
skidding on a road surface.
• Shorts and lightweight pants, and It is best to wear gloves that are designed
nylon materials are not recommended for motorcycle riding. Do not wear mitts
for riding as they do not give enough when operating a motorcycle.
protection. • Wear gloves that are thin enough
to allow you to grip and operate the
Gear and clothing with colours will controls, but are thick enough to protect
help others see you when you are riding. your hands in a crash.
Reflective strips on your motorcycle and • The gloves should be comfortable,
clothing will make you more visible at night. flexible, and made of leather or similar
In cold or wet weather, wear proper durable material.
clothing that will help keep you warm • They should cover your wrists and
and dry. overlap the sleeves of the jacket.
• A cold weather jacket designed for • Cold weather and water resistant gloves
riding should resist wind and fit snugly are also available.
at your neck and wrists.
• A good quality riding rainsuit will Hearing protection
not balloon or tear apart at highway
speeds. The rainsuit should have a Wind noise is a hazard for motorcycle
jacket with long sleeves, pants, and riders. When riding the air passing around
extra room to fit comfortably over your your head creates wind noise as your
regular riding clothes. speed increases. The noise can lead to
fatigue and cause permanent hearing
Boots and other footwear loss. A helmet alone may not offer enough
protection. Various types of earplugs are
Proper footwear should allow you to available and should be used when riding,
operate the foot controls effectively. Your particularly on highways where higher
boots or footwear should: speed limits are in effect.
• cover your ankles
• be made of leather or sturdy
synthetic material
• have soles made of durable material that
will provide enough grip to keep your feet
from slipping even in wet weather

CHAPTER TWO PREPARING TO RIDE 17

Responsible riding
Rider fitness

Your physical and mental conditions affect

your ability to judge and react to a situation.
• Never ride after drinking alcohol or
using drugs.
• Be aware of the effects of prescription
and over-the-counter medications.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist if any
medications you take may affect your
ability to judge and react.
• Do not ride when tired or stressed.
• Avoid becoming too cold, too hot,
or dehydrated.

Cell phones and

other distractions
Cell phones can take your attention away
from the complex task of riding. Do not
receive or make a cell phone call, or read
or text a message while riding. Stop at a
safe location at the side of the road to use
a cell phone, including a hands-free phone,
or to groom, listen to music, eat or drink.
Two-way radios and global positioning
systems (GPS) are also distractions.
While all forms of distracted riding can be
hazardous, the Traffic Safety Act includes
fines for certain distractions. These include
using a hand-held cell phone, texting
or e-mailing, using electronic devices,
such as laptop computers, video games,
cameras, video entertainment displays
and programming portable audio players,
entering information on GPS units, reading
printed materials, writing, printing or
sketching, and personal grooming.

18 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

3
Knowing Your
Motorcycle
Choosing the Without moving the throttle, go through

right motorcycle the motions of rotating and releasing the

throttle in coordination with the clutch lever
When you choose a motorcycle, consider and the gear selector for each shift.
the type of riding you will be doing. To become familiar with the brakes,
Choose a motorcycle that you are able to move the motorcycle slightly and use the
handle at your level of experience and skill. front, then rear, and then both brakes to
It is important that your motorcycle stop the motorcycle.
fits you properly. While sitting on the
motorcycle, you should be able to:
• have one foot, preferably the left, Motorcycle pre-trip
flat on the ground. Use the right foot
on the brake
inspection
• feel comfortable with the position of It is important that you do a complete
the foot pegs and hand grips inspection of your motorcycle before every
• reach and operate all controls without ride. Problems with the tires, lights or
straining or stretching brakes have been found on some of the
motorcycles involved in collisions where
You should also be able to push your there has been injury or death.
motorcycle and park it on the kickstand. The following are key points for
an inspection, and you may want to
develop your own inspection routine.
Be familiar with the Consult your owner’s manual for more

motorcycle controls information. If you find a problem, repair

your motorcycle before riding. If you are
and gauges unable to repair the problem yourself,
have it done professionally.
You should be familiar with the location,
operation, and function of the motorcycle Tires
controls and gauges of your motorcycle
before riding on the road. Be sure to read  Inflation. Check that the air pressure
the owner’s manual to learn the locations in the tires matches the pressure
of the controls and gauges and how they recommended in the owner’s manual.
work. Do the same if you are riding a  Tread. Check tire for adequate tread
motorcycle you are not familiar with. depth. As well, look for uneven or
While you are sitting on the motorcycle, worn tread, as this can indicate an
and before you start the engine, practice alignment problem or that it is time to
changing gears by shifting up and down replace the tires.
through the gears. Do this by squeezing  Objects in tread. Remove objects like
and releasing the clutch lever and rocks that are stuck in the tread.
operating the gear selector as you would if  Puncturing objects. Check for an
you were riding. object like a nail, or a piece of metal

20 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

 or glass that has punctured the tire. Check that the foot and hand brake
These objects must be removed and controls activate the brake light easily.
will require the tire to be repaired.  Reflectors. Check that all are clean,
 General condition. Check for securely mounted and not damaged.
cuts, bulges, cracks and damage to  Turn signals. Check that all are clean,
the sidewalls. securely mounted and not damaged.
Check that both lights work by turning
Wheels and rims the lights on and off.
 Battery. Check that the battery is
 Wire spoke wheels. Check for loose, secure, the terminals are clean, and the
damaged, missing or broken spokes. connections to the battery are secure.
 Wheels/rims. Check for damage  Horn. Check that it is working.
or cracks.  Engine cut-off switch. Check that it
 Bearings. Check for proper lubrication. stops the engine.
 Seals. Check for leaks.  Instrument lights. Check that they are
working properly by turning the key to
Exhaust system the ‘ON’ position.
 Neutral gear light. Check that it lights
 Muffler. Check condition and that it when in neutral (usually green).
is secure. For more information about  Hazard lights (if equipped). Check
legal mufflers, see Appendix 1. that they are working.
 Safety interlock switch on the
Drive system – sidestand (if equipped). Check that
(depending on which type it is working.
is on your motorcycle)
Fluids
 Chain. Check for lubrication
and proper tension.  Oil.
 Belt. Check for wear and • Check that the oil is at the
proper tension. recommended level.
 Shaft. Check for oil leaks. • Check the oil colour (yellow is good;
black or dark should be changed).
Lights and electrical  Coolant (if the motorcycle engine is
liquid cooled).
 Lights. Check that all are clean, securely • Check that the coolant fluid is at
mounted and not damaged. Check that the recommended level.
the tail light and headlight(s) (high and • Check the hoses for leaks or cracks.
low beam) work. The headlight(s) must  Fuel. Check the amount of fuel in
come on when the motor is running. the tank.
 Brake light. Check that it is clean,
securely mounted and not damaged.

CHAPTER THREE KNOWING YOUR MOTORCYCLE 21

 Brakes.
• Check that the brake fluid is at the License plate
recommended level.
 Differential. Check that the differential  License plate. Check that it is securely
fluid is at the recommended level. attached. It should be mounted to the
 Leaks. Check for fluid on the ground rear mudguard or rear fender, and be
under the motorcycle. clearly visible.
 Light (if equipped). Check that it is
Clutch working and clean.

 Clutch.
• When squeezing the clutch lever, Center stand and sidestand
check that the cable moves freely
and feels tight.  Centre stand. Check that the spring
• If you have a hydraulic clutch, is not broken and for cracks and
check that the fluid is at the bends and the stand should be secure
recommended level according when retracted.
to the owner’s manual.  Sidestand. Check for cracks and
bends. The stand should be secure
Throttle when retracted.

 Throttle. Check that it moves freely.

It should return to the closed position Yearly maintenance
easily, without your assistance.
In the fall, your motorcycle will need to
Mirrors be stored properly for the winter. When
you store your motorcycle make sure you
 Mirrors. Check that the mirrors are clean, take care to protect your tires, deal with
properly adjusted and securely fastened. remaining fuel in your fuel tank, remove the
battery, protect your motorcycle from harsh
Brakes weather, and address other general storage
concerns. Check your owner’s manual for
 Brakes. Apply the front and rear brakes more information about proper storage.
separately. Check that each one keeps After your motorcycle has been
the motorcycle stopped when you sitting for the winter or in storage for an
apply the brake fully and try to move the extended time, some maintenance will
motorcycle forward or backward. be needed. A tune-up and an oil change
are a good idea. Check your owner’s
manual for more information about
preparing your motorcycle to ride after
it has been in storage.

