Bike Rails

Engineering 13100-019

Team A
Fredrik Arentz
Eric Chen
Hamdan Sulaiman

5th December 2018

 Table of Contents

Executive Summary 1
Iterations, Team Contributions, Informed Designing 4
Appendix A: Needfinding and Problem Scoping 7
Appendix B: Concept Generation 11
Appendix C: Concept Modelling 16
Appendix D: Comprehensive Data Table 21
Appendix E: Data Collection and Pros/Cons 22
Appendix F: Evaluation and Analysis 27
Appendix G: Data to Inform Model 36
Appendix H: Quantifying Decision Making 43
Appendix I: Iteration 51
References and Captions 58
Executive Summary
Problem Statement
Chief of Police John Cox (the client) wants an implementation that will increase the
safety of transport at Purdue University by reducing collisions of pedestrians, bicyclists, and
motor vehicles (the stakeholders).  The solution needs to, increase mobility safety on campus, be
used by a diverse population at Purdue, be seamlessly implemented into the Purdue
infrastructure, and have a relatively low cost of implementation.
In the data provided by Chief John Cox, there is evidence present that hit-and-runs do
occur on a constant basis, with injury caused to many pedestrians. The police are present at
certain events such as gamedays or college tours, but typically don’t fan out to oversee every
single intersection. One of the major components to a good college is the safety that it is able to
provide for its residences. Students are able to focus on their studies than worrying about simple
accidents to rampant attacks. One school that has a good reputation, but poor campus security is
UC Berkeley. It has been a target for protests which end up violent, making students dis-
interested in attending (Queally). From data provided that, it is observed that 88 accidents
concerning skateboarders and bikers have occurred, most of which are on-campus. Most
skateboarders and bikers are students, who commute for short distances from one class to
another or to their residence. Back in 2012, Purdue students had already complained about the
bike lanes at Purdue to be ineffective. According to Julian Toumey, the president of the Purdue
Cycling Club, “the bike lanes aren’t effective because they aren’t connected,” (Musick, 2012)
which problem still exists at present: for instance, the disconnected bike lanes between WTHR
and STEW. Similarly, skateboarders are now more prone to accidents due to the increasingly
popular usage of boosted skateboards that can reach up to speeds of 25mph. Getting into
accidents can be frustrating for both pedestrians and drivers, especially when it is not their fault.
Indiana is a fault state, which means every time a driver gets into an accident, there is a
possibility that he/she may have to bear the expenses for both himself/herself and the other
person involved. Unfortunately, drivers have to bear the cost when it comes to accidents
involving bikers and skateboarders, since bikers and skateboarders are less protected and hence
more prone to the slightest of collisions.
Apart from the evidence presented above, there are still some questions that need to be
answered. For example: “What is the budget limit for the potential solutions?”, “Why not focus
on mobility education instead of changing the campus to suit the needs of negligent people?”, “Is
there more-detailed information regarding these accidents?”

Final Design Prototype and Justification:

The bike railing will be built along the bike lanes of Stadium Avenue, Purdue
Engineering Mall, and State St. It will be constructed with parts by Mr. Chain: plastic poles,
plastic chains, and S-Hooks. The parts will be purchased through Amazon and installed by an
independent contractor.
The bike railings will be installed along these three sections already have preset bike
lanes that exist beside a sidewalk that is adjacent to it. This placement incentivizes pedestrians to
walk into the bike lanes as classes are in transition, and a lot of students are walking through
traffic. By establishing a physical barrier that prevents pedestrians from straying across the bike
lane and back, it would create less interference with the quicker traffic of bicyclists and electric
scooters from the slower moving pedestrians. The sections across State St. would extend from
MacArthur Dr. to Grant St. as most of the students would travel along this path to get from their

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 dorm halls to their classes. It will not pass MacArthur as
the last three remaining dorm halls (McCutcheon,
Harrison, and Hillenbrand) would already have most of
their traffic dispersed after classes have ended.
Bicyclists would have passed by and would not be an
issue with pedestrians. Other bike railings include along
Stadium Ave. from Martin Jischke Dr. to University St.,
where dorm halls in the north-side of campus would
have more engineering students walk along, either
towards the engineering mall or to Ford or Wiley dining
Figure 1: 3D model of the barrier in the courts. It would influence the large traffic of students
Engineering Mall at Purdue University
simultaneously as the intersection of Stadium Ave. and
University St. releases students from all directions at once. Thus, the congested traffic would
need to split the pedestrians from the bicyclists. This would also affect the other side along the
Engineering Mall, where the simultaneous release would create tons of traffic. Installing it in the
mall would also be beneficial during football games during tailgates. As many events are lined
up along the mall on the grasses. The chain barriers can be unhooked to create makeshift lines
while the pedestrian side can be used for families walking up and down the mall.
Sites such as in front of the WALC or along 3rd St. will not be ideal places to establish
bike railings. 3rd St. and many other streets have bike lanes that are implemented directly into
the road, where they share the lane with cars. It will be illegal and unwise for students to walk
directly on the road, so it would be unnecessary to install bike railings here. The WALC center
has separate bike lanes but has the issue of too many pedestrian intersections. It would also be
unnecessary as there are already physical barriers in place such as trees and stone seats that
completely separate the bike lane from the central walkway.
Mr. Chain will be the primary source for the materials to build the chain barrier fence.
This is because the materials selected will be made of polyethylene, making it weather-resistant,
unable to rust, and easy to replace if broken. The plastic poles have a round top to minimize
injuries if they are landed upon. With a 14.5” stake, it will be easy to install and be reliable from
strong winds. It will be installed at a height of 35” which is ideal for the chains to be as it would
be awkward for students to jump over the barrier or to go under it. The poles itself would be
predominantly black, especially the central poles on State St. The poles along Purdue
Engineering Mall or Stadium Avenue can be a lighter color
that allows for students or artists from other departments
(i.e. majors, faculty, PSUB, sports) can decorate poles that
depict their spirit of Purdue University.
The chains themselves are also made of plastic and
be ordered through Amazon or Mr. Chain directly. It would
also make it weather-resistant, unable to rust, and easily
Figure 3: Chain Barrier and
Removal Possibilities
replaceable. They are 2” in diameter, allowing it to
withhold some pressure without snapping. The chains can
come in both black and gold, making it blend in with the
school colors. The S-Hooks will be used along Purdue Engineering Mall, alongside the grass
area, but not central lane. This is because it will allow event organizers to use the chain barriers
as makeshift lines, establishing an area where traffic can flow on one side while people who wish
to participate in a tailgate tent can avoid worrying about where the line is.

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 Costs will be minimal as it can be done through Purdue volunteer clubs. Each item will
cost $9.78 per pole, $0.52 per foot of chain, and $0.44 per S-Hook. With the total length of
coverage 6,500 ft with an average spacing of 15 ft per pole, the final cost for all these materials
will be approximately $15,000. Installation costs may vary depending on if it’s done through an
independent contractor or through Purdue clubs. Once finished, the poles have the options to be
redesigned by each club, sport, major, etc. to contribute what they believe Purdue represents to
them.

Alternative Solutions: Pros & Cons/ Evaluation & Analysis:

Our final solution is installing chain barriers that will be constructed using parts provided
by Mr. Chain. Other potential solutions proposed by the team include installing concrete barriers
or chain fences. The three solutions were evaluated by constructing a design matrix. The criteria
in this design matrix is as follows criteria (weightage): safety (15), ease of usage (10), aesthetics
(5), inexpensive (10) and seamless implementation (10). Safety was assigned highest weightage
because the main purpose of this research is to increase mobility safety, hence it is one of the
major criteria involved in the problem statement. Aesthetics was given the lowest weightage
because it is not part of the criteria in the problem statement. The metric for each of the criteria
is as follows, criteria (metric): safety (presence of sharp metal edges), ease of usage
(understanding usage), aesthetics (presence of colors), inexpensive (cost) and seamless
implementation (installation time). Based on the weighed total calculated by the design matrix,
chain barriers led with 200 points, concrete barriers had 170 points, whereas chain fences were at
the lowest with 160 points. Apart from this, our decision was also based on pros and cons of our
solutions.
Solution Pros Cons
Chain Barriers  Chain links can be removed to create  Bikers who bump into chain barriers can get
more space for walking if there is a crowd entangled in chains and have a greater chance
of people, for example on game day. of hitting the ground.
 Aesthetically appealing  No protection against vehicles that slide into
 Breaks upon impact so that fence absorbs the barriers.
impact, and nothing happens to the  Pedestrians may jump over
person.
Concrete  Greater protection against impact from  Take up too much space.
Barriers vehicles  Difficult to move or transport.
 Can be customized by painting over.
Chain Fences  It discourages people from climbing over  It looks highly unaesthetic.
or under it.  Reduces mobility for bikers because their bike
handles would bump against the sides.

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Iterations, Team Contributions, Informed Designing
Beginning designers tend to oversee the process of iteration and at times will decide on
the first solutions that they come up with. This project was structured to make us informed and
better designers. The project was broken into several milestones, with each one based on
iteration and improving from the previous one. The following is a list of improvement made to
each milestone.

Milestone 1:
All team members discussed and put forward their ideas from individual versions of their
Milestone 1. As a team, decisions were made to include what from each individual milestone.
We decided that every team member was required to analyze the given data and provide
arguments for deciding a location. For example, Fred used a website to produce a heat map
showing the relative number of accidents on campus, he proposed that the area near the PMU
should be investigated due to its high accident rates in the area. Similarly, Hamdan and Eric
produced pivot tables showing the number of accidents on each street. We narrowed it down to
the intersection of N. Grant St. and State St. Fred was assigned to work on the problem statement
as Eric and Hamdan worked on the first task of Milestone 1 (identify 4 stakeholders, need
statements, and supporting evidence) and of the criteria and constraints. Decisions on the who
the stakeholders were made as a team and some time was also spent discussing possible solutions
as written in the individual Milestone 1.

Milestone 2:
Fred and Eric combined their parts together to construct the problem statement. In
addition, brackets identifying portions of the problem statement were added. For example, Chief
John Cox (the client). Each member was in charge of using one of the idea generation strategies
to construct their list. For example, Fred’s mind-mapping ideas based around magnets, which
branched off to electromagnets for movement or attention. Eric used biomimicry for skunk spray
so that pedestrians could be sprayed by a safe liquid if they were distracted. Similarly, Hamdan
related the shining effect in a cat’s eyes to the idea that light reflectors to attract attention. All
team members contributed an equal number of solutions.

Milestone 3:
Based on our feedback of Milestone 2, the problem statement fulfilled our needs. The
location chosen was the intersection of N. Grant St. and State St. We decided on what should we
should look for, such as number of jaywalkers, distracted pedestrians, bicyclists, etc. Each
member was responsible for two sets of data collection. We were limited to days we had to
collect data, including one day of rain, but Eric managed to gather data despite the rain by
standing in the overhead bridge connecting Rawl’s Hall. No additional constraints were placed
besides the instructions. For concept modelling, Eric and Fred did three solutions, while Hamdan

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modelled two solutions. Decisions to cut off solutions were mostly based on its practicality in
price or usage. The team voted for Fred’s very ingenious idea of installing thermal cameras as a
potential final solution. Listing down and eliminating solutions made it easier to take a more
informed decision.

Milestone 4:
The problem statement was greatly improved by Eric. He reduced redundancies and
removed unnecessary details. For example, "of people traveling by car, bicycle, skateboards and
pedestrians (the stakeholders)” to “reducing collisions of pedestrians, bicyclists, and motor
vehicles”. He combined the criteria and constraints into one sentence. Each team member
worked on the problem chosen by them in Milestone 3. Eric and Hamdan also worked on the
summary of the criteria task in Milestone 4. However, only two pros and cons were mentioned
due to miscommunication. Eric and Fred ensured that four pros and cons were present per
solution before the assignment was due. The decision to eliminate five prototypes was based
mostly on the solution being a combination of impracticality and complex factors to consider.

Milestone 5:
The problem statement was not changed in this milestone. The criteria/constraints and the
explanation were copied from the previous milestone. The table of criteria and constraints was
completed by Eric and Hamdan. For the 4th task of the milestone, all team members worked
together on the prototypes, helping each other make the model as quickly as possible in the given
time. Here, the team realized that it would be too difficult to prototype thermal cameras, hence as
a team we decided to shift our third idea to installing bike rails.

Milestone 6:
The problem statement was not changed in this milestone. Like before, each team
member was required to work on the solution they chose. For data collection concerning each
solution, all team members were required to make the visuals and conduct field observations
themselves. All team members shared each other’s surveys via social media to help collect as
much data as possible.

Milestone 7:
Similar to previous milestones, each team member worked on the solution they chose.
The problem statement and the criteria table were copied from the previous milestone. Hamdan
completed the design matrix by setting weight values for each category in the Excel sheet. The
top solution idea was decided by the decision matrix, with each of us setting the criteria for the
solutions to be judged on. Bike rails came out as the most ideal choice. The iterative process was
of great help, because we had analyzed the problem from nearly every angle. We started off with
30 ideas, which we narrowed down to the 8 most practical solutions. From there, 3 solutions

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were chosen based on the fulfillment of our most important criteria. The final solution was
decided by a decision matrix that established the ideal solution by weighting each criteria a
different amount that is able to fulfill the problem statement. At this point, the team was familiar
on what kind of solution that should be developed further.

Milestone 8:
Milestone 8 was the lowest scoring for the team. The team was unable to give a lot of
time because of impending midterms. The problem statement was changed in this milestone. The
solution sentences were combined to become one single sentence, listing off the criteria and
constraints, to make it easier to interpret as a single idea. An addition to the problem statement is
the other factors that measure the success are included but weighted less than the overall safety
of mobility safety. This was emphasized by putting it into two separate sentences rather than
listing it off such as the criteria and constraints. The criteria table and solutions table were copy
pasted from the previous milestone and so were different portions of other milestones combined
to complete data analysis. Doing everything on the last day costs the 3.1 points. But Eric made
corrections to the milestone after it was graded by analyzing the costs and dimensions set for the
solution.

