Pronouns

First Person

I - main
To me - mujhko
My - mera (m) , meri (f) , mere (pl)
We - ham
To us - hamko
Our - hamara (m) , hamari (f) , hamare (pl)

Second Person

You - tum , ap (r)

To you - tumko , apko (r)
Your - tumhara (m) , tumhari (f) , tumhare (pl)
Your (r) - apka (m) , apki (f) , apke (pl)

Third Person

He, she, it (there) - vo , ve (r)

He, she, it (here) - yaha/ yeh, ye (r)
To him, her, it (there) - usko, unko (r)
yaha/ yehTo him, her, it (here) - isko, inko (r)
His, her, its - uska (m) , uski (f) , uske (pl)
They - ve
To them - unko
Their - unka (m) , unki (f) , unke (pl)

Demonstrative & relative

This - yaha/ yeh

This very, this same - yaha/ yehin
That - vo
That very, that same - voin
These - ye
Those - ve
Who - kaun
Whom (s) - kis ko
Whom (pl or r) - kin ko
Whose - kis ka (m) , kis ki (f)
Which (s) - kaun si
Which (pl) - kis ko
Of which (s) - kis ki
Of which (pl) - kin ki

Pronouns in the direct and indirect cases

Singular Plural
Direct - Indirect | Direct - Indirect
yaha/ yeh - is | ye - in
yaha/ yehin - isin | ye hin - inhin
vo - us | ve - un
voin - usin | ve hin - unhin
kaun - kis | kaun - kin
koin - kisin | koin-koin - kinhin
jo - jis | jo - jin

Hindi Verbs

Hindi verbs are inflected with respect to

 gender of the subject (masculine, feminine)

 number of the subject (singular, plural)
 tense (present, past, future)
 action (perfect, imperfect, continuous)
 degree of respect (intimate, familiar, respect)

Verbs are referred to in their infinitive noun form which ends in na.

Examples:

bolna to speak
likhna to write
lena to take
ana to come

The stem of a verb is the infinitive form minus the na ending.

Examples:

bol
likh
le
a

Present Tense

Present tense of hona (to be):

main hun I am
tu hai you are (intimate)
yaha/ yeh hai this, he, she, it is
vo hai that, he, she, it is
ham hain we are
tum ho you are (familiar)
ap hain you are (respect)
ye hain these, they are
ve hain those, they are

Present Imperfect

The present imperfect is used for habitual actions. It is formed by adding ta, te, or ti to
the stem of the verb followed by the present tense of hona.

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing bolta and bolte with bolti.

main bolta hun I speak

tu bolta hai you speak (intimate)
yaha/ yeh bolta hai this, he, it speaks
vo bolta hai that, he, it speaks
ham bolte hain we speak
tum bolte ho you speak (familiar)
ap bolte hain you speak (respect)
ye bolte hain these, they speak
ve bolte hain those, they speak

Present Continuous

The present continuous is used for ongoing actions -- like the "-ing" form in English. It is
formed like this:
stem + raha/rahe/rahi + present tense of hona

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing raha and rahe with rahi.
main bol raha hun I am speaking
tu bol raha hai you are speaking (intimate)
yaha/ yeh bol raha hai this, he, it is speaking
vo bol raha hai that, he, it is speaking
ham bol rahe hain we are speaking
tum bol rahe ho you are speaking (familiar)
ap bol rahe hain you are speaking (respect)
ye bol rahe hain these, they are speaking
ve bol rahe hain those, they are speaking

Past Tense

Past tense of hona (to be):

main tha / thi I was

tu tha / thi you were (intimate)
yaha/ yeh tha / thi this, he, she, it was
vo tha / thi that, he, she, it was
ham the / thin we were
tum the / thin you were (familiar)
ap the / thin you were (respect)
ye the / thin these, they were
ve the / thin those, they were

(The slash seperates masculine and feminine forms)

Past Imperfect

The past imprefect is used for habitual actions in the past. It is formed like the present
imperfect but with the past tense of hona instead of the present tense.