22 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

4
The Basics of
Safe Operating
and Riding
Riding position pegs. Your feet need to be in the correct
position for effective braking, gear
• Riding position. Sit on the seat so selection, and balance. Do not drag
that your arms are slightly bent and not your feet on the ground or rest them on
tense when you hold the hand grips. the gear selector or brake pedal.
This will allow you to steer without • Eyes. Keep your eyes looking well
stretching or moving your shoulders. ahead in the direction you want to go.
• Right hand position. Hold the Do not look down.
hand grip lightly but firmly. Start with
your right wrist positioned with a slight
bend down and no higher than flat. Starting
This hand position will prevent you from
using too much throttle (accelerator), It is best for new riders of manual shift and
and will give you access to the front automatic shift motorcycles to practice
brake and controls. starting and stopping in a safe, traffic-
• Left hand position. Use a light but free area. Other skills that you need to
firm hand grip that will allow you to practice in a safe place are turning and
access the clutch lever easily and lane changing, steering, accelerating,
to reach the signal and headlight and braking at slow speeds. Looking well
switches, and the horn. ahead and along your intended path will
help you develop these basic riding skills.
If you ride a manual shift motorcycle you
will also have to practice proper gear shifting
RIGHT
to acquire smooth coordination between the
clutch lever, brake, and throttle. Too much
throttle can cause a rider to lose control; too
little can cause the engine to stall.
WRONG To prepare your motorcycle for riding,
do the following:
Hand grip position of right hand for throttle • If the motorcycle is equipped with an
control. anti-theft lock, be sure it is released.
This will allow the handle bars to move
• Knees. Press your knees lightly against freely for steering.
the motorcycle to help you keep your • Sit on the seat with a leg on each side
balance when the motorcycle is moving. of the motorcycle.
• Feet. Keep your feet firmly on the foot • While holding the hand grips, move
pegs at all times when the motorcycle the motorcycle upright and retract the
is moving. The foot pegs are behind the sidestand. Always check that your
brake pedal on the right side and the footing is secure so that you do not
gear shift lever on the left side. Do not lose your balance.
point your feet down as they can get • Continue to keep your feet firmly on
caught between the road and the foot the ground.

24 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

• Adjust each mirror so you can see the Signalling
lane behind, and as much as possible of
the other lanes on the road next to you. Do not confuse other drivers by signalling
When properly adjusted, a mirror will too early or too late. Cancel the signal
show the edge of your arm or shoulder. light if it does not turn off automatically.
Remember that objects in your mirrors Hand signals can be used as well as a
may be closer than they look. Never rely signal light. This will make you and your
entirely on your mirrors, especially when intentions more visible to others.
changing lanes.
• Ensure your motorcycle is in neutral.
• Turn the fuel switch to ON, if equipped.
• Set the engine cut-off switch to the
RUN position.
• Open the choke (if your motorcycle
has one) or wait until the fuel injection
light is OFF.
• Press the starter button until the
motorcycle starts, and then release. Left Signals Right Signals
• Ensure the engine is warmed and
running smoothly.
• Slowly close the choke (if equipped).
• Ensure the lights are turned on.
Manual (standard)
transmissions
Before starting to ride, be sure your
intended path is safe. While some motorcycles have an
• Check that the path in front of you is automatic transmission, most have a
clear of children, pedestrians, obstacles manual transmission and these require
and other traffic. coordination between the throttle, clutch
• Check each mirror. and gear selector by the operator. Shifting
• Look over your shoulder in the gears on a motorcycle equipped with a
direction you will be moving to manual transmission is a skill that requires
check your blind spot. considerable practice. You must learn to
• Use your signal light and arm signal change gears using your left foot to operate
(optional). Proceed when it is safe the gear shift lever and your left hand to
and legal. operate the clutch lever. Your right hand will
• Choose the lane and position in the operate the throttle and front brake. Your
lane that allows other road users to right foot will operate the rear brake.
see you. Ride where drivers can see The engine provides power. The clutch
you when they look ahead or in their lever is used to engage and disengage
rear view mirrors. power from the engine to the rear wheel.
When you squeeze the clutch lever,
the connection to the transmission is

CHAPTER FOUR THE BASICS OF SAFE OPERATING AND RIDING 25

disengaged. This prevents the transfer proper use and the best speed range of
of engine power to the drive wheel. You each gear.
change gears or come to a stop while the Be sure the motorcycle is travelling at
connection is not engaged. the appropriate speed for the gear you are
Just before stopping you will also need shifting into. Check your owner’s manual for
to squeeze the clutch lever to prevent the instructions about this. When downshifting,
motorcycle from stalling. if the motorcycle is going too fast for the
To start moving again, gradually release selected gear, the rear wheel may skid.
the clutch lever and apply a little throttle,
the connection will begin to engage Changing to a higher
again. This can be felt before the clutch gear (upshifting)
lever is fully released. The point where
this connection first occurs while you are • Place your foot under the gear selector
releasing the clutch lever is called the lever to prepare for the shift up.
friction zone. • Roll the throttle back to the off position
It is at the friction point that you must while squeezing the clutch lever all the
coordinate continuing to slowly release the way in with your fingers.
clutch lever while gently using the throttle • Move the lever upwards to select the
to achieve a smooth start and prevent the next gear and then release. You must
engine from stalling. shift up one gear at a time.
• Carefully release the clutch lever and
apply a little throttle.
Selecting and • When you have completed shifting to

changing gears the selected gear, remove your fingers

from the clutch lever and return them to
Smooth and timely gear shifting takes the hand grip.
practice but, once learned, will help you
maintain control of your motorcycle. A Changing to a lower
smooth shift to the next gear is the result gear (downshifting one
of coordinating the clutch lever release or more gears)
with a small amount of throttle. Start in
first gear and gradually shift up to higher • Place your foot on top of the gear selector
gears as your speed increases. lever to prepare for the downshift.
Always be in the correct gear for • Roll the throttle back to the off position
the speed you are travelling. This will while squeezing the clutch lever all the
allow you the most effective use of your way in with your fingers.
throttle. It is important that the proper • Firmly push the lever down as far as it
gear is selected so the engine does will go and then release.
not lug (move the motorcycle in rough, • You can shift down several gears at a
bumpy fashion) or race (rev the engine time by squeezing the clutch lever all
but not move the motorcycle effectively). the way in, then firmly pushing down
The owner’s manual will explain the

26 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

 the gear selector lever and releasing, without braking. Any sudden change in
repeatedly, for each gear. acceleration or braking to the rear wheel
• Carefully release the clutch lever. can affect balance and control, and reduce
Unless you are slowing or stopping, the tire contact with the road surface. This
gently apply the throttle. can cause the wheel to spin or skid.
• When you have completed shifting to
the selected gear, remove your fingers Starting uphill
from the clutch lever and return them to
the hand grip. It is more difficult to get a motorcycle
moving on an uphill slope than when
Slowing or stopping it is on flat ground. There is also a
risk of rolling backward or the engine
It is necessary to shift down through each stalling. While seated and straddling
gear when slowing or stopping. This your motorcycle, here is one method for
way you will know when you are in first starting on an uphill slope:
gear. However, it is possible to come to • With your feet firmly on the ground,
a complete stop while the clutch lever is and the engine in neutral and running,
pulled in and you remain in the current use your front brake to keep the
gear. If you do this you will need to pull the motorcycle in place.
clutch lever in and shift down through each • Pull the clutch lever all the way in, then
gear to get back into first gear. use your left foot to shift into first gear,
To stop or reduce speed gradually, continuing to hold your clutch lever in
downshift through each gear in sequence all the way.
by pulling in the clutch lever, shifting into the • Place your left foot firmly on the ground
next lower gear and then carefully releasing again, and then apply the rear brake
the clutch lever for each gear. You can also with your right foot.
downshift through one or more gears at one • Keep the rear brake on. Release the
time while the clutch lever is pulled in. When front brake, and then open the throttle
downshifting through two or more gears slightly with your right hand.
at a time, be sure to reduce your speed to • Slowly release the clutch lever until
fit the speed with the gear before releasing reaching the friction point and hold the
your clutch lever. clutch lever there. Then release the rear
brake while gradually applying slightly
Gear selection and control more power with the throttle.
for curves and corners • Avoid releasing the clutch lever too quickly
as this may cause the engine to stall, or
If you need to reduce your speed and the front wheel to come off the road.
change gears for a curve or corner, to • Place your left foot on the foot peg as
have the best control, do it before entering the motorcycle begins to move forward.
the curve or corner. The speed that you • After you are moving smoothly and the
enter the curve or turn should allow you to clutch lever is released, remove your
maintain control through the curve or turn fingers from the clutch lever and return
them to the hand grip.
CHAPTER FOUR THE BASICS OF SAFE OPERATING AND RIDING 27
Parking The rider can control some of the most
important factors that affect traction, like
Park where it is safe and legal. Signs, curb speed, acceleration and braking. Other
markings and common sense will tell you factors are responsible riding, proper brake
where parking is permitted. maintenance, and the characteristics of
Motorcycles are permitted to angle park the tires.
where other vehicles are required to park Consider the following when choosing
parallel to the curb. Park the motorcycle and maintaining your tires:
at an angle of about 45 to 60 degrees to • Material – softer compounds are
the curb or edge of the roadway, so your available that provide better traction for
motorcycle does not extend too far from certain types of riding. These tires can
the curb. Your rear wheel should be within wear out sooner than other tires.
50 centimetres (20 inches) of the curb. • Tire Pressure – maintain proper pressure
When parking your motorcycle, use the according to the manufacturer’s
side kickstand. Make sure the front wheel specifications. Under- and over-inflated
is turned all the way to the left and locked. tires will reduce the amount of traction,
Remove the key from the ignition. due to less contact with the road
surface. Improper inflation will also affect
Hill parking how the tire wears.
• Tread patterns – select the type of tire
On a hill, it is best to park facing uphill. This tread for the conditions you expect to
is to prevent the motorcycle rolling forward be riding in.
off the stand. If a curb is present, have the • Wear and tread depth – replace tires
rear wheel make contact with the curb to as recommended by the manufacturer.
prevent the motorcycle from rolling back. Worn tires are dangerous to use, and do
It is recommended that you do not park not provide adequate traction or safety.
your motorcycle facing downhill. If you must
do this temporarily, place the motorcycle Traction can be reduced by wet road
at about a 45-degree angle to the curb. surfaces, and metal road parts like metal
Ensure the motorcycle is in first gear. Lock bridges. Snow and ice, painted lines, and
the steering to the left. If the motorcycle holes and cracks affect the tire contact
does move it will likely fall to the left. with the road. Road debris, such as gravel,
sand, leaves, antifreeze, oil and spilled
materials, reduce traction.
Tires and traction When it is raining, the roads are the
most slippery during the first few minutes.
Traction is the amount of grip and contact Continue to scan the road surface ahead
your tires have with the road surface. Loss to determine road conditions and beware
of traction can have disastrous results for of hydroplaning.
the operator of any vehicle and especially
for the rider of a two-wheeled vehicle.

28 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

 Always be aware that there is only
a certain amount of traction available.
If the demand for traction exceeds
that amount you need, the result will
be a loss of control. Braking, turning a
corner, travelling through a curve, and Front brake Rear brake
acceleration require the most traction.
Here are some tips for slowing
and stopping:
Braking and stopping
Normal braking
Most motorcycles have two brakes, which
operate independently. In most cases, • Practice braking and shifting in a safe,
there is a hand-operated front brake and a traffic-free area.
foot-operated rear brake. • To brake effectively, learn to apply even
Some motorcycles are equipped with braking force between the front and rear
braking systems that link front and rear brake brakes. (You will acquire a feeling for
operation together. Anti-lock brake systems when your tires are about to skid.)
are also available on some models. If your • Downshift smoothly when braking to
motorcycle has either of these systems, read avoid a skid. Downshifting will allow you
your owner’s manual for instructions on the to use the engine to help the motorcycle
best way to use the brakes. slow down. If you do this without using
When stopping under normal conditions, your brakes, it will not activate the brake
apply the front brake and rear brake at the light. Motorists behind you will not be
same time. When both brakes are applied, warned that you are slowing. For this
there is a transfer of rider weight to the front reason, it is a good idea to brake lightly
of the motorcycle. This creates a situation between each downshift when slowing
where about three-quarters of your braking the motorcycle.
traction is on the front tire. This can increase • Use caution when braking in a turn or
to almost all the braking traction being on a curve, and on slippery or rough
on the front tire as more braking force is roads. When possible, avoid braking
applied. The result can be the rear tire losing when the wheel is turned.
contact with the road surface, and possibly • Downshift through the gears to first
a loss of control of the motorcycle. gear before stopping so you can move
It is best to apply the brakes by forward quickly if necessary.
gradually increasing pressure. This gradual • Keep the rear brake firmly applied
increase makes it possible to control the while stopped.
amount of braking force needed to achieve • Riding with your brake partially applied
threshold braking. (The threshold braking activates the brake light. This may
point is just before the wheels lock. confuse other drivers, and will cause
unnecessary wear on the brakes.

CHAPTER FOUR THE BASICS OF SAFE OPERATING AND RIDING 29

Stopping time you to stop and how far your motorcycle

and distance travels before stopping.

Not all riders know how much time or

distance it takes to bring a motorcycle to Turns and corners
a complete stop. As a result, they may
make errors in judgment that can lead to There are different methods for steering a
a collision. Three factors that determine motorcycle when turning a corner (from
the time and distance required to stop are one street onto another street), and for
perception, reaction, and braking. traveling around a curve.
The rider’s visual skills, level of attention, Practice turning in a safe and traffic-
decision making abilities, degree of fatigue, free area before riding in traffic. Approach
and use of alcohol or other drugs will affect a turn at a slow speed (less than 20 to 25
perception, reaction and braking. kilometres per hour). Shift to the proper gear
Perception time is how long it takes before the turn. Use first or second gear.
you to recognize a situation and understand Control your speed when turning. Turn
the need to stop. This can take about three- and steer the front wheel and look in the
quarters of a second. Less experienced direction you want to go. This requires
riders are often slower to recognize a good visual skills and balance, as well as
danger. Perception distance is how far a coordination between the clutch lever,
motorcycle travels during this time. throttle and rear brake. Use a light but
Reaction (response) time is how long firm grip on the hand grips for all turns.
it takes to move your foot or hand over the
brake once the need to brake is realized.
The average reaction time is three-quarters Curves
of a second. Reaction distance is how
far a motorcycle travels during this time. To travel around a curve (at speeds greater
Braking time is how long it takes the than 20 to 25 kilometres per hour), you will
motorcycle to stop after the brakes are need to master the skill of push-steering.
applied. The distance travelled in this (Push-steering is also known as counter-
time is called the braking distance. The steering.) Push-steering is pushing on
actual braking distance will depend on the one hand grip to cause the motorcycle to
speed, weight of the motorcycle, traction lean. Push on the left hand grip to lean the
of the tires on the road surface, the motorcycle to the left to travel to the left.
quality of the brakes, road and weather Push on the right hand grip to lean the
conditions, and rider skill. motorcycle to the right to travel to the right.
Stopping distance is the total of When travelling around a curve, you
perception distance, reaction distance and and the motorcycle must lean toward
braking distance. the inside of the curve. When you push-
Remember, when you increase your steer, increasing the amount of push on
speed, you increase how long it takes the hand grip will increase the amount

30 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

the motorcycle leans. The greater the
speed, the more the motorcycle must lean. Provide gentle
acceleration
When you are near the end of the curve, through the curve
Straighten the
gradually release the pressure on the hand bike as you
finish the curve
grip to bring the motorcycle upright. If
necessary, push on the opposite hand grip Slow down
before the
to assist in straightening the motorcycle. curve
Lean into the turn by
Many motorcycle riders, especially pushing forward on the
handlebar on the side
those who lack experience, misjudge the you wish to lean towards.
Push right - go right,
safest speed for curves and enter curves push left - go left

when travelling too quickly.

• If necessary, reduce your speed and
downshift before the curve.
• When road or weather conditions are A motorcycle travelling around a curve
poor, reduce your speed further.
• Look well ahead and keep your eyes
looking through the curve to where you Skids
want to go.
• Push-steer to lean the motorcycle in the Skids are the result of:
direction of the curve. • improper use of the throttle, clutch, and
• Avoid slowing or accelerating suddenly brakes
while in the curve when the motorcycle • improper or unsafe handling of the
is leaning. The sudden change in motorcycle for the road conditions
speed could cause the motorcycle to • turning or steering too sharply,
lose traction. especially on a curve or turn
• You can apply both brakes in a curve • turning while travelling too quickly
in an emergency, but do not do • braking too hard, usually with the
this while the motorcycle is leaning. rear brake
Before applying the brakes, bring the • accelerating too quickly
motorcycle upright, and take care not • the combined effects of braking
to lock either wheel. Using threshold and turning
braking will help prevent locking.
• Gently accelerate when you are nearing The effect of these rider errors can be
the end of the curve. made worse by poor road conditions, such
as slippery surfaces, loose sand, or gravel.
Try not to get into a skid. Plan ahead
so you will not be forced to make rapid
adjustments. When you are not familiar
with the road, reduce your speed.
If a skid occurs, do not panic. Look and
steer in the direction you want to go, to
help you regain control of the motorcycle.

CHAPTER FOUR THE BASICS OF SAFE OPERATING AND RIDING 31

 If a loss of traction is caused by over-
acceleration, ease off the throttle, and look
and steer in the direction you want the
front of the motorcycle to go.

Intended path

Look and steer along your intended path when

the rear of the motorcycle is skidding.