Reflections:
Fredrik Arentz: I tried doing something in almost every milestone. I created the final 3D model
animation in preparation for Milestone 8, but it was so time consuming that I couldn’t finish it
before it was due, so I added an image of it to the final report instead. My contributions in
Milestone 6, I contributed by finding research papers that studied how effective barriers were,
which helped us choose barriers for the final solution.

Eric Chen: I felt that I contributed a lot in the beginning but did less as the project advanced. I
was able offer a lot of options and prototypes in Milestone 2 using biomimicry and drawing in
parts of working functions. I used informed designing throughout the engineering process such
as the research of Mr. Chain for Milestone 8, survey data analysis in Milestone 6, and found
background information in Milestone 4 to determine the pros and cons.

Hamdan Sulaiman: I tried doing some parts in nearly every milestone. I did most of the stuff on
Milestone 7 and it Excel sheet but apart from that I would try doing the portions agreed upon like
for Milestone 5, I worked on one of the solutions. For Milestone 8, I completed most of the
written document and left modelling and videomaking to my teammates.

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Appendix A: Needfinding and Problem Scoping
Team #: A
Overview: Problem Scoping is an activity that initially occurs early in a design process and is
then iterated (or re-visited) throughout the design process. In problem scoping, designers explore the
context of the problem and determine what aspect of the problem they will focus on. During problem
scoping, designers identify stakeholders (and their needs), direct users (and their needs) and project goals.
Designers also explore and clarify design requirements (constraints and criteria). Need finding is part of
the problem scoping process when the designer looks for the “needs” of specific users (something that is
missing, wrong, unfulfilled or could be improved).
Given the context of the Design Project, describe the needs of at least 4 direct users that clearly
describe specific direct user needs or problems within the context of the problem you are focused on.
These statements should include data or evidence that supports that these are indeed needs/problems and
justifies their importance.

Question Your work will be graded on proficiency of the following objectives

1,2,3  PS01: Explain the problem based on synthesis of client, user, or other stakeholder needs.

0  PS02: Justify why problem is important to solve by making reference to relevant global, societal, economic,
or environmental issues.
1  IL02: Gather information from reliable sources.
1  IL03: Support all claims made with evidence that is either generated or found.

2  PS03: Explain key specifications (in terms of criteria and constraints) that address what the client wants and
what the user needs.
2  SQ02: Justify design solution based on how well it meets criteria and constraints.
3  IL03: Support all claims made with evidence that is either generated or found.

4  IL05: Format reference list of used sources that is traceable to original sources (APA or MLA are
recommended)

5  TW02: Document all contributions to the team performance with evidence that these contributions are
significant.
Note: Include in-text citations and a reference list in APA format for all external sources you use.
For additional information, visit [Link]

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1. Consider 4 stakeholders. List 4 need/problem statements along with supporting evidence. The
need or problem statement should be clear, concise, and supported by data/evidence affirming that the
need/problem is real and important. This can be done as a team or each team member can focus on a
specific stakeholder. Make sure at least 2 stakeholders are direct users of the solution you will create.
#1 Identify a stakeholder: Police Department

Need statement: Improve the safety of students and vehicles at busy intersections.

Supporting evidence: There is evidence present that hit-and-runs do occur on a constant basis, with
injury caused to many pedestrians. The police are present at certain events such as gamedays or college
tours, but typically don’t fan out to oversee every single intersection.

#2 Identify a stakeholder: Purdue University

Need statement: Needs improvement of human safety on-campus.

Supporting evidence: One of the major components to a good college is the safety that it is able to
provide for its residences. Students are able to focus upon their studies than worrying about simple
accidents to rampant attacks. One school that has a good reputation, but poor campus security is UC
Berkeley. It has been a target for protests which end up violent, making students disinterested in
attending (Queally).

#3 Identify a stakeholder: Purdue University students (direct)

Need statement: Need a way to increase safety when walking, skateboarding, biking etc.

Supporting evidence: From data provided that, it is observed that 88 accidents concerning
skateboarders and bikers have occurred, most of which are on-campus. Most skateboarders and bikers
are students, who commute for short distances from one class to another or to their residence. Back in
2012, Purdue students had already complained the bike lanes at Purdue to be ineffective. According to
Julian Toumey, the president of the Purdue Cycling Club, “the bike lanes aren’t effective because they
aren’t connected,” (Musick, 2012) which problem still exists at present: for instance, the disconnected
bike lanes between WTHR and STEW. Similarly, skateboarders are now more prone to accidents due
to the increasingly popular usage of electric skateboards that can reach up to speeds of 25mph.

#4 Identify a stakeholder: Drivers (direct)

Need statement: Avoid accidents that may occur not because of their mistake but someone else’s
Supporting evidence: Getting into accidents can be frustrating for drivers, especially when it is not
their fault. Indiana is a fault state, which means every time a driver gets into an accident, there is a
possibility that he/she may have to bear the expenses for both himself/herself and the other person
involved. Unfortunately, drivers have to bear the cost when it comes to accidents involving bikers and
skateboarders, since bikers and skateboarders are less protected and hence more prone to the slightest
of collisions.

2. Building on your problem scoping efforts, type your team “problem statement”

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Problem Statement: Problem scoping efforts lead to a problem statement, which is a clear, concise, and
complete description of a problem to be solved. A problem statement includes information on the need
and the user, client and at least some stakeholders without reference to a specific solution.
Problem Statement Chief of Police John Cox (the client) wants an implementation that
will increase the safety of transport at Purdue University by
reducing collisions of people traveling by car, bicycle, skateboards
and pedestrians (the stakeholders).
Criteria & Constraints The solution needs to increase mobility safety on campus and be
able to be used by a diverse population at Purdue. The solution
needs to be seamlessly implemented into the Purdue infrastructure,
should be quick and easy to implement and have a relatively low
cost of implementation.
Ideas about how you might A measure of success is to see how much the accident rates in the
measure success - All of these chosen area decreases relative to the accident rate in the places
need to be tied to the identified where it has not been implemented. Other things to consider is:
Criteria & Constraints days the road or infrastructure was closed, the maximum negative
impact on travel time for any of the commuters relative to the
greatest improvement, and how much the implementation costs
weighed against the benefit of reduced accident rate (damaged
property, police time, traffic due to accidents).

3. Choose a location on campus

Explore the data on Blackboard. Choose a location on campus to focus your solution around. Provide
evidence from the data and other sources (video, personal observations, and any other data you collect or
find) to justify your solution.
Location chosen N. Grant Street
Evidence for why this is an From the data that was given by the police department on the
appropriate location to choose reported calls of vehicular and pedestrian incidents, we have
determined the area with the most common traffic the street across
from the Purdue Memorial Union and the Bookstore.

4. List references in APA or MLA format.

FreeAdvice Legal. (n.d.). Indiana Auto Accidents: How Are They Handled? Retrieved from
[Link]
Musick, K. (2012, October 31). Bike lanes at Purdue deemed ineffective by students. Retrieved from
Purdue Exponent: [Link]
[Link]
Queally, J., John, P. S., Oreskes, B., & Zahniser, D. (2017, August 28). Violence by far-left protesters
in Berkeley sparks alarm - Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from
[Link]

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5. Individually, each team member should describe his/her own specific, significant contributions
to this milestone (the work above):
Team Member Name Team Member’s Contribution to Milestone #1
Fred Arentz Problem Statement
Eric Chen 2 stakeholders, 1 reference
Hamdan Sulaiman 2 stakeholders, 2 references, location chosen

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Appendix B: Concept Generation
Team #: A
Question Your work will be graded on completion of the following objectives:
1  IF01: Generate a wide range of solutions including ideas not readily obvious or combinations of ideas in
new ways.
2  IF02: Explicitly use and document two or more ideation strategies (biomimicry, brainstorming, exploration
of prior art, etc.) to generate ideas
1,2  IL02: Gather information from reliable sources.
3  IL05: Format reference list of used sources that is traceable to original sources (APA or MLA are
recommended).
4  TW02: Document all contributions to the team performance with evidence that these contributions are
significant.
Note: Include in-text citations and a reference list in APA format for all external sources you use.
For additional information, visit [Link]

Problem Statement: In the space below, write the problem statement of the problem you are trying to
address, remember to include all elements required in a problem statement (PS01, PS02, and PS03 in
Milestone 1).
Chief of Police John Cox (the client) wants an implementation that will increase the safety of transport
at Purdue University by reducing collisions of people traveling by car, bicycle, skateboards and
pedestrians (the stakeholders). The solution needs to increase mobility safety on campus and be able to
be used by a diverse population at Purdue. The solution needs to be seamlessly implemented into the
Purdue infrastructure, should be quick and easy to implement and have a relatively low cost of
implementation. A measure of success is to see how much the accident rates in the chosen area
decreases relative to the accident rate in the places where it has not been implemented. Other things to
consider is: days the road or infrastructure was closed, the maximum negative impact on travel time for
any of the commuters relative to the greatest improvement, and how much the implementation costs
weighed against the benefit of reduced accident rate (damaged property, police time, traffic due to
accidents).

Mobility Issue – An action, object or deficiency that contributes to unsafe mobility.

1. Concept Generation: In the table below, describe at least 30 unique solution ideas for 30 unique
mobility issues.
Mobility Issue Solution Name Description (Image or sketch optional)
of solution and why it is unique.
Crosswalks Bridges Remove crosswalks and replace with
1 bridges that spawn over the roads.
Over speeding Cameras Installing speed cameras that record the
license registration on the mode of
transport. Based on the limit of speed
breached fines should be implemented on
2 such individuals.
Crosswalks Underground Remove crosswalks and allow people to
3 walk under the roads

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 Phone Usage Magnum Magnet Large electromagnet attached over all
intersections. Collects all phones that are
4 not in pocket.
People looking down Shining Crosswalk Illuminate the street with a crosswalk sign
at their mobiles showing a person crossing to indicate that
pedestrians should cross and a red sign
5 telling them to stop.
Slipping/Unable to Awnings Establish a dome-like structure before and
6 slow down after crosswalks so there is enough friction
Jaywalking Ground lights Put lights on the floor of the crosswalks
signifying when the people are allowed to
7 move. A light barrier.
Pedestrians Adaptive traffic control These cameras will detect if a pedestrian
jaywalking, using thermal cameras. or car is approaching the intersection and
collisions between an adaptive algorithm will determine
vehicles and people which light should go on or off depending
on the amount of people waiting in each
place and how long they have been
8 waiting.
Bikers getting Barriers Separate bike lane with barriers
9 cornered
Bikers vs. Pedestrian Waiting areas Designate stopping areas for bikers and
pedestrians at crosswalks to improve
10 priority
Bike lanes barely Glow paint Paint bike lanes using glow in the dark
11 visible at night paint.
Crossing is boring Dancing Traffic Cop A dancing traffic cop can attract attention,
12 telling drivers to stop.
Jaywalking Conveyors Waiting in areas to be shipped across by a
13 conveyor belt.
Jaywalking Barrier the Barriers that drop down only when they’re
Shipment allowed to cross
14
Collisions Superconductor
powered railway sorting
15 system
Over speeding Speed Breakers Small hills before cross walks, forcing
16 drivers to slow down
Drivers not seeing Luminescent zebra
pedestrian crossing crossing lines
17 at night
Street Lights not Cat eyes Cat eyes are like high visibility jackets,
enough for only small and on the road. These are
18 illuminating streets highlighted when light flashes on them.
People on phones Answer a question Trivia question in order to active cross
19 button.
DUI Traffic Slalom Course Will catch out anyone who should not be
20 driving at any one period of time
21 No car zone Free Walking Zone Restrict an area purely for crossing.
22 Jaywalker Water spray Activate trigger for jaywalkers with a

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 sprinkler
Jaywalker Skunk Activate trigger if someone illegally
23 crosses with the spray of skunk.
People on phone Water drop Small probability to have screen say
whether or not water will drop. People
have time to react if they’re not looking at
phones. People who see the screen will be
24 rewarded with a wet phone-looker.
Jaywalking bikers Spikes Spikes to stop bikers from speeding across
25 a red light to beat a car.
Traffic lights Illumination Illuminate areas of the road in a different
26 color to signify crossing
Phone lookers Train whistle Illegal crossers will be deafened by a 135-
27 decibel train whistle
Yellow light Light counter Tell drivers how much time that an
28 intersection light will be on for.
Yellow light Siren Sensor and siren when someone is
29 speeding up at a yellow light
Phone lookers Magnet Barrier Electromagnet at edge of crosswalk that
30 turns off when green.

2. Idea Generation Strategies. Describe in detail at least two idea generation strategies (i.e.,
morphological analysis, prior art, rapid prototyping, brainstorming, etc.) your team used to create the
list above. Explain how your team used each of those two strategies to generate solution ideas for the
project.

I. Strategy One: <Mind-mapping: creates a visual representation of related terms and ideas
that can generate creative content ideas.>

“Magnets, Siren, Water Sprays?” These ideas branched out from simpler ideas like installing barriers
to protect bikers or alerting pedestrians with some sort of noise but mainly from a central problem
that we bubbled in: “How can mobility safety be increased?”. We then started branching out from the
terms of our core ideas to develop highly unpractical but innovative ideas such a magnet attracting
pedestrian's phones or using train whistles. We continued going with the flow and kept generating
ideas without evaluating the feasibility.

II. Strategy Two: < Biomimicry: What can we learn from nature that could help us make more
efficient products>

Once exhausted by mind mapping, we turned our attention towards Biomimicry. We were looking
for something that would shine at night. This is how we developed the idea for cat eyes. The idea to spray
water on people was originally derived from skunks spraying on people to repel them. Since that would
have been disgusting, we decided to stick with water.
List references in APA or MLA format.
Note: As you work on each milestone in the Design project, cite references for any external sources you use. For your final
deliverable, you will create a complete reference list that includes references for all milestones.

13
Everyone whose name appears in section five below is pledging compliance with the following honor
code:
“I affirm under the principles of Purdue University Policy on Academic Integrity that if my name is listed
below, I made sufficient scholarly contribution to this project document to justify inclusion of my name.”

4. Individual Contributions. Individually, each team member should describe his/her own specific,
significant contributions to this milestone (the work above).
Team member name Team member’s contribution to Milestone #2
Fred Some solutions
Eric Some solutions
Hamdan Some solutions, idea generation strategies.

List of some Idea Generation Strategies:

 Brainstorming (without judgment & evaluation).
 Explore prior art (e.g., existing solutions, patents).
 Ask experts or frequent users.
 Observing nature (bio-mimicry).
 Looking at it differently.
 Sketch ideas as you go – Design journals!!!
 Impromptu prototyping.
 Combine methods. Explore combinations.
 Revisit “inspiration strategies.”
 Incorporate diverse perspectives.

Get a Head Start on A15

As part of A15 develop a comprehensive table of data based on your observations at your location. Your
data should include the frequency that actions, objects or deficiencies that affect mobility safety occur, the
type of traffic moving through your location, the volume of traffic that moves through your location (and
when), and any other important information. You may include data from sources other than your
observations.

You must gather supporting evidence by direct observation at your chosen location. While doing
observation, you should watch people move through your location, take copious notes, photos and videos.
Remember you are gathering evidence. What are problems that affect mobility safety?

14
A four-person team must complete at least eight 30-minute observations for inclusion in A15, due in class
23. At least five of the observations must encompass “passing time” (xx:20 to xx:30), Monday - Friday,
between 10am – 5pm.

A three-person team must complete at least six 30-minute observations for inclusion in A15, due in class
23. At least four of the observations must encompass “passing time” (xx:20 to xx:30), Monday - Friday,
between 10am – 5pm.

You must submit at least three photos and one video clip (~30 seconds) to the discussion board as part of
A15. Make a new thread in the discussion board named Teamnum_location_data Directions to how to
upload video are here: [Link]

The instructional team may ask to review your notes at any time in any class. Notes should include
name(s), dates, observation time window and other important observations. You must submit at least
three photos and one video clip to the discussion board by the A15 due date.

15
Appendix C: Concept Modelling
Team #: A
Question Your work will be graded on completion of the
following objectives:
1  IF03: Generate testable prototypes for a set of
potential solutions.
1b  SQ02: Justify design solution based on how well it
meets criteria and constraints.
1  PC04: Present all visual representations (figures,
images, sketches or prototypes) with high technical
quality, labeling key components to show their form
and function.
2  IL05: Format reference list of used sources that is
traceable to original sources (APA or MLA are
recommended).
3  TW02: Document all contributions to the team
performance with evidence that these contributions
are significant.
Note: Include in-text citations and a reference list in
APA format for all external sources you use. For
additional information, visit
[Link]

Problem Statement: In the space below, write the problem statement of the problem you are trying to
address, remember to include all elements required in a problem statement (PS01, PS02, and PS03 in
Milestone 1). Make sure you have addressed any feedback received about your problem statement from
previous milestones.
Chief of Police John Cox (the client) wants an implementation that will increase the safety of transport
at Purdue University by reducing collisions of people traveling by car, bicycle, skateboards and
pedestrians (the stakeholders). The solution needs to increase mobility safety on campus and be able to
be used by a diverse population at Purdue. The solution needs to be seamlessly implemented into the
Purdue infrastructure, should be quick and easy to implement and have a relatively low cost of
implementation. A measure of success is to see how much the accident rates in the chosen area
decreases relative to the accident rate in the places where it has not been implemented. Other things to
consider is: days the road or infrastructure was closed, the maximum negative impact on travel time for
any of the commuters relative to the greatest improvement, and how much the implementation costs
weighed against the benefit of reduced accident rate (damaged property, police time, traffic due to
accidents).
1. Comprehensive Data about your Location
As part of A15 develop a comprehensive table of data based on your observations at your location. Your
data should include the frequency that actions, objects or deficiencies that affect mobility safety occur, the
type of traffic moving through your location, the volume of traffic that moves through your location (and
when), and any other important information. You may include data for sources other than your
observations.
You must gather more supporting evidence by direct observation at your assigned location. While doing
observation, you should watch people move through your location, take copious notes, photos and videos.
Remember you are gathering evidence. What are problems that affect mobility safety?

16
A four-person team must complete at least eight 30-minute observations for inclusion in A15, due in class
23. At least five of the observations must encompass “passing time” (xx:20 to xx:30), Monday - Friday,
between 10am – 5pm.
A three-person team must complete at least six 30-minute observations for inclusion in A15, due in class
23. At least four of the observations must encompass “passing time” (xx:20 to xx:30), Monday - Friday,
between 10am – 5pm.
You must submit three additional photos and one video clip (~30 seconds) to the discussion board as part
of A15.
The instructional team may ask to review your notes at any time in any class. Notes should include
name(s), dates, observation time window and other important observations. You must submit three photos
and one video clip to the discussion board by the A15 due date (submission instructions in a separate
document).

Crossing in front of Rawls Hall, 100 Grant St

10/31/18, 3:30-4:00 PM
# of Cars # of # of Bystanders # of # of # Jaywalkers
Pedestrians Using Cell Pedestrians Bikers/Skateb
phones Crossing oarders/ Birds
Diagonally
12 16 6 10 2 1
10 10 4 5 1 2
13 18 4 7 3 0
11 12 2 4 3 2
14 20 3 13 5 2
12 15 1 9 3 4
13 15 3 7 1 4
10/31/18, 3:00-3:30PM
# of Cars # of # of Bystanders # of # of # Jaywalkers
Pedestrians Using Cell Pedestrians Bikers/Skateb
phones Crossing oarders/ Birds
Diagonally
18 12 3 7 4 0
14 16 5 11 2 1
10 9 2 6 1 2
17 13 1 10 4 1
8 11 1 4 2 0
12 14 2 5 2 1
10 15 4 8 3 2
11/1/18, 1:20-1:50 PM (Rain)
# of Cars # of # of Bystanders # of # of # of
Pedestrians Using Cell Pedestrians Bikers/Skatebo Jaywalkers
phones Crossing arders/ Birds
Diagonally
35 32 1 24 5 1
34 64 7 58 4 1
46 57 4 50 3 2
37 40 2 28 4 0
36 31 1 20 0 0

17
40 18 2 18 0 0
35 24 2 20 2 2
11/1/18, 2:00-2:30PM (Rain)
# of Cars # of # of Bystanders # of # of # of
Pedestrians Using Cell Pedestrians Bikers/Skatebo Jaywalkers
phones Crossing arders/ Birds
Diagonally
38 15 1 7 2 4
40 16 1 13 1 10
38 29 2 23 2 0
44 35 2 28 4 1
27 29 2 16 1 2
41 34 5 28 2 2
37 27 3 20 1 0

2. Concept Modeling. In the space below:

a. Insert sketches or drawings of at least eight of your solution ideas to describe or
demonstrate how each (or components of the solution idea) function. Include clear and
detailed written descriptions in addition to an image. At this stage of your project
you should be identifying specific campus users/stakeholders and locations that will
establish context for future prototyping and/or modeling.
b. Explain how each modeled solution idea addresses the problem statement (e.g., needs,
stakeholders, goals, criteria, constraints).

Solution a. Image (Sketch, Prototype, b. Explanation

Photo)

1. Cat Eyes The crosswalks would have reflector lights that

would change color depending on the traffic
lights. The stopping line would have red
reflector lights on the cars as the green lights
on the crosswalk would light up, allowing
pedestrians to cross.

2. Light It will allow cars to enter the intersection at a

Counter reasonable speed when they encounter a green
light. They won’t have to rush directly at the
light not knowing when it may become yellow.
It also portrays the timer for red lights, so
drivers are more understanding than impatient.

18
3. Cameras Drivers and bikers will be monitored of their
speed as they pass by intersections. Both
parties would enter at a reasonable speed for
reactions as well as catch those that are on
distractors such as phones or alcohol.

4. Waiting Designate waiting spots for bicyclists and

Areas pedestrians to prevent crashes. It will allow
bicyclists to take priority at the front of the
intersection as pedestrians are off to the side.
Bicyclists will move faster as pedestrians are
typically distracted by earbuds, headphones, or
phones. It portrays two models, one for when
bicyclists share the sidewalk, and one for when
bicyclists share the road.
5. Thermal It would use thermal recognition to determine
Camera the quantity of people at the intersection as
Traffic well as the road. This will make it so that
Controller pedestrians don’t have to worry about pressing
a button, and thus make it less likely for
jaywalkers.

6. Ground This design will allow for vehicles to clearly

Lights see and be alerted by people waiting to cross
and people crossing the road. This is a second
line of safety and can make vehicles more alert
about their surroundings. The lights will be lit
when a pressure sensor below the ground is
actuated.

7. Bike Rails Installing Bike rails on one side of the street

would separate a lane for bikers, making it not
only safer for them to bike but also faster.
However, there is a greater chance of bikers
crashing into these rails if they are distracted. It
would also look unaesthetic to have bike rails
on a street. This idea is not unique, but it is
quite safe as it avoids near collisions with cars
and bikers cutting pass pedestrians.

19
 8. Siren This idea is an innovative way to attract the
attention of drivers who are distracted. But a
booming sound might create panic amongst
people, not to mention the increase in noise
pollution this would cause. But this idea is
quite distinct but very unsafe, considering that
it may cause people to panic.

3. List references in APA or MLA format (if any).

Note: As you work on each milestone in the design project, cite references for any external sources you use. For your final
deliverable, you will create a complete reference list that includes references for all milestones.

Everyone whose name appears in section five below is pledging compliance with the following honor
code:
“I affirm under the principles of Purdue University Policy on Academic Integrity that if my name is
listed below I made sufficient scholarly contribution to this project document to justify inclusion of
my name.”
3. Individual Contributions. Individually, each team member should describe his/her own specific,
significant contributions to this milestone (the work above).

Team Member Name Team member’s contribution to Milestone #3

Muhammad Hamdan Sulaiman 2 solutions and 2 tables of observations
Eric Chen 3 solutions and 2 tables of observations
Fred Arentz 3 solutions and 2 tables of observations

20
Appendix D: Comprehensive Data Table
Crossing in front of Rawls Hall, 100 Grant St
10/31/18, 3:30-4:00 PM
# of Cars # of # of Bystanders # of # of # Jaywalkers
Pedestrians Using Cell Pedestrians Bikers/Skateb
phones Crossing oarders/ Birds
Diagonally
12 16 6 10 2 1
10 10 4 5 1 2
13 18 4 7 3 0
11 12 2 4 3 2
14 20 3 13 5 2
12 15 1 9 3 4
13 15 3 7 1 4
10/31/18, 3:00-3:30PM
# of Cars # of # of Bystanders # of # of # Jaywalkers
Pedestrians Using Cell Pedestrians Bikers/Skateb
phones Crossing oarders/ Birds
Diagonally
18 12 3 7 4 0
14 16 5 11 2 1
10 9 2 6 1 2
17 13 1 10 4 1
8 11 1 4 2 0
12 14 2 5 2 1
10 15 4 8 3 2
11/1/18, 1:20-1:50 PM (Rain)
# of Cars # of # of Bystanders # of # of # of
Pedestrians Using Cell Pedestrians Bikers/Skatebo Jaywalkers
phones Crossing arders/ Birds
Diagonally
35 32 1 24 5 1
34 64 7 58 4 1
46 57 4 50 3 2
37 40 2 28 4 0
36 31 1 20 0 0
40 18 2 18 0 0
35 24 2 20 2 2
11/1/18, 2:00-2:30PM (Rain)
# of Cars # of # of Bystanders # of # of # of
Pedestrians Using Cell Pedestrians Bikers/Skatebo Jaywalkers
phones Crossing arders/ Birds
Diagonally
40 16 1 13 1 10
38 29 2 23 2 0
44 35 2 28 4 1
27 29 2 16 1 2
41 34 5 28 2 2
37 27 3 20 1 0

21
Appendix E: Data Collection and Pros/Cons
Team #: A Save this file with the file name Milestone4_teamnum.docx.
Question Your work will be graded on completion of the following objectives:
2  PS05: Expand or revise problem statement based on evidence found during later stages of design process.
3  PS03: Explain key specifications (in terms of criteria and constraints) that address what the client wants and
what the user needs.
3  EB04: Justify chosen metrics and the corresponding assigned weights to evaluate potential solutions, based
on stakeholder needs.
4  SQ02: Justify design solution based on how well it meets criteria and constraints.
5  EB06: Clearly articulate reasons for answers when making decisions or evaluating alternative solutions.
6  IL05: Format reference list of used sources that is traceable to original sources (APA or MLA are
recommended).
7  TW02: Document all contributions to the team performance with evidence that these contributions are
significant.
Note: Include in-text citations and a reference list in APA format for all external sources you use.
For additional information, visit [Link]

1. Problem Statement: In the space below, write the problem statement of the problem you are trying
to address, remember to include all elements required in a problem statement (PS01, PS02, and PS03
in Milestone 1). Make sure you have addressed any feedback received about your problem statement
from previous milestones.
Chief of Police John Cox (the client) wants an implementation that will increase the safety of transport
at Purdue University by reducing collisions of pedestrians, bicyclists, and motor vehicles (the
stakeholders). The solution needs to increase mobility safety on campus and be able to be used by a
diverse population at Purdue. The solution needs to be seamlessly implemented into the Purdue
infrastructure and have a relatively low cost of implementation. A measure of success is a decrease of
accident rates in the chosen area relative to the accident rate in the places where it has not been
implemented. Factors to consider is: days the road or infrastructure was closed, maximum negative
impact on travel time for any of the commuters relative to the greatest improvement, and how much the
implementation costs weighed against the benefit of reduced accident rate (damaged property, police
time, traffic due to accidents).

