PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg.

Work is the product of the magnitude of the force (F) and the parallel distance (d) through which the object moves
o work = force x parallel distance
o W = Fd
o Mechanically, work involves both force and motion
A box is pushed 12.0 m along a level floor. This requires 4500 J of work. What force is used?

Working against something

Energy
0 The ________________ to do work.
0 An object or system that possesses energy has the ability to do work
0 When work is done ____ a system, the amount of energy of the system ________________
0 When work is done ____ a system, the system ______________ energy
0 __________ is the process by which _____________ is transferred from one object to another

Some Forms of Energy

0 _______________ energy – related to the kinetic and potential energies on a molecular level
0 _______________ energy – associated with the motion of electric charges
0 _______________ energy – molecular bonds
0 _______________ energy – ultraviolet radiation, X-rays
0 _______________ energy – rearrangement of nuclei
0 _____________ – breaking apart of larger nuclei
0 _____________ – smaller nuclei are put together
0 ______________ energy – energy associated with the motion or position of an object

Conservation of Energy
0 Five ways to say the same thing:
0 Energy can neither be ____________ nor _____________
0 In ______________ from one form to another, energy is always conserved
0 The ___________ energy of an isolated system remains constant
0 The total energy does not _____________ with time
0 Energy can be changed from one form to another or transferred from one object to another, but it
___________ be “used up” and more ___________ be “made”

Why are “Conservation Laws” important?

Conservation of Mechanical Energy: The total amount of mechanical energy, in a ___________ system remains constant
(as long as there are no forces ________________ the motion)
 PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg. 2

Kinetic Energy - the energy an object possesses because of its ______________; the energy of motion
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
 Work = change in kinetic energy
1 1
𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸2 – 𝐾𝐸1 = 𝑚𝑣2 2 − 𝑚𝑣1 2
2 2
 A 1.0 kg ball is fired from a cannon. What is the change in the ball’s kinetic energy when it accelerates
from 4.0 m/s to 8.0 m/s?

 Auto Braking – Work, Force, Distance

 Distance to stop is ________________ proportional to velocity ___________________.

Potential Energy - the energy an object has because of its _______________ or location, the energy of position
 Gravitational Potential Energy is equal to the work done; this is equal to the weight times the height
𝑃𝐸𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

𝑊 = −∆𝑃𝐸𝑔 = −(𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 )

 Depends only on the initial and final positions

(difference in height - h) and is
________________________ of path

 If we disregard any frictional loss, it takes the

same amount of work (W) to lift a mass (m), no
matter the path

 Reference Point for measuring height

Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy to Evaluate a System

 To simplify we will deal with ideal systems – in which energy is only in two forms – _________________
and ______________________
(𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸)1 = (𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸)2
1 1
(2 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ) = (2 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ)
1 2

 A 0.20 kg stone is dropped from a height of 12.0 m. What will be the kinetic and potential energies of
the stone at the heights indicated in the figure (neglect air resistance).

Height ETotal PE KE

12.0 m
8.0 m
4.0 m
0.0 m
 PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg. 3

However, energy isn’t the whole story . . .

𝑊 𝐹𝑑
 Power - the rate at which ________ is done; 𝑃 = 𝑡 = 𝑡 = 𝐹𝑣
 SI Units  J/s = __________ (1 J/s = 1 W)
 Example problems:
o A constant force of 150 N is used to push a student’s stalled motorcycle 10 m along a flat road
in 20 s. Calculate power in watts.

o A 100 W light bulb burns for 2 hours. How much energy does it use?

o A student expends 7.5 W of power in lifting a textbook 0.50 m in 1.0 s. How much work is done
and how much does the book weigh in N?

Power – British System

 Work = foot-pound
 Power = ft-lb/s
 ____________________ – commonly used unit for power in the British system; 1 hp = 550 ft-lb/s = 746
W
 The greater the power of an engine, the faster it can do work – a 2-hp engine can do twice as much work
as a 1-hp engine in the same amount of time


A Review of SI Units

Quantity Unit Symbol Equivalent Units

newton N kgm/s2

Work joule J

Energy Nm

Power watt
 PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg. 4

Temperature and Heat

 Temperature is a measure of the ______________ kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance.
o ___________________ an instrument that utilizes the physical properties of materials for the
purpose of accurately determining temperature
o ___________________ is the physical property most commonly used to measure temperature.
 Expansion/contraction of metal
 Expansion/contraction of mercury or alcohol

 Temperature Scales: Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit

o TK = TC + 273 (Celsius to Kelvin)
o TC = TK – 273 (Kelvin to Celsius)
o TF = 1.8TC + 32 (Celsius to Fahrenheit)
o TC = (TF – 32) / 1.8 (Fahrenheit to Celsius)
 The normal human body temperature is usually 98.6oF. Convert this to Celsius.

