OVERVIEW
● ‘The Brainstem Rules of Four’ is an approach to the anatomic localisation of
brainstem lesions developed by Dr Peter Gates
● Pathways that pass through the entire length of the brainstem and can be likened
to ‘meridians of longitude‘ whereas the various cranial nerves can be regarded as
‘parallels of latitude‘.
● If you establish where the meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude intersect
then you have established the site of the lesion.
THE FOUR RULES In the rule of 4 there are 4 rules
1. There are 4 structures in the ‘midline‘ beginning with M
2. There are 4 structures to the ‘side‘ (lateral) beginning with S
3. There are 4 cranial nerves in the medulla, 4 in the pons and 4 above the pons(2 in
the midbrain)
4. The 4 motor nuclei that are in the midline are those that divide equally into 12
except for 1 and 2 , that is 3, 4, 6 and 12 (5, 7, 9 and 11 are in the lateral
brainstem)
MEDIAL STRUCTURES
The 4 medial structures and the associated deficits are:
1. Motor pathway (or corticospinal tract): contralateral weakness of the arm and leg
2. Medial Lemniscus: contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception in the arm and
leg
3. Medial longitudinal fasciculus: ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (failure of
adduction of the ipsilateral eye towards the nose and nystagmus in the opposite
eye as it looks laterally)
4. Motor nucleus and nerve: ipsilateral loss of the cranial nerve that is affected (3, 4,
6 or 12)
SIDE (i.e. LATERAL) STRUCTURES
The 4 ‘side’ (lateral) structures and the associated deficits are:
1. Spinocerebellar pathway: ipsilateral ataxia of the arm and leg
2. Spinothalamic pathway: contralateral alteration of pain and temperature affecting
the arm, leg and rarely the trunk
3. Sensory nucleus of the 5th cranial nerve: ipsilateral alteration of pain and
temperature on the face in the distribution of the 5th cranial nerve (this nucleus is
a long vertical structure that extends in the lateral aspect of the pons down into the
medulla)
4. Sympathetic pathway: ipsilateral Homer’s syndrome, that is partial ptosis and a
small pupil (miosis)
CRANIAL NERVES The 4 cranial nerves in the medulla are CN912:
1. Glossopharyngeal (CN9): ipsilateral loss of pharyngeal sensation
2. Vagus (CN10): ipsilateral palatal weakness
3. Spinal accessory (CN11): ipsilateral weakness of the trapezius and
stemocleidomastoid muscles
4. Hypoglossal (CN12): ipsilateral weakness of the tongue
The 12th cranial nerve is the motor nerve in the midline of the medulla. Although the 9th, 10th
and 11th cranial nerves have motor components, they do not divide evenly into 12 (using our
rule) and are thus not the medial motor nerves.
The 4 cranial nerves in the pons are CN58:
1. Trigeminal (CN5): ipsilateral alteration of pain, temperature and light touch on the
face back as far as the anterior twothirds of the scalp and sparing the angle of the
jaw.
2. Abducent (CN6): ipsilateral weakness of abduction (lateral movement) of the eye
(lateral rectus).
3. Facial (CN7): ipsilateral facial weakness.
4. Auditory (CN8): ipsilateral [Link] 6th cranial nerve is the motor nerve in the
medial pons.
The 7th is a motor nerve but it also carries pathways of taste, and using the rule of 4 it does not
divide equally in to 12 and thus it is not a motor nerve that is in the midline. The vestibular
portion of the 8th nerve is not included in order to keep the concept simple and to avoid
confusion. Nausea and vomiting and vertigo are often more common with involvement of the
vestibular connections in the lateral medulla.
The 4 cranial nerves above the pons are CN14:
1. Olfactory (CN1): not in midbrain.
2. Optic (CN2): not in midbrain.
3. Oculomotor (CN3): impaired adduction, supradduction and infradduction of the
ipsilateral eye with or without a dilated pupil. The eye is turned out and slightly
down.
4. Trochlear (CN4): eye unable to look down when the eye is looking in towards the
nose (superior oblique).The 3rd and 4th cranial nerves are the motor nerves in the
midbrain.
INTERPRETATION
Localisation and brainstem syndromes
● a medial brainstem syndrome will consist of the 4 M’s and the relevant motor
cranial nerves
● a lateral brainstem syndrome will consist of the 4 S’s and either the 911th cranial
nerve if the lesion is in the medulla, or the 5th, 7th and 8th cranial nerve if the
lesion is in the pons.
● If there are signs of both a lateral and a medial (paramedian) brainstem syndrome,
then one needs to consider a basilar artery problem, possibly an occlusion.
These syndromes correlate with the blood supply of the brainstem:
1. paramedian branches — lesions cause medial (or paramedian) brainstem
syndromes
2. long circumferential branches (SAP) — lesions cause lateral brainstem syndromes
(can also occur with unilateral vertebral artery occlusion)
● superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
● anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
● posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Brainstem Rules of 4
by Chris Nickson , Last updated January 23, 2015
Hands up who enjoyed learning the anatomy of the brainstem in medical school?
Hmm, thought so.
In 2005, Peter Gates published a superb paper titled:
‘The rule of 4 of the brainstem: a simplified method for understanding brainstem
anatomy and brainstem vascular syndromes for the nonneurologist’.
Gates described a simplified method for answering the question ‘Where is the lesion?’ using
only the parts of the brainstem that we actually examine during a clinical examination to
understand brainstem vascular syndromes.