2. Describe how your problem statement has changed from your Milestone 2 document and explain
why.
Used new diction to emphasize the purpose of the criteria and constraints.

3. Summary of criteria: Read your problem statement one more time and identify all the criteria,
constraints, qualities, etc. that your team will be looking for in a solution. In the table below, explain
each of those criteria, constraints, qualities, etc. In addition, describe which specific features you will
consider as you evaluate the pros & cons of each solution and explain how those features are
associated with the corresponding criteria. Comment about the importance of each criterion in terms
of highly important, somewhat important, not very important and explain why. See example in the
table below.

22
Criteria/ Criteria Features to look Explanation of the Importance of the
Constraint/ description or for in solutions relationship criteria for
Quality explanation (Qualitative between the selecting the best
metrics) criteria or ideas (this
constraint and the describes its
characteristic relevance on
selecting the final
solution, not its
relevance within
the final design)
Safety The solution 1. Cautionary signs 1. Increases the Extremely
should not put 2. Pedestrian safety mobility safety important
users in danger satisfaction of pedestrians as Safety should
or at risk of 3. Vehicle safety they cross the always be the main
injury. satisfaction roads priority of any
2. Makes sure that engineer
both parties at attempting to
the intersection create a solution.
are satisfied with Safety will become
their personal a priority when
safety designing the final
solution in detail.
Ease of Usage The solution 1. Instructions 1. Helps in Important. Ease of
should be easy 2. User friendliness understanding usage usage will be a
to understand 3. Convenience 2. People of all ages decisive factor in
and use by the can use the solution. choosing the best
diverse 3. People of all idea.
population at disabilities are able
Purdue. to activate
Ethicality The solution 1. User Satisfaction 1. The culture of Important. The
needs to fulfill 2. Insurance of Purdue must accept individual wishes
user satisfaction Privacy the information of to keep most of
that doesn’t 3. Needs to follow thermal radiation their personal
breach their own ethical guidelines from their bodies to information
standard of set forth by ASCE be used to private, especially
privacy. (American Society implement the data in a public space.
of Civil Engineers) to be used only for
traffic information.
Low cost and The solution 1. No road blocks [Link] cause Important.
seamless should be cost or hinderance in inconvenience for Changes will be
Implementation effective and traffic during pedestrians as well made to the
implementation installation. as drivers. infrastructure of
shouldn’t take a [Link] of [Link] cheap streets on a large
lot of time. product is not material may cause scale, therefore it
compromised for the solution to be is important that
the solution to be ineffective and have such changes are
cost effective. low durability. durable and
effective.

23
 4. Pros & cons evaluation: In the space below, describe the pros and cons associated with your
eight solution ideas from Milestone 3. Use as much space as needed to clearly describe both
your solution idea and the pros and cons! Insert images, photos, sketches, etc. if needed.
Provide a total of at least four pros and four cons for each solution idea.
Description Pros Cons
of solution
idea
1 Thermal 1. Improves transport efficiency and 1. Can be argued for being an invasion of
Camera speed of travel. privacy
2. Helps decrease rate of jaywalking 2. Costs of implementing system and
leading to a reduced accident rate reprogramming lights in time.
3. No need for monitoring constantly 3. Car exhaust
4. Reduces idle time of the traffic 4. Expensive
junction (when there is no one
approaching the junction, while
there is a queue to pass in the
other direction)
2 Fine 1. Bikes and cars would be more 1. Costs of implementing the system
Cameras compliant to enter an intersection 2. Incorrect identification
at a lower speed when they know 3. Bikers would need some form of
that there is a camera. identification which will take more time
2. Negative incentive to enter an 4. Flash can be a distraction
intersection illegally.
3. More income for the
university/police
4. Could make the intersection safer.
3 Timer 1. Vehicles would be more 1. Pedestrians may look at the timer and
compliant to enter an intersection jaywalk across as they know that the cars
closer, knowing how much time is won’t be able to leave.
remaining for them to cross. 2. Vehicles will look at the light to be ready
2. Drivers would know how much to leave without taking a good look at
longer in a cycle that is present any strangling pedestrians
and pay more attention to the crossing/jaywalking.
corners of the intersection than the 3. Hard to perceive from long distances
light itself. 4. Vehicles have an incentive to speed up
3. Satisfaction for the driver to know when there is little time left which could
how much time is left. make the intersection less safe
4. Can be recalibrated to better fit the
traffic at a specific time.
4 Biking 1. Travelling by bikes is more time 1. Looks unaesthetic and causes the streets
Rails efficient. to be extra crowded.
2. Decreases near collisions and 2. Bikers have a narrower space to cycle.
cornering of bikers with cars. 3. Pedestrians may jump over
3. Decreases collisions with bikers 4. Bikes may crash into the barriers
and pedestrians.
4. Designate lanes for bikes instead
of sharing the road when
unneeded.
5 Siren 1. Instantly grabs attention of driver 1. May catch others off guard and attract

24
 or pedestrian, alerting them to pay unnecessary attention.
attention. 2. May cause panic and can be mistaken as
2. Can be used to notify intersection an emergency depending on the sound.
of incoming emergency vehicles 3. May go off unexpectedly
3. Makes jaywalker feel guilty for 4. Obnoxious for people studying
tripping off a large noise.
4. Acts as an extra warning in a state
of emergency.
6 Waiting 1. Decreases accidents with 1. Hard to implement quickly and
Areas pedestrians getting off the bus and efficiently without negative consequence
bicyclists who have to dodge the for pedestrians.
incoming pedestrians on the bike 2. Does not affect the safety of vehicle and
lane. bicyclist.
2. Inexpensive 3. Pedestrians may decide to disregard the
3. Bikes are faster to leave an area
intersection and will be less likely 4. Button to activate the light needs to be
to be tied up with pedestrians repositioned.
cutting in front.
4. People will be more responsible to
prevent jaywalking.
7 Cat Eyes 1. Inexpensive 1. Cars will start relying on the ground
installation/maintenance lights and just pass an intersection if it’s
2. Car lights will add another area not on.
where cars can see if there are 2. Have a low life span and get easily worn
people crossing when there are no off.
traffic lights present 3. High beams may not shine upon the cat
3. Convenient for pedestrians to eyes
press the button 4. Does not reflect the pedestrian’s
4. Clearly depicts the crosswalk for position.
pedestrians
8 Ground 1. Obvious coloration to signal 1. Expensive installation.
Lights which side of the road has the 2. It rains a lot and ground lights can stop
right of way. functioning if water seeps into them.
2. Lights up in the dark to allow 3. Light may become a distractor for
drivers to see the pedestrians vehicles.
crossing 4. Kids will be more likely to play with the
3. Clearly depicts the crosswalk for colored lights as they cross the road.
pedestrians
4. Gives pedestrians a greater sense
of safety as they know they are
visible

5. Top solution ideas: Based on your pros & cons evaluation above, identify and clearly describe
your top three solution ideas in the spaces below. Be sure to provide a written justification as to
why each solution idea is a top prospect as well as why it is unique.

Idea #1 (Thermal Camera): Although it is an expensive tool to implement, can be useful in

recognizing who can take priority in crossing. People will jaywalk unless there is a physical barrier that
prevents them from doing so. Using thermal cameras to recognize when people will start walking can

25
make it safer for pedestrians by switching the lights faster when there are no cars in the area.
Idea #2 (Waiting Areas): This will define waiting areas for bicyclists in the front and pedestrians to
the side. Bicyclists typically would be the first to leave the intersection as they are able to accelerate
and travel faster. Occasionally, pedestrians would also walk into the bike lane stand there as they wait
for the intersection light change. This would cause bicyclists to be caught off guard and unable to slow
down as people are getting off busses. It would be inexpensive to install as it would only require
painting areas for bikes and pedestrians to travel to and wait until the light changes.
Idea #3 (Timer): A timer will set off alongside the traffic lights. This timer will indicate the passage
of time between switching from one traffic light to another. It will allow cars to enter the intersection at
a reasonable speed when they encounter a green light. They won’t have to rush directly at the light not
knowing when it may become yellow. It also portrays the timer for red lights, so drivers are more
understanding than impatient. This solution is based off the walking timer that starts for pedestrians
when they are crossing. While most pedestrians usually wait for the walk sign to be activated, there are
always jaywalkers. This solution is aimed at protecting jaywalkers, considering that it limits cars
speeding through yellow lights and green lights that are about to end by showing the time left.

6. List references in APA or MLA format.

Note: As you work on each milestone in the design project, cite references for any external sources you use. For your final
deliverable, you will create a complete reference list that includes references for all milestones.
American Society of Civil Engineers. (n.d.). Code of Ethics. Retrieved from [Link]
of-ethics/

7. Individual Contributions. Individually, each team member should describe his/her own specific,
significant contributions to this milestone (the work above) and include why this contribution is
significant to the team performance.
Team member name Team member’s contribution to Milestone #4
Hamdan Sulaiman Some criteria, Some Pros & Cons, One Solution
Eric Chen Some criteria, Some Pros & Cons, One Solution
Fred Arentz Some criteria, Some Pros & Cons, One Solution

26
Appendix F: Evaluation and Analysis
Team #: A Save this file with
the file name Milestone5_teamnum.docx.
Question Your work will be graded on completion of the following objectives:
2  PS03: Explain key specifications (in terms of criteria and constraints) that address what the client wants and
what the user needs.
2  SQ01: Use accurate, scientific, mathematical, and/or technical concepts, units, and/or data in
solutions
3  EB06: Clearly articulate reasons for answers when making decisions or evaluating alternative
solutions.
4  DV02: Select appropriate graphical representation of dataset based on data characteristics such as
numerical (discrete or continuous) or categorical (ordinal or nominal)
4  SQ02: Justify design solution based on how well it meets criteria and constraints
4  IF03: Generate testable prototypes for a set of potential solutions.
4  EB03: Clearly articulate reasons for answers with explicit reference to data to justify decisions or to
evaluate alternative solutions.
4  PC04: Professionally present all visuals representations (figures, images, sketches or prototypes) to
clearly convey meaning by labeling key components to show their form and function.
4  EB04: Justify chosen metrics and the corresponding assigned weights to evaluate potential
solutions, based on stakeholder needs.
5  IL05: Format reference list of used sources that is traceable to original sources (APA or MLA are
recommended).
6  TW02: Document all contributions to the team performance with evidence that these contributions are
significant.
1-6  PC05: Fully address all parts of assignment by following instructions and completing all work.
Note: Include in-text citations and a reference list in APA format for all external sources you use. For
additional information, visit [Link]

27
 1. Problem Statement: In the space below, write the problem statement of the problem you are trying
to address, remember to include all elements required in a problem statement (PS01, PS02, and
PS03 in Milestone 1). Make sure you have addressed any feedback received about your problem
statement from previous milestones.
Chief of Police John Cox (the client) wants an implementation that will increase the safety of transport at
Purdue University by reducing collisions of pedestrians, bicyclists, and motor vehicles (the
stakeholders). The solution needs to increase mobility safety on campus and be able to be used by a
diverse population at Purdue. The solution needs to be seamlessly implemented into the Purdue
infrastructure and have a relatively low cost of implementation. A measure of success is a decrease of
accident rates in the chosen area relative to the accident rate in the places where it has not been
implemented. Factors to consider is: days the road or infrastructure was closed, maximum negative
impact on travel time for any of the commuters relative to the greatest improvement, and how much the
implementation costs weighed against the benefit of reduced accident rate (damaged property, police
time, traffic due to accidents).

BIG IDEAS FOR MILESTONE 5:

Consider the different solution ideas that your team has developed as potential ideas for your project.
How do you know if your ideas will solve the problem?
You must gather appropriate data or evidence related to the design criteria identified for your project.
This activity will contribute some of the evidence you will need for your final project deliverables. You
will develop prototypes or models of three of your potential solutions to help determine which one best
meets the project goals, criteria and constraints.

2. Summary of criteria: In the space below, describe the criteria you will use to evaluate your top
three design ideas. Focus on the criteria described in your problem statement, which should, at
minimum, include the design criteria/constraints required in the project description overview
document. Identify specific, quantitative metrics for each criterion. Explain how the
prototypes/models will generate data for these quantitative metrics. Finally, explain how you will
interpret the data in order to evaluate each prototype’s/model’s performance related to the criteria.
Criteria Criteria Quantitative Data generation Explanation of the metrics
(one or two description or metrics* and/or collection – How to interpret the data
words) explanation (tie it to the criteria)
Safety The solution The number Pedestrians who A lower number of accidents
should not put of injuries/ get into an will mean that the pedestrians
users in danger accidents accident while are safer when crossing the
or at risk of pedestrians using our solution streets.
injury. are involved can vote against
in. the solution
online.
Ease of Usage The solution People of all Surveys about The amount of
should be easy ages should using walk signs comprehension is comparable
to understand be able to use and using our to the
and use by the it. solution, such as understanding/comprehension
diverse “waiting areas” demonstrated by an adult
population at can be distributed. person

28
 Purdue. In it people can be
asked how easy it
is for them to
understand the
usage of our
solution as
compared to using
walk signs. This
will tell us the
level of
complexity we
should aim for.
Ethicality The solution Reports of People who feel If people feel like their
needs to fulfill confidentiality like their privacy personal information is being
user to is being violated taken without proper
satisfaction enforcement are reported to reasoning, then they can
that doesn’t on campus. enforcement complain to the officers and
breach their officers online. determine a new solution
own standard method that can address the
of privacy. issue at hand.
Low cost and The solution Cost of Receipts by the Cost of the goods and
seamless should be cost materials and goods and services services that are able to be
implementation effective and installation. purchased to contracted for a short amount
implementation install the designs of time signifying the quick,
shouldn’t take into the system. installation of the design.
a lot of time.
* Sometimes metrics are not evident or straightforward and you will have to come up with your own.
Do not be afraid to do so.