32 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

5
Managing Risk
in Traffic
Be proactive spot, and the driver changes lanes without

when riding doing a shoulder check, he or she will

not see you and will move into your riding
A proactive approach is needed when space. When riding behind or to the sides
riding in traffic. Always ride using extreme of other vehicles, ride where you can be
caution. Unlike drivers of other vehicles, seen clearly in their inside or outside rear
you do not have a seat belt or protection view mirror. If you cannot see the driver
around you in a collision. Collisions in a vehicle’s mirrors, the driver probably
between motorcycles and vehicles often cannot see you.
result in injuries to the motorcycle rider. Using the driver’s outside and inside
Motorcycles and their riders can be rear view mirrors, rider B can be seen by
more difficult to see than cars and other the driver of the vehicle, but riders C and D
vehicles. Many motorists do not anticipate, cannot be seen.
see, or hear the motorcycles that share the
road. Some drivers involved in collisions
with a motorcycle say they never saw the
motorcycle and rider.
You cannot be sure that other drivers
will see you. Therefore, you must always
watch other road users and anticipate their
actions. If a driver does not see you, he
or she may turn in front of you or change
lanes into you. Be sure you are positioned Ride where you can be seen. The yellow area
where other drivers have the best chance is visible to the driver in the vehicle’s inside and
outside rear view mirrors.
to see you. You may need to use your horn
to alert others that you are near.

Managing the
Blind spots space around you
Even when all rear view mirrors are and being seen
properly adjusted, there are large areas
behind and to the side of a driver or rider Never assume that other drivers have
that cannot be seen using only the mirrors. seen you. Look ahead and around you.
These are called blind spots. When riding, Plan an escape route for an emergency.
always do a shoulder check to be sure that The best protection you have is to create
your blind spot is clear of traffic before you a manageable space cushion around
change lanes. you. A space cushion is the distance
Stay out of other drivers’ blind spots between yourself and others.
as much as possible. It is easy for a
motorcycle and rider to be hidden in a
blind spot. If you ride in a driver’s blind

34 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

 It allows you: Space cushion behind
• time and space to take action
to avoid a hazard or collision • Use your mirrors to be aware of vehicles
• an escape route if stopping is behind you.
not possible • If a vehicle behind you is following too
• to reduce the risk of having another closely, reduce your speed slightly to
vehicle collide with you from behind allow the vehicle to pass and to increase
• to be seen more easily by drivers of your following distance from the vehicle
vehicles coming toward you, from the in front of you. This will allow you more
sides, and from behind time and space to slow or stop gradually,
• more time to respond to the actions giving you more options to deal with the
of others vehicle behind you. This reduces the risk
of being hit from behind.
Space cushion to the front
Space cushion to the sides
• Your following distance is the space
that is completely controlled by you. • To have a space cushion beside you,
Managing your space to the rear and avoid riding beside another vehicle or
sides can be more challenging, but you, riding in the blind spot of the vehicle in
the rider, manage the space ahead. the next lane. The driver of the vehicle
• Create and maintain a safe following might move into your lane without doing
distance. The closer you follow another a shoulder check.
vehicle, the greater your risk of colliding • Do not ride beside another motorcycle
with it. You will also not have enough in the same lane. It is illegal and you will
time to see and respond to hazards in have fewer options for an escape route.
your lane, like pot holes and debris. • Avoid riding close to the edge of
• Stay at least two to three seconds your lane or to the curb, as this may
behind the vehicle ahead. encourage other drivers to move into
• At higher speeds, or when conditions your lane.
are less than ideal, such as poor light
or poor weather, stay at least three to Space cushion and
four seconds behind the vehicle you large vehicles
are following.
• Create a wide space between you and
large vehicles. Drivers of these vehicles
often have large blind spots behind
and to the sides of their vehicles. If you
2-3 seconds
follow a large vehicle too closely, the
driver will not be able to see you. Your
A minimum two to three second following view of the road ahead will be reduced,
distance is recommended. When conditions are and drivers of oncoming vehicles will be
not ideal, increase your following distance.
less able to see you.

CHAPTER FIVE MANAGING RISK IN TRAFFIC 35

Space cushion and brake lights, exhaust, and an arm signal
turning right are signs that a vehicle may move into
your lane. Reduce your speed and be
• Do not ride between the curb and a prepared to use your horn, change
vehicle, especially a large vehicle that is lanes, or stop.
turning right. In this position, the driver
of the vehicle may not see you. Stay
out of this position. Keep well back of a Choosing a lane
right-turning vehicle until it has finished
the turn.
and lane position
Choose the safest lane and lane position
for your situation. Plan an escape route.
Consider the condition of the road when
deciding where to ride. Be prepared to
adjust your position within your lane and
your location to other vehicles, or to change
lanes, as the traffic situation changes.

Four or more lane

roadway (two or more
Rider should avoid this dangerous position. lanes in each direction)
Note the tracking lines of the rear wheels.

On a four lane roadway, use the right travel

lane whenever possible. Ride in the left
Space cushion and portion of your lane. This helps you maintain
parked vehicles your lane space when vehicles are entering
your lane from the lane to the left.
• When passing parked vehicles, stay When you need to ride in the lane next
in the left portion of your lane. This will to the dividing yellow line, ride in the right
help you to manage risks caused by a portion of the lane (where the right wheels
person stepping out from in front of a of the vehicle travel). This gives you an
parked vehicle, or a vehicle door being escape route to the unused left portion of
opened into your path. your lane, as well as another to the lane to
• You also need to leave sufficient space the right, when there is an emergency or
in case a driver moves a vehicle away hazard. This also helps you maintain your
from the curb or parking lane. The lane space when vehicles are entering your
driver may do a shoulder check and lane from the lane to the right. However,
still fail to see you. do not follow other vehicles too closely, as
• Look for signs that a driver may be oncoming vehicles that are turning left will
getting ready to move away from the have trouble seeing you behind the vehicle
curb or parking lane. A person in the you are following.
driver’s seat, a flashing signal light, lit

36 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

Two lane roadway • A large vehicle coming toward you can
(one lane in each direction) cause a change in wind conditions. It
can block a strong crosswind or create
The left portion of a lane, where the left a strong wind as it passes, which can
wheels of a vehicle travel, is usually the cause you to lose control. When a
safest place to ride on a two lane roadway. large vehicle is approaching, ride in
In this position you can: the right portion of your lane and keep
• be seen more easily by oncoming vehicles a firm hold on the hand grips. Wait
• be seen more easily in rear view mirrors for a few seconds after the vehicle
of vehicles you are following has passed before returning to your
• see oncoming vehicles more easily previous lane position.
• see and be seen by traffic at road
junctions to your left
• be farther away from vehicles entering
from the right
• be farther away from pedestrians,
animals, driveways and road debris
along the curb
• avoid the slippery areas caused by Move to the right portion of your lane to prepare
leaks from vehicles that can form in for a change in wind conditions.

the centre of the lane

• avoid the centre of the lane that is often
higher due to constant traffic weight on Changing lanes
the left and right portions of the lane
Changing lanes frequently is not worth the
These points explain why it is best to risks. Plan your route well ahead to keep
use the left portion of the lane. However, lane changing to a minimum.
there are times when it is safer to use the When a lane change is required,
right portion and occasionally the centre do the following:
portion of the lane to see, be seen, and • Make sure the lane change location is
manage your space cushion. safe and legal.
There is no lane position that is safest for • Check for traffic and potential hazards
all situations. Here are some other situations ahead. Use your mirrors to check for
where you must decide where in your lane it traffic behind you.
is safest to ride: • Check your blind spot by glancing over
• Before the crest of a hill, use the right your shoulder to the lane where you
portion of your lane. An oncoming intend to move.
vehicle may be coming over the hill and • Turn on your signal light and use a hand
using your lane to pass. signal (optional).
• When riding around a curve, choose a • Do a shoulder check again and, if it is
position in your lane that will allow the safe, change lanes. If it is not safe, start
best view along the curve ahead. the lane change process again.

CHAPTER FIVE MANAGING RISK IN TRAFFIC 37

Intersections If an oncoming driver is indicating
turning left, or a driver is indicating entering
The rules for riding through intersections are the intersection from the left, reduce your
the same for motorcycle riders as they are speed and move to the centre or right
for other drivers. Since intersections have left portion of your lane. This will increase the
and right turning as well as straight through space between you and the other vehicle.
traffic, they are high risk areas for collisions. Choose an escape route in case the
Caution, anticipation, and controlled speed vehicle crosses your path. Never assume
are required at intersections. that the other driver has seen you.
Many collisions happen at intersections.
Some are the result of poor judgment of
STOP

time and space when:

• the motorcycle rider is turning left in
front of oncoming vehicles. STOP

• drivers of oncoming vehicles are turning

left in front of a motorcycle rider who is The rider moves to the centre or right portion of
going straight. the lane when an oncoming vehicle is turning left.

