Relational Model computing hardware and data storage
devices to perform RDBMS-assigned
A relational database is a set of formally
tasks
described tables from which data can be
accessed or reassembled in many Easy to design capability leading to
different ways without having to bad design
reorganize the database tables. The
A super key is a set or one of more
standard user and application
columns (attributes) to uniquely identify
programming interface (API) of a rows in a table.
relational database is the Structured
Query Language (SQL). SQL statements An attribute, or set of attributes, that
are used both for interactive queries for uniquely identifies a tuple within a
information from a relational database relation. However , a super key may
and for gathering data for reports. contain additional attributes that are not
necessary for a unique identification.
Advantages & Disadvantages of
Relational Model Example: {ID} and {ID,name} are both
superkeys of instructor.
Simplicity: A relational data
model is even simpler than Foreign Key: Foreign keys represent the
hierarchical and network models. It frees relationships between tables. A foreign
the designers from the actual physical key is a column (or a group of columns)
data storage details, thereby allowing whose values are derived from the
them to concentrate on the logical view
primary key of some other table. 1.
of the database.
Referencing relation, [Link]
Structural independence: The relation Example – dept_name in
relational data model does not depend on instructor is a foreign key from
the navigational data access system. instructor referencing department.
Changes in the database structure do not
affect the data access. Features of foreign key: 1. Records
cannot be inserted into a detail table if
Ease of design, implementation,
corresponding records in the master
maintenance and uses.
table do not exist.
Flexible and powerful query
capability. 2. Records of the master table cannot
be deleted or updated if corresponding
Hardware overheads: The relational records in the detail table actually
data models need more powerful exist.
Relational Algebra Database Management
System (DBMS): A database
Relational algebra is a procedural
management system (DBMS) is
query language, which takes
a collection of interrelated data
instances of relations as input and
and a set of programs to access
yields instances of relations as
those data.
output. It uses operators to
DBMS contains information
perform queries. An operator can
about a particular enterprise. –
be either unary or binary. They
Collection of interrelated data –
accept relations as their input and
Set of programs to access the
yield relations as their output.
data – An environment that is
Relational algebra is performed
recursively on a relation and
both convenient and efficient to
intermediate results are also use
considered relations.
Advantages of DBMS
The fundamental operations of Data Independence.
relational algebra are as follows − Efficient Data Access. Data
Integrity and security. Data
Select
administration. Concurrent
Project
access and Crash recovery.
Reduced Application
Union Development Time.
Set different
Cartesian product
Rename
Database Management System
(DBMS)
Database (DB): The collection
of data, usually referred to as
the database, contains
information relevant to an
enterprise
One-tier architecture involves putting
all of the required components for a
software application or technology on
a single server or platform.
What Is Database
Architecture?
Database architecture uses
programming languages to design a
particular type of software for
businesses or organizations. Database
architecture focuses on the design,
development, implementation and
maintenance of computer programs
that store and organize information Basically, a one-tier architecture
for businesses, agencies and keeps all of the elements of an
institutions. A database architect application, including the interface,
develops and implements software to Middleware and back-end data, in
meet the needs of users. one place. Developers see these types
of systems as the simplest and most
direct way.
The design of a DBMS depends on its
architecture. It can be centralized or
decentralized or hierarchical. The
architecture of a DBMS can be seen
as either single tier or multi-tier. The
2-tier architecture:
tiers are classified as follows : The two-tier is
based on Client
1. 1-tier architecture Server
architecture. The
2. 2-tier architecture two-tier
architecture is
3. 3-tier architecture like client server
4.n-tier architecture application. The
direct
communication
1-tier takes place between client and server.
There is no intermediate between
architecture:
client and server.