3. Comprehensive Analysis of Data/Model results: Describe what was done to analyze your
location data. What conclusions were derived from the analysis and how do these conclusions
provide evidence there are Mobility Issues at your site location? This section should include an
identification of the most important Mobility Issues at your site location.
Describe analysis of your location data
The intersection of State St. and Grant St. is a four-way intersection with the activated crosswalk
allowing all directions of pedestrians to cross simultaneously. All four road directions are two-way
lanes with one lane in each direction. The west side of State St. has separate pedestrian and bicyclist
lanes while the east side has a bike lane on the road.
What conclusions were derived from the analysis, and how do these conclusions provide evidence
there are Mobility Issues? Identify the most important Mobility Issues at your site location. Include
images, photos, sketches, etc. when appropriate.
Mobility issues that are present are bicyclists must intersect with pedestrians in order to make it onto
the designated bike lane on the east side. Both directions of the bike lanes share the same side of the
road, with a barrier that blocks off from the motor vehicles. It constrains the road space that the
bicyclists, electric scooters, and the skateboarders share. Another issue are jaywalkers (47 in the 3-hour
observation period) are influenced by others that crossed before them, giving them the idea that they
won’t be pulled aside in a group.

29
 4. Prototype  Document  Make a Plan: Prototype your three solutions ideas from Milestone 4
and document that these three solution ideas are indeed the most important Mobility Issues.
Include information about how each solution idea is unique and addresses the problem statement.
For each prototype, make sure to include ways for stakeholders to be able to understand the form
and function of that prototype. Also, create graphical communication of your evidence for each
one of your top three solution ideas (include at least 1 chart/graph for each solution). Finally,
describe the evaluation plan and data you will collect for your top three solution ideas. Use as
much space as needed to clearly to provide specific details of your evaluation.

Solution Idea #1 – Name, Description, and Prototype Representation. Include information about how
this solution is unique and addresses the problem statement. Include images, photos, sketches, etc. of
your prototypes as appropriate.
Light Counter: A timer will be installed on a traffic signal. It will allow cars to enter the intersection at a
reasonable speed when they encounter a green light. They won’t have to rush directly at the light not
knowing when it may become yellow. It also portrays the timer for red lights, so drivers are more
understanding than impatient. This solution is not entirely unique, as it is built on from the walk signs
used by pedestrians which have timers. Like these walk signs aid pedestrians in crossing, by showing
them when to cross, how much time they have to cross, a light counter will do the same but for drivers.
Most importantly, it will indicate the passage of time before a yellow light goes out and a red light
comes on. This will discourage drivers from rushing through yellow lights and in turn make it safer for
pedestrians to cross. The solution is cost effective and time efficient as it does not require an entirely
new system of traffic lights to be installed, instead only the timer must be installed.

Summary of Evidence of Mobility Issues This Solution Idea Addresses (include conclusions from
location data with graphical communication of your evidence and other reliable sources of evidence).
When appropriate, include images, photos, sketches, etc.
During the field observation it was observed that there were at least 47 jaywalkers in total and 1
jaywalker per observation on average. It was observed that jaywalkers usually cross, just before the red
light. There is always a chance that drivers might speed through red lights which poses danger to most
jaywalkers. Hence, a timer would indicate such drivers to stop rather than rushing through. It was also
observed that most pedestrians crossed diagonally, diagonal crossing takes more time and it was
observed on multiple occasions that pedestrians started crossing at the last few seconds. Drivers can start
moving even when there is a red light but there is no one crossing. In that case, a timer would indicate
the waiting time to such drivers. On one of the occasions, a driver was observed honking. A timer would

30
indicate such drivers the waiting time and make them more patient.

This heat map shows where accidents happen most frequently in West Lafayette. The intersection of
Grant Street and State Street is a place where a lot of accidents happen. Adding a timer could decrease
the accident rate here to the background level if designed correctly.
Your plan to evaluate how well your solution meets the criteria and constraints of the problem.
(Provide at least two methods – you will likely need more). Justify your evaluation plan choices.
On a street which does not have traffic lights, drivers can be indicated to stop using a timer. These
drivers can then be asked which method is more efficient, the normal traffic lights or the timer.
Another method can be showing a timer to drivers while they are waiting for the red light to end. The
timer shows the time for the red light to end. These drivers will then be asked which method they prefer,
looking at a red light and waiting for it end or looking at a timer and waiting for it to clock zero.
New data to be collected for the evaluation of this solution idea.
Implementing the prototype and determine the effect on the number of jaywalkers. Can also be done as a
survey and ask whether or not someone would be more willing to follow the new system.

Solution Idea #2 – Name, Description, and Prototype Representation. Include information about how
this solution is unique and addresses the problem statement. Include images, photos, sketches, etc. of
your prototypes as appropriate.
Waiting Areas: Designates waiting areas for pedestrians and bicyclists to restrict the collisions that occur
between the two parties. Bicyclists would take priority in the front of the crosswalk due to the high
speed and pedestrians would stand to the side. People who get off the busses must go to press the button
to cross the road, which will be placed in the pedestrian waiting area.

31
 10/31/18, 3:30-
4:00 PM
# Jaywalkers
1
2
0
2
2
4
4
10/31/18, 3:00-
3:30PM
# Jaywalkers
0
1
2
1
0
1
2
11/1/18, 1:20-
1:50 PM (Rain)
# of Jaywalkers 
 1
 1
 2
 0
 0
 0
 2
11/1/18, 2:00-
2:30PM (Rain)
# of Jaywalkers 
4
10
0 

32
1
2 
2 
0 
Summary of Evidence of Mobility Issues This Solution Idea Addresses (include conclusions from
location data with graphical communication of your evidence and other reliable sources of evidence).
When appropriate, include images, photos, sketches, etc.
In the field evidence that was collected, there were 47 jaywalkers in the 3-hour time interval that was
observed. Many of these people either crossed as a group or crossed before the intersection, but at a time
where they were perpendicular to the traffic. Bicyclists and scooters led off a lot of these groups as they
entered the intersection at a low speed but accelerated forward when they were parallel to the traffic.
This prompted the pedestrians waiting at the intersection to also jaywalk across. Other times were when
the all cross lights were on, but a bicyclist or electric scooter wanted to cross at the last few seconds,
speeding up and narrowly missing the pedestrians that were exiting off the intersection. Installing a
waiting area can decrease the wait time so it’s just enough for those in the waiting area are able to cross
while those who enter the intersection later are patient enough to wait for the next cycle.
Your plan to evaluate how well your solution meets the criteria and constraints of the problem.
(Provide at least two methods – you will likely need more). Justify your evaluation plan choices.
One method is to determine how many people and bicyclists actually use the design route planned.
Understanding a general population of users can be redesigned to appeal to the party that doesn’t use it
the most. It determines the easy of usage for the pedestrians.
Another method is to compare the similar time intervals of the day and recount the number of jaywalkers
that appear in another 3-hour time interval. This will determine the safety for the pedestrians and
vehicles if there are more people referring to the design.
New data to be collected for the evaluation of this solution idea.
Implementing the prototype and determine the effect on the number of jaywalkers of both pedestrians
and bicyclists. Can also be done as a survey and ask whether or not someone would be more willing to
follow the new system.

Solution Idea #3 – Name, Description, and Prototype Representation. Include information about how
this solution is unique and addresses the problem statement. Include images, photos, sketches, etc. of
your prototypes as appropriate.
Barrier: Our third idea is creating a barrier between the existing cycling track and the pedestrian tracks.
This could include raising a fence between the cycling track and the pedestrian tracks, making it more
difficult for pedestrians and cyclists to collide. The fence would decrease the rate of accidents by
actively separating cyclists from pedestrians, reducing the potential for collisions. Currently, there are no
physical barriers between cycling trails and pedestrian trails, apart from a narrow grass strip. This does
not prevent pedestrians from crossing over into the cycling track. This new idea will limit the possibility
for pedestrians and cyclists to cross into each other’s paths.

33
Summary of Evidence of Mobility Issues This Solution Idea Addresses (include conclusions from
location data with graphical communication of your evidence and other reliable sources of evidence).
When appropriate, include images, photos, sketches, etc.
One of the contributing factors in collisions between cyclists and pedestrians are the overlapping of the
cycling trails. In my informal observation of transportation at Purdue, I have seen several occurrences
where a pedestrian will swerve into the cycling track, making the following cyclist to make a sharp turn
which could lead to an accident. I have seen two accidents happen this way where a cyclist swerved due
to a pedestrian and collided with a skateboarder as a direct result of a pedestrian walking on the cycling
track. This solution will reduce the possibility of this reoccurring by segregating cyclists from
pedestrians. In my ENGL 106 research paper, we asked 25 cyclists and non-cyclists whether there were
too many pedestrians on the cycling tracks, and 60% of the responders said that this was a factor that
discourages them from cycling as that they were worried they would hit someone. This solution could
remediate this problem.
Your plan to evaluate how well your solution meets the criteria and constraints of the problem.
(Provide at least two methods – you will likely need more). Justify your evaluation plan choices.
Establishing a barrier between cyclists and pedestrians will be relatively cheap, but construction may
take some time. It adheres well to the following criteria: ethicality and safety: the idea follows the ethical
guidelines of ASCE, putting the safety of the users (students) at the center of the solution; ease of use:
the idea will be easy to use, and easy to see for the users as people would be more aware of the reason
why it was implemented and conform with the solution; easy to implement and relatively cheap: the idea
will take some construction time, but will not greatly impact the path choice of students during the time
of implementation. While the aesthetics may not be ideal, it would be seamlessly implemented into the
environment over time and not seem obtrusive or ugly.
New data to be collected for the evaluation of this solution idea.
Data to be collected would be to observe how many pedestrians walk on the cycling tracks on campus
and whether cyclists are affected by this. Data collection measures could be number of pedestrians on
cycling track, number of cyclists having to change course to accommodate for this, and number of near
misses and collisions with other students. We could also expand our research to address the path north of

34
the Purdue Mall as this is a place where cyclists and pedestrians have the most interactions.

5. List references in APA format.

Note: As you work on each milestone in the Design Project, cite references for any external sources you
use. For your final deliverable, you will create a complete reference list that includes references for all
milestones.

6. Individual Contributions. Individually, each team member should describe his/her own specific,
significant contributions to this milestone (the work above) including how the contribution was
significant to the team performance.
Team member name Team member’s contribution to Milestone #5
Hamdan Sulaiman Complete solution 1. Created 3d model to depict the visual of
a light counter as well as provide reasoning to the data
analysis.
Eric Chen Completed comprehensive location data analysis as well as
the prototype solution 2. Significance was to establish the
important information that was observed and what is needed
to be focused upon in the analysis.
Fred Arentz Completed solution 3. Added perspective from personal
observation, as well as information collected from interviews
of 25 people.

35
Appendix G: Data to Inform Model
Team #: A Save this file with
the file name Milestone6_teamnum.docx.
Question Your work will be graded on completion of the following objectives:
2  PS03: Explain key specifications (in terms of criteria and constraints) that address what the client wants and
what the user needs.
2  PC04: Present all visual representations (figures, images, sketches or prototypes) to clearly convey meaning
by labeling key components to show their form and function.
2  EB01: Test prototypes and analyze results to inform comparison of alternative solutions.
2  DV02: Select appropriate graphical representation of dataset based on data characteristics such as numerical
(discrete or continuous) or categorical (ordinal or nominal)
2  DV04: Prepare a table for technical presentation with proper formatting
2  DV05: Prepare a chart for technical presentation with proper formatting, including title, axes labels,
appropriately scaled axes, units and appropriate markers
2  SQ02: Justify design solution based on how well it meets criteria and constraints.
3  IL05: Format reference list of used sources that is traceable to original sources (APA or MLA are
recommended).
4  TW02: Document all contributions to the team performance with evidence that these contributions are
significant.
1-4  PC05: Fully address all parts of assignment by following instructions and completing all work.
Note: Include in-text citations and a reference list in APA format for all external sources you use. For
additional information, visit [Link]

1. Problem Statement: In the space below, write your problem statement. This should be the final
version of your problem statement, after all feedback from other milestones has been addressed.
Chief of Police John Cox (the client) wants an implementation that will increase the safety of transport at
Purdue University by reducing collisions of pedestrians, bicyclists, and motor vehicles (the
stakeholders). The solution needs to increase mobility safety on campus and be able to be used by a
diverse population at Purdue. The solution needs to be seamlessly implemented into the Purdue
infrastructure and have a relatively low cost of implementation. A measure of success is a decrease of
accident rates in the chosen area relative to the accident rate in the places where it has not been
implemented. Factors to consider is: days the road or infrastructure was closed, maximum negative
impact on travel time for any of the commuters relative to the greatest improvement, and how much the
implementation costs weighed against the benefit of reduced accident rate (damaged property, police
time, traffic due to accidents).
Consider the different solution ideas that your team has developed as potential ideas for your project.
How do you know if your ideas will solve the problem?
Analyze the data or evidence you have gathered. This activity will contribute some of the evidence you
will need for your final project deliverables.
2. Prototype/Model Experimental or Test Plan and results: In the spaces below, describe the
prototype/model data you collected for your top three solution ideas from Milestone 5. For
each proposed solution, list your criteria and constraints relevant to that solution idea. Use as
much space as needed to clearly to provide specific details of your evaluation, including the
method, frequency, and explanation of your data collection – when possible include raw data or

36
 at least examples of raw data. Draw conclusions about each solution idea based on your tests
and evaluation of the data. Use data analysis tools and visualization techniques previously
learned in this course to analyze your data. When the evaluation is complete, enter the results
below.