• drivers of vehicles are entering the

intersection from roads to the right or If a vehicle is indicating entering from the
left of the motorcycle rider. right side of the intersection, use the left
portion of your lane. This will increase the
To reduce the risk of collisions at space between you and the vehicle entering
intersections, do the following. from the right. Choose an escape route in
• When approaching an intersection, case the vehicle crosses your path.
be prepared to reduce your speed and
to brake. STOP
• Maintain a proper space cushion all
around your motorcycle in your lane so
you can see and be seen.
• Scan left, centre and right several STOP
times as you approach the intersection
to check for pedestrians, traffic, and The rider is in the left portion of the lane when
potential hazards. a vehicle is indicating entering from the right.

• Glance in your mirrors often to be aware

of the traffic behind you. If vehicles are indicating entering
• Be prepared to change lanes or your the intersection from both sides of the
intersection, use the left portion of your
position in the lane to separate yourself
from potential hazards. lane. This allows you more space and
time to react if one of the vehicles moves
The safest position in your lane depends in front of you.
on where other vehicles are located when
you approach an intersection.

38 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

 STOP Do not pass by squeezing between
vehicles ahead using the area between
lanes. This is illegal and dangerous.

STOP

The rider is in the left portion of the lane when

vehicles are indicating entering from both sides
of the intersection.

If your motorcycle stalls in an intersection

and cannot be started, it must be moved
out of the intersection. When it is safe,
with you on the left side of the motorcycle, DO NOT ride or pass by squeezing around or
walk it clear of all traffic and out of the between vehicles.

intersection. If the motorcycle is equipped Riders must reduce speed to

with emergency hazard lights, turn them on. 60 km/h or the posted speed, whichever
is lower, when passing emergency vehicles
or tow trucks that are stopped with their
Passing lights flashing. This law applies to the
lane(s) immediately next to the stopped
Passing other vehicles is a high risk vehicles. The fine for speeding in these
action. Do not pass unless it is necessary. areas is doubled.
Only pass in a legal passing zone and
only when it is safe.

When not to pass

Do not pass a vehicle travelling in the

same direction:
• that has stopped for a pedestrian
• that is slowing unexpectedly
• that is approaching or stopped at a If you are not in the lane next to the
railway crossing stopped vehicles, you still need to be
watchful and cautious.
Do not pass: Reduce your speed and leave lots of
space between yourself and emergency
• near or at the top of a hill personnel and equipment at the scene.
• when you are approaching or are within Also, watch for the movement of personnel
an intersection around the scene.
• any place where you cannot see clearly
ahead, like a curve
• by using the shoulder (emergency
stopping lane) of the road

CHAPTER FIVE MANAGING RISK IN TRAFFIC 39

Passing on a two lane position. It is illegal and hazardous to
lane highway increase your speed when being passed.
If the vehicle passing you needs
When you need to use the oncoming lane to return quickly to your lane to avoid
to pass on a two lane highway, observe oncoming traffic or an obstacle, you may
the following rules, and remember that need to reduce your speed and move to
exceeding the speed limit is illegal. the right. Assist the passing vehicle to have
• Ride in the left portion of your lane room to return to the lane safely. Return to
to increase the distance you can the left portion of your lane after the vehicle
see ahead. has completed the pass.
• Maintain a minimum two second
following distance until you are ready
to pass.
• Check ahead for oncoming traffic to
ensure you have enough space and
time to complete the pass safely.
• Check your mirrors for traffic to the rear. Move to the right portion of the lane when
• Do a shoulder check to the left to another vehicle needs assistance to pass you.

ensure that no one is attempting to

pass you. TIPS AND REMINDERS
• Turn on your left signal light and use anHere are some tips and reminders to
arm signal. reduce your risk of being in a collision:
• Check ahead again for oncoming traffic. • Be visible to other motorists by riding in
• Check that you still have the space and the safest lane and lane position possible.
time necessary to complete the pass. • Be aware of your surroundings and
• Move into the oncoming lane to pass other motorists.
the vehicle. • Use your turn signals and brake light
• Before returning to your lane, be sure to communicate your intentions to
you can see the front of the vehicle other drivers and riders.
you have passed in your right rear • Use hand signals to increase the
view mirror. likelihood that you will be seen.
• Do a shoulder check over your right • Maintain a space cushion of at least
shoulder to be sure there is enough two to three seconds when following
space for you in front of the vehicle. another vehicle.
• Signal and move back into your • Maintain a proper space cushion
travel lane. all around you as you ride.
• Scan your path of travel at least 12
Being passed seconds ahead in urban areas, and 20
to 25 seconds ahead in rural areas.
When a vehicle is passing you on a two lane • Identify potential hazards and take
highway, maintain a constant speed and action, such as reducing speed or
changing lanes, to avoid or reduce risk.

40 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

6
Riding in
Challenging
Conditions
Conditions of • Use caution when passing other

less light and vehicles after dark and when visibility

is reduced.
reduced visibility • Be visible. Wear clothing and use
materials that have reflective features,
Because it is more difficult to see when such as reflective tape. (If possible, buy
there is less light, or when visibility is a helmet with reflective material as part
reduced for other reasons, the risk of losing of its design.) Reflectors can be added
control or being in a collision increases. to your motorcycle.
• When your ability to see clearly is
decreased, reduce your speed and
ride with caution. This will help you to
avoid a hazard.
• Distances are more difficult to judge
after dark than during daylight. To
determine how far away an object
is, our eyes rely on the contrast of • Keep your goggles, face shield and
shadows and light. These contrasts may windshield clean. They should be
be missing or distorted under artificial replaced if they become too scratched.
lights after dark. Continue to be aware Use only clear untinted lenses at night.
of your distance from vehicles ahead • Always watch for animals, especially at
and adjust your speed accordingly. dawn and dusk. Look for animals on
• Ride at a speed that allows you to or near the road. Scan the road and
stop easily within the distance your ditches far ahead for movement or the
headlights illuminate. If you overdrive reflection from an animal’s eyes.
your headlights, you will not have time • Stay alert. If you are becoming tired,
to adjust to hazards or obstructions in stop and rest.
your path.
• On poorly lit roads, use your high beam When visibility is reduced due to rain,
headlights. This will allow you to see fog, smoke, or dust, take the same
further ahead. Change to your low precautions you would when riding in
beam headlights before you are 150 conditions of less light. Poor weather
metres (492 ft) from the vehicle ahead, combined with less light make reduced
and 300 metres (984 ft) or more from visibility worse. Adjust your riding for the
oncoming vehicles. conditions by reducing your speed.
• One way to gather information is to use Use your low beam headlights when
the headlights of the vehicle ahead to riding in fog. If you use high beam
extend your view of the road. Bouncing headlights, the light will reflect off the fog
tail and headlights ahead can alert you back to you and cause glare. This can also
to bumps or a rough road. occur with smoke, dust, rain and snow.

42 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

Poor weather Road surface
and temperature hazards that
extremes affect traction
Poor weather conditions can affect you Fluid leaks from other vehicles can settle in
and your ability to control the motorcycle. the centre of the lane and result in reduced
Try to avoid riding in poor weather. Be traction. Traction is also reduced when
cautious when riding in spring and fall, as there is moisture on the road surface.
you could be surprised by winter weather. Pavement is particularly slippery just after
Check weather and road condition reports, it starts to rain, before the surface oil and
and make decisions for safety. dirt are washed to the side of the road. To
Lower temperatures due to cold or avoid this danger, do not ride in the centre
wind chill conditions can cause the body portion of the lane just after the rain starts.
to lose internal heat. If you become When there is water on the road, a
chilled, your ability to concentrate and layer of water may form between the
respond can be affected. Warm or hot road surface and the tires. Your tires may
temperatures can cause the body to lose contact with the road surface. This
become dehydrated and can result in is called hydroplaning. To reduce the risk
heat exhaustion. Wear the proper clothing of hydroplaning on wet roads, reduce
to protect yourself. (See Chapter 2 for your speed without braking. If you start
more about temperature extremes.) to hydroplane, do not brake. Keep your
Strong or gusty winds can affect your eyes up and along your intended path,
ability to control the motorcycle and may and maintain or very gradually reduce your
make it difficult to maintain a proper lane speed. Try to avoid riding where the tires
position. In windy conditions, grip the of vehicles have created areas where the
motorcycle tightly with your thighs. Keep road is lower and water has settled.
your upper body relaxed and your arms Gravel, sand, tar strips, mud, painted
bent and loose. road markings, and steel surfaces like utility
If you encounter a strong crosswind, hole covers reduce traction and should be
lean into it. Create a good space cushion avoided or ridden over cautiously.
in case the crosswind suddenly decreases. Dirt, gravel and sand collect along the
You can do this by choosing a lane or lane sides of the road, in residential areas and
position that will keep you out of oncoming especially on curves and ramps leading
traffic, and a lane position that will allow to and from highways. Spring can be the
you to stay in your lane. worst time for this due to road sanding
Be aware that when you are riding in during the winter. Be aware of what is
a strong wind, you may be more easily on the edge of the road when turning
fatigued. If the wind is extreme, your safest sharply, and entering and exiting highways
choice is not to ride. Reduce your speed and adjust your riding
for these conditions.

CHAPTER SIX RIDING IN CHALLENGING CONDITIONS 43

 As much as you can, stay clear of roads slightly. The risk of losing control is
that have ice or snow on them. Patches of lessened if you reduce your speed before
ice tend to form in low or shaded areas, as the area and try to maintain a constant
well as on bridges and overpasses. Ride speed when crossing. Braking and
on the portion of the lane with the best accelerating should be done gradually.
traction and reduce your speed.
To ride safely when traction is reduced,
do the following:
• Reduce your speed before getting to a
slippery surface to lessen the possibility
of losing control or skidding.
• Reduce your speed before entering
a curve, especially a curve with a
hazardous road surface. Sign warning motorcyclists of a rough or
• A sudden change in speed or uneven surface.

direction can cause a loss of control.

When adjusting your speed, shifting
gears, turning corners and braking, Use caution when crossing railroad
do so smoothly. tracks. Always proceed straight ahead,
• When using the front brake, gradually regardless of the angle of the tracks to the
squeeze the brake lever. If harder highway. This will prevent crossing into
braking is needed, use progressive another lane or into oncoming traffic. Keep
pressure to avoid locking the front your speed even and do not accelerate,
wheel. The front brake is still effective brake or do anything that requires traction.
when braking on a slippery surface.
• Threshold brake (braking to the point
just before the wheels lock) with the rear
brake to avoid locking the rear wheel.
• If a slippery surface cannot be avoided,
keep your motorcycle from leaning. You
could lose control of your motorcycle
leaning on a slippery surface.
• Avoid hard braking, quick accelerating, Correct way to cross railroad tracks.
and sudden steering movements.
• Proceed slowly and carefully.

Your ability to handle the motorcycle may

also be affected by road surface hazards.
• On bridge decks made of metal
gratings, or a road surface that is being
resurfaced and has grooves cut into it,
your motorcycle may vibrate or wander Incorrect way to cross railroad tracks.

44 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

7
Handling Riding
Emergencies
Emergency braking • If your front wheel locks, release the

and stopping hand brake lever only enough to

unlock the wheel, then reapply the
When motorcycle brakes are applied, brake gradually.
especially when used forcefully, the weights • If your rear brake locks, keep it locked.
of the rider and cargo shift forward. This can Only release the rear brake if you are on
cause the braking force to be much greater a loose surface such as sand or gravel
on the front brake than the rear brake. and need to regain control.
You need to practice braking to • Do not take your feet off the foot pegs.
understand how much pressure you can If you take your feet off the foot pegs,
apply to each brake without locking the you will not be able to use your rear
wheel. Braking to the point just before the brake or change gears.
wheels lock is called threshold braking.
Not locking the wheels allows you to Emergency stopping
still control the steering. It also prevents
skidding. If a wheel locks and skids, the • When going around the problem is not an
tire may slide to one side, making the option and you must stop as quickly as
motorcycle difficult to control. possible, with the motorcycle not leaning
If your motorcycle has anti-lock brakes use both brakes to maximum threshold.
(ABS), you will need practice to get the feel
for this type of braking.
Frequent checks in your mirrors as you Obstacles
ride will allow you to be aware of what is
behind you. This will help you to make Avoiding obstacles
decisions to avoid being hit from behind
when you must stop quickly. If an obstacle appears suddenly in your
path, you may not be able to stop in time.
Controlled braking in To avoid a crash you may be able to do
an emergency a controlled swerve around the obstacle.
To go to the right around the obstacle,
• Try to go around the problem by using push on your right hand grip to lean the
an escape route. If you must brake motorcycle to the right. To go to the left
when the front wheel is turned, do around the obstacle, push on your left
it gradually using threshold braking hand grip to lean the motorcycle to the left.
smoothly. Use less pressure than you A sudden change in acceleration,
normally would. steering, braking, or braking while the
• If going around the problem is not an motorcycle is leaning can cause a loss of
option, keep the motorcycle upright and control. It is recommended that you do not
the front wheel straight while you apply brake while you are swerving around an
threshold braking. object. If you need to brake, do it before you
lean and after you straighten the motorcycle.

46 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

 Mechanical problems
You should do regular maintenance on
your motorcycle to avoid mechanical
emergencies. Many mechanical problems
Take action to avoid an obstacle or hazard. can be prevented in this way.

Sticking throttle
Riding over obstacles
One mechanical problem that might occur
If you must ride over an object that you is a throttle that is stuck. This requires
see too late to steer around or stop for, quick thinking by the rider.
follow these steps: If the throttle is stuck, follow these steps:
• Reduce your speed by easing off • Squeeze the clutch lever, and use the
the throttle. If possible, threshold brake engine kill switch.
before reaching the object. • Look for a safe place to stop.
• Hold the hand grips firmly, with your • Signal and safely move off the road.
arms relaxed. • Gradually apply your brakes.
• Keep the front wheel straight. • Activate your hazard lights when
• Shift your weight further back on the seat. stopped (if equipped).
• Stand slightly on the foot pegs.
• If travelling slowly, accelerate slightly as Do not resume riding until the problem
the front wheel reaches the object. has been corrected.
• After going over the object, return to
your normal seating position and adjust
your speed. Wobble
• After a hard impact with an object,
move off the road when safe and stop. A wobble is the front wheel shaking from
Check the tires and rims for damage side to side. Some causes of a wobble are:
before proceeding. • incorrect tire pressure in one or
both tires
• bent wheels or rims
• wheels that are not aligned
• accelerating too rapidly
• holding onto the hand grips too tightly
• loose spokes or spokes with
incorrect tension
• a windshield that is not mounted properly
Sit back on the seat and stand slightly on the • uneven load distribution
foot pegs to ride over an object. • riding too fast for the capability of
the motorcycle.

CHAPTER SEVEN HANDLING RIDING EMERGENCIES 47

 If your motorcycle develops a front
wheel wobble, follow these steps:
• Do not use your brakes.
• Reduce your speed by gradually
closing the throttle.
• Signal if you can and safely move
off the road.
• When the motorcycle has slowed
enough, use the brakes carefully to stop.
• Activate your hazard lights.
• Determine whether the problem can be Rider position for front tire blowout.
corrected now. If this is not possible,
have the motorcycle checked by a
qualified person before you ride again. If the rear tire suddenly goes flat, the
back of the motorcycle will tend to sway
from side to side.
Tire blowouts • Hold the hand grips firmly and try to
steer straight.
If a tire suddenly goes flat, you will need to • Do not brake.
act quickly to keep control of the motorcycle. • Slowly ease off the throttle.
You may not hear a tire blowout, but you • Maintain your position on the motorcycle.
should be able to detect a flat tire by a • When it is safe, move off the travelled
change in the way the motorcycle handles. portion of the road.
A tire blowout affects control and steering, • Use the front brake carefully to come to
especially if it is the front tire. a gradual stop in a safe place.
If the front tire suddenly goes flat, the • Activate your hazard lights (if equipped).
steering will feel heavy or stiff.
• Hold the hand grips firmly and try to
steer straight.
• Do not brake.
• Ease off the throttle.
• Shift your weight further back on the seat.
• When it is safe, move off the travelled
portion of the road.
• Use the rear brake carefully to come to
a gradual stop in a safe place.
• Activate your hazard lights (if equipped).
Rider position for rear tire blowout.

48 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

Airborne objects Animals
Insects, and stones and debris thrown by Animal behaviour is not predictable. If an
other vehicles can strike you as you ride. animal is near the road reduce your speed
Adjust your riding, if possible, to move and be prepared to steer around it or stop.
away from the potential danger. Be aware that animals are more active at
You should always wear adequate dusk and dawn.
eye and face protection (see Chapter Some dogs are attracted to
2). If you are not wearing face protection, motorcycles. If a dog runs toward your
airborne objects can interfere with your motorcycle from the front or side, reduce
ability to see clearly, and may cause severe your speed and downshift. Then as the
pain and loss of vision. (A motorcycle with dog approaches accelerate away. Keep
a windshield will provide more protection both feet on the foot pegs to help you
from airborne objects than one without.) keep control of the motorcycle.
If you are wearing face protection,
insects may cause the visor or lens to
become smeared and flying stones may
cause cracks. This will make seeing
difficult. Concentrate on controlling the
motorcycle if you cannot see clearly.
When it is safe, move off the travelled
portion of the road. Stop in a safe place,
and fix the problem. Never try to fix the
problem while moving.

Increase following distance when faced with

airborne objects.

