[Link].

net

ME6701/ME8792 – POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
2 MARKS - QUESTION BANK

UNIT 1: COAL BASED THERMAL POWR PLANTS

1. Write about out-plant handling?

Out plant handling includes the handling of coalmine to the thermal power plant. These handlings
are outside the plant in the following ways. Transportation by sea (or) river, Transportation by
rail, Transportation by road, Transportation of coal by pipeline.

2. Write about inplant handling of-coal?

In order to handle large quantity of coal inside the plant, some mechanical handling systems are
provided f6r smooth, easy and better controlled operation. The inplant coal handling is divided,
into following categories.

3. Why the preparation of coal is necessary?

The coal from coal nines cannot be directly fed into the furnace. Proper preparation of coal should
be done before feeding the coal to the furnace. In the coal preparation, the coal passes through the
different equipments like
1. Crushers
2. Sizers
3. Driers and Magnetic Separators.

4. Name the different types of coal transforming equipments?

1. Belt conveyors
2. Screw conveyors
3. Bucket elevators
4. Grab bucket elevators
5. Skip hoists
6. Flight conveyors.
The coal transfer starts by carrying of coal from-unloading point to the storage site.

5. Write about screw conveyor and bucket conveyors?

In screw conveyor, an endless helicoid screw is fitted to the 9haft. On one end of the shaft, the
driving mechanism is fitted and the other end of the shaft is supported on a ball bearing. While the
screw is rotating, the coal is transferred` from one end to the other end.
Bucket conveyors are used as vertical lifts. The coal is loaded at the bottom and unloaded at the
top in the bucket conveyors.

6. Define draught, what is the use of draught in thermal power plants?

Draught is defined as a small pressure difference required between the fuel bed (furnace) and
outside air to maintain constant flow of air and to discharge the gases through chimney to the

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atmosphere. Draught can be obtained by chimney, fan, steam jet (or) -air jet (or) combination of
these.

The uses are To supply required quantity of air to the furnace for combustion of fuel., To draw the
combustion products through the system. To remove burnt products from the system

7. Write about classification of draught?

Draught is classified as
1. Natural draught
2. Artificial draught .
The artificial draught is further classified as
(a) Balanced draught
(b) Induced draught
(c) Forced draught

8. Define the term Natural draught and what are the advantages of natural draught system?

The tall chimney creates the natural draught by the temperature difference between hot gases in
the chimney and cold atmospheric air outside the chimney.

9. Write about artificial draught?

In modem power plants, the draught should be flexible to meet the fluctuating loads and it should
be independent of atmospheric conditions. To achieve this, the aid of draft fans becomes must and
by employing the draft fans, the height of the chimney would be reduced.

10. Write about forced draught system? (NOV/DEC 2014)

In this system, the blower (forced draft fan) is located at the base of the boiler near the grate. Air
is forced to the furnace by forced fan and the flue gases are forced to chimney through economiser
and air preheater.

11. State thermodynamic law:

Zeroth law refers to thermodynamic equilibrium and temperature
First law refers to heat, work and energy
Second law refers to entropy

12. State zeroth law of thermodynamics:

“Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium with each
other”

13. State Fitst law of thermodynamics and energy convwersion.

The first law of thermodynamics is often called as Law of conversion of energy. This law suggest
that energy can be transferred from one system to another in many forms. Also, it cannot be
destroyed or created.

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14. State second and third law of thermodynamics:

The second law of thermodynamics another state variable called entropy. In any closed system,
the entropy of the system will either a thermodynamic process, the system can never completely
return precisely the same state it was in before.

The third law of thermodynamics states that if all the thermal motion of molecules(kinetic energy)
could be removed, a state called absolute zero will occur. Absolute zero results in a temperature of
0 kelvin or -273.15 celcius.

15. What is thermodynamic cycle?

A Thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes transferring heat and work, while
varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables, eventually returning a system to its initial
state.

[Link] the various thermodynamic processes:

1. Adiabatic process- a process with no heat transfer into or out of the system
2. Isochoric process- a process with no change in volume, in such case the system does no work
3. Isobaric process- a process with no change in pressure
4. Isothermal process- a process with no change in temperature

[Link] is the purpose of deaeration?

The purpose of deaeration are:

• To remove oxygen,carbon dioxide and other non-condensable gases from feed water.

• To heat the incoming makeup water and return condensate to an optimum temperature
• Minimizing solubility of undesirable gases
• Providing the highest temperature water for injection to the boiler.

[Link] are the types of deaerators?

1. Tary- ype Deaerating heaters
2. Spray-Type Deaerating heaters

[Link] is meant by cooling Towers?

It is a tower or building like device in which atmospheric air circulates in direct or indirect contact
with warmer water and water is thereby cooled. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of
water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid.

[Link] the types of cooling towers:

[Link] or wet cooling tower
[Link] or dry cooling tower

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 [Link]

(a) Air cooled condensers

(b)Air cooled exchangers
[Link] the types of cooling functions to condense the steam:
[Link]-through wet cooling
[Link] wet cooling
[Link] cooling

22. What are the advantages and disadvantages of forced draught system (NOV/DEC 2014)
Advantages:
· Since the fan handles cold air, the fan size and the power required are less.
· No need of water cooled bearings because the air being handled is cold air,
· Pressure throughout the system is above atmospheric pressure so the air leakage into
the furnace is reduced.
Disadvantages:
· Recirculation due to high air-entry and low air-exit velocities

23. How the induced draught is working?

In an induced draught system, a blower (induced draft fan) is placed near (or) at the base of the
chimney. The fan sucks the flue gas from the furnace creating a partial vacuum inside the
furnace. Thus atmospheric air is induced to flow through the furnace to aid the combustion of
fuel. The flue gases drawn by the fan passes through chimney, to the atmosphere.