Solution Idea #1 – Name, Description, and Prototype Representation. Include images, photos,
sketches, etc. of your prototypes as appropriate.
Waiting Area: Designates waiting areas for pedestrians and bicyclists to restrict the collisions that
occur between the two parties. Bicyclists would take priority in the front of the crosswalk due to the high
speed and pedestrians would stand to the side. People who get off the busses must go to press the button
to cross the road, which will be placed in the pedestrian waiting area.

Criteria and constraints for this solution idea

The criteria and constraints that it must meet are safety, ease of usage, quick implementation/low costs,
and ethicality. Safety comes from less accidents with pedestrians and bicyclists who intersect each other
at the crosswalks as they wait for the light. Another part is to ensure that the pedestrians and bicyclists
don’t jaywalk when cars have the right of way. Ease of usage must apply so that people with physical
restrictions are able to understand how the waiting areas work. This will be accomplished by making the
symbol clear on where to stand, no matter the weather. It will be done with a separate color or to have a
vertical pole establishing where the area is. Low costs and quick implementation will be a quick
installation of a post or to paint the area onto the existing corner. Ethicality will not be an issue as it
doesn’t infringe onto someone’s privacy be requiring personal information to use.
Data collected

37
Data analysis results
Of the responses, many believe that the likelihood that accidents will decrease if waiting areas are
implemented. However, only 46.2% of the responses will use the design if it was implemented. That
means that 53.8% of the sample would not use the design despite stating that it will be effective in
lowering the likelihood that accidents occur.
Conclusions including justification of how well this solution meets the relevant criteria/constraints
There doesn’t seem to be an issue with costly implementation and ethicality as the school is already used
to the investment done on the construction on campus. Many believe that it will not be an issue to use,
but the issue is that people don’t want to use it. The pedestrian’s and bicyclist’s own personal judgment
of safety precedes the traffic law and would rather have people cross around them than to move
themselves into a safer area. Concerns that were raised were behavioral usage of the prototype and that
there would not be enough space to implement the prototype.

Solution Idea #2 – Name, Description, and Prototype Representation. Include images, photos,
sketches, etc. of your prototypes as appropriate.
Light Counter: A timer will be installed on a traffic signal. It will allow cars to enter the intersection at a
reasonable speed when they encounter a green light. They won’t have to rush directly at the light not
knowing when it may become yellow. It also portrays the timer for red lights, so drivers are more
understanding than impatient
Criteria and constraints for this solution idea
The solution needs to increase mobility safety on campus, be able to be used by a diverse population at
Purdue and keep drivers more informed about the time interval between changing of traffic lights, it
should decrease the urge to break yellow lights . This solution, however must not be distractive in
nature, like a siren/ noise to mark the start and end of a traffic light, must not crowd the traffic signal
with a lot information that it becomes difficult for driver to know where to look. The solution must be
seamlessly implemented into the system, without creating road blocks and problems for any drivers. The
cost implementation must be low and it should not take a lot of time to be implemented.
Data collected.

38
The Stroop Effect was tested on five volunteers. The test was conducted by flashing the name of colors
which were of a different color(either red, green or yellow). For the first round, the volunteers were
required to say out loud the color they saw irrespective of what the word they read( example: RED, the
answer is blue) under 5 seconds. For the second round, the volunteers were required to say out loud the
name of the color they read, irrespective of the color( example: YELLOW, the answer is yellow) under 5
seconds
Data analysis results
The results show that when responding to colors the average number of correct responses were 8
whereas when responding to words the average number of responses were just 6. Hence it can be
concluded that people can process colors better than words/numbers.
Conclusions including justification of how well this solution meets the relevant criteria/constraints
The test was conducted to check what might interfere in the reaction time of a driver. The reaction time
was not considered, instead the test was conducted to check what a person processes more correctly,
color or words? This was the case because in the prototype the timer would be next to the traffic lights,
hence we wanted to check whether a person would process the traffic light more correctly or the
numbers displayed on a timer if they were at high speed for example. Looking at the results, it does not
seem that adding a timer would make any difference, considering that the volunteers were correct more
times when they were saying out loud the colors they saw. But then this solution does not decrease
safety in anyway, nor is it distracting, instead it is an added measure to increase safety. It shouldn’t be
too costly to implement this system, nor should it take a lot of time.

Solution Idea #3 – Name, Description, and Prototype Representation. Include images, photos,
sketches, etc. of your prototypes as appropriate.
Bike Rails: A physical barrier would be placed between the cycling and pedestrian paths on campus.
This would remind cyclists and pedestrians to stay within their allocated space and also prevent either
party from swerving into the other lanes, preventing collisions.

39
Criteria and constraints for this solution idea
The solution must decrease the rate of pedestrian-cyclist collisions and reduce the possibility of this
happening (criteria). The solution should decrease the proportion of pedestrians using the space
allocated for bicyclists and take as little construction time as possible. The solution, must not, however,
limit the accessibility of any parts of campus (constraint). For example, there must be some breaks in the
barrier such that pedestrians and cyclists can both access both sides of campus (this would be most
relevant north of Purdue Mall).

Data collected

Do you believe that bike rails for pedestrians and

bicyclists would decrease the likelihood that accidents
occur?
10
Number of responders

0
1 2 3 4 5
Rate of significance (1 is insignificant and 5 is significant)

This is the results taken from a survey of 17 people at Purdue. The survey shows that students at Purdue
believe that installing bike rails separating cyclists from pedestrians will have a significant effect on the
likelihoods of accidents to occur.

We are also pointing to a peer-reviewed journal paper that analyses pedestrian-bicycle collisions in
college campus settings that indicate that some of the most hazardous places are the shared paths
between cyclists and pedestrians. “Unlike the campus danger zones, multiuse paths are difficult to
isolate as point locations/hotspots. Instead, they are usually dispersed around the entire campus area,
acting as corridors for transporting pedestrians and bicyclists from one part of the campus to another. To
be safe for all users, such paths should provide adequate width and appropriate pavements for everyone,
have separate lanes for bicyclists and pedestrians” (Loukaitou-Sideris, et al.). Another study looked at
the different designs of pedestrian and bicycle interactions at college campuses. The thesis suggests that
creating a barrier such as a curb between the cycling lanes and pedestrian lanes could be an effective
way of reducing pedestrian-cyclist collisions (Dobbs, G).
Data analysis results

40
The data collected in the survey shows that students believe that creating a barrier between cyclists and
pedestrians can be an effective way of reducing collisions between cyclists and pedestrians. The
previous research conducted supports this solution and suggests that separating the two paths by a
physical barrier will help reduce collisions between the two parties.

Conclusions including justification of how well this solution meets the relevant criteria/constraints
The conclusions that can be drawn from the data collected and the research conducted on the topic
suggests that creating a physical barrier between cyclists and pedestrians can be an effective way of
reducing collisions between the two parties. While the research predicts promising results with regards
to the criteria that it would reduce collisions, research also shows that pedestrians are unlikely to follow
traffic regulations (Ivan, et al.), which could render the solution ineffective. The construction time is
relatively low but would limit accessibility during time of construction. The solution could be effective
if implemented correctly, but this would be dependent on pedestrian complying with the set traffic rules,
which would only happen if it is convenient for the pedestrians. The solution would have to be attractive
for pedestrians to adhere to, which is difficult, but the solution could be coupled with an education or
awareness initiative to maximize its potential effectiveness.

3. List references in APA format.

Note: As you work on each milestone in the Design Project, cite references for any external sources you use. For your final
deliverable, you will create a complete reference list that includes references for all milestones.

Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia, et al. “Crashes on and Near College Campuses: A Comparative Analysis of Pedestrian and
Bicyclist Safety.” Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 80, no. 3, 2014, pp. 198–217.,
doi:10.1080/01944363.2014.978354.
Dobbs, G. (2009). Pedestrian and bicycle safety on a college campus: Crash and conflict analyses with recommended design
alternatives for Clemson University (Unpublished master's thesis). Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Retrieved from
[Link]
Ivan, John N., et al. “A Study of Pedestrian Compliance with Traffic Signals for Exclusive and Concurrent Phasing.” Accident
Analysis & Prevention, vol. 98, 2017, pp. 157–166., doi:10.1016/[Link].2016.10.003.

4. Individual Contributions. Individually, each team member should describe his/her own specific,
significant contributions to this milestone (the work above) including why the work is significant
to the team’s performance.
Team member name Team member’s contribution to Milestone #6
Eric Chen  Wrote the survey: wrote out what the survey is asking for
and delivered to a group of friends to be answered.
 Prototype 1 (Waiting Area): Completed the section for
prototype 1, defining the criteria and constraints of the
problem as well as analyzed the data.

Hamdan Sulaiman Conducted the survey related to light counter.

Completed the section for prototype 2, defining the criteria
and constraints of the problem as well as analyzed the data.

41
Team member name Team member’s contribution to Milestone #6

Fred Arentz Wrote solution 3. Found two papers that help support a
physical barrier to reduce collisions, but also a paper that
implies that pedestrians will not adhere to rules if it is an
inconvenience for them to do so.

42
Appendix H: Quantifying Decision Making
Team #: A
Question Your work will be graded on completion of the following objectives:
2,4  PS03: Explain key specifications (in terms of criteria and constraints) that address what the client wants and
what the user needs.
3  PC04: Present all visual representations (figures, images, sketches or prototypes) to clearly convey meaning
by labeling key components to show their form and function.
4  EB04: Justify chosen metrics and the corresponding assigned weights to evaluate potential solutions, based on
stakeholder needs.
4  EB01: Test prototypes and analyze results to inform comparison of alternative solutions.
5  SQ02: Justify design solution based on how well it meets criteria and constraints.
6  IL05: Format reference list of used sources that is traceable to original sources (APA or MLA are
recommended).
7  TW02: Document all contributions to the team performance with evidence that these contributions are
significant.
2-7  PC05: Fully address all parts of assignment by following instructions and completing all work.
Note: Include in-text citations and a reference list in APA format for all external sources you use. For
additional information, visit [Link]

5. Problem Statement: In the space below, write the final version of your problem statement.
Chief of Police John Cox (the client) wants an implementation that will increase the safety of transport
at Purdue University by reducing collisions of pedestrians, bicyclists, and motor vehicles (the
stakeholders). The solution needs to increase mobility safety on campus and be able to be used by a
diverse population at Purdue. The solution needs to be seamlessly implemented into the Purdue
infrastructure and have a relatively low cost of implementation. A measure of success is a decrease of
accident rates in the chosen area relative to the accident rate in the places where it has not been
implemented. Factors to consider is: days the road or infrastructure was closed, maximum negative
impact on travel time for any of the commuters relative to the greatest improvement, and how much the
implementation costs weighed against the benefit of reduced accident rate (damaged property, police
time, traffic due to accidents).
Consider the different solution ideas that your team has developed as potential ideas for your project.
What is the worst solution in terms of meeting the criteria for your final design? What is the best solution
in terms of meeting the criteria for your final design? How do you know?
In this activity, you will gather appropriate evidence for the design criteria determined for your project.
This activity will develop more evidence you will need for your final project deliverables. You will
evaluate three of your potential solutions to determine which one best meets the project goals, criteria and
constraints.

6. Summary of criteria: In the space below, describe the criteria you used to evaluate your top
three design ideas. Focus on the criteria described in your problem statement. Include the
design criteria required in the project description. Identify specific, quantitative metrics for each
criterion. Explain how the data was generated for these quantitative metrics and how it will be

43
 interpreted. This should be an updated version of Part 2 in Milestone 5 if you determined some
improvements were needed.
Criteria Criteria Quantitative Data generation Explanation of the
(one or two description or metrics* and/or collection metrics – How to
words) explanation interpret the data (tie
it to the criteria)
Safety The solution The number of Pedestrians who get A lower number of
should not put injuries/ into an accident while accidents will mean
users in danger accidents using our solution can that the pedestrians are
or at risk of pedestrians are vote against the safer when crossing
injury. involved in. solution online. the streets.
Ease of The solution People of all ages Surveys about using The amount of
Usage should be easy should be able to walk signs and using comprehension is
to understand use it. our solution, such as comparable to the
and use by the “waiting areas” can be understanding/compre
diverse distributed. In it people hension demonstrated
population at can be asked how easy by an adult person
Purdue. it is for them to
understand the usage of
our solution as
compared to using walk
signs. This will tell us
the level of complexity
we should aim for.
Ethicality The solution Reports of People who feel like If people feel like their
needs to fulfill confidentiality to their privacy is being personal information
user enforcement on violated are reported to is being taken without
satisfaction that campus. enforcement officers proper reasoning, then
doesn’t breach online. they can complain to
their own the officers and
standard of determine a new
privacy. solution method that
can address the issue
at hand.
Low cost The solution Cost of materials Receipts by the goods Cost of the goods and
and should be cost and installation. and services purchased services that are able
seamless effective and to install the designs to be contracted for a
implementat implementation into the system. short amount of time
ion shouldn’t take signifying the quick,
a lot of time. installation of the
design.

* Sometimes metrics are not evident or straightforward and you will have to come up with your own.
Do not be afraid to do so.