Heat
 ______________ and _________________ energy both exist at the molecular level.
o Kinetic – ___________ of molecules
o Potential – _______________ that result in the molecules oscillating back and forth
o The total kinetic and potential energies is called the _______________ energy
 _________ is energy that is transferred from one object to another as a result of a difference internal
energy.
 Heat is energy in ____________.
 Since heat is energy, it has a unit of _______________.
 A more common unit to measure heat is the _____________: - the amount of heat necessary to raise
one gram of pure water by one Celsius degree at normal atmospheric pressure

Expansion/Contraction with Changes in Temperature

 In general, most matter, solids, liquids, and gases will expand with an ______________ in temperature
(and contract with a ______________ in temperature.)
 ___________ is an exception to this rule – (______ floats!)

_________________ – the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance
1oC; the amount of heat energy that is transferred to change the temperature of a substance depends
1) The ___________ (m) of the substance
2) The __________________ (c) of the substance
3) The amount of _________________ change (T)
 PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg. 5

Phases of Matter
 Solids: Have a definite ________________ and _____________________
 Liquids: The molecules may move and assume the shape of the container
o Liquids only have little or no lattice arrangement.
o Liquids have a definite ____________________ but no definite _______________.
o Liquids expand when they are heated (molecules gain KE) until the boiling point is reached.
 Gas/Vapor
o Have no definite ________________ or ________________
o When the heat is sufficient to break the individual molecules apart from each other
o Assumes the entire size and shape of the container
o Pressure, Volume, and Temperature are closely related in gases.
 Plasma: an extremely hot gas of _______________ charged particles
o If a gas continues to be heated, eventually the molecules and atoms will be ripped apart due to
the extreme kinetic energy
o Plasmas exist inside our Sun and other very hot stars.
o The ionosphere of the Earth’s outer atmosphere is a plasma.
 What happens to a substance during a phase change?

_______________________: The heat that goes into breaking the bonds between the molecules and
separating the molecules
 During a phase change, the heat energy must be used to separate the molecules rather than add to
their kinetic energy.
 Latent Heat of _______________ (Lf) – the amount of heat required to change one kilogram of a
substance from the solid to liquid phase at the melting point temperature
o Occurs at the melting/freezing point
o Lf for water = 80 kcal/kg
 Latent Heat of _____________________ (Lv) – the amount of heat required to change one kilogram of
a substance from the liquid to the gas phase at the boiling point temperature
o Occurs at the boiling point
o Lv for water = 540 kcal/kg
 How much energy must be removed from 2.0 kg of liquid aluminum at its melting point (660.3 C) to
solidify it. Latent heat of fusion is 4.0 x 105 J/kg for aluminum.

 Calculate the amount of heat necessary to change 0.20 kg of ice at 0C into water at 10C

 Other phase changes

o _____________________ – when a substance changes directly from solid to gas (dry ice  CO2
gas, mothballs, solid air fresheners)
o _____________________ – when a substance changes directly from gas to solid (ice crystals
that form on house windows in the winter)
 PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg. 6

Rate of temperature change for different starting temperatures

0 Newton's Law of Cooling: the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in
temperatures between the body and its surroundings; 𝑇(𝑡) = 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

0 Mpemba Effect

Heat Transfer
0 _________________ is the transfer of heat by molecular collisions.
0 _____________________________ – the measure of a substance’s ability to conduct heat
0 __________________ is the transfer of heat by the movement of a substance, or mass, from one
position to another
0 Heating a home
0 Cooking
0 Weather

0 ____________________ is the process of transferring energy by means of electromagnetic waves.

Kinetic Theory of Gases

0 A gas consists of molecules moving independently in all directions at high speeds.
0 The higher the temperature the higher the average speed of the molecules.
0 The gas molecules collide with each other and the walls of the container.
0 The distance between molecules is, on average, large when compared to the size of the molecules.
 PHY104 Note-taking Worksheet – Unit 2 pg. 7

Thermodynamics: Deals with the dynamics of heat and the

conversion of heat to work

0 _______________ Law of Thermodynamics: heat added to a

closed system goes into the internal energy of the system
and/or doing work: 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊

0 ________________ Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible

for heat to flow spontaneously from a colder body to a hotter
body

0 No heat engine operating in a cycle can convert all

thermal energy into work. (100% thermal efficiency is
impossible.)

0 ________________ Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible

to attain a temperature of absolute zero.

0 Absolute zero is the lower limit of temperature.

Entropy
0 The change in entropy indicates whether or not a process can take place ___________________.
0 Entropy is associated with the second law.
0 The entropy of an isolated system never ____________________.
0 Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.
0 Most natural processes lead to an increase in disorder. (Entropy increases.)
0 Energy must be expended to decrease entropy.
0 Since heat naturally flows from high to low, the entire universe should eventually cool down to a final
common temperature.