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing bolta and bolte with bolti, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.

main bolta tha I used to speak

tu bolta tha you used to speak (intimate)
yaha/ yeh bolta tha this, he, it used to speak
vo bolta tha that, he, it used to speak
ham bolte the we used to speak
tum bolte the you used to speak (familiar)
ap bolte the you used to speak (respect)
ye bolte the these, they used to speak
ve bolte the those, they used to speak
Past Continuous

The past continuous is used for ongoing actions in the past -- like the "-ing" form in
English. It is formed like this:
stem + raha/rahe/rahi + past tense of hona

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing raha and rahe with rahi, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.

main bol raha tha I was speaking

tu bol raha tha you were speaking (intimate)
yaha/ yeh bol raha tha this, he, it was speaking
vo bol raha tha that, he, it was speaking
ham bol rahe the we were speaking
tum bol rahe the you were speaking (familiar)
ap bol rahe the you were speaking (respect)
ye bol rahe the these, they were speaking
ve bol rahe the those, they were speaking

Future Tense

Future Imperfect

The future imprefect is used to refer to the future as well as to make assumptions about
the presents (just like in English). It is formed by adding unga/i, ega/i, enge/i, or oge/i to
the stem.

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing the ending a or e with i.

main bolunga I will speak

tu bolega you will speak (intimate)
yaha/ yeh bolega this, he, it will speak
vo bolega that, he, it will speak
ham bolenge we will speak
tum bologe you will speak (familiar)
ap bolenge you will speak (respect)
ye bolenge these, they will speak
ve bolenge those, they will speak

Future Continuous

The future continuous is used to refer to ongoing actions in the future. It is formed as the
present imperfect but with the future of raha instead of hona.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing the ending a or e with i in both verbs.

main bolta rahunga I will be speaking

tu bolta rahega you will be speaking (intimate)
yaha/ yeh bolta rahega this, he, it will be speaking
vo bolta rahega that, he, it will be speaking
ham bolte rahenge we will be speaking
tum bolte rahoge you will be speaking (familiar)
ap bolte rahenge you will be speaking (respect)
ye bolte rahenge these, they will be speaking
ve bolte rahenge those, they will be speaking

Imperative

There are three different imperatives in Hindi: tu, tum, and ap imperative.
The tu imperative is the stem itself
The tum imperative is the stem + o
The ap imperative is the stem + ie or iye

Examples:

pani la bring water (intimate)

pani lao bring water (familiar)
pani laie bring water (respect)

The imperatives are made negative by adding mat, na, or nahin.

Use mat with the tu imperative.
Use mat or na with the tum imperative.
Use na or nahin with the ap imperative.

Examples:

voan mat ja don't go there (intimate)

voan na jao don't go there (familiar)
voan nahin jaie don't go there (respect)

To Have

There is no Hindi verb for "to have". Possession is expressed in other ways.

Movable Objects

Possession of movable objects is expressed using ke pas after the (English) subject.
Examples:

Ram ke pas gari hai Ram has a car ("near Ram a car it is")
mera pas kitab hai I have a book ("near me a book it is")

Immovable Objects

Possession of immovable objects and of relatives is expressed using the possessive

particles ka, ki, ke.

Examples:

uska makan hai he has a house ("of him a house it is")

Ram ke do bete hain Ram has two sons ("of Ram two sons there are")

Verb list

to advance - age barhna

to answer - jawab dena
to arrive - ana, pahunchana
to attack - hamla karna
to attempt - koshish karna

to bathe - nahana
to be - hona
to bear - sahna
to beat - marna
to beg - mangna
to behave - bartav karna
to believe - vishwas karna
to be sleepy - nind ana
to be tired - thakna
to bind - bandhna
to bite - katna
to break - torna
to breakfast - nasta karna
to bring - lana
to bring up - palna
to burn - jalna, jalana
to burst - phutana
to bury - dafnana