44
 7. Experimental or Test Plan and results: In the spaces below, summarize the evaluation plan
and the experimental data you collected for your top three solution ideas from Milestones 4-6.
Use as much space as needed to clearly to provide specific details of your evaluation. For each
proposed solution, list your criteria and constraints. Include the results in the tables. This
should be an updated version of Part 2 in Milestone 6 if you determined some improvements
were needed.

Solution Idea #1 – Name, Description, and Prototype Representation. Include images, photos,
sketches, etc. of your prototypes as appropriate.
Bike Rails: A physical barrier would be placed between the cycling and pedestrian paths on campus.
This would remind cyclists and pedestrians to stay within their allocated space and also prevent either
party from swerving into the other lanes, preventing collisions.

Evaluation plan for evaluate how well your solution meets the criteria and constraints of the
problem.
The solution must decrease the rate of pedestrian-cyclist collisions and reduce the possibility of this
happening (criteria). The solution should decrease the proportion of pedestrians using the space
allocated for bicyclists and take as little construction time as possible. The solution, must not, however,
limit the accessibility of any parts of campus (constraint). For example, there must be some breaks in
the barrier such that pedestrians and cyclists can both access both sides of campus (this would be most
relevant north of Purdue Mall).

Data you collected for your plan.

Do you believe that bike rails for pedestrians and
bicyclists would decrease the likelihood that accidents
occur?
10
Number of responders

0
1 2 3 4 5
Rate of significance (1 is insignificant and 5 is significant)

45
This is the results taken from a survey of 17 people at Purdue. The survey shows that students at Purdue
believe that installing bike rails separating cyclists from pedestrians will have a significant effect on the
likelihoods of accidents to occur.

We are also pointing to a peer-reviewed journal paper that analyses pedestrian-bicycle collisions in
college campus settings that indicate that some of the most hazardous places are the shared paths
between cyclists and pedestrians. “Unlike the campus danger zones, multiuse paths are difficult to
isolate as point locations/hotspots. Instead, they are usually dispersed around the entire campus area,
acting as corridors for transporting pedestrians and bicyclists from one part of the campus to another.
To be safe for all users, such paths should provide adequate width and appropriate pavements for
everyone, have separate lanes for bicyclists and pedestrians” (Loukaitou-Sideris, et al.). Another study
looked at the different designs of pedestrian and bicycle interactions at college campuses. The thesis
suggests that creating a barrier such as a curb between the cycling lanes and pedestrian lanes could be
an effective way of reducing pedestrian-cyclist collisions (Dobbs, G).
Conclusions based on your evidence.
The data collected in the survey shows that students believe that creating a barrier between cyclists and
pedestrians can be an effective way of reducing collisions between cyclists and pedestrians. The
previous research conducted supports this solution and suggests that separating the two paths by a
physical barrier will help reduce collisions between the two parties.
The conclusions that can be drawn from the data collected and the research conducted on the topic
suggests that creating a physical barrier between cyclists and pedestrians can be an effective way of
reducing collisions between the two parties. While the research predicts promising results with regards
to the criteria that it would reduce collisions, research also shows that pedestrians are unlikely to follow
traffic regulations (Ivan, et al.), which could render the solution ineffective. The construction time is
relatively low but would limit accessibility during time of construction. The solution could be effective
if implemented correctly, but this would be dependent on pedestrian complying with the set traffic
rules, which would only happen if it is convenient for the pedestrians. The solution would have to be
attractive for pedestrians to adhere to, which is difficult, but the solution could be coupled with an
education or awareness initiative to maximize its potential effectiveness.

Solution Idea #2 – Name, Description, and Prototype Representation. Include images, photos,
sketches, etc. of your prototypes as appropriate.
Waiting Area: Designates waiting areas for pedestrians and bicyclists to restrict the collisions that
occur between the two parties. Bicyclists would take priority in the front of the crosswalk due to the
high speed and pedestrians would stand to the side. People who get off the busses must go to press the
button to cross the road, which will be placed in the pedestrian waiting area.

Evaluation plan for evaluate how well your solution meets the criteria and constraints of the
problem.

46
The criteria and constraints that it must meet are safety, ease of usage, quick implementation/low costs,
and ethicality. Safety comes from less accidents with pedestrians and bicyclists who intersect each
other at the crosswalks as they wait for the light. Another part is to ensure that the pedestrians and
bicyclists don’t jaywalk when cars have the right of way. Ease of usage must apply so that people with
physical restrictions are able to understand how the waiting areas work. This will be accomplished by
making the symbol clear on where to stand, no matter the weather. It will be done with a separate color
or to have a vertical pole establishing where the area is. Low costs and quick implementation will be a
quick installation of a post or to paint the area onto the existing corner. Ethicality will not be an issue as
it doesn’t infringe onto someone’s privacy be requiring personal information to use.
Data you collected for your plan.

Conclusions based on your evidence.

Of the responses, many believe that the likelihood that accidents will decrease if waiting areas are
implemented. However, only 46.2% of the responses will use the design if it was implemented. That
means that 53.8% of the sample would not use the design despite stating that it will be effective in
lowering the likelihood that accidents occur.
There doesn’t seem to be an issue with costly implementation and ethicality as the school is already
used to the investment done on the construction on campus. Many believe that it will not be an issue to
use, but the issue is that people don’t want to use it. The pedestrian’s and bicyclist’s own personal
judgment of safety precedes the traffic law and would rather have people cross around them than to
move themselves into a safer area. Concerns that were raised were behavioral usage of the prototype

47
and that there would not be enough space to implement the prototype.

Solution Idea #3 – Name, Description, and Prototype Representation. Include images, photos,
sketches, etc. of your prototypes as appropriate.
Light Counter: A timer will be installed on a traffic signal. It will allow cars to enter the intersection at
a reasonable speed when they encounter a green light. They won’t have to rush directly at the light not
knowing when it may become yellow. It also portrays the timer for red lights, so drivers are more
understanding than impatient.
Evaluation plan for evaluate how well your solution meets the criteria and constraints of the
problem.
The solution needs to increase mobility safety on campus, be able to be used by a diverse population at
Purdue and keep drivers more informed about the time interval between changing of traffic lights, it
should decrease the urge to break yellow lights. This solution, however must not be distractive in
nature, like a siren/ noise to mark the start and end of a traffic light, must not crowd the traffic signal
with a lot information that it becomes difficult for driver to know where to look. The solution must be
seamlessly implemented into the system, without creating road blocks and problems for any drivers.
The cost implementation must be low, and it should not take a lot of time to be implemented.
Data you collected for your plan.

The Stroop Effect was tested on five volunteers. The test was conducted by flashing the name of colors
which were of a different color (either red, green or yellow). For the first round, the volunteers were
required to say out loud the color they saw irrespective of what the word they read (example: RED, the
answer is blue) under 5 seconds. For the second round, the volunteers were required to say out loud the
name of the color they read, irrespective of the color (example: YELLOW, the answer is yellow) under
5 second
Conclusions based on your evidence.
The test was conducted to check what might interfere in the reaction time of a driver. The reaction time
was not considered, instead the test was conducted to check what a person processes more correctly,
color or words? This was the case because in the prototype the timer would be next to the traffic lights,

48
hence we wanted to check whether a person would process the traffic light more correctly or the
numbers displayed on a timer if they were at high speed for example. Looking at the results, it does not
seem that adding a timer would make any difference, considering that the volunteers were correct more
times when they were saying out loud the colors they saw. But then this solution does not decrease
safety in anyway, nor is it distracting, instead it is an added measure to increase safety. It shouldn’t be
too costly to implement this system, nor should it take a lot of time.

8. Weighted Decision Matrix. Use a weighted decision matrix to evaluate your design solutions.
The weighted decision matrix is a tool for evaluating and prioritizing options in a systematic
way (ENGR 131 Course Glossary). Submit an Excel sheet with your weighted decision matrix
as part of Assignment 19.
a. Part 1: List and weigh criteria, determine metrics and targets, and determine
relationships.
i. List the criteria
ii. Weigh the criteria
iii. Determine the metrics
iv. Determine the targets
v. Determine the relationships between criteria and metrics
b. Part 2: Compare the design solutions and calculate a score for each alternative.
i. Give scores to each design alternative
ii. Calculate a weighted total for each alternative.
c. Part 3: Evaluate the results

9. Top solution idea: Based on your specific, data-driven evaluation above, identify and clearly
describe your top solution idea in the space below. If needed, insert images, photos, sketches,
charts from data analysis, etc. Be sure to provide a written justification as to why this solution
idea is the top prospect (remember the criteria and constraints).

The top solution idea is to install biking railings to isolate sidewalks from biking lanes. It is tied for the
highest safety score. Bike lanes would focus upon the pedestrians’ and bicyclists’ traffic and would not
affect the vehicles. The light counter may incentivize pedestrians and bicyclists to jaywalk as they can
see how much longer before the light changes into their favor. It is easy to use as it would not affect
much of the pedestrian behavior as it only physically inhibits them from moving. Ethically, all three
prototypes don’t take personal information from the users and thus will not draw any concerns. Waiting
areas will be the least expensive as it only covers the cost of paint while the light counter would have a
costly reprogramming and reinstallation. Bike barriers would span across the lengths of the sidewalks
but are overall inexpensive. For the ease of installation, waiting areas can be done within one month as
it only requires painting and drying. It may take longer for bike rails as it would need to install over a
period, which can be coincided with the State St. Project. The light counter would take the longest to
get used to.

10. List references in APA format.

49
Note: As you work on each milestone in the Design Project cite references for any external sources you use. For your final
deliverable, you will create a complete reference list that includes references for all milestones.
Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia, et al. “Crashes on and Near College Campuses: A Comparative Analysis of Pedestrian and
Bicyclist Safety.” Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 80, no. 3, 2014, pp. 198–217.,
doi:10.1080/01944363.2014.978354.
Dobbs, G. (2009). Pedestrian and bicycle safety on a college campus: Crash and conflict analyses with recommended design
alternatives for Clemson University (Unpublished master's thesis). Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Retrieved from
[Link]
Ivan, John N., et al. “A Study of Pedestrian Compliance with Traffic Signals for Exclusive and Concurrent Phasing.” Accident
Analysis & Prevention, vol. 98, 2017, pp. 157–166., doi:10.1016/[Link].2016.10.003.

11. Individual Contributions. Individually, each team member should describe his/her own
specific, significant contributions to this milestone (the work above) including how the team
member’s contribution was significant to the overall team performance.
Team member name Team member’s contribution to Milestone #7
Fred Arentz All of Prototype 1 (Bike Rails). Copied and pasted the
problem statement and criteria. Co-completed the top
solutions idea.
Eric Chen All of Prototype 2 (Waiting Areas). Elaborated upon
reasoning of the data collected. Co-completed the top
solutions idea.
Hamdan Sulaiman All of Prototype 3 (Light Counter). Formatted the Excel
Sheet to accommodate for the criteria that were stated above.

50
Appendix I: Iteration
Team #: ___A________ Save this file with
the file name Milestone8_teamnum.docx.
Question Your work will be graded on completion of the following objectives:
2,3  PS03: Explain key specifications (in terms of criteria and constraints) that address what the client wants and
what the user needs.
3  EB05: Present findings from iterative testing or optimization efforts used to further improve aspect
or performance of a solution
3  PC04: Present all visual representations (figures, images, sketches or prototypes) to clearly convey meaning
by labeling key components to show their form and function.
4  DV04: Prepare a table for technical presentation with proper formatting.
4  DV02: Select appropriate graphical representation of dataset based on data characteristics such as numerical
(discrete or continuous) or categorical (ordinal or nominal)
4  DV05: Prepare a chart for technical presentation with proper formatting, including title, axes labels,
appropriately scaled axes, units and appropriate markers
4  SQ01: Use accurate, scientific, mathematical, and/or technical concepts, units, and/or data in
solutions. .
4  SQ02: Justify design solution based on how well it meets criteria and constraints.
5  IL05: Format reference list of used sources that is traceable to original sources (APA or MLA are
recommended).
6  TW02: Document all contributions to the team performance with evidence that these contributions are
significant.
Note: Include in-text citations and a reference list in APA format for all external sources you use. For
additional information, visit [Link]

12. Problem Statement: In the space below, write your final problem statement.
Chief of Police John Cox (the client) wants an implementation that will increase the safety of transport
at Purdue University by reducing collisions of pedestrians, bicyclists, and motor vehicles (the
stakeholders). The solution needs to, increase mobility safety on campus, be used by a diverse
population at Purdue, be seamlessly implemented into the Purdue infrastructure, and have a relatively
low cost of implementation. The measure of success will be determined by a decrease of accident rates
in the chosen area relative to the accident rates in the places where it has not been implemented. Other
factors that have an impact on the measure of success are: days the road or infrastructure were closed,
maximum negative impact on travel time for any of the commuters relative to the greatest
improvement, and how much the implementation costs weighed against the benefit of reduced accident
rate (damaged property, police time, traffic due to accidents).

How has your problem statement changed as a result of your work on M6 and M7?
The solution sentences were combined to become one single sentence, listing off the criteria and
constraints, to make it easier to interpret as a single idea. An addition to the problem statement is the
other factors that measure the success are included, but weighted less than the overall safety of mobility
safety. This was emphasized by putting it into two separate sentences rather than listing it off such as
the criteria and constraints.

51
OVERVIEW OF MILESTONE 8:
You will return to the prototype chosen by the Weighted Decision Matrix in M7 and, through iteration,
improve it based on the knowledge and experience you have accumulated. The improvements to the
prototype will enhance how your solution meets the project goals, criteria and constraints. You may want
to make a new and improved prototype, rather than just an improved one. You will need to test your
updated prototype as well.

13. Summary of criteria: In the space below, describe the criteria you will use to evaluate your top
design idea. Focus on the criteria described in your problem statement. Include the design
criteria required in the project description. Identify specific, quantitative metrics for each
criterion. Explain how the prototype will generate data for these quantitative metrics.
Criteria and Criteria Quantitative Data generation Explanation of the
importance description or metrics* and/or collection metrics – How to
explanation interpret the data (tie
it to the criteria)
Safety The solution The number Pedestrians who get A lower number of
should not put of injuries/ into an accident while accidents will mean
users in danger accidents using our solution can that the pedestrians are
or at risk of pedestrians vote against the safer when crossing
injury. are involved solution online. the streets
in.

Ease of Usage The solution People of all Surveys about using The amount of
should be easy ages should walk signs and using comprehension is
to understand be able to use our solution, such as comparable to the
and use by the it “waiting areas” can be understanding/compre
diverse distributed. In it people hension demonstrated
population at can be asked how easy by an adult person
Purdue. it is for them to
understand the usage of
our solution as
compared to using walk
signs. This will tell us
the level of complexity
we should aim for.

Ethicality The solution Reports of People who feel like If people feel like their
needs to fulfill confidentiality their privacy is being personal information
user to violated are reported to is being taken without
satisfaction enforcement enforcement officers proper reasoning, then
that doesn’t on campus. online. they can complain to
breach their the officers and
own standard determine a new
of privacy solution method that
can address the issue
at hand
Low cost and The solution Cost of Receipts by the goods Cost of the goods and
seamless should be cost materials and and services purchased services that are able

52
 implementation effective and installation to install the designs to be contracted for a
implementation into the system. short amount of time
shouldn’t take signifying the quick,
a lot of time installation of the
design.

* Sometimes metrics are not evident or straightforward and you will have to come up with your own.
Do not be afraid to do so.
14. Prototype Experimental or Test Plan and results: In the spaces below, describe how you will
improve the prototype/model you selected in Milestone #7 and the evaluation plan. For the
proposed solution, list your criteria and constraints relevant to that solution idea. Use as much
space as needed to clearly to provide specific details of your evaluation, including the method,
frequency, and explanation of your data collection. Be specific about what improvements were
made to the prototype and the evaluation plan and use data to justify why those improvements
were made.

Improved Final Solution Idea – Name, Description, and Prototype Representation. Include images,
photos, sketches, etc. of your prototypes as appropriate.

Bike Rails: A physical barrier would be placed between the cycling and pedestrian paths on campus. This
would remind cyclists and pedestrians to stay within their allocated space and prevent either party from
swerving into the other lanes, preventing collisions.

The materials and costs to build the barrier would be:

 Mr. Chain 95403-6 Deluxe Ground Pole, 2-1/2” Diameter x 35” Height, Black (Pack of 6)
o $58.68 (Amazon) [Link]
Diameter/dp/B00ELMNJOC
 Mr. Chain Plastic Barrier Chain, 2” Diameter, 100’ Length, Black
o $51.83 (Amazon) [Link]
Diameter/dp/B005DM332W/ref=pd_bxgy_328_2?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=B005DM33
X6&pd_rd_r=7272c13d-f4d3-11e8-ba3b-
bd19b2ab9d5f&pd_rd_w=8DUUQ&pd_rd_wg=raBob&pf_rd_i=desktop-dp-
sims&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_p=6725dbd6-9917-451d-beba-
16af7874e407&pf_rd_r=33R7Q8BAAD0DHZNKVAE6&pf_rd_s=desktop-dp-
sims&pf_rd_t=40701&refRID=33R7Q8BAAD0DHZNKVAE6&th=1
 Mr. Chain 50303-25 S-Hook, 2", Black (Pack of 25)
o $11.04 (Amazon) [Link]
Black/dp/B01H6JWUU0/ref=sr_1_3?s=industrial&ie=UTF8&qid=1543684428&sr=1-
3&keywords=S-hooks+mr.+Chain

53
  Installation
o $3-$13/linear ft (ImproveNet) [Link]
installation-cost

Useful Measurements:
 Spacing between Fence Poles 6 feet – 20 feet (HomeGuides) [Link]
[Link]
 Use the “Measure Distance” Tool in Google Maps

Things to keep in mind:

 Height must be between 2.5’-3’ tall
o Prevent people from intentionally jumping over or going under the fence
 Terminal Poles would include designs to make it personalized
o State St. Each Major (Include those close to PMU for ENGR if needed)
o Stadium Ave. Each sport
o Engineering Mall. Each pole would be for Purdue personalization
 Engineering Mall poles would have easy to remove chains by staff
o More linear movement during tailgates as lines are forming

Criteria and constraints for this solution idea

The solution must decrease the rate of pedestrian-cyclist collisions and reduce the possibility of this
happening (criteria). The solution should decrease the proportion of pedestrians using the space allocated
for bicyclists and take as little construction time as possible. The solution, must not, however, limit the
accessibility of any parts of campus (constraint). For example, there must be some breaks in the barrier
such that pedestrians and cyclists can both access both sides of campus (this would be most relevant north
of Purdue Mall).

Improved Evaluation Plan

Our new evaluation plan would be designing the bike barriers using Google Earth and AutoDesk to
generate a bike rail directly onto the map of Purdue. It would simulate the amount of space that it would
take up as well as the construction space that it would take up for a period of time. It will also help
estimating a price for the total amount of cost that would take to implement this into the campus.

New Data to be Collected

The survey will be improved upon by providing background information to the costs and specific
developments in the types of rails that will be used. It provides more context than Milestone 7, allowing
the audience to understand what the construction will include and how the public will perceive these rails
as an increase in safety on campus.

In addition, we will be using a peer-reviewed journal paper that analyses pedestrian-bicycle collisions in
college campus settings that indicate that some of the most hazardous places are the shared paths between
cyclists and pedestrians. “Unlike the campus danger zones, multiuse paths are difficult to isolate as point
locations/hotspots. Instead, they are usually dispersed around the entire campus area, acting as corridors
for transporting pedestrians and bicyclists from one part of the campus to another. To be safe for all users,
such paths should provide adequate width and appropriate pavements for everyone, have separate lanes
for bicyclists and pedestrians” (Loukaitou-Sideris, et al.). Another study looked at the different designs of
pedestrian and bicycle interactions at college campuses. The thesis suggests that creating a barrier such as

54
a curb between the cycling lanes and pedestrian lanes could be an effective way of reducing pedestrian-
cyclist collisions (Dobbs, G).

15. Data Analysis. Evaluate your improved prototype. Use data analysis tools and visualization
techniques previously learned in this course to analyze the results of your evaluation and develop
compelling evidence that your iterated solution meets the criteria and constraints and solves the
problem. Draw conclusions about the iterated solution based on your improved tests and
evaluation of the data. When the evaluation is complete, enter the results below.
Data analysis results
The data collected in the survey shows that students believe that creating a barrier between cyclists and
pedestrians can be an effective way of reducing collisions between cyclists and pedestrians. The
previous research conducted supports this solution and suggests that separating the two paths by a
physical barrier will help reduce collisions between the two parties.

The conclusions that can be drawn from the data collected and the research conducted on the topic
suggests that creating a physical barrier between cyclists and pedestrians can be an effective way of
reducing collisions between the two parties. While the research predicts promising results with regards
to the criteria that it would reduce collisions, research also shows that pedestrians are unlikely to follow
traffic regulations (Ivan, et al.), which could render the solution ineffective. The construction time is
relatively low but would limit accessibility during time of construction. The solution could be effective
if implemented correctly, but this would be dependent on pedestrian complying with the set traffic
rules, which would only happen if it is convenient for the pedestrians. The solution would have to be
attractive for pedestrians to adhere to, which is difficult, but the solution could be coupled with an
education or awareness initiative to maximize its potential effectiveness.
Conclusions including justification of how well this solution meets the relevant criteria/constraints,
including improvements in the iterated design
Bike railings is the top design to integrate onto the school campus to improve campus mobility safety,
in a quick, seamless manner, which would not infringe on the morals of privacy. It isolates the
pedestrians from accidentally walking into the bike lane, which has bikers and electric scooters that
have trouble dodging large groups of people. Distracted people, either pedestrians and/or bicyclists, can
be easily distracted by their phones as they travel for a distance that will take longer than 10 minutes,
depending on their mode of transportation. This typically occurs in the form of music where they are
unable to hear bells from the bicyclists or their cautionary signals. However, there are also people that
are staring down into their phones, which allow them to start swaying side to side, making it harder for
bicyclists to get past them. Bike rails would physically restrain them from accidentally walking into
these lanes, making it safer for both parties from crashing into each other.
Other factors that are taking into account are its ease of usage, ethicality, and low cost/seamless
implementation. Bike rails are simply just physical barriers that prevent people from walking into a
dangerous situation. It does not require multiple steps to use as the only thing would just be to catch
pedestrians in their moment of intention to sway them towards the pedestrian lane. It will be ethical as

55
it doesn’t use positioning data to locate pedestrians or bicyclists, and thus private data is not being used
or shared. Despite not being the quickest installation process, it would be relatively quick as sections of
the campus can be done at once, and can be managed to be finished within a week.

The top solution idea is to install biking railings to isolate sidewalks from biking lanes. It is tied for the
highest safety score. Bike lanes would focus upon the pedestrians’ and bicyclists’ traffic and would not
affect the vehicles. The light counter may incentivize pedestrians and bicyclists to jaywalk as they can
see how much longer before the light changes into their favor. It is easy to use as it would not affect
much of the pedestrian behavior as it only physically inhibits them from moving. Ethically, all three
prototypes don’t take personal information from the users and thus will not draw any concerns. Waiting
areas will be the least expensive as it only covers the cost of paint while the light counter would have a
costly reprogramming and reinstallation. Bike barriers would span across the lengths of the sidewalks
but are overall inexpensive. For the ease of installation, waiting areas can be done within one month as
it only requires painting and drying. It may take longer for bike rails as it would need to install over a
period, which can be coincided with the State St. Project. The light counter would take the longest to
get used to.

16. List references in APA or MLA format.

Note: As you work on each milestone in the Design Project cite references for any external sources you use. For your final
deliverable, you will create a complete reference list that includes references for all milestones.
Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia, et al. “Crashes on and Near College Campuses: A Comparative Analysis of Pedestrian and
Bicyclist Safety.” Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 80, no. 3, 2014, pp. 198–217.,
doi:10.1080/01944363.2014.978354
Dobbs, G. (2009). Pedestrian and bicycle safety on a college campus: Crash and conflict analyses with recommended design
alternatives for Clemson University (Unpublished master's thesis). Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Retrieved from
[Link]

Ivan, John N., et al. “A Study of Pedestrian Compliance with Traffic Signals for Exclusive and Concurrent Phasing.” Accident
Analysis & Prevention, vol. 98, 2017, pp. 157–166., doi:10.1016/[Link].2016.10.003

56
 17. Individual Contributions. Individually, each team member should describe his/her own specific,
significant contributions to this milestone (the work above).
Team member name Team member’s contribution to Milestone #8
Eric Chen Edited “Improve Evaluation Plan” to understand what is
being done to the survey along with they information that will
need to be included to provide context. In addition, edited the
problem statement.
Fred Arentz Provided sources to use for the context of the survey as well
as generated the prototype for both physically and the Google
Earth Model.
Hamdan Sulaiman Edited portions of Milestone 7 to be improved in our analysis
of Milestone 8

57
References and Captions

Amazon. (n.d.). Mr. Chain 50303-25 S-Hook, 2", Black (Pack of 25): [Link]: Industrial
& Scientific. Retrieved from [Link]
Black/dp/B01H6JWUU0/

Amazon. (n.d.). Mr. Chain 95403-6 Deluxe Ground Pole, 2-1/2" Diameter x 35" Height, Black
(Pack of 6): Industrial Safety Chain Barriers: [Link]: Industrial & Scientific.
Retrieved from [Link]
Diameter/dp/B00ELMNJOC

Amazon. (n.d.). Mr. Chain Plastic Barrier Chain, 2" Diameter, 100' Length, Black: Industrial
Safety Chain Barriers: [Link]: Industrial & Scientific. Retrieved from
[Link]

American Society of Civil Engineers. (n.d.). Code of Ethics. Retrieved from

[Link]

Dobbs, G. (2009). Pedestrian and bicycle safety on a college campus: Crash and conflict
analyses with recommended design alternatives for Clemson University (Unpublished
master's thesis). Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Retrieved from
[Link]

FreeAdvice Legal. (n.d.). Indiana Auto Accidents: How Are They Handled? Retrieved from
[Link]

ImproveNet. (2017, October 26). 2018 Average Cost for a Fence Installation | Cost to Build a
Privacy Fence. Retrieved from [Link]
installation-cost

Ivan, John N., et al. “A Study of Pedestrian Compliance with Traffic Signals for Exclusive and
Concurrent Phasing.” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 98, 2017, pp. 157–166.,
doi:10.1016/[Link].2016.10.003

Kelley, J. (2013, August 14). Fence Post Spacing Guide. Retrieved from
[Link]

Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia, et al. “Crashes on and Near College Campuses: A Comparative

Analysis of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety.” Journal of the American Planning
Association, vol. 80, no. 3, 2014, pp. 198–217., doi:10.1080/01944363.2014.978354.

58
Mr. Chain. (n.d.). Plastic Stanchions & Plastic Chains Manufacturer. Retrieved from
[Link]

Musick, K. (2012, October 31). Bike lanes at Purdue deemed ineffective by students. Retrieved
from Purdue Exponent: [Link]
[Link]

Queally, J., John, P. S., Oreskes, B., & Zahniser, D. (2017, August 28). Violence by far-left
protesters in Berkeley sparks alarm - Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from
[Link]

59