24. Why the balanced draught system is preferred than other system?
In the induced draught system, when the furnace is opened for firing, the cold air enters the
furnace and dilate the combustion. In the forced draught system, when the furnace is opened
for firing, the high pressure air will try to blow out suddenly and furnace may stop. Hence the
furnace cannot be opened for firing (q) inspection in both, systems. Balanced draught, which is
a combination of induced and forced draught, is used to overcome the above stated difficulties.

25. What is the difference between stocker firing and pulverised fuel firing?
The stocker firing method is used for firing solid coal whereas pulverised firing method is used
for firing pulverised coal.

26. What are-the different types of stockers?

1. Over feed stockers: Travelling grate stockers, Spread stockers
2. Under feed stockers: Single retort stocker , Multi retort stocker

27. What is the use of pulveriser and name different types of pulverising mills?
The pulveriser is used to pulverise the coal in order to increase the surface exposure. Pulverised
coal enables rapid combustion. The different types of pulverising mills are
1. Ball mill
2. Hammer mill
3. Ball and race mill.

28. What are advantages of pulverised fuel coal?(Nov/Dec 2012)

1. The layout is simple and economical

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2. It gives direct control of combustion

3. Coal transportation system is simple
4. Maintenance cost is less

29. List the factors to be considered while choosing a site for steam power station:
1. Supply of fuel
[Link] of water
[Link] facilities
[Link] and type of land
[Link] to load centres
[Link] from populated area

30. What are the principles of stokers? (Nov/Dec 2012)

A mechanical stoker is a device which feeds coal into the firebox of a boiler. It is standard
equipment on large stationary boilers and was also fitted to large steam locomotives to ease the
burden of the fireman. The locomotive type has a screw conveyor (driven by an auxiliary steam
engine) which feeds the coal into the firebox. The coal is then distributed across the grate by
steam jets, controlled by the fireman. Power stations usually use pulverized coal-fired boilers.

31. What is the function of hot primary air? (MAY/JUN 2013)

Coal contains moisture. Hot air form the Primary Air Fans dry the coal in the pulverisers. This
makes the burning easy and efficient. This air also carries the dry coal powder from the
pulverisers to the burners in the boiler furnace. In the burners the coal powder is mixed with
the required amount of Combustion air and burned in the furnace.

32. State important advantages of high-pressure boilers? (Nov/Dec 2012)

The amount of scale formation is less, since the velocity of water through pipes are more.
All parts of the system are heated uniformly, so there is no danger of overheating.

33. What is supercritical boiler? Give two advantages. (MAY/JUN 2013)

A supercritical steam generator is a type of boiler that operates at supercritical pressure,
frequently used in the production of electric power.
In contrast to a subcritical boiler, a supercritical steam generator operates at pressures above the
critical pressure 22 MPa in which bubbles can form. Instead, liquid water immediately becomes
steam. Water passes below the critical point as it does work in a high pressure turbine and enters
the generator's condenser, resulting in slightly less fuel use and therefore less greenhouse gas
production.
Advantages:
o Higher unit cycle efficiency (40 - 42%)
o Lower heat rate and electricity generation cost is lower
o Lower water losses because no continuous blow down
o Reduced auxiliary power consumption
34. Describe the steps to be followed in in-plant coal handling of coal. (MAY/JUN 2014)
(i) Coal delivery
(ii) Unloading
(iii) Preparation

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(iv) Transfer
(v) Outdoor storage
(vi) Covered storage
(vii) In plant handling
(viii) Weighing and measuring
(ix) Feeding the coal into furnace
35. Write short notes on cogeneration.
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power station to
generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Cogeneration is a thermodynamically
efficient use of fuel. In separate production of electricity, some energy must be discarded as
waste heat, but in cogeneration this thermal energy is put to use.

36. Define Binary cycle.

A binary vapour cycle is defined in thermodynamics as a power cycle that is a combination of
two cycles, one in a high temperature region and the other in a lower temperature region.

37. List the thermal power plant in Tamilnadu.

• Alathiur(2*18MW), Tamilnadu, Madras cements
• Ennore(2*60MW,3*110MW) Tamilnadu Electricity Board
• Neyveli(6*50MW,2*100MW) Tamilnadu Neyveli lignite corp Ltd.
38. Define super heater:
A Super heater is a device used to convert saturated steam into a dry steam used for power
generation or processes steam which has been super heated is known as superheated steam.
39. List the types of super heaters:
1. Radiant super heater- absorb heat by radiation

2. Convention super heater-absorb heat via a fluid

3. Separately fixed super heaters- it is totally separated from the boiler

40. What is hydraulic/ Pneumatic type ash handling system?

The hydraulic system carried the ash with the flow of water high velocity through a channel and
finally dumps into a sump. The hydraulic system is divided into a low velocity and high velocity
system.
The advantages of this system are that its clean, large ash handling capacity, considerable distance
can be traversed, absence of working parts in contact with ash. In pneumatic type ash handling is
the most popular method used in medium level power plants. It uses dense phase conveying
system for conveying ash is totally enclosed without any leakage. The system can convey
materials up to distance of around 200 -250 mts.

41. List the challenges of ash handling:

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1. Indian coal contains high ash content generally which tends to be inconsistent.
2. Design of the system has to adequately cover anticipated variations and be capable of
handling the worst scenario
3. System has to be environmentally friendly
4. System has to be energy efficient

[Link] is crusher and its crushing method?