to call - bulana
to care - parwah karna
to cast - dhalna
to catch - pakarna
to change - badalna
to clean - saf karna
to climb - charhna
to comb - kanghi karna
to come - ana
to converse - bat karna
to cook - pakana
to copy - nakal karna
to cover - dhakna
to creep - rengna
to cry - chillana, rona
to cruch - kuchalna
to cut - katna

to depart - juda hona, alag hona, jana

to decend - utarna
to dig - khodna
to die - marna
to dine - khana khana
to do - karna
to dream - sapna dekhna
to drink - pina
to dry - sukhna, sukhana
to dye - rangna

to eat - khana
to excuse - maf karna
to expect - asha karna
to explain - samjhana
to express - vichar prakat karna

to fall - girna
to fear - darna
to fight - larna
to fill - bharna
to fly (in air) - urna
to fly (run away) - bhag jana
to forget - bhulna
to forgive - maf karna

to get - pana
to get up - uthana
to give - dena
to go - jana

to have - hona, rakhna

to hate - nafarat karna
to hear - sunna
to help - sahayata dena, madad dena
to hide - chhipana

to improve - thik karna

to irrigate - pani dena
to irritate - chirhana, naraz karna

to jump - kudna
to join - jorna
to judge - vichar karna

to keep - rakhna
to kick - thokar marna
to kill - marna
to kiss - chumna, chumma lena
to know - janna

to laugh - hansna
to lead - karne dena
to learn - sikhna
to let - makan kiraye dena
to lie (on bed) - letna
to lie (speak) - jhuth bolna
to lift - uthana
to like - chahna
to live (reside) - rahna
to live (not to die) - jina
to look - dekhna
to lose - khona
to love - pyar karna

to make - banana
to measure - napna
to mould - dhalna
to move - sarkana

to nibble - kutarna

to open - kholna
to order - hukum dena

to pat - thapthapana
to pay - dena
to play - khelna
to play (music) - baja bajana
to pour - dalna
to promise - vada karna
to pronounce - bolna
to pull - khinchna
to push - dhakka dena
to put - rakhna
Q

to quarral - jhagra karna

to read - parhna
to receive - pana
to recollect - yad karna
to recommend - sifarish karna
to reject - napasnd karna
to reply - jawab dena
to ride - charhna
to rise - uthana

to say - kahna
to scold - dantna
to see - dekhna, talash karna
to seek - dhundhana
to sell - bechna
to send - bhejna
to sew - sina
to shake - hilna
to shout - chillana
to show - dikhana
to shut - band karna
to sing - gana
to sit - baithna
to sleep - sona
to smell - sunghana
to solve - hal karna
to sow - bona
to speak - bolna
to spin - katna
to spit - thukna
to stay - thaharna
to steal - churana
to stop - thaharna, tharana
to swim - tairna

to take - lena
to talk - batchit karna
to taste - chakhna
to tear - pharna
to tease - tang karna
to tell - kahna, batana
to think - sochna

to understand - samajhna

to mit - ulti karna

to walk - chalna, ghumna

to wander - idhar-udhar phirna
to wash - dhona
to waste - barbad karna
to weep - rona
to weave - bunna

Nouns

Gender

There are two genders in Hindi: masculine and feminine.

Rule of thumb: nouns ending on a are masculine and nouns ending on i are feminine.
There are exceptions.

Number

There are two numbers in Hindi: singular and plural.

Case

There are two cases in Hindi: direct and indirect case.

Indirect case: Used when the noun is followed by a postposition.

Direct case: Otherwise

Masculine nouns on -a

Direct Indirect (larka = boy)

Singular larka larke
Plural larke larkon

Other masculine nouns

Direct Indirect (guru = teacher)

Singular guru guru
Plural guru guruon

Feminine nouns on -i

Direct Indirect (larki = girl)

Singular larki larki
Plural larkiyan larkiyon

Other feminine nouns

Direct Indirect (kitab = book)

Singular kitab kitab
Plural kitaben kitabon

Postpositions

Postpositions in Hindi are like prepositions in English but they are placed after the noun.

The noun in front of the postposition is always in the indirect case.

The use of postpositions makes it possible to express the "missing" cases in Hindi.

nominative larki the girl (direct case)

genitive
s, m larki ka kam the work of the girl
s, f larki ki bat the word of the girl
pl, m larki ke kam the works of the girl
pl, f larki ki baten the words of the girl
dative larki ko to the girl
accusative
larki a girl (direct case)
larki ko the girl
cative larki girl! (direct case)
ablative larki se from / with / of the girl
agentive larki ne the girl
locative
larki men in the girl
larki par on / upon / after the girl
larki tak as far as / as long as / up to the girl

Adjectives

An adjective ending with -a changes form according to the gender and number of the
noun it qualifies.

chota = small

Singular Masculine Feminine

chota kamra choti narangi
chota ghar choti mez
Plural Masculine Feminine
chote kamre choti narangiyan
chote ghar choti mezen

Other adjectives do not change form.

saf = clean

Masculine Feminine
Singular saf kamra saf mez
Plural saf kamre saf mezen

The comparative and superlative forms are made by adding the words usase (or se) and
sabse in front of the positive form.

Positive sundar
Comparative usase sundar / se sundar
Superlative sabse sundar

When an adjective is repeated twice it emphasises different kinds of the noun or the
intensity or selectivity.

Adjective list

easy - asan
difficult - mushkil
sweet - mitha
bitte - karwa
sour - khatta
good - achchha
bad - kharab
blunt - bhaunta
sharp - paina
dark - light
open - khula
closed - band
full - bhara
empty - khali
tired - thaka
fresh - taza
stale - basi
fat - mota
lean - dubla
dirty - ganda
clean - saf
thick - mota
thin - patla
true - sachcha
false - jhutha
distant - dur
near - pas
hot - garam
cold - thanda
honest - imandar
dishonest - beiman
hollow - pola
solid - thos
liquid - taral
glad - khusk
sad - ranjida
wealthy - maldar
rich - dhani
poor - garib
healthy - tandurust
sick - bimar
long - lamba
short - chhota
new - naya
old - purana
young - jawan
old - buddha
light (color) - halka
dark (color) - gahra
light - halka
heavy - bhari
polite - namra
rude - badtamiz
mannerless - badtamiz
narrow - sankra, tang
wide - chaura
broad - chaura
active - phurtila
lazy - sust
smart - hoshiyar
dull - mattha, manda
angry - naraz
kind - meharban
pleased - khush
displeased - naraz
proud - ghamandi
humble - namra
cheap - sasta
dear - mahnga
dry - sukha
wet - gila
clever - hoshiyar
stupid - bewakuf
deep - gahra
shallow - uthla
urban - shahri
rural - dehati
brave - vir
coward - kayar
handsome - sundar
pretty - sundar
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cooked - paka
smelling good - khushbudar
smelling bad - badbudar
noisy - shorgul ka
quiet - shant
all - sab
little - kuchh
interesting - dilchaspa
dull - ubane wala
durable - mazbut
not durable - kamzor
strong - takatwar
weak - kamzor
elder - (usase) bara
younger - (usase) chhota
big - bara
small - chhota
high (person) - bare
low (person) - chhote
high (things) - uncha
low (things) - nicha
some - thora
much - zyada
few - kuchh
many - bahut
right - sahi
wrong - galat
excellent - barhiya
worthless - raddi
wise - buddhiman
foolish - bewakuf
sweet - mitha
harsh - kara
national - deshi ya rashtriya
foreign - videshi
this much - itna, itni
as many - jitne, jitna
several - kai
that much - utna, utni
such - aisa, aisi
whatever - jo kuchh
hard - sakhta
soft - mulayam
other - dusra
same - voi

Different words

Questions

who - kaun
what - kya
why - kyon
when - kab
where - kahan
how - kaise
which - kaunsa
how many - kitne
how much - kitna

Cardinal numbers

0 - sunya, sifar
1 - ek
2 - do
3 - tin
4 - char
5 - panch
6 - chhah
7 - sat
8 - ath
9 - nau
10 - das
20 - bis
30 - tis
40 - chalis
50 - pachas
60 - sath
70 - sattar
80 - assi
90 - nabbe
100 - ek sau
101 - ek sau ek
200 - do sau
1.000 - ek hazar
lac - ek lakh (100.000)
crore - ek karor (10.000.000)

Other words having to do with numbers

1st - pahla
2nd - dusra
3rd - tisra
4th - cautha
5th - pancvan
6th - chatha
7th - satvan
8th - athvan
9th - nauvan
10th - dasvan
1/2 - adha
1/3 - tihai
1/4 - cauthai
3/4 - pauna

Colors

black - kala
blue - nila
bright - chamkila
brown - bhura
color - rang
golden - sunahra
gray - bhura
green - hara
indigo - baingni
orange - naranji
red - lal
rosy - gulabi
white - safed
yellow - pila

Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...

about (place) - as-pas

about (pertaining to) - bare men
above - upar
across - uspar
after - bad men
again - phir
again & again - bar-bar
against (opposite) - khilaf
against (touching) - bhira kar
alas - afsos
aloof - dur
almost - karib-karib
also - ohi
although - halanki
altogether - ekdam
always - hamesha
among - unke bich men
and - aur
around - as
as if - mano
as far as - jahantak
as soon as - jyonhi
at - taraf
backward - pichhe
backwards &
- age-pichhe
forwards
because - kyonki
because (him) - vajah se (uski)
before - pahle
behind - pichhe
below - niche
beneath - niche
between - bich men
beyond - us par
bra - shabash
but - lekin
by - se
certainly - zarur
certainly not - hargiz nahin
down - niche
downward - niche ki taraf
during - us bich men
early - jaldi
either - ya to
enough - kafi
especially - khas kar
even - bhi
even then - tab to
ever - hamesha
every moment - hardam
far - dur
for - (uske) liye
for ever - hamesha ke liye
forward - age
from - se
generally - am taur par
gradually - dhire-dhire
hence (place) - yaha/ yehan se
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hence (time) -



voan
hither - yaha/ yehan
how - kaise
how much - kitna
if - agar
if not - agar nahin to
if possible - ho sake to
if so - agar aisa hai to
immediate - zaruri, turamt andar
in - andar
in brief - thore men
indeed - vastav men
in front of - samne
inparticular - khas taur se
in general - am taur se
in short - thore men
inside - andar
just now - abhi-abhi
late - der se
little by little - thora-thora karke
near - pas
never - kabhi nahin
neither - na vo
no - nahin
nor - na vo
not - nahin
nothing - kuchh nahin
not yet - abhi tak nanin
now - ab
abhi ya phir kabhi
now or never -
nahin
of - ka
of course - albatta
off - dur
oft / often - aksar
on - upar
once - ek bar
only - kewal
or - ya
out - bahar
out and out - bilkul
over (higher) - upar
over (finished) - khatam
perhaps - shayad
please - krpaya
quite - bilkul
quietly - chupchap
really - sachmuch
scarcely - mushkil se
seldom - kabhi-kabhi
since (time) - tab se
since (conditional) - chunki
so - isliya
some - kuchh
somehow - jyon tyon karke
so much - itna
so and so - falana
so late - itni der se
so soon - itni jaldi
soon - jaldi
still - phir bhi
sorry - afsos
suddenly - achanak
surely - zarur
that (conjunction) - ki
than - se
then - to, tab
there - voan
therefore - isliye
thither - yaha/ yehan se
though - yadyapi
through - us mense
thrice - tin bar
thus - aise
till - tab tak
today - aj
together - ek sath
tomorrow - kal
tonight - rat ko
towards - taraf
truly - sach taur par
truly - sahi
twice - do bar
under - niche
until - tab tak
up - upar
unless - jab tak
very - bahut
well - achchha
when - kab
whenever - jab kabhi
whenever it de - jab kabhi ho sake
where - cahan
wherever - kahin bhi
whereas - chunki
while - jab tak
why - kyon
yes - han
yesterday - kal