CHAPTER SEVEN HANDLING RIDING EMERGENCIES 49

50 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
8
Carrying a
Passenger
or Cargo
 when stopped. Hot exhaust pipes and
Riding with mufflers are a hazard for passengers.

a passenger • Instruct your passenger to check

with you before getting on or off the
Riding with a passenger is not recommended motorcycle, so you are prepared for the
until you are an experienced rider. A weight transfer.
passenger is legally permitted on a motorcycle
only if it has a seat designed to carry an extra Operator and passenger –
person. The motorcycle must also have working together when riding
passenger hand grips and foot rests.
Clear communication and cooperation
Preparing your motorcycle between you and your passenger are
extremely important to reduce the risk
Your motorcycle may need adjusting to of injuries.
allow for the extra weight of the passenger. • To carry a passenger, you will need to
Read your owner’s manual for information. use more strength to hold your body
You may need to: position. This will help you withstand
• Adjust the suspension/shock absorbers. the pushing and pulling forces of the
• Check the slack in the drive chain. passenger’s weight.
• Adjust the air pressure in the tires. • Have your passenger sit as far forward
Check that the pressure is correct for as possible without crowding you.
riding with a passenger. There may • It is recommended that your passenger
also be tire inflation information on the holds on to your waist. This assists with
motorcycle or tire. non-verbal communication between you
and your passenger. The passenger may
Preparing your passenger also hold the passenger hand grips.
before riding • Be sure your passenger understands
the need to sit still, especially when
EQUIPMENT you are maneuvering the motorcycle.
• Ensure that your passenger is wearing an Unexpected or sudden movements by
approved helmet. This is required by law. the passenger will make the motorcycle
• Ensure that your passenger has difficult to control.
adequate protective clothing, footwear • Instruct your passenger to move
and eye protection. as you do when increasing and
decreasing speed.
INSTRUCTION • Instruct your passenger to look over
• Instruct your passenger to sit only on your shoulder in the direction of an
the seat designed for the passenger. approaching turn or curve. This way
• Ensure that your passenger’s feet the passenger will be ready to lean with
can reach and remain on the foot you when you and the motorcycle lean
pegs. Both of your passenger’s feet during a turn or curve.
should stay on the foot pegs, even

52 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

• Warn your passenger, if possible,
if you must move the motorcycle
suddenly, such as quick acceleration
or changing lanes.

How to operate your

motorcycle with a passenger
Carrying a passenger requires that you A passenger on the motorcycle means adjusting
adjust how you operate the motorcycle how you operate your motorcycle.

from when you ride alone.

• Take the motorcycle off the sidestand
before the passenger gets on.
• Start with slow speeds in areas free of
Carrying cargo
traffic and then in light traffic conditions If you carry cargo, it is safest to carry
to allow first-time passengers to get it in tank or saddle bags designed for
used to riding. motorcycles. Small loads can be carried
• Increase your following distance to three safely if positioned and fastened properly.
to four seconds as the extra weight • Be sure the bags or other items do not
increases your stopping distance. interfere with the controls or your ability
• Operate at a slower speed, particularly to steer and control the motorcycle.
on corners, curves or bumps. • Load saddle bags with about the same
• Reduce speed earlier than when riding weight on each side of the motorcycle
because the extra weight of your to maintain balance.
passenger will increase your stopping • Keep the load as low as practical.
time and distance. • Place the load above or to either side of
• Look for larger gaps in traffic whenever the rear axle. Mounting cargo anywhere
crossing, entering or merging with behind the rear axle can affect control of
traffic. The extra weight will make your the motorcycle.
acceleration slower. • Fasten the load securely with elastic
• Avoid sudden acceleration that could bungee cords or nets. (Rope tends
cause your passenger to lose his or to stretch, knots can come loose,
her balance and possibly come off permitting the load to shift or fall.)
the motorcycle. Attach several cords spaced along the
side of the load.
• Stop and check the load regularly to
make sure it has not loosened or moved.
• Never attach items to the front fender
or handlebars.

CHAPTER EIGHT CARRYING A PASSENGER OR CARGO 53

Towing a trailer tongue weight scale. It measures the weight
that is placed on the part of the trailer hitch
If you are planning to pull a trailer with your that attaches to the motorcycle.) Be sure the
motorcycle, the motorcycle and trailer must load cannot shift while in motion as this can
be correctly matched for size and weight to unbalance the trailer and affect the handling
be safe. A proper connection between the of the motorcycle.
motorcycle and the trailer is needed, and the
cargo must be properly loaded in the trailer. Pulling your trailer
It is important that you practice pulling the
trailer before you set out on a trip. When learning to pull your trailer, start
out slowly. Get used to the handling
Pre-trip inspection characteristics of a motorcycle and trailer
for the trailer combination. The time and distance
required to stop are increased due to the
• Check that the motorcycle’s trailer hitch added weight. It will take more time to
and hardware are secured correctly to increase and decrease speed.
your motorcycle. If your trailer and motorcycle are
• Check that the trailer’s hitch is securely correctly matched and maintained, they
attached to the trailer, and has no will perform safely during many different
cracks or faulty welds. driving conditions.
• Check that the signal, brake, and park
lights on the trailer are working correctly.
• Check the trailer tires for damage and Three-wheeled
proper inflation.
• Check that the trailer licence plate is
motorcycles
securely attached. Three-wheeled vehicles are available
in a variety of configurations and are
Loading your trailer considered to be motorcycles. However
their handling characteristics are quite
Heavy items should be placed in the different from two-wheeled motorcycles
bottom of the trailer, and over or as and different riding skills are required.
close as possible to the axle. Put only These skills should be learned and
light items on top of the load and secure practiced in a safe area before going
properly. Never overload your trailer into traffic. Keep your speed low
as this can affect the handling of your until you have mastered the handling
motorcycle. Check the manufacturer’s characteristics of the vehicle.
instruction about maximum load. Unlike a two-wheeler, three-wheelers
The trailer’s load should be slightly do not lean into turns. At first cornering
weighted toward the front. The tongue on a three-wheeled motorcycle can feel
weight of your loaded trailer should be alarming to an experienced motorcyclist.
10 to 15 per cent of the trailer weight. (The The rider will find shifting his or her weight
tongue weight can be measured with a in the saddle can help with cornering.

54 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

 Riders will also need to be aware of alone, which leans. The steering is
the additional width of a three-wheeled direct steering, meaning you turn the
motorcycle. Allow for the additional width handle bars to point the wheel in the
when passing parked vehicles and turning. direction you want to go.
Note: When taking a road test using a • A motorcycle and sidecar unit should
three-wheeled motorcycle, your Class 6 be centred in the lane like you would for
licence will be restricted to only being able driving a car, to avoid striking objects on
to operate three-wheeled motorcycles. the right with the sidecar.
• When you must avoid a road hazard,
such as a pothole, the motorcycle
Riding with a sidecar and sidecar will be more difficult to
manoeuvre than a motorcycle alone.
If you plan to operate a motorcycle with an The movement will be similar to driving
attached sidecar, you are encouraged to a vehicle. Remember the wheel of the
research and learn how to do this before sidecar as well as the motorcycle wheels
actually driving on the road. when avoiding a hazard or pothole.
When driving a motorcycle with a sidecar
is new to you, begin cautiously. With a Increasing and
sidecar attached, the motorcycle becomes decreasing speed
a three-wheeled vehicle. Practice is needed
to gain the skill and techniques to operate it • A motorcycle and sidecar unit may pull
safely. Practice in a parking lot, and be sure to the right during acceleration. Slowing
you have enough skill to drive the unit safely may cause the unit to pull to the left.
before riding in more challenging conditions. When increasing or decreasing speed,
Steering a motorcycle with a sidecar is it is necessary to hold the hand grips
somewhat similar to steering a car. firmly to keep the unit straight.
The following information is not meant to
provide instructions on driving with a sidecar. Braking
The intent of it is to give you some idea of
how driving with a sidecar is different from • Braking forces can cause the
riding a motorcycle, and give you some motorcycle and sidecar to pull to
starting pointers that you can use when you the side. Depending on your type of
take lessons on driving with a sidecar. brakes, you may have to use more
effort on the hand grips to keep the
General driving unit pointed in the direction you want to
go. It is important to practice stopping
• As a new driver of a motorcycle with a to become familiar with how your
sidecar, you must overcome the urge motorcycle and sidecar respond.
to lean the motorcycle and push steer • A brake on the sidecar wheel provides
(counter-steer) that you learned for some extra braking force, and will
riding without a sidecar. help make a quicker, straighter stop,
• A sidecar motorcycle unit must be especially when the sidecar is carrying a
steered. This is unlike a motorcycle
CHAPTER EIGHT CARRYING A PASSENGER OR CARGO 55
 passenger. The way you brake depends sidecar unit is off centre, the left push
on the type of brake you have on the of centrifugal force may cause a sidecar
sidecar. Check your owner’s manual for to lift in a right turn. If the sidecar lifts,
more information. increase the effort to turn the handlebar
• If the sidecar does not have a brake, smoothly to the right. This will keep the
or the sidecar brake is not adjusted whole unit turning right and prevent it
correctly, be aware that the sidecar can from being pushed to the left.
cause the motorcycle and sidecar unit • To turn left, shift your weight to the left.
to pull to the left during braking. Extra This helps to keep the rear wheel of the
effort on the handgrips will be required motorcycle on the ground, and reduces
by the driver to keep it tracking straight. the effort required to steer.
• When braking, sidecars can cause the
motorcycle sidecar unit to pull away
from its intended path. This will require
the rider to make steering adjustments
to compensate.

Curves

• The sidecar may make the motorcycle

more difficult to control so reduce speed
when approaching curves. You must drive
more slowly in a curve than you would
with a motorcycle without a sidecar.

Turns

• You must slow down before a

turn. Gear down one or two gears,
depending on the angle of the turn
and the speed of your approach.
• To turn right, shift your weight to the right
and point the front wheel around the
turn. After the midpoint of the turn has
been reached, and you begin to turn the
handle bar back to go straight, you can
gently accelerate out of the turn.
• The right turn must be done very
carefully. Because a motorcycle and

56 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

 9
Riding in
a Group
Group riding safety separate lanes, beside another motorcycle
or vehicle, is unsafe and also not advised.
When riding in a group, there are rules to Both of these patterns of riding may limit
follow to help everyone travel safely. Each the rider’s ability to move in an emergency.
member of the group is responsible for his They may also block traffic travelling in
or her own safety, as well as not putting the same direction at a different speed. To
the other members of the group in danger. keep a riding group together, and maintain
Riding groups should have no more an adequate space cushion, ride in a
than five riders. A larger number makes it staggered pattern within the same lane.
more likely that riders will be separated from In a staggered pattern, the riders are in
the group in an urban area. Larger groups alternating right and left positions behind
also make highway riding more risky when the leader. Each rider has an escape route
passing and when being passed. and a space cushion from others ahead
The riding pace should be comfortable for and behind.
all riders. Each rider should use the rear view • The second rider stays a minimum of
mirrors to keep an eye on the riders behind. one second behind the leader in the
Planning ahead is necessary. Everyone in other portion of the same lane.
the group should know the route. As well, • The third rider rides a minimum of two
everyone should understand the signals seconds behind the leader in the same
for fuelling, lane changes, stopping, rest portion of the lane as the leader.
periods, road hazards and emergencies. • A fourth rider would keep a minimum
Some situations will require the riders of two second distance behind the
to stop riding as a group, until riding second rider.
conditions are safer for group riding. The • A fifth rider would ride a minimum of
group can reform when it is safe to do so. four seconds behind the leader and two
seconds behind the third rider in the
Staggered pattern same portion of the lane.

An experienced rider should be in the lead A riding group should be an odd

position of the group. Less experienced number. This allows the lead rider and last
riders should not be in the lead. The lead rider to communicate through hand signals
rider has the responsibility for making and see each other more easily when
decisions that help to keep the group safe. riding in a staggered formation.
The group follows these decisions unless
the situation is not safe to do so.
All riders should understand the 2 seconds
recommended following time and distance
from the other riders, and the position for 1 second

each rider in the lane when in a group.

Do not the use the same lane to pass Example of a staggered formation with minimum
another motorcycle and it is illegal to ride following times.

side by side in the same lane. Riding in

58 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

Lead rider in The second rider stays a minimum of
dominant position one second behind, in the right portion of
the same lane. The third rider rides two
The lead rider should always ride in the seconds behind the leader in the left portion
dominant portion of the lane being used by of the lane, and so on for other riders.
the group. The presence of a motorcycle in
this position prevents another vehicle from
entering the lane until safely past the lead
rider. The rest of the group occupies the
lane in staggered formation.

Staggered pattern for riding on a two lane

highway.

Passing
Lead rider in correct dominant position. Only pass when necessary. Riders on a
two lane highway must pass one at a time,
and only when it is safe and legal.
The lead rider is the first to pass. After
passing safely, the lead rider should return
to the left portion of the lane and adjust
the space cushion in front of the passed
vehicle to allow room for the next rider.
After the lead rider completes the pass,
the second rider should move into the left
Lead rider not in dominant position, not portion of the lane and wait until it is safe
protecting lane for self and others. to pass. The rider should wait until there is
enough room ahead of the vehicle being
passed to fit safely in front. This is safer
Two lane highway and less confusing than crowding together
in front of the passed vehicle.
Lane positioning The remaining members of the group
should use this method. After passing, each
On a two lane highway (one lane for travel rider should be in the same staggered lane
in each direction), the leader should ride in position held before passing.
the left portion of the lane. On this type of
roadway, this is the dominant position in
the lane. The lead rider’s escape route is to
the right portion of the lane.

CHAPTER NINE RIDING IN A GROUP 59

Multi-lane highway The second rider stays a minimum of one

with two lanes in the second behind the leader in the left portion
of the lane. The third rider rides two seconds
same direction behind the leader in the right portion of the
lane, and so on for the other riders.
Right lane – rider position

When the riding group is travelling on a

highway with a second lane for travel in
the same direction, the group should ride
in the travel lane to the right. The lead rider
should ride in the left (dominant) portion
of this right lane. In this position, the lead
rider has an escape route to the right
portion of the lane and another to the lane
to the left if there is an emergency.
The second rider stays a minimum of Staggered pattern for riding on a multi-lane
one second behind the leader in the right highway if the left lane must be used.

portion of the lane. The third rider rides two

seconds behind the leader in the left portion
of the lane, and so on for the other riders. Group lane changing

To change lanes on a multi-lane highway,

the lead rider indicates the intent by
signalling and using a predetermined arm
signal. Each following rider then indicates
the intent to change lanes by signalling.
When there is plenty of space in the
next lane, the rider in the last position
Staggered pattern for riding on a multi-lane is the first to change lanes. When the
highway when riding in the travel lane to the right. last rider has safely moved to the new

lane, the rest of the group completes the

Left lane – rider position lane change, one at a time. (The order in
which the remainder of the riders make the
If the left lane must be used, the lead lane change, other than the last rider who
rider should ride in the right portion goes first, must be decided by the group
of the lane. In this situation, this is the before starting the ride. One recommended
dominant position to protect the lane. method is the last rider, fourth, third, second
This position also allows the lead rider and then the leader.)
an escape route to the left portion of the If the group has changed lanes to pass
lane and another to the lane to the right if another vehicle, the group must wait until
there is an emergency. all riders have passed the vehicle they are

60 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

overtaking before returning to their original Single file formation
lane. The lead rider indicates the intent to
return to the original lane by signalling and When the lead rider decides, the group
using a predetermined arm signal. Each rider shifts from group staggered position to
from the first to the last also then indicates single file. This will occur when approaching
the intent to change lanes by signalling. sharp curves, turns, crest of hills, or narrow
After passing the vehicle, and roadways and bridges. In single file, the
when there is enough space for all the following distance between the riders is a
motorcycles, the last rider will be the minimum of two seconds. The riders should
first to return to the original lane. When choose the portion of the lane that allows
the rider in the last position has safely seeing ahead and being seen.
completed the lane change, the rest of the
group completes the lane change one at a
time. (The order in which the remainder of
the riders return to the original lane must
be decided by the group before riding.)
One recommended method is the last
rider, fourth, third, second and then the
leader. Riders should occupy the same
positions they held before the pass.

Multi-lane highway
with three or
more lanes in the
same direction
On a multi-lane highway, usually the best
choice is for the group to ride in the lane
farthest to the right. The second choice
is the far left lane. If the group must ride
in a lane other than these two, the leader
should ride in the portion of lane that
is dominant for managing that stretch
of road. The rest of the group will need
to adjust their staggered lane position
according to the lead rider’s position.

CHAPTER NINE RIDING IN A GROUP 61

62 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
Appendix 1
Alberta Regulation
322/2002
Traffic Safety Act Vehicle
Equipment Regulation
MUFFLERS
61(1) A motor vehicle propelled by an
internal combustion engine must
have an exhaust muffler that is
cooling and expelling the exhaust
gases from the engine without
excessive noise and without
producing flames or sparks.
(2) A person shall not drive or operate
a motor vehicle propelled by an
internal combustion engine if the
exhaust outlet of the muffler has
been widened.
(3) A person shall not drive or operate a
motor vehicle propelled by an internal
combustion engine if a device is
attached to the exhaust system or
the muffler that increases the noise
made by the expulsion of gases from
the engine or allows a flame to be
ignited from the exhaust system.
(4) This section applies to a power
bicycle that is propelled by an
internal combustion engine.

CHAPTER NINE RIDING IN A GROUP 63

64 A Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing
April 2014
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