Firstly, a quick review of the blood supply of the brainstem. Simply put the blood supply comes
from:
1. paramedian branches
2. long circumferential branches (SAP)
● superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
● anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
● posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
And occlusion of these two groups of vessels results in two distinct types of brainstem
syndrome:
1. medial (or paramedian) brainstem syndromes
2. ( due to paramedian branch occlusion)
3. lateral brainstem syndromes
4. ( due to occlusion of the circumferential branches, also occasionally seen in
unilateral vertebral occlusion)
And now the rules. If you can remember these rules the diagnosis of brainstem vascular
syndromes becomes a pitifully simple exercise (?!) – here’s how it works:
In the rule of 4 there are 4 rules
1. There are 4 structures in the ‘ midline ‘ beginning with M
2. There are 4 structures to the ‘ side ‘ (lateral) beginning with S
3. There are 4 cranial nerves in the medulla , 4 in the pons and 4
above the pons (2 in the midbrain)
4. The 4 motor nuclei that are in the midline are those that divide
equally into 12 except for 1 and 2 , that is 3, 4, 6 and 12
5. (5, 7, 9 and 11 are in the lateral brainstem)
The 4 medial structures and the associated deficits are:
1. Motor pathway (or corticospinal tract):
2. contralateral weakness of the arm and leg
3. Medial Lemniscus :
4. contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception in the arm and leg
5. Medial longitudinal fasciculus :
6. ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
7. (failure of adduction of the ipsilateral eye towards the nose and nystagmus in the
opposite eye as it looks laterally)
8. Motor nucleus and nerve :
9. ipsilateral loss of the cranial nerve that is affected ( 3, 4, 6 or 12 )
The 4 ‘side’ (lateral) structures and the associated deficits are:
1. Spinocerebellar pathway :
2. ipsilateral ataxia of the arm and leg
3. Spinothalamic pathway :
4. contralateral alteration of pain and temperature affecting the arm, leg and rarely
the trunk
5. Sensory nucleus of the 5th cranial nerve :
6. ipsilateral alteration of pain and temperature on the face in the distribution
7. of the 5th cranial nerve
8. (this nucleus is a long vertical structure that extends in the lateral aspect of the
pons down into the medulla)
9. Sympathetic pathway :
10. ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome, that is partial ptosis and a small pupil (miosis)
According to Gates:
These pathways pass through the entire length of the brainstem and can be
likened to ‘ meridians of longitude ‘ whereas the various cranial nerves can be
regarded as ‘ parallels of latitude ‘. If you establish where the meridians of
longitude and parallels of latitude intersect then you have established the site of the
lesion.
The 4 cranial nerves in the medulla are CN912 :
1. Glossopharyngeal ( CN9 ):
2. ipsilateral loss of pharyngeal sensation
3. Vagus ( CN10 ):
4. ipsilateral palatal weakness
5. Spinal accessory ( CN11 ):
6. ipsilateral weakness of the trapezius and stemocleidomastoid muscles
7. Hypoglossal ( CN12 ):
8. ipsilateral weakness of the tongueThe 12th cranial nerve is the motor nerve in the
midline of the medulla. Although the 9th, 10th and 11th cranial nerves have motor
components, they do not divide evenly into 12 (using our rule) and are thus not the
medial motor nerves.
The 4 cranial nerves in the pons are CN58 :
1. Trigeminal ( CN5 ):
2. ipsilateral alteration of pain, temperature and light touch on the face back as far as
the anterior twothirds of the scalp and sparing the angle of the jaw.
3. Abducent ( CN6 ):
4. ipsilateral weakness of abduction (lateral movement) of the eye (lateral rectus).
5. Facial ( CN7 ):
6. ipsilateral facial weakness.
7. Auditory ( CN8 ):
8. ipsilateral [Link] 6th cranial nerve is the motor nerve in the medial pons.
9. The 7th is a motor nerve but it also carries pathways of taste, and using the rule of
4 it does not divide equally in to 12 and thus it is not a motor nerve that is in the
midline.
10. The vestibular portion of the 8th nerve is not included in order to keep the concept
simple and to avoid confusion. Nausea and vomiting and vertigo are often more
common with involvement of the vestibular connections in the lateral medulla.
The 4 cranial nerves above the pons are CN14 :
1. Olfactory ( CN1 ):
2. not in midbrain.
3. Optic ( CN2 ):
4. not in midbrain.
5. Oculomotor ( CN3 ):
6. impaired adduction, supradduction and infradduction of the ipsilateral eye with or
without a dilated pupil.
7. The eye is turned out and slightly down.
8. Trochlear ( CN4 ):
9. eye unable to look down when the eye is looking in towards the nose (superior
oblique).The 3rd and 4th cranial nerves are the motor nerves in the midbrain.
Thus a medial brainstem syndrome will consist of the 4 M’s and the relevant motor cranial
nerves, and a lateral brainstem syndrome will consist of the 4 S’s and either
the 911th cranial nerve if the lesion is in the medulla, or the 5th, 7th and 8th cranial nerve if the
lesion is in the pons.
Handy tip:
If there are signs of both a lateral and a medial (paramedian) brainstem syndrome,
then one needs to consider a basilar artery problem, possibly an occlusion.
I’ll let you mull over these rules until the next ‘brainstem’ post, where you’ll be able to test drive
‘Gates’ Brainstem Rules of 4′ on some clinical scenarios.