A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large solid chunks of raw materials into smaller
chunks. Crushers are commonly classified by the degree to which they fragment the starting
material.
Crushing methods:
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UNIT 2: DIESEL, GAS TURBINE AND COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS

1. List the advantages of gas turbine power plant.
1. Low capital cost
2. High reliability
3. Flexibility in operation
4. Capability to quick start
5. High efficiency e.t.c.
2. List the major components of gas turbine.
[Link]
2. Combustion chamber and
3. Turbine
3. List the types of gas turbine power plants.
[Link] cycle gas turbine power plant
2. Closed cycle gas turbine power plant
4. List the disadvantages of gas turbine power plant.
[Link] load and Partial load efficiency is low
[Link] sensitive to component efficiency
[Link] efficiency depends on ambient pressure and ambient temperature
[Link] air rate is required to limit the maximum inlet air temperature. Hence exhaust losses

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are high
5. Air and gas filter is required to prevent dust into the combustion chambers.
5. Define regenerator efficiency.
The regenerator efficiency is defined as: =Actual temperature rise of air/ Maximum
temperature rise possible
6. List the factors which affect the performance of gas turbine power plants.
1. Part load efficiency
2. Fuel consumption
3. Air mass flow rate
4. Thermal efficiency
5. Regeneration
7. List the methods adopted for circulating the water in a cooling system.
1. Thermosiphon cooling
2. Forced cooling by pump
3. Thermostat cooling
4. Pressurised water cooling
5. Evaporative cooling

8. What are the important functions of a lubricating system?

1. Lubricating
2. Cooling
3. Cleaning
4. Sealing
5. Noise absorption
9. List the various types of lubricating system used in diesel engine.
1. Mist lubricating system
2. Wet sump lubrication system
3. Dry sump lubrication system

10. What are the starting methods of diesel engine?

1. By an auxiliary engine
2. By an electric motor
3. By compressed air
11. List any four advantages of diesel power plant.

1. It is easy to design and install 2. It is easily available in standard capacities

3. They can respond to load changes 4. They have less stand by losses
12. List any four disadvantages of diesel power plant.
1. High operating cost

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2. High maintenance and lubrication cost

3. Capacity is restricted
4. Noise pollution
12. List any four applications of diesel power plant.
1. Used as peak load plants
2. Suitable for mobile plants
3. Used as standby units
4. Used as emergency plant

[Link] the various types of diesel plants.

Based on number of strokes:
(a) Two stroke diesel engine (b) Four srtoke diesel engine
Based on orientation:
(a) Horizontal diesel engine (b) Vertical diesel engine
Based on number of cylinders:
(a) single cylinder (b) Multi cylinder
Based on aspiration
(a)naturally aspirated (b)supercharging or turbocharging.

14 .List the components of diesel power plant.

[Link] engine 2. Air intake system 3. Exhaust system 4. Fuel system
5. Cooling system 6. Lubricating system

15. List the reason why the cooling system is necessary for a diesel engine.
1. To avoid damages and overheating of piston
2. To avoid uneven expansion which results in craking in the piston and cylinder
3. To avoid pre-ignition and detonation or knocking
4. To avoid reduction in volumetric efficiency and power output of the engine
5.
16. List the various functions of fuel injection system.
1. It filters the fuel
2. Monitor the correct quantity of fuel to be injected
3. Timing of the injection process
4. Regulates the fuel supply
5. Fine atomization of fuel oil
6. Distributes the fuel evenly to all cylinders in case of multi cylinder engine

17. List the classification of oil injection system.

(a) Common rail injection system (b) Individual pump injection system (c) Distributor system

18. What are the methods of cooling system used?

1. Air cooling 2. Liquid cooling (water is commonly used liquid)

19 .What are the working fluids in gas turbine?

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] dioxide

[Link] the various types of diesel plants.

Based on number of strokes:
(a) Two stroke diesel engine

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(b) Four stroke diesel engine

Based on orientation:
(a) Horizontal diesel engine
(b) Vertical diesel engine
Based on number of cylinders:
(a) single cylinder
(b) Multi cylinder

And other type like naturally aspirated, superheated etc.,

21. List the various functions of fuel injection system.

1. It filters the fuel

2. Monitor the correct quantity of fuel to be injected

3. Timing of the injection process

4. Regulates the fuel supply

5. Fine atomization of fuel oil
6. Distributes the automized fuel properly inside the combustion chamber
22. List the classification of oil injection system.
(a) Common rail injection system
(b) Individual pump injection system
(c) Distributor system
23. List the reason why the cooling system is necessary for a diesel engine.
• To avoid detemiation of lubricating oil
• To avoid damages and overheating of piston
• To avoid uneven expansion which results in craking
• To avoid pre-ignition and detonation or knocking
• To avoid reduction in volumetric efficiency and power output of the engine
24. What are the methods of cooling system used?
1. Air cooling
2. Water cooling
25. List the methods adopted for circulating the water in a cooling system.
1. Thermosiphon cooling
2. Forced cooling by pump
3. Thermostat cooling
4. Pressurised water cooling
5. Evaporative cooling
26. What are the important functions of a lubricating system?

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 [Link]

1. Lubricating
2. Cooling
3. Cleaning
4. Sealing
5. Noise absorption
27. List the various types of lubricating system used in diesel engine.
1. Mist lubricating system
2. Wet sump lubrication system
3. Dry sump lubrication system

28. What are the starting methods of diesel engine?

1. By an auxiliary engine
2. By an electric motor
3. By compressed air
[Link] any four advantages of diesel power plant.
1. It is easy to design and install
2. It is easily available in standard capacities
3. They can respond to load changes
4. They have less stand by losses
[Link] any four disadvantages of diesel power plant.
[Link] operating cost
[Link] maintenance and lubrication cost
[Link] is restricted
[Link] pollution
[Link] any four applications of diesel power plant.
1. Used as peak load plants
2. Suitable for mobile plants
3. Used as standby units
4. Used as emergency plant

32. List the disadvantages of gas turbine power plant.

1. No load and Partial load efficiency is low
2. High sensitive to component efficiency

3. The efficiency depends on ambient pressure and ambient temperature

[Link]
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4. High air rate is required to limit the maximum inlet air temperature. Hence exhaust losses are high
5. Air and gas filter is required to prevent dust into the combustion chambers.
33. Define regenerator efficiency.
The regenerator efficiency is defined as the ratio between actual temperature rise of air to maximum
temperature rise possible.

34. List the factors which affect the performance of gas turbine power plants.
1. Part load efficiency 2. Fuel consumption 3. Air mass flow rate 4. Thermal efficiency 5.
Regeneration

35. What are the working fluids in gas turbine?

1. Air 2. Helium 3. Argon 4. Carbon dioxide

[Link] is the function of draft tube? (MAY/JUN 2013)

The draft tube is a conduit which connects the runner exit to the tail race where the water is being
finally discharged from the turbine. The primary function of the draft tube is to reduce the velocity of
the discharged water to minimize the loss of kinetic energy at the outlet. This permits the turbine to be
set above the tail water without any appreciable drop of available head.

37. How solid injection is classified? (MAY/JUN 2013) Solid Injection Classification:
• Common Rail System

• Unit Injection System

• Individual Pump and Nozzle System
• Distributor System
38. What do you mean by regeneration in gas turbine power plant? (MAY/JUN 2013)
The hot exhaust gases from the turbine are passed through a heat exchanger, or regenerator, to
increase the temperature of the air leaving the compressor prior to combustion. This reduces the
amount of fuel needed to reach the desired turbine-inlet temperature. The increase in efficiency is,
however, tied to a large increase in initial cost and will be economical only for units that are run
almost continuously.
39. Write about types of turbines. (NOV/DEC 2013)
Major classifications are,

(1)Impulse turbine
(2)Reaction turbine
Subdivided into,

(a)Kaplan Turbine
(b)Propeller Turbine
(c)Francis Turbine
(d)Pelton Turbine
40. What type of cycle is used in gas turbine? (NOV/DEC 2013)
In an ideal gas turbine, gases undergo three thermodynamic processes: an isentropic

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compression, an isobaric (constant pressure) combustion and an isentropic expansion. Together, these
make up the Brayton cycle.

UNIT 3: NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

[Link] is meant by radioactivity?
It refers to the german name of Radio-Activitat. Radioactivity is the spontaneous
disintegration of atomic nuclei. The nucleus emits particles or electromagnetic rays during
this process.
[Link] is the unit of Radioactivity?
[Link]
[Link](Radiation Absorbed Dose)
[Link](Relative Biological Effectiveness)
[Link](Roentgen Equivalent in Man)
[Link](GY)-100 rads [Link](SV)
[Link] are the types of Radioactive decay?
[Link] decay
[Link] decay
[Link] decay
[Link] emission(Beta positive decay)
[Link] capture
[Link]-Decay timing.
The number of decay events – d N expected to occur in a small interval of time dt is proportional
to the number of atoms present. If N is the number of atoms, then the probability of decay(-d /N)
is proportional to dt.
[Link] is Uranium enrichment?
In most types of reactor, a higher concentration of uranium is used to make fuel rod. This
produced by a process termed enrichment. The enriched uranium containing more than natural
0.7% U-235.
[Link] are the two ways of uranium enrichment?
[Link] centrifuge process
2. Gas diffusion
[Link] is the purpose of reprocessing of nuclear waste?
The used fuel contains 96% uranium,1% plutonium and 3% radioactive wastes. Reprocessing
is used to separate the waste from the uranium and plutonium which can be recycled inti new
fuel. The reprocessing effectively reduces the volume of waste and limits the need to mine

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new supplies of uranium, so that extending the time of resources.

8. Write about atomic number?
The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. The number of protons in a given atom is an
atomic number (Z). The atomic number for H is 1 and He -is 2.

9. Write about isotopes of an element?

Some elements have the same number of protons in the nucleus but different number- of
neutrons. As a result, these elements have the same atomic number but different mass number. Such
type of elements which ' have the same atomic number – same number of protons - the -same
chemical properties but different mass numbers due to different number of neutrons, are known as I
the isotopes of an element.
10. What are the requirements to sustain fission process?
The bombarded neutrons must have sufficient energy to cause fission, The number of
neutrons produced must be able to create the rate of fission, The fission process must generate energy,
The fission process must be controlled
11. Define multiplication factor of a fission process.
Number of neutrons of any one generation
k= number of neutrons of immediately preceding generation.
12. Define fertile materials and breeding in reactors
235 232
There are materials like U and Th which are not fissile but can be converted into fissile
materials by the bombardment of neutrons. Such materials are known as fertile materials.
The process of converting more fertile material into fissile material in a reaction is known as
breeding.
13. What are the desirable properties of a good moderator? (MAY/JUN 2014)
It must be as light as possible It must slowdown the neutron as quick as possible, It must have
resistance to corrosion .It must have good machinability, It must have good conductivity and high
melting point
14. What are the desirable properties of a coolant?

It should not absorb neutron, Have high chemical and radiation stability, Non-corrosive, Have
high boiling point Non-toxic
15. What are the advantages using CO2 as coolant?

• Gases do not react chemically with the structural materials, Gas can attain any temperature for
a particular pressure
• They do not absorb neutron, The leakage of gas will not affect the reactivity, The gas coolant
provides best neutron economy

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16. What are the advantages of breeder reactors?

It gives high power density than any other reactor, High breeding is possible, High burn-up of fuel is
achievable, The operation of the reactor is not limited by Xe poisoning

17. What are the demerits of breeder reactor?

Highly enriched fuel is required, Control is difficult and expensive, Safety must be provided against
melt down, Handling of sodium is a major problem

18. What are the advantages of Sodium in fast-breeder reactors?

Sodium has very low absorption cross-sectional area, It possess good heat transfer properties at high
temperature and low pressure, It does not react with any of the structural materials used in primary
circuits

19. What is the purpose of control rods?

The control rods are used to start the chain reaction, maintain the chain reaction at required level and
to shut down the reactor during emergency.

