LAPORAN AKHIR 

PROFIL KOMODITAS KUBIS

Witono Adiyoga
Mieke Ameriana
Rachman Suherman
T. Agoes Soetiarso
Budi Jaya
Bagus Kukuh Udiarto
Rini Rosliani
Darkam Mussadad

BALAI PENELITIAN TANAMAN SAYURAN

PUSAT PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN HORTIKULTURA 
BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN PERTANIAN
DEPARTEMEN PERTANIAN

2004

1
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I. Pendahuluan

Kubis memiliki nama ilmiah Brassica oleracea. Dalam dunia tumbuhan, kubis
diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut:
a. Divisi : Spermatophyta
b. Subdivisi : Angiospermae
c. Kelas : Dicotyledonae
d. Famili : Brassicaceae
e. Genus : Brassica
f. Species : Brassica oleracea.

Kubis merupakan kelompok tanaman yang dikenal sebagai cole crops. Kata "cole" 
berasal dari kata “col”  di Middle English. Orang Romawi menyebut tanaman ini
sebagai "caulis" , sedangkan orang Yunani menyebutnya sebagai "kaulion" . Kesemua
kata tersebut pada dasarnya berarti batang. Kelompok tanaman ini meliputi kubis,
kubis bunga, brokoli, kale, collards, kohlrabi, dan Brussels sprouts . Tanaman cole liar
cole liar
banyak ditemukan tumbuh di sepanjang pantai Mediterania dan Atlantik, Eropa.
Kubis dan kale berasal
kale  berasal dari Eropa Barat, sedangkan kubis bunga dan brokoli berasal
dari wilayah Mediterania. Kubis dan kale  merupakan tanaman pertama dari
kelompok ini yang didomestikasi, kira-kira 2 000 tahun yang lalu. Sebelum
didomestikasi, kedua tanaman ini dikumpulkan dari daerah liar dan digunakan
terutama sebagai tanaman obat atau medisinal herbal. Bentuk-bentuk liar kubis
ditemukan sepanjang pantai-pantai Laut Tengah dan atau Jazirah Asia Kecil atau
Turki yang kemudian berevolusi menjadi bentuk-bentuk yang dibudidayakan pada
saat ini. Semua tanaman cole  bersifat interfertile  (dapat disilangkan) dan banyak 
pula yang self-incompatible (bunga
self-incompatible  (bunga tidak dapat difertilisasi oleh polen yang berasal
dari tanaman yang sama). Karakteristik ini mempermudah upaya untuk melakukan
seleksi jenis tanaman cole  yang baru. Self-incompatibility  juga menyebabkan
produksi benih hibrida cenderung ekonomis.
Introduksi tanaman kubis ke Indonesia tidak diketahui secara pasti sejak kapan.
Kubis dwi musim sudah ada sejak sebelum Perang Dunia II, ditanam di daerah
pegunungan dan benihnya selalu didatangkan dari luar negeri, khususnya
Netherland. Varietas kubis yang terkenal pada saat itu adalah RvE (Roem( Roem van 
Enkhuizen ).
). Bagi petani yang menemukan kesulitan untuk mendapatkan benih,
biasanya menanam kubis dari stek, sehingga dikenal sebagai kubis stek (Argalingga,
Majalengka dan Dieng, Wonosobo). Sampai saat ini kubis stek masih dapat ditemui
di daerah Dieng, sedangkan di Argalingga sudah atau hampir punah.

Kubis yang dibudidayakan di Indonesia ada dua jenis, yaitu (1) Jenis semusim
(annual type ) – tipe kubis yang dapat tumbuh, berkrop, berbunga dan berbiji di
daerah tropis pada umumnya dan Indonesia pada khususnya, tanpa memerlukan
periode pendinginan terlebih dahulu; (2) Jenis dwi musim ( biennial type ) – dapat
tumbuh di daerah tropis namun tidak dapat berbunga secara alami karena tidak 
adanya musim dingin panjang untuk merangsang pembungaannya. Jenis dwi musim
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secara alami. Dengan demikian, budidaya kubis di Indonesia memiliki

ketergantungan yang sangat tinggi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan benih dari pasar
impor.

II. Area, produksi dan produktivitas

Data terakhir dari FAO (2004) menunjukkan bahwa produksi kubis dunia pada tahun
2004 mencapai 68 389 593 ton dan diusahakan pada luasan lahan sekitar 3 214 105
hektar (Tabel 1). Perkembangan terakhir juga menunjukkan bahwa China adalah

Tabel 1 Areal panen, produksi dan produktivitas kubis dunia serta lima negara
penghasil terbesar

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Dunia A (ha) 2 801 396 3 033 996 3 066 269 3 187 864 3 242 105
P (t) 58 783 149 60 781 249 61 515 476 66 837 584 68 389 593
  Y (t/ha) 20,98 20,03 20,06 20,97 21,09

China A (ha) 1 220 265 1 485 684 1 571 113 1 624 310 1 669 450
P (t) 23 148 800 25 262 396 28 078 001 30 584 911 32 601 000
  Y (t/ha) 18,97 17,00 17,87 18,83 19,53

India A (ha) 260 000 250 000 260 000 280 000 280 000
P (t) 5 910 000 5 510 000 5 680 000 5 800 000 6 000 000
  Y (t/ha) 22,73 22,04 21,85 20,71 21,43

Russian Fed. A (ha) 174 130 172 520 172 330 176 460 178 000
P (t) 3 491 820 3 855 530 3 651 850 4 440 570 4 500 000
  Y (t/ha) 20,05 22,35 21,19 25,16 25,28

USA A (ha) 109 880 105 000 103 180 105 480 105 480
P (t) 2 598 690 2 491 660 2 371 330 2 433 110 2 450 000
  Y (t/ha) 23,65 23,73 22,98 23,07 23,23

Indonesia A (ha) 99 289 89 439 96 405 95 729 95 729

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negara produsen kubis terbesar di dunia dengan kontribusi sekitar 47%, diikuti oleh
India (9%), Federasi Rusia, Amerika Serikat, termasuk Indonesia. Indonesia
termasuk ke dalam lima negara terbesar produsen kubis dunia ditinjau dari luas
areal panen dan produksi totalnya. Namun demikian, produktivitas kubis di
Indonesia bahkan masih lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan rata-rata produktivitas
kubis dunia. Sementara itu, produktivitas kubis di empat negara produsen lainnya
ternyata juga masih belum optimal. Berikut ini adalah beberapa negara yang
produktivitas kubisnya jauh melampaui produktivitas kubis di lima negara produsen
kubis terbesar. Dalam lima tahun terakhir secara konsisten produktivitasnya:

• > 30 t/ha : Australia, Cyprus, Republik Ceko, Honduras, Mexico,

Netherlands, Selandia Baru, Norwegia, Palestina, Polandia,
Slovenia, Afrika Selatan dan Spanyol
• > 40 t/ha : Austria, Belgia, Jepang, Kuwait, Swedia dan Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
• > 50 t/ha : Jerman, Irlandia, Korea Utara dan Saudi Arabia

Selama periode 1995-2003, luas areal panen kubis di Indonesia cukup berfluktuasi,
yaitu antara 69 815 hektar pada tahun 1996 dan 59 207 hektar pada tahun 2001.
Sementara itu, produktivitas kubis pada periode waktu yang sama juga
menunjukkan fluktuasi dengan kisaran yang relatif sempit, yaitu terendah pada
tahun 2001 sebesar 20,4 ton/ha dan tertinggi pada tahun 1995 sebesar 24,7 ton/ha.
Dengan demikian, produksi kubis tahunan di Indonesia cenderung bervariasi dengan
catatan tertinggi pada tahun 1995 sebesar 1,625 juta ton, dan terendah pada tahun
2001 sebesar 1,205 juta ton.

Table 3 Produksi kubis di Indonesia, 1995-2003

Tahun Luas Panen (ha) Produksi (t) Produktivitas (t/ha)

1995 65,820 1,625,227 24.7

1996 69,815 1,580,408 22.6

1997 64,990 1,338,507 20.6

1998 69,150 1,459,232 21.1

1999 65,352 1,447,910 22.2

2000 66,914 1,336,410 22.4

2001 59,207 1,205,404 20.4

2002 60,235 1,232,843 20.5

2003 64,520 1,348,433 20.9

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Secara agregat, produktivitas kubis di Indonesia selama periode 1995-2003

mencapai rata-rata 21,7 t/ha. Untuk periode yang sama, pencapaian ini ternyata
setara dengan produktivitas rata-rata kubis dunia (132 negara), yaitu ± 20 t/ha.

Berkaitan erat dengan tingkat adaptabilitasnya, pertanaman kubis di Indonesia

tersebar terutama di daerah dataran tinggi. Berdasarkan data produksi dan areal
tanam, pertanaman kubis tercatat di 28 propinsi, kecuali Bangka Belitung dan DKI
Jakarta. Tabel 4 menunjukkan perkembangan areal tanam dan produksi berdasarkan
propinsi penghasil kubis, serta data agregatnya. Empat sentra produksi kubis utama
di Indonesia berturut-turut adalah Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Sumatera Utara dan
Jawa Timur. Keempat sentra produksi tersebut menyumbang 80.4% dari total areal
panen dan 80.5% dari produksi total tahun 2003. Walaupun dikembangkan pada
agroekosistem yang relatif sama, produktivitas yang dicapai oleh setiap propinsi
ternyata cukup beragam. Hal ini mengindikasikan adanya perbedaan intensitas
pengelolaan antar sentra produksi yang biasanya tercermin dari perbedaan kualitas
dan/atau kuantitas masukan yang digunakan.

Tabel 4 Areal tanam (ha), produksi (ton) dan produktivitas (ton/ha) kubis di
Indonesia, 1998-2002

Propinsi 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

  Aceh Area (ha) 192 200 234 56 575

Prod (t) 3.631 2.921 3.233
3 .233 802 10.840
Prvt (kwt/ha) 18,91 14,61 13,82 14,32 18,85

Sumatera Utara Area (ha) 7.545 11.641 8.156 8.699 10.027

Prod (t) 184.493 268.896 198.605 272.877 249.716
Prvt (kwt/ha) 24,45 23,10 24,35 27,92 24,90

Sumatera Barat Area (ha) 1.788 1.786 1.768 1.836 1.632

Prod (t) 52.346 45.978 66.216 21.535 36.063
Prvt (kwt/ha) 29,28 25,74 37,45 11,73 22,10

Riau Area (ha) 1 - 2 - -

Prod (t) 4 - 7 - -
Prvt (kwt/ha) 4,00 - 3,50 - -

Jambi Area (ha) 354 517 555 1.268 2.030

Prod (t) 10.384 16.628 22.652 20.528 39.809
Prvt (kwt/ha) 29,33 32,16 40,81 16,19 19,61

Sumatera Selatan Area (ha) 172 238 225 156 256

Prod (t) 2.334 2.325 1.553 1.483 2.702
Prvt (kwt/ha) 13,57 9,77 6,90 9,51 10,55

Bengkulu Area (ha) 3.686 2.690 1.637

1.637 3.258 1.662
1.662
Prod (t) 86.115 43.005 28.113 55.898 25.078
Prvt (kwt/ha) 23,36 15,99 17,17 17,16 15,09

Lampung Area (ha) 615 781 517 344 607

Prod (t) 9.757 9.049 7.019 5.756 9.883
Prvt (t/ha) 15,87 11,59 13,58 16,73 16,28
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SUMATERA
SUMATER A Area (ha) 14.353 17.853 13.094 15.617 16.789
Prod (t) 349.064 388.802 327.398 348.879 374.091
Prvt (t/ha) 24,32 21,78 25,00 22,34 22,28

DKI Jakarta Area (ha) - - - - -

Prod (t) - - - - -
Prvt (t/ha) - - - - -

Jawa Barat Area (ha) 23.239 21.101 19.788 17.729 18.403

Prod (t) 613.338 501.381 490.449 431.208 438.091
Prvt (t/ha) 26,39 23,76 24,79 24,32 23,81

Jawa Tengah Area (ha) 15.644 13.339 12.181 11.537 14.360

Prod (t) 262.266 207.005 185.775 165.888 240.134
Prvt (t/ha) 16,76 15,52 15,25 14,38 16,72

DI Yogya Area (ha) 50 26 45 67 40

Prod (t) 1.718 822 1.358 2.324 1.025
Prvt (t/ha) 34,36 31,62 30,18 34,69 25,63

Jawa Timur Area (ha) 8.111 9.563 8.616 9.277 9.068

Prod (t) 121.074 131.986 121.794 166.551 157.411
Prvt (t/ha) 14,93 13,80 14,14 17,95 17,36

Banten Area (ha) - - 1 - -

Prod (t) - - 3 - -
Prvt (t/ha) - - 30,00 - -

JAWA Area (ha) 47.044 44.029 40.631 38.610 41.871

Prod (t) 998.396 841.194 799.379 765.971 836.661
Prvt (t/ha) 21,22 19,11 19,67 19,84 19,98

Bali Area (ha) 1.315 1.376 1.290 1.353 1.282

Prod (t) 51.893 51.841 48.611 50.468 51.188
Prvt (t/ha) 39,46 37,68 37,68 37,30 39,93

NTB Area (ha) 411 74 286 391 361

Prod (t) 3.041 1.034 3.211 2.868 3.086
Prvt (t/ha) 7,40 13,97 11,23 7,34 8,55

NTT Area (ha) 161 212 165 218 222

Prod (t) 645 838 679 1.799 1.208
Prvt (t/ha) 4,01 3,95 4,12 8,25 5,44

BALI & NTT Area (ha) 1.887 1.662 1.741 1.962 1.865
Prod (t) 55.579 53.713 52.501 55.135 55.482
Prvt (t/ha) 29,45 32,32 30,16 28,10 29,75

Kalimantan Barat Area (ha) 12 5 9 22 179

Prod (t) 53 22 44 77 688
Prvt (t/ha) 4,42 4,40 4,89 3,50 3,84

Kalimantan Tengah Area (ha) 1 5 - 1 -

Prod (t) 4 18 - 10 -
Prvt (t/ha) 4,00 3,60 - 10,00 -

Kalimantan Selatan Area (ha) 5 5 2 - -

Prod (t) 18 18 7 - -
Prvt (t/ha) 3,60 3,60 3,50
3,50 - -

Kalimantan Timur Area (ha) 85 70 36 80 46

Prod (t) 1.263 414 298 367 185
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Sulawesi Utara Area (ha) 149 493 320 325 332

Prod (t) 1.168 3.846 5.740 2.457 6.456
Prvt (t/ha) 7,84 7,80 17,94 7,56 19,45

Sulawesi Tengah Area (ha) 143 191 138 221 158

Prod (t) 1.522 1.042 624 1.207 2.630
Prvt (t/ha) 10,64 5,46 4,52 5,46 16,65

Sulawesi Selatan Area (ha) 1.293 2.449 2.640 2.639 2.721

Prod (t) 38.054 46.310 15.831 54.384 67.970
Prvt (t/ha) 29,43 18,91 6,00 20,61 24,98

Sulawesi Tenggara Area (ha) 107 113 141 243 97

Prod (t) 905 690 968 1.669 501
Prvt (t/ha) 8,46 6,11 6,87 6,87 5,16

Gorontalo Area (ha) - - 3 5 3

Prod (t) - - 11 19 5
Prvt (t/ha) - - 3,67 3,80 1,67

SULAWESI Area (ha) 1.692 3.246 3.242 3.433 3.311

Prod (t) 41.649 51.888 23.174 59.736 77.562
Prvt (t/ha) 24,62 15,99 7,15 17,40 23,43

Maluku Area (ha) 20 22 67 18 117

Prod (t) 128 60 831 115 483
Prvt (t/ha) 6,40 2,73 12,40 6,39 4,13

Maluku Utara Area (ha) - - - 28 36

Prod (t) - - - 84 540
Prvt (t/ha) - - - 3,00 15,00

Papua Area (ha) 253 17 385 464 306

306
Prod (t) 1.756 281 1.772 2.469 2.741
Prvt (t/ha) 6,94 16,53 4,60 5,32 8,96

MALUKU & PAPUA Area (ha) 273 39 452 510 459

Prod (t) 1.884 341 2.603 2.668 3.764
Prvt (t/ha) 6,90 8,74 5,76 5,23 8,20

LUAR JAWA Area (ha) 18.308 22.885 18.576 21.625 22.649

Prod (t) 449.514 495.216 406.025 466.872 511.772
Prvt (t/ha) 24,55 21,64 21,86 21,59 22,60

INDONESIA
INDONESI A Area (ha) 65.352 66.914 59.207 60.235 64.520
Prod (t) 1.447.910 1.336.410 1.205.404 1.232.843 1.348.433
Prvt (t/ha) 22,16 19,97 20,36 20,47 20,90

Sumber: Direktorat Jenderal Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura

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  Analisis data tahunan produksi dan areal tanam kubis mencakup periode waktu
1970-2003 menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pertumbuhan rata-rata produksi kubis di
Indonesia cenderung menurun sebesar 0.5% (0.005). Tingkat pertumbuhan
produksi rata-rata kubis (meningkat/menurun) pada dasarnya dapat dipilah ke dalam
pertumbuhan yang disebabkan oleh peningkatan/penurunan areal tanam dan
peningkatan/penurunan produktivitas. Kontribusi peningkatan
peningkatan dari komponen areal
tanam dan produktivitas terhadap pertumbuhan produksi kubis secara berturut-turut
adalah (-) 2.3% dan 1,8%. Dengan demikian, sumber dominan yang menyebabkan
penurunan produksi kubis selama periode 1970-2003 adalah penurunan areal tanam.
Lebih jauh lagi, keragaman areal tanam menunjukkan kontribusi yang lebih tinggi
terhadap ketidak-stabilan produksi sayuran secara umum, dibandingkan dengan
keragaman produktivitas.

Pola pertumbuhan produksi menurun yang didominasi oleh penurunan areal tanam
(kontribusi penurunan areal tanam terhadap penurunan produksi lebih besar
dibandingkan dengan kontribusi peningkatan produktivitas), mengandung beberapa
implikasi sebagai berikut: (a) strategi dan kegiatan/usaha yang berhubungan dengan
inovasi teknologi/penelitian yang ada belum cukup kuat memacu pola pertumbuhan
produksi berbasis peningkatan produktivitas, atau program penyuluhan belum
berjalan secara optimal, terutama dikaitkan dengan proses alih teknologi di tingkat
petani, dan (b) penurunan produksi dimungkinkan oleh adanya dis-insentif akibat
perubahan harga masukan dan luaran. Harga masukan yang meningkat lebih cepat
dibandingkan harga luaran, sehingga biaya per unit produk lebih tinggi dibandingkan
dengan harga jual per unit produk. Hal ini memungkinkan adanya ketidak-stabilan
profitabilitas relatif dari komoditas yang diusahakan, sehingga petani memutuskan
untuk tidak menanam komoditas bersangkutan (Bisaliah, 1986).

Indikator-indikator yang diperoleh dari hasil analisis, memberikan gambaran

perlunya strategi pendekatan pengembangan yang lebih memberikan penekanan
pada peningkatan akselerasi pertumbuhan produksi kubis berbasis peningkatan
produktivitas atau inovasi teknologi. Sementara itu, variabilitas areal tanam
menunjukkan kontribusi yang lebih tinggi terhadap ketidak-stabilan produksi kubis
selama periode 1970-2003, dibandingkan dengan variabilitas produktivitas. Hal ini
mengindikasikan masih dominannya pengaruh berbagai faktor, misalnya profitabili-
tas kubis relatif terhadap komoditas sayuran lain, kendala ketersediaan lahan siap
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memperkecil resiko penyakit kanker lambung dan usus. Hasil penelitian di Amerika
membuktikan bahwa kol yang dikonsumsi dalam keadaan mentah atau yang telah
dimasak dapat mengurangi terjadinya kanker usus besar sebanyak 66%. Manfaat
lain dari kol adalah dapat mencegah dan menyembuhkan luka lambung,
menstimulasi kekebalan, menurunkan kadar kolesterol dalam darah serta dapat
mencegah infeksi karena jamur. Jenis sayuran ini tidak saja akrab menjadi hidangan
sayuran orang Indonesia, tetapi juga oleh warga Cina Singapura, bahkan rata-rata
konsumsinya mencapai 40 g/hari atau tiga kali lebih tinggi daripada orang Amerika.
Dari beberapa hasil studi epidemologi, dilaporkan bahwa konsumsi kubis-kubisan
seperti kubis putih dan merah, brokoli, kembang kol, kale, lobak, dan seledri air
dapat menurunkan risiko bergagai jenis kanker, yaitu kanker payudara, prostat,
ginjal, kolon, kandung kemih dan paru-paru. Pada kanker prostat, konsumsi tiga
atau lebih porsi sayuran tersebut mampu menurunkan risikonya dibanding konsumsi
hanya satu porsi per minggu. Demikian halnya, konsumsi sayuran Brassica sebanyak 
1-2 porsi/hari dilaporkan dapat menurunkan risiko kanker payudara
p ayudara sebesar 20-40%

Namun demikian, mengkonsumsi jenis makanan apapun sebaiknya jangan dalam

  jumlah yang berlebih, begitu juga dengan kubis. Kandungan goitrins  nya dapat
menganggu keseimbangan iodium  dalam darah. Hal ini dapat terjadi pada orang-
orang tertentu yang menderita mag, gastritis  dan perut kembung. Konsumsi kubis
yang berlebih akan menyebabkan terbentuknya gas dalam lambung. Tetapi jika
asupan iodium dari makanan lain seimbang, mengkonsumsi kubis tidak perlu lagi
dikhawatirkan. Tabel 4 dan 5 memberikan informasi lengkap mengenai komposisi
makanan atau nutrisi yang terdapat pada kubis.

Tabel 4 Komposisi makanan pada kubis-kubisan per 100 gr edible portion 

No Kubis-kubisan Air Protein Serat  Vit A   Vit C Kalsium Besi

(%) (gr) (gr) (SI) (mg) (mg) (mg)
1 Kubis putih
Mentah 92.4 1.3 0.8 130 47 49 0.4
Dikukus 93.9 1.1 0.8 130 33 44 0.3
2 Kubis merah
Mentah 90.2 2.0 1.0 40 61 42 0.8
Dikukus
3 Kubis bunga
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Tabel 5 Nutrisi dalam kubis (1 gelas, dicacah, 89 gr)

Nutrient Units 1 cup, Nutrient Units 1 cup,

chopped chopped
89 g 89 g
Proximates Lipids
Water g 82.014 Fatty acids, total satur g 0.029
Energy kcal 22.250 4:0 g 0.000
Energy kj 93.450 6:0 g 0.000
Protein g 1.282 8:0 g 0.000
Total lipid (fat) g 0.240 10:0 g 0.000
  Ash g 0.632 12:0 g 0.001
Carbohydrate, by g 4.833 14:0 g 0.001
difference
Fiber, total dietary g 2.047 16:0 g 0.026
Minerals 18:0 g 0.001
Calcium, Ca mg 41.830 Fatty acids, total g 0.017
monounsaturated
Iron, Fe mg 0.525 16:1 undifferentiated g 0.000
Magnesium, Mg mg 13.350 18:1 undifferentiated g 0.017
Phosphorus, P mg 20.470 20:1 g 0.000
Potassium, K mg 218.940 22:1 undifferentiated g 0.000
Sodium, Na mg 16.020 Fatty acids, total g 0.109
polyunsaturated
Zinc, Zn mg 0.160 18:2 undifferentiated g 0.046
Copper, Cu mg 0.020 18:3 undifferentiated g 0.061
Manganese, Mn mg 0.142 18:4 g 0.000
Selenium, Se mcg 0.801 20:4 undifferentiated g 0.001
 Vitamins 20:5 n-3 g 0.000
  Vitamin C, tot asc acid mg 28.658 22:5 n-3 g 0.000
Thiamin mg 0.045 22:6 n-3 g 0.000
Riboflavin mg 0.036 Cholesterol mg 0.000
Niacin mg 0.267 Phytosterols mg 9.790
Pantothenic acid mg 0.125  Amino acids
  Vitamin B-6 mg 0.085 Tryptophan g 0.013
Folate, total mcg 38.270 Threonine g 0.044
Folic acid mcg 0.000 Isoleucine g 0.064
Folate, food mcg 38.270 Leucine g 0.065
Folate, DFE mcg 38.270 Lysine g 0.060
  Vitamin B-12 mcg 0.000 Methionine g 0.012
  Vitamin A, IU IU 118.370 Cystine g 0.011
Retinol mcg 0.000 Phenylalanine g 0.040
  Vitamin A, RAE mcg 6.230 Tyrosine g 0.021
  Vitamin E mg 0.093 Valine g 0.054
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titik saturasi. Dengan demikian, sejalan dengan peningkatan pendapatan, konsumsi

kubis di negara-negara berkembang juga akan semakin meningkat. Disamping
pendapatan per kapita, pertumbuhan konsumsi kubis per kapita juga dipengaruhi
oleh harga relatif dan ketersediaan bahan substitusi. Tingkat pertumbuhan ini juga
merupakan fungsi dari selera, preferensi serta berbagai faktor demografis dan
kultural.

Sementara itu, konsumsi kubis di Indonesia menunjukkan peningkatan yang

cenderung kurang konsisten dalam 10 tahun terakhir ini. Dengan asumsi akurasi
data terjamin, beberapa hal yang dapat dikemukakan sehubungan dengan konsumsi
kubis di Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut:
• Selama kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir, konsumsi per kapita kubis nasional
menunjukkan peningkatan yang relatif kecil, yaitu sekitar 0,2 kg (1993-2004)
• Konsumsi per kapita kubis di daerah pedesaan relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan
dengan di daerah perkotaan dan menunjukkan kecenderungan semakin
meningkat
• Konsumsi per kapita kubis di daerah perkotaan menunjukkan kecenderungan
semakin menurun (Catatan: penurunan konsumsi per kapita kubis dari tahun ke
tahun ini juga terjadi di beberapa negara maju, misalnya Canada, yang
konsumsinya secara
secara konsisten terus menurun:1999 (5.71 kg/kapita); 2000 (5.48
kg); 2001 (4.81 kg); 2002 (4.86 kg); dan 2003 (4.13 kg).

Tabel 6 Konsumsi kubis di perkotaan dan pedesaan Indonesia (kg/kapita/tahun)

Tahun Perkotaan Pedesaan Total

1993 1.77 1.87 1.87

1996 1.72 1.92 1.82

1999 1.47 1.66 1.56

2002 1.87 1.97 1.92

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• Teknologi didiseminasikan diantara partisipan rantai pasokan, misalnya

diantara produsen, pengepak dan pengolah
• Hak kepemilikan berpindah dari produsen kubis ke pengepak atau
pengolah, kemudian ke pemasar
• Informasi mengenai permintaan konsumen serta preferensinya mengalir
dari pedagang pengecer ke produsen kubis

Uraian di atas menunjukkan bahwa rantai pasokan kubis merupakan suatu sistem
ekonomi yang mendistribusikan manfaat dan juga risiko diantara berbagai partisipan
yang terlibat di dalamnya. Dengan demikian, rantai pasokan kubis secara tidak 
langsung telah mengembangkan mekanisme internal serta insentif untuk menjamin
ketepatan berbagai komitmen produksi maupun delivery .

Lokasi geografis sentra produksi kubis memungkinkan produk sayuran tersebut

dipasarkan tidak hanya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan lokal, tetapi juga antar
wilayah/regional. Rantai pasokan yang terjadi pada dasarnya merupakan bentuk 
pelayanan yang sudah melembaga untuk menjembatani produsen dan konsumen
sayuran. Intervensi pemerintah terhadap rantai pasok kubis ini cenderung terbatas
pada dukungan ketersediaan infrastruktur fisik, misalnya jalan dan bangunan pasar.
Tataniaga kubis seluruhnya ditangani oleh pihak swasta. Hal ini mengimplikasikan
bahwa rantai pasok kubis secara umum cenderung beroperasi berdasarkan kekuatan
penawaran dan permintaan.

Beberapa jenis rantai pasok kubis yang berhasil diidentifikasi

d iidentifikasi diantaranya adalah:

1. produsen – transporter/pengangkut – pedagang pengumpul desa atau bandar –

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PRODUSEN

TRANSPORTER/PENGANGKUT

BANDAR ATAU PEDAGANG PENGUMPUL PENGEPAK 

PEDAGANG PENGUMPUL REGIONAL ASSEMBLY 
LOKAL TRADER 

TRANSPORTER/PENGANGKUT

PEDAGANG BESAR/ PEDAGANG BESAR/

GROSIR DI BANDUNG GROSIR DI JAKARTA 
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Tabel 7 Elemen, deskripsi dan nilai tambah dalam rantai pasokan sayuran/kubis

Elemen Deskripsi Nilai Tambah

Produsen Petani yang menghasilkan serta o Produksi

memanen sayuran/kubis, dan untuk  o Panen
beberapa saluran distribusi tertentu juga o Pengkelasan (grading 
(grading )
melakukan kegiatan pengkelasan

Pedagang tebasan Pedagang yang membeli sayuran o Panen

(terutama tomat, kubis, kubis bunga o Pengkelasan
serta sayuran daun lainnya) pada saat
tanaman masih berada di lapangan
(sebelum panen).

Pedagang pengumpul Pedagang lokal yang mengumpulkan/ o Pengumpulan

lokal/desa membeli sayuran/kubis dalam volume o Sortasi
yang relatif besar dari petani atau o Pengkelasan
beberapa petani dan memasarkannya ke o Pengangkutan
pusat-pusat konsumsi.

Pedagang pengumpul Jenis pedagang yang berdomisili di luar o Pengumpulan

antar wilayah sentra produksi ini membeli sayuran/ o Sortasi
kubis dan memasarkannya
memasarkannya ke pasar- o Pengkelasan
pasar grosir dan pengecer. Sayuran/ o Pengangkutan
kubis dapat dibeli langsung dari petani
atau bandar/ pedagang pengumpul lokal.

Pengepak Jenis usaha yang melakukan pembelian, o Jaminan kualitas

sortasi, pengkelasan, pengepakan/ o Pengkelasan
pengemasan serta memberikan o Pengemasan
pelayanan penyimpanan jangka pendek. o Koordinasi transpor dan
Elemen ini juga mengkoordinasikan negosiasi
transportasi produk serta memiliki o Penyimpanan jangka pendek 
kontrak pemasokan dengan pengecer- terkontrol
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o  Variabilitas harga yang tinggi

o Kehilangan hasil dan susut yang tinggi
o Respon terhadap pemesanan yang relatif lambat
o Kurangnya pengawasan kualitas sepanjang rantai, termasuk kurangnya alat
trans-portasi serta gudang penyimpanan berpendingin
o Kurangnya perencanaan produksi secara umum serta metode produksi yang
relatif masih sederhana/konvensional
o Kemampuan terbatas untuk memenuhi permintaan spesifikasi produk 
o Kurangnya informasi pasar sepanjang rantai pasokan
o Kurangnya rasa kepercayaan antar elemen yang terlibat di dalam rantai pasokan
p asokan
o Kesulitan koordinasi antar pemasok-pemasok skala kecil

Indikator yang kemungkinan dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi keragaan rantai

pasokan diantaranya adalah (a) farmer’s share  dan (b) marjin tataniaga. Bagian
petani adalah rasio (dalam persen) antara harga yang diterima petani dengan harga
yang dibayarkan konsumen. Sedangkan marjin tataniaga adalah selisih antara harga
yang dibayarkan konsumen dengan harga yang diterima petani. Marjin tataniaga
merepresentasikan harga untuk membayar jasa atau pelayanan yang diperlukan
dalam mempersiapkan produk memasuki pasar. Besarnya marjin tataniaga akan
sangat dipengaruhi oleh kombinasi: (a) kualitas dan kuantitas jasa pemasaran yang
diberikan, (b) biaya yang diperlukan untuk jasa/pelayanan pemasaran tersebut,
serta (c) efisiensi teknis dan harga jasa/pelayanan pemasaran yang diberikan.

Tabel 8 menunjukkan bahwa selama periode 2000-2004, koefisien variasi marjin

pemasaran kubis lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan petsai dan tomat, namun sedikit
lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kentang. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa ketidak-
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petani secara konsisten selalu lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan besaran variasi
marjin tataniaga. Bagian petani dan marjin tataniaga biasanya berkorelasi negatif,
artinya jika bagian petani meningkat maka marjin tataniaga akan menurun. Secara
implisit hal ini mengimplikasikan adanya keterkaitan yang kuat antara elemen
produksi dan elemen pemasaran di dalam rantai pasokan sayuran/kubis tradisional
di Jawa Barat.

Sementara itu, selama kurun waktu 2001-2003, data perdagangan (ekspor-impor)

kubis menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia masih merupakan net exporter dari
exporter  dari sisi volume
maupun nilainya. Ekspor kubis dalam tiga tahun terakhir menunjukkan penurunan
dari sisi volume, tetapi terjadi kenaikan dari sisi nilai. Negara destinasi ekspor kubis
terutama adalah Malaysia dan Singapore, namun ada sebagian pula yang diekspor
ke Taiwan, Jepang, Hongkong, Thailand, Mongolia dan Mexico. Selama 2001-2003,
impor kubis juga menunjukkan kecenderungan serupa dengan ekspor, yaitu
penurunan volume, tetapi kenaikan nilai. Negara utama asal impor kubis adalah
China dan Australia, dan sebagian kecil berasal dari Korea dan Vietnam. Perlu
diperhatikan bahwa unit biaya per kilogram kubis yang harus dikeluarkan untuk 
ekspor dan impor selalu meningkat
me ningkat dari tahun ke tahun, namun biaya/kg untuk kubis
impor selalu lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan biaya/kg untuk kubis ekspor.

Tabel 9 Volume dan nilai ekspor/impor kubis Indonesia, 2001-2003

Tahun Ekspor Impor

  Volume (kg) Nilai (US$.) Unit   Volume (kg) Nilai (US$) Unit
(US$/kg) (US$/kg)
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petani yang menerapkannya, sehingga mulai dirasakan sebagai kebutuhan bagi

petani.

Dari aspek pertumbuhan dan pengembangan kegiatan/usaha agribisnis, penerapan

SNI dapat memberikan manfaat: (a) mewujudkan tercapainya persaingan yang
sehat dalam perda-gangan, (b) menunjang pelestarian lingkungan hidup, (c)
meningkatkan kepercayaan dan kepuasan pelanggan melalui sistematika dan
pendekatan yang terorganisir pada pemastian mutu, (d) meningkatkan citra dan
daya saing petani/pelaku agribisnis, (e) meningkatkan efisiensi di dalam berproduksi,
dan (f) mengantisipasi tuntutan konsumen atas mutu produk dan tingkat persaingan
usaha yang telah mengalami perubahan sehingga pelaku agribisnis dapat
menanggapinya melalui pendekatan mutu, pengendalian mutu, pemastian mutu,
manajemen mutu dan manajemen mutu terpadu.

Sesuai dengan Keputusan Presiden Nomor : 12 tahun 1991, standar yang berlaku di
seluruh wilayah Indonesia adalah Standar Nasional Indonesia, yang mulai
diberlakukan sejak tanggal 1 April 1994. Sebagai tindak lanjut penetapan Standar
Nasional Indonesia, melalui Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor:
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Disamping syarat mutu yang ditetapkan dalam SNI, segmen pasar juga menetapkan
persyaratan-persyaratan tertentu dan mengelompokkannya ke dalam beberapa kelas
mutu. Persyaratan mutu yang ditetapkan segmen pasar untuk komoditas kubis
segar antara lain :

Tabel 11 Persyaratan mutu kubis sesuai dengan permintaan segmen pasar

Kriteria Kelas Mutu

Mutu I Mutu II

Ukuran/bobot (gr) besar/ >1000 sedang /< 1000

Warna daun luar Hijau sampai keputihan Hijau sampai keputihan

Kesegaran (%) 90 – 100 80 – 89

Permukaan kulit Mulus Mulus

Kotoran bebas bebas

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bahwa variasi harga kubis (dan kentang, tomat, petsai) di tingkat pedagang besar
secara umum lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan variasi marjin tataniaga dan variasi
harga di tingkat sentra produksi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka pendek 
pasar cenderung beroperasi untuk mempertahankan stabilitas harga kubis (dan
kentang, tomat, petsai) di tingkat pedagang besar. Indikasi ini memberikan
penekanan perlunya perbaikan pengelolaan rantai pasokan sayuran tradisional di
Jawa Barat yang lebih memberikan perhatian terhadap upaya memecahkan
instabilitas harga yang cukup tinggi di tingkat sentra produksi.

Table 12 Variasi harga kubis di tingkat sentra produksi (Pangalengan) dan tingkat grosir
(PIKJ), 2000-2004

Kubis Kentang Tomat Petsai

Harga di tingkat sentra produksi (Rp/kg)

Rata-rata 527.9 1 886.2 548.0 318.2
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maupun grosir/pedagang besar, harga kubis terendah terjadi pada bulan Agustus,
sedangkan harga kubis tertinggi tercapai pada bulan April.

Table 13 Pola musiman harga kubis di tingkat sentra produksi (Pangalengan) dan tingkat
grosir (Cibitung), 2001-2003

Bulan

J P M A M J J A S O N D
Tingkt
Rata-rata harga bulanan (Rp/kg)

Sentra 676,0 549,7 988,3 1062,0 969,0 651,3 598,7 486,3 560,0 743,7
743 ,7 733,3 737,7
7 37,7

Grosir 886,0 1093,7 1208,3 1270,7 1221,0 980,3 830,3 701,7 761,0 915,0 955,0 1029,0
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d) Tanaman kubis dapat hidup pada suhu udara 10-24 derajat C dengan suhu
optimum 17 derajat C. Kebanyakan varietas kubis tahan cuaca dingin (minus 6-
10 derajat C) untuk waktu singkat, tetapi akan rusak jika dihadapkan pada
cuaca dingin yang berlangsung lama.
e) Tanaman kubis akan hidup dengan baik pada kisaran kelembaban udara 60-
90%. Jika kelembaban di atas 90% maka muncul penyakit busuk lunak berair,
penyakit semai rebah dan penyakit lain yang
y ang disebabkan oleh cendawan.

6.1.2. Media Tanam

a) Kondisi fisik tanah yang sesuai untuk pertanaman kubis adalah tanah yang
bertekstur sedang, yaitu liat berpasir, berstruktur remah (gembur), subur,
banyak mengandung bahan organik. Namun demikian, tanaman kubis juga
masih toleran terhadap tanah yang agak berat.
b) Jenis tanah yang
y ang sesuai untuk tanaman kubis adalah latosol, regosol dan
andosol. Walaupun kubis masih dapat hidup pada jenis tanah lain, tetapi
hasilnya kurang optimal.
c) Keasaman tanah (pH) yang cocok adalah 5,5-6,5.
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b) Penyeleksian benih, dengan merendam biji dalam air, dimana benih yang baik 
akan tenggelam.
c) Rendam benih selama ± 12 jam atau sampai benih terlihat pecah agar benih
cepat berkecambah.

Kebutuhan benih per hektar tergantung varietas dan jarak tanam, umumnya
dibutuhkan 300 gram/ha. Benih harus disemai dan dibumbun sebelum dipindah-
tanam ke lapangan. Penyemaian dapat dilakukan di bedengan atau langsung di
bumbun. Bumbunan dapat dibuat dari daun pisang, kertas makanan berplastik atau
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lembaran plastik (5 hari), lalu plastik dibuka, dan lahan diangin-anginkan (10-
15 hari).
c) Kombinasi cara a) dan b).
Pertama benih disebar di petak persemain, setelah berumur 4-5 hari (berdaun
3-4 helai), dipindahkan ke dalam bumbunan.
d) Penanaman langsung.
Benih langsung ditanam di lahan, sehingga dapat lebih menghemat waktu,
biaya dan tenaga, namun memerlukan perawatan yang lebih intensif.
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b) Sistem putaran, caranya tanah disiram dan bibit dengan diambil

beserta tanahnya 2,5 - 3 cm dari batang
ba tang dengan kedalaman 5 cm.

6.2.2. Pengolahan Media Tanam

Persiapan

Lahan sebaiknya bukan lahan bekas ditanami tanaman famili Cruciferae lainnya.
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Pembuatan Lubang Tanam

Lubang tanam dibuat sesuai dengan jarak tanam sedalam cangkul atau dengan
ukuran garis tengah 20-25 cm sedalam 10-15 cm.
cm .

Cara Penanaman

a) Waktu tanam yang baik adalah pada pagi hari antara pukul 06.00 - 10.00 atau
sore hari antara pukul 15.00 - 17.00, karena pengaruh sinar matahari dan
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Perempelan

Perempelan cabang/tunas-tunas samping dilakukan seawal mungkin untuk menjaga

tanaman induk agar zat makanan terkonsentrasi pada pembentukan bunga
seoptimal mungkin.

Pemupukan

Pemupukan susulan I dilakukan dengan urea 1 gram per tanaman melingkari

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hidup 2-3 minggu tergantung temperatur udara; (2) ngengat betina panjang
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gram Dipertex 95 SL, 10 kg dedak, 0,5-1,0 kg gula merah dan 10 liter air untuk 
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g) Cengkerik dan gangsir (Gryllus

(Gryllus mitratus dan Brachytrypes portentosus).
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bercak-bercak hitam. Pengendalian:

Pengendalian : (1) memberi perlakuan pada benih
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a) Premium Flat Dutch: umur panen 100 hari, produksi 4,5 kg/tanaman.
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dihitung berdasarkan nisbah kesetaraan

(NKT/LER = land equipment ratio ),
), ternyata
kombi-nasi tanaman kubis + tomat membe-
rikan NKT yang paling tinggi (2,01).
• Komposisi biaya usahatani kubis di Solok,
Sumatera Barat (1998) menunjukkan bahwa,
komponen biaya tenaga kerja menempati urutan
tertinggi (25,8 %), diikuti pestisida (16,7 %),
pupuk (15,4 %), biaya lain-lain (14,4 %) dan
biaya bibit (10,7%).
- • Dengan tingkat produksi yang cukup tinggi
(28,3 t/ha) dan nilai produksi Rp. 2.405.500,
maka tingkat keuntungan yang dapat diterima
petani cukup tinggi, yaitu Rp. 1.431.852 (R/C
ratio = 2,47).
• Produktivitas usahatani kubis di daerah ini
ternyata masih belum optimal, peningkatan
produksi masih dapat diusahakan dengan
meningkat-kan penggunaan pupuk, luas lahan
garapan dan tenaga kerja.

- • Ditinjau dari segi penggunaan inputnya,

usahatani kubis di daerah Pangalengan,
Bandung masih belum efisien. Secara nyata
produksi masih dapat ditingkatkan dengan
menam-bah penggunaan pupuk ZA dan KCl.

2. Studi pemasaran - • Dalam periode 1985-1995, terdapat indikasi

dan analisis harga bahwa marjin tataniaga riil dan nominal kubis di
Jawa Barat dan Sumatera Utara terus
menunjukkan peningkatan. Namun demikian,
marjin tataniaga riil dan nominal kubis di Jawa
Barat lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Sumatera
Utara.
• Dalam kurun waktu sepuluh tahun terakhir
(1985-1995), bagian petani relatif lebih stabil
dibandingkan dengan marjin tataniaga. Semakin
tinggi nilai ekonomis suatu komoditas, semakin
tinggi pula bagian yang diterima petani. Semakin
tinggi marjin tataniaga, semakin rendah bagian
petani dari harga yang dibayarkan konsumen.
• Perbandingan koefisien variasi marjin tataniaga,
harga produsen dan harga konsumen
mengindikasikan bahwa dalam jangka pendek,
mekanisme pasar cenderung mendorong
stabilitas harga di tingkat konsumen. Sementara
itu, jika ditinjau dari sisi produksi kubis (Jawa
Barat dan Sumatera Utara), mekanisme pasar
cenderung lebih mendorong stabilitas marjin
tataniaga dibandingkan dengan harga di tingkat
produsen.
• Dalam usaha perbaikan sistem pema-saran perlu
lebih ditekankan untuk memecahkan masalah
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Catatan Umum

1. Informasi mengenai sosial ekonomi kubis masih sangat terbatas. Dalam kurun
waktu 1984-2004 (20 tahun), studi sosial ekonomi kubis yang dapat dikumpulkan
hanya 5 buah artikel (4 buah artikel studi ekonomi produksi dan 1 buah artikel
studi pemasaran dan analisis harga).

2. Informasi studi ekonomi produksi sudah relatif lama (terakhir tahun 1994) dan
mengingat perkembangan perubahan yang terjadi dalam satu dasawarsa terakhir
yang cukup signifikan, maka dirasa perlu untuk segera memperbaharuhi data-
data tersebut melalui kegiatan-kegiatan penelitian pada masa yang akan datang.
d atang.

3. Mengingat komoditas kubis memiliki nilai ekonomi yang relatif tinggi dan banyak 
diminati serta ditanam petani, maka pada tahun-tahun mendatang dirasa sangat
perlu untuk memperbanyak penelitian sosial ekonomi kubis yang menyangkut
berbagai aspek, yaitu mulai dari studi produksi, pemasaran hingga studi
konsumen (selera pasar).

IX. Kendala pengembangan kubis dari sisi tekno-sosio-ekonomis

  Analisis data tahunan produksi dan areal tanam kubis mencakup periode waktu
1970-2003 menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pertumbuhan rata-rata produksi kubis di
Indonesia cenderung menurun sebesar 0.5% (0.005). Tingkat pertumbuhan
produksi rata-rata kubis (meningkat/menurun) pada dasarnya dapat dipilah ke dalam
pertumbuhan yang disebabkan oleh peningkatan/penurunan areal tanam dan
peningkatan/penurunan produktivitas. Kontribusi peningkatan
peningkatan dari komponen areal
tanam dan produktivitas terhadap pertumbuhan produksi kubis secara berturut-turut
adalah (-) 2.3% dan 1,8%. Dengan demikian, sumber dominan yang menyebabkan
penurunan produksi kubis selama periode 1970-2003 adalah penurunan areal tanam.
Lebih jauh lagi, keragaman areal tanam menunjukkan kontribusi yang lebih tinggi
terhadap ketidak-stabilan produksi sayuran secara umum, dibandingkan dengan
keragaman produktivitas.

Pola pertumbuhan produksi (negative 

(negative ) yang didominasi oleh penurