Waiting Lines &
Simulation
by-
Navitha Pereira | 175sm017
Vijay M V | 175sm033
WWW.SITE2MAX.PRO Navya G Nayak | 175sm018
Free PowerPoint & KeyNote
Adarsh K V | 175sm002
Templates
Sanath Bhaskar | 175sm028
Questions
What are the managerial
implications of waiting lines?
What is the basic structure of
queuing system?
What are the steps in the
simulation process?
What are the advantages
of computer simulation?
Waiting
Lines
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Waiting Lines
Waiting Lines are commonly found wherever customers arrive
randomly for services
• Waiting lines are non-value added occurrences
• Customers regard waiting as something negative
• For businesses, the costs of waiting come from lower productivity and
competitive disadvantage
• Service Designers and Managers needs to consider the impact of waiting
lines
Waiting Lines
Managerial Implications of Waiting lines:
1 Cost of waiting space
Possible loss of business from
2
waiting customers
3 Possible loss of goodwill
Possible reduction in customer
4
satisfaction
Disruption in other business
5
operations/customers
Waiting Lines
Goal of Waiting Lines:
• Minimize total cost.
Total Cost = Customer
waiting cost +
Capacity cost
• Balance the total cost of
service with the cost of
customer waiting for
service.
Waiting Lines
Characteristics of Waiting Lines:
• Population source:
1) Infinite-source situation
2) Finite-source situation
• Number of servers (channels):
1) Single channel
2) Multiple channels
• Arrival and Service patterns
• Queue disciplines (order of service)
Waiting Lines
Measures of Waiting Lines:
Average number of customers waiting
Average time System
customers wait utilization
Implied cost of given The probability that an
level of capacity and its arrival will have to wait
related waiting line for service
Waiting Lines
Case of Walt Disney
Key Issues:
• Walt Disney realised that customers waiting in lines doesn’t add to their
enjoyment.
• Waiting lines will not generate revenue.
Solution:
• Used a reservation system called FastPass.
Result:
• Customers are happier.
• Hence the park’s potential for additional revenue increased.
Capacity
Planning
In services using
queuing analysis
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Capacity Planning
A Capacity - ability to achieve,
store or produce.
B In OM - output rate of a
production or service facility.
Capacity planning - process of
C establishing the output rate that
may be needed at a facility.
E.g. Indian Railways Capacity planning will
D
consider number of booking counter to be
made available for the Public.
Capacity Planning
fewer booking counter -> long queues
-> more waiting time for customers.
Capacity decisions in service
systems made on the basis of
impact on the customers
Waiting time determines service
quality in service systems.
Basic structure of Queuing system
• Customer requiring service are generated
over time from a calling population(source).
• Customers enter the queueing system and
join the waiting line (queue.)
• Queue discipline used to select a member.
• Service performed by servers.
• Customer leaves the queueing system.
Basic elements of waiting line model
Infinite
Calling Population
Finite
Rate Markovian, General Distribution, deterministic
Arrival Parameters
Pattern Single, bulk, special group
Queue Parameter FCFS,LCFS,random
Servers Single, multiple
Stages Single, multiple
System Structure
and Parameter Single serial network
Routing
Capacity Finite, infinite
Service Parameter Markovian, general distribution, deterministic
Performance Queue length, waiting time, utilization, cost-based
Metrics
System configuration in queuing systems
Single server single stage Single server multiple stage
Multiple server single stage Multiple server multiple stage
Capacity Planning
Poisson distribution
Probability of no of arrivals(n) during time T is given by:
Exponential Distribution
Probability of arrival within a specific time is given by:
Simulation
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Simulation
Simulation is a descriptive technique in which a model of a process is
developed and then experiments are conducted on the model to evaluate its
behavior under various conditions.
• Many situation are too complex to permit development of a mathematical
solution.
• Simulation models are fairly simple to use and understand.
• It enables the decision maker to conduct experiments on a model.
• It can be used for a wide range of situation.
• There have been numerous successful applications of these techniques.
Steps in the simulation process
01 02 03 04
Identify the problem Develop the Test the model to be Develop one or
and set objectives simulation model sure that it reflect the more
system being studied experiments
05 06
Run the simulation and Repeat steps 4 and 5 until you
evaluate the results are satisfied with the results
Computer
Simulation
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Computer Simulation
A computer simulation is the usage of a computer for the
imitation of a real-world process or system.
• Most real-life simulations involve the use of a computer.
• Computers offer relatively quick and easy means of obtaining
results.
• Simulation Languages – GPSS/H, GPSS/PC and RESQ
• Some simulation packages have narrow focus on queuing or
network problems.
Computer Simulation
Advantages
Solves
mathematically Tool for decision
difficult problems making
Saves time
Computer Simulation
Disadvantages
Considerable
effort to develop
a suitable model
Does not produce
optimum solution,
merely an
approximate
Comprehensive
Airport
Simulation
Tool
Video Summary
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CAST Summary
CAST (Comprehensive Airport Simulation Tool) is applied for Airport
Collaborative Decision Making Concept(ACDM) to develop the quality
of Airport and Network Operations through sharing of accurate
information.
The simulation describes the key elements
of SESAR Airport Operations Plan (AOP)
and Airport Performance Monitoring.
CAST is a fast time simulation model developed by
Airport Research Centre (ARC) Germany.
CAST Summary
CAST improves the situational awareness
among airport partners with a feature called
ATV (Airport Transit View) to identify the
trajectory performance and re-enforce the
collaborative decision-making process.
When the agreed thresholds are
exceeded, CAST raises an ALERT to all
the connected centers. This Alert is sent in
the form of a warning to the AOP to
improve the overall operations
predictability.
CAST Summary
CAST supports the 4 key services of the Airport Operations:
Post-operations 01 Performance
Analysis Steering
04
Performance 02 Performance
Management Monitoring
03
All these 4 key services are executed in a separate division called
AirPort Operations Centre (APOC).
CONCLUSION: CAST gives a holistic view leading to optimization
and collaboration
CAST Summary
ARC (Airport
Research Airport ATM Network
Center) Operations Plan Manager
Germany (AOP)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Comprehensive APOC [ 4 Key Airport
Airport Services ] Performance
Simulation Tool Management
(CAST)
Thank You
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