20. What is meant by Nuclear fission? (NOV/DEC 2013)

Uranium exists in different isotopes of U238, P34 and U235. Out of these, EP35 is most unstable.
When unstable heavy nucleus is bombarded with high-energy neutrons, it splits up roughly into two
equal
21. Define Nuclear Fission.
An atom’s nucleus can be split apart. When this is done a tremendous amount of energy is
released. The energy is both heat and light energy. This energy ,when let out slowly can be
harnessed to generate electricity.
22. Name the different components of nuclear reactor?
1. Nuclear fuel 2. Moderator 3. Control rods 4. Reflectors, 5. Reactor vessel 6. Biological
shielding 7. Coolant

23. State some advantages of Pressurized Water reactor?

• The pressurized water reactor is compact
• In this type, water is used as coolant, moderator and reflector water is cheap and available
in plenty)
• It requires less number of control rods.

24. What are the advantages of gas cooled reactor nuclear power plant?
1. Fuel processing is simple, 2. The use of C02 as coolant completely eliminates the

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possibility of explosion in reactor. 3. No corrosion problem

25. Name the coolants commonly used for fast breeder reactors?
Liquid metal (Na (or) Na K), Helium (He), Carbon dioxide.

26. What is the- necessity of Automatic controls for feed water?

The electrical load on power plant varies in an irregular manner. The automatic control provided at
a steam power plant successfully meets over the variable load. The automatic control for feed water
is necessary sine the supply of feed water depends upon plant load.

27. What is the difference between fission and fusion? (Nov/Dec 2012) (MAY/JUN 2014)

S. NO Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion

In nuclear physics, nuclear

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission chemistry and astrophysics
1 is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits nuclear fusion is the process by
into smaller parts (lighter nuclei), often producing free which two or more atomic nuclei
neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays). join together, or "fuse", to form a
single heavier nucleus.
The two nuclei produced are most often of comparable This is usually accompanied by
2
size, typically with a mass ratio around 3:2 for common the release or absorption of large
fissile isotopes. quantities of energy.

28. List the four types of radiation associated with nuclear fission.
• Alpha radiation
• Beta radiation
• Gamma radiation
• Neutron radiation

29. Write few ways of Nuclear Power plant safety.

Radiation doses can be controlled through the following procedures:
• The handling of equipment via remote in the core of the reactor
• Physical shielding

• Limit on the time a worker spends in areas with significant radiation levels
• Monitoring of individual doses and of the working environment

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• Safety mechanism of a Nuclear power reactor

30. What is LMFBR? Why liquid metal preferred in fast breeder reactor? (MAY/JUN 2013)
A liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) is a nuclear reactor capable of producing
more fissile product than it takes in. Breeders exhibit remarkable fuel economy compared to light
water [Link] metal use in fast breeder reactors has long been considered for the
improvement of efficiency in their heat transfer systems. Work has been performed around the
world on corrosion of sodium- and potassium-cooled fast breeder reactors.
The metal coolants have much higher density than the water used in most reactor designs,
they remove much heat more rapidly and allow much higher power density. This makes them
attractive in situations where size and weight are at a premium, like on ships and submarines
31. What is Neutron life time?
The prompt neutron lifetime, is the average time between the emission of neutrons and either
their absorbtion in the system or their escape from the system. The term lifetime is used
because the emission of a neutron is often considered its birth, and the subsequent absorption is
considered its death.
32. What is Uranium-235 chain Reactor?
In a chain reaction, particles released by the splitting of the atom go off and strike other
uranium atoms splitting those. Those particles given off split still other atoms in a chain
reaction. If an least one neutron from U-235 fission strikes another nucleus and causes it to
fission, Then the chain reaction will continue.
33. What is four factor formula?

The four factor formula is used in nuclear engineering to determine the multiplication of a nuclear
chain reaction in an infinite medium. The formula is:
9. Reproduction Factor - The thermal utilization factor
10. The resonance escape probability - The fast fission factor
34. List the four types of radiation associated with nuclear fission.
1. Alpha radiation
2. Beta radiation
3. Gamma radiation
4. Neutron radiation
35. Define Alpha radiation.
This is basically the atomic nucleus of the element(He) consisting of two protons and two
neutrons. It is not very penetrative and the danger to man arises if an alpha emitting

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element,such as plutonium,then the alpha radiation be very damaging.

[Link] Beta radiation.
Beta radiation consists of electrons or their positively charged counterparts. This can penetrate
the skin, but not very far.
[Link] Gamma radiation.
Gamma radiation is penetrative in a manner similar to X-rays and has similar physical
properties. It can be stopped only by thick shields of lead or concrete.
[Link] Neutron radiation.
Neutron radiation consists of the neutrons emitted during the fission process. Neutrons are also
very penetrative, but less so then gamma-radiation.
[Link] water as moderator.
Neutrons from fission have very high speeds and must slowed greatly by water moderation to
maintain the chain raction. The Uranium-235 is enriched to 2.5-3.5% to allow ordinary water to
be the moderator. Enough spontaneous events occur to initiate a chain reaction if the proper
moderation and fuel density is provided.
[Link] the types of Nuclear reactors.
The reactors are classified based on the following: [Link] of fuel used
2. Neutron flux spectrum
3. The coolant
[Link] the various widespread power plant reactor types.
[Link] water reactor(PWR) [Link] water reactor(BWR)
21. Pressurized Heavy water reactor(PHWR)
22. Liquid metal fast Breeder Reactors(LMFBR)
23. High temperature Gas cooled reactors(HTGCR)
[Link] is pressurized water reactors(PWR)?
The PWR belongs to the lidht water type. The moderator and the coolant are both light water(H2O).
The cooling water circulates in two loops, which are fully separated

from one another. PWR keep water under pressure, so the water heats but does not boil even at
the high operating temperature.

[Link] is boiling water reactor(BWR)?

In a boiling water reactor, Light water plays the role of moderator and coolant as
well. Part of the water boils away in the reactor pressure vessel, thus a mixture of water and

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steam leaves the reactor core.

[Link] is Molten Salt Reactor(MSR)?
A molten salt reactor is a type of nuclear reactor where the primary coolant is a
molten salt. Molten salt refers to a salt that is in the liquid phase that is normally a solid at
standard temperature ionic liquid, although technically molten salts are a class of ionic liquids.
[Link] Power plant safety.
Radiation doses can be controlled through the following procedures: [Link] handling of
equipment via remote in the core of the reactor
2. Physical shielding
3. Limit on the time a worker spends in areas with significant radiation levels
4. Monitoring of individual doses and of the working environment
5. Safety mechanism of a Nuclear power reactor
46. List the Nuclear power plants in India.
1. Kaiga(3*22MWPHWR), Karnataka
2. Kakrapar(2*22MWPHWR), Gujarat
3. Kudankulam(2*100MWPWR), Tamilnadu
4. Madras(2*17MWPHWR), Tamilnadu
[Link] mean generation time.
It is the average time from a neutron emission to a capture results in fission. The mean
generation time is different from prompt neutron lifetime because the mean generation time
only includes neutron absorption that leads to fission reaction.

UNIT 4: POWER FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY

[Link] are the components of solar energy?

Collector
Storage unit

4. What is concentration ratio?

Concentration ratio is defined as the ratio between the aperture area and the receiver absorber area
of the collector.

3. List the various types of solar energy collectors. (NOV/DEC 2013)

[Link] collectors (or) Non- concentrating

(a) Flate plate collectors

(b) Compound parabolic collectors

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 [Link]

(c) Evaculated tube collectors

[Link] tracking concentrating collector
(a) single axis tracking

(b) Two-axis tracking

4. List any four applications of solar collectors.

• Solar water heating
• Solar space heating systems
• Solar refrigeration
• Industrial process heat systems

5. List the four important solar systems.

• Low temperature cycles using flat plat collector or solar pond

• Power tower or central receiver system

• Distributed collector system
• Concentrating collectors for medium and high temperature cycle

6. List the advantages of solar Energy.

• Solar energy is free from pollution

• They collect solar energy optically and transfer it to a single receiver, thus minimizing
thermal-energy transport requirements

• They typically achieve concentration ratios of 300 to 1500 and so are highly efficient both
in collecting energy and converting it to electricity

• The plant requires little maintenance or help after setup

• It is economical

7. List any four disadvantages of solar energy.

• Avilable in day time only

• Need storage facilities
• It needs a backup power plant

8. List the various components of wind energy system.

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

9. What are the two basic design of turbines?

[Link] axis (or) Egg beater style [Link] axis

(propeller style) machines

10. Write down the various types of wind power plants.

[Link]
 [Link]

[Link] [Link] [Link] connected

11. List any four advantages of wind turbine.
[Link] fuel source [Link] pollution
[Link] supplement to other renewable source [Link] free
12. List the disadvantages of wind power generation.
[Link] energy production [Link] maintenance
13. What are the various ways of creating tidal energy?
[Link] Barrager [Link] fences [Link] turbines
List the various types of turbines used in tidal power
[Link].
[Link]
turbine [Link] turbine [Link] turbines
[Link] are the components of tidal power station?
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

16. List four advantages of hydro electric power plant. (MAY/JUN 2013)
· It is a clean and safe source of energy

· They are self sustaining

· They create habitat for more types of fish
· They can act as a flood controller
· They are the most efficient energy source running from 90-95% efficiency

17. What is pondage and storage? (MAY/JUN 2014)

STORAGE
In a conventional hydropower plant, the water from the reservoir flows through the plant,
exits and is carried down stream. A pumped-storage plant has two reservoirs:Upper
reservoir - Like a conventional hydropower plant, a dam creates a reservoir. The water in
this reservoir flows through the hydropower plant to create [Link] reservoir -
Water exiting the hydropower plant flows into a lower reservoir rather than re-entering the
river and flowing downstream.

PONDAGE
It usually refers to the comparably small water storage behind the weir of a run-of-the-river

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hydroelectric power plant. Such a power plant has considerably less storage than the
reservoirs of large dams and conventional hydroelectric stations which can store water for
long periods such as a dry season or year. With pondage, water is usually stored during
periods of low electricity demand and days when the power plant is inactive, enabling its use
as a peaking power plant in dry seasons and a base load power plant during wet seasons.

18. What is water hammer? ((MAY/JUN 2014)

Water hammer ( fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is
forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum change). A water hammer
commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure
wave propagates in the pipe. It is also called hydraulic shock.

[Link] is the source of geothermal energy? (NOV/DEC 2013)

Geothermal energy is clean and renewable source of energy that refers to heat found in
Earth’s core. The geothermal energy is basically a form of thermal energy that has its origin
in radioactive decay of various minerals inside the Earth's core.

[Link] is fuel cell?

A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that reacts a fuel and oxygen to produce electricity.
The most common fuel is hydrogen. Produces electricity, water, and heat by the combination
of hydrogen and oxygen.
H2 + 1/2O2 H2O + Electrical Energy + Heat Energy [Link] of fuel cell?
(d)
Temperature
(a)Low temperature (< 300oC) (b)High Temperature (> 300oC)
(e)
Electrolyte
(a)PEMFC (low Temperature, proton- conducting polymer) (b)PAFC (200oC ,phosphoric
acid in a matrix)
(c)AFC (KOH, 80oC aqueous potassium hydroxide in a matrix) (d)MCFC (650oC, molten
carbonate salt in a ceramic matrix) (e)SOFC (> 900oC, oxide ion-conducting ceramic)
(f)BFC - Biological Fuel Cell (Sugar)

• Write the functions of platinum catalyst.

(a) Dissociate the C-H bond.

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 [Link]

(b) Facilitate the reaction of the resulting residue with some oxygen containing
species to form CO2
• Write the advantages of fuel cell?
—
Water is the only discharge (pure H2)
—
High efficiency
—
Low weight and volume
—
Portable
—
No hazardous emissions

[Link] short notes on Biological fuel cell?

Biological fuel cell converts the chemical energy of carbohydrates, such as sugars and
alcohol directly into electrical energy.
First time Rohrback et al. designed the biological fuel cell in which clostridium butyricum
was used as a biological material to generate hydrogen from glucose fermentation.

25. What are sources of Biogas?

Biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Potential raw mateerials
available on a large scale are cow dung, municipal waste and plants specially grown for this
purpose like water hyancith, algae, certain types of grasses.
[Link] the formula to calculate the hydraulic power produced by a hydroturbine:
The hydraulic power is given by the formula:
P=GpQH
Where P is the hydraulic energy in watts
G is acceleration due to gravity (9.81 M/s2)
P is water density
Q is the flow or discharge
H is the height of fall of water or head in meter.

[Link] any four advantages of hydro power:

[Link] source is perennially available
[Link] cost is very low
[Link]-polluting
[Link] generation can be switched on and off in a very short period.

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 [Link]

[Link] any four disadvantages of hydropower:

1. High capital investment and low rate of return
2. Gestation period is very large
3. Power generation depends on availability of water
4. Transmission cost and losses are high

[Link] the factors to be considered for the selection of site for hydro power plant:
[Link] of water and water head
[Link] of site
[Link] storage capacity
[Link] from the load center
[Link] of land

[Link] the classification of dams:

1. Based on their functions:
(a) storage dams
(b) Diversion dams
(c) Detention dams
[Link] on their shape:
(a) Trapezoidal dams
(b) Arch dams
[Link] on the materials of construction:
(a)Earth dams (b) Rock pieces dams
(c) Stone masonary dams (d) concrete dams
(e) RCC dams (f)Timber and Rubber
dams
[Link] on hydraulic design:
(a) Overflow type dam
(b) Non-overflow type
dam
[Link] on structural Design:
(a) Gravity dam

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 [Link]

(b) Arch dam

(c) Buttresses dam
[Link] is a surge tank?
A surge tank is a small reservoir in which the water level rises or falls to reduce
the pressure swings during opening and closing of inlet valve. The surge tank is
not required for run off plants and medium head plants.
[Link] is a Draft tube?
The draft tube allows the turbine to be set above the tail race to facilitate inspection
and maintenance. It also regains the major portion of the kinetic energy at the runner
outlet by diffuser action. The draft tube can be a straight conical tube or an allow tube.
[Link] the equipments present in a power house:
1. Hydraulic turbines
2. Electric generators
3. Governors
4. Gate valves and rehet valves
5. Water circulating pumps
6. Air duct
7. Switch board and instruments
8. Storage batteries and cranes
[Link] the types of hydro power plants based on availability of head;
1. High head power plant(head>100m)
2. Medium head power plant(30m-100m)
3. Low head power plants(head<30m)
[Link] the advantages of pumped storage power plants:
1. Increases the peak load capacity at low cost
2. High operating efficiency
[Link] load factor
[Link] of steam flow conditions
[Link] the advantages of impulse turbine:
[Link] tolerance of sand and other particles in the
water [Link] access to working parts
[Link] pressure seals around the
shaft [Link] to fabricate and
maintain [Link] part-flow

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 [Link]

efficiency
[Link] any four pumped storage hydro power plants in India:
1. Bihar, Maharastra, 150 MW
2. Kadamparai, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 400MW
3. Nagarjuna Sagar PH, Andhra Pradesh,810MW
4. Purulia pumped storage project, Avodhva hills,West Bengal, 900MW
5. Srisailam Left Bank PH, Andhra Pradesh,900 MW
6. Tehri Dam, Uttranchal, 1000 MW
[Link] are the essential elements of hydro power plant?
1. Catchment area
2. Reservation
3. Dam
4. Surge tanks
5. Draft tubes
6. Power house
7. Switched for transmission of power
[Link] is meant by catchment area and explain its function:
The whole area behind the dam is called the catchment area. The rain water in
the area will be drained into the dam through a dam or river.
[Link] Reservoir:
A reservoir may be natural, like a lake on a mountain or artificially
built by erecting a dam across a river.
[Link] surge tank:
A Surge tank is a small reservoir in which the water level rises swings
during opening and closing of inlet valve.
[Link] is power house?
A power house is a stable structure which houses the equipment in the power plant
[Link] is meant by pumped storage power plant?
The pumped storage plants are used for load balancing. During peak load water is
used to work on turbines to produce electricity. Water after working in turbines is
stored in the tail race reservoir.
45. What is mini Hydro plants?
The mini power plants operate with 5m-20m head and produce about 1 MW

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 [Link]

to 5 MW of power.
[Link] is micro hydro plants?
The micro power plants require a head less than 5m and produce 0.1 MW
to 1 MW.
[Link] turbines:
A turbine converts energy in the form of falling water into rotating shaft power.
The selection of best turbine for any particular site depends on the site characteristics.
48. What are the disadvantages of impulse turbine?
They are unsuitable for low-head sites because of their low specific speeds.
[Link] is pelton turbine?
A pelton turbine consists of a set of specially spread buckets mounted on a
periphery of a circular disc. It is turned by jets of water which are discharged from
one or more nozzles.
[Link] is meant by reaction turbines?
Francis turbine and propeller turbines are the reaction turbines. The
reaction turbines rotate faster than impulse turbine.
[Link] is meant by propeller turbine?
The basic propeller turbine consists of a propeller. Inside it consist
of a continuation of the penstock tube.
[Link] is meant by Kaplan turbine?
The pitch of the propeller blades together with wicket gate adjustment, enables
reasonable efficiency to be maintained under part flow conditions. Such turbines
are called as Kaplan turbines.
[Link] twin runners:
Two runners can be placed on the same shaft either side by side or on
opposite sides of the generator. This configuration is unusual and would only
be used if the number of jets per runner had maximized.
[Link] the advantages of impulse turbine over reaction turbine:
Impulse turbine are usually cheaper then reaction turbine because there is no
need for a specialist pressure casing.
[Link] impulse turbine in terms of heads?
High head- pelton Turgo
Medium head- Multi jet pelton turgo
Low head- cross flow

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 [Link]

[Link] reaction turbine in terms of head:

High head- Francis
Medium head- Propeller
Low head- Kaplan

UNIT 5: ENERGY ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF POWERPLANTS

1. Define demand factor?

Demand factor is defined as the ratio of maximum demand to connected [Link] load is the
sum of ratings in kW of equipment installed in the consumer's premises. Maximum demand is the
maximum load, which a consumer uses at any time.

2. Define load curve?

Load curve is a graphical representation between load in kW and time in hours. It. shows variation of
load at the power station. The area under the load curve -represents the energy generated in a
particular period.

3. Define load factor?

Load factor is defined as the ratio of average load to the peak load (or) maximum demand.

4. What includes fixed cost?

Fixed cost includes the following cost.
1. Cost of land
2. Cost of building
3. Cost of equipment
4. Cost of installati6n
5. Interest, 6.
[Link] cost
7. Insurance,
8. Management cost

5. What includes operating cost?

Operating cost includes the following cost.
[Link] of fuel
2. Cost of operating labour
3. Cost of maintenance labours and materials

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 [Link]

4. Cost of supplier like

Water for feeding boilers, for condenser and for general use.
Lubrication oil and, [Link] treatment chemicals.

6. What is the need of depreciation cost?

Depreciation cost is the amount to be set aside per year from the income of the plant to meet
the depreciation caused by the age of service, wear and tear of the machinery and equipments.
Depreciation amount collected every year helps in replacing and repairing the equipment.

7. 7. Site selection criteria for hydroelectric power plant?

1. Availability of water 2. Water storage
2. Water head 3. Accessibility of site
4. Distance from the load centre 5. Type of the land of the site
8. Site selection criteria for thermal power plant?
1. Transportation network 2. Geology and soil type
3. Topography 4. Water resources [Link] centre [Link] size
9. Site selection criteria for nuclear power plant?
1. Availability of water 2. Disposal of Waste 3. Away from populated area
4. Nearest to the load centre 5. Other Factors – Accessibility to the road and rail are general
considerations.
10. Write the types of pollution control methods adopted in thermal power plants?
1. Air pollution control
(a)Electrostatic precipitators (b)Low NOX burners
(c)Flue gas stack (d) Dry ash extraction
2. Water pollution control
(a)Coal/oil setting pits (b)Ash dykes & disposal systems
(c) Ash water recycling system (d)Effluent treatment plant
3. Thermal pollution control
4. Noise pollution control
11. What are the pollutants come out of the coal fired power plant?
Coal combustion releases nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter (PM), mercury, and
dozens of other substances known to be hazardous to human health

[Link] advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plant?

Advantages
• Economic

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 [Link]

• Environmental
• Portability & Productivity

Disadvantages
• Waste storage
• Accidents
• National Security
• Ease of peaceful usage to weapons program

13. What is the purpose of electrostatic precipitator?

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration device that removes fine particles, like dust
and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge minimally impeding
the flow of gases through the unit.

14. Write nuclear waste disposal methods.

(a)Utilizing underground facility (b)Injecting into deep aquifers (c)Deep bore holes (d) Rock melting

15. Flyash Disposal in Ash Ponds

Primarily, the flyash is disposed off using either dry or wet disposal scheme. In dry disposal, the
flyash is transported by truck, chute or conveyor at the site and disposed off by constructing a dry
embankment (dyke). In wet disposal, the flyash is transported as slurry through pipe and disposed off
in impoundment called "ash pond". Most of the power plants in India use wet disposal system

16. What are the pollutants from nuclear power plants?

Nuclear power plants do not emit carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen oxides as part of
the power generation process. However, fossil fuel emissions are associated with the uranium mining
and uranium enrichment process as well as the transport of the uranium fuel to and from the nuclear
plant.

17. What do you mean by spent fuel? How it is disposed?

Every 18 to 24 months, nuclear power plants must shut down to remove and replace the "spent"
uranium fuel. This spent fuel has released most of its energy as a result of the fission process and has
become radioactive waste.

Currently, the spent fuel is stored at the nuclear plants at which it is generated, either in steel-lined,

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 [Link]

concrete vaults filled with water or in above-ground steel or steel-reinforced concrete containers with
steel inner canisters.

18. What are the effects on aquatic life and water by nuclear wastes?
• Heavy metals and salts build up in the water used in all power plant systems, including
nuclear ones. These water pollutants, as well as the higher temperature of the water
discharged from the power plant, can negatively affect water quality and aquatic life. Nuclear
power plants sometimes discharge small amounts of tritium and other radioactive elements as
allowed by their individual wastewater permits.
• Waste generated from uranium mining operations and rainwater runoff can contaminate
groundwater and surface water resources with heavy metals and traces of radioactive
uranium.

19. Radioactive Waste Generation and disposal methods?

• Enrichment of uranium ore into fuel and the operation of nuclear power plants generate
wastes that contain low-levels of radioactivity. These wastes are shipped to a few specially
designed and licensed disposal sites.
• When a nuclear power plant is closed, some equipment and structural materials become
radioactive wastes. This type of radioactive waste is currently being stored at the closed plants
until an appropriate disposal site is opened.
• Management, packaging, transport, and disposal of waste are strictly regulated and carefully
controlled by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the U.S. Department of
Transportation.

20. Write the nuclear waste streams that may harm the environment?

1. Spent nuclear fuel at the reactor site (including fission products and plutonium waste)

2. Tailings and waste rock at uranium during reactor operation

3. Releases of large quantities of dangerous radioactive materials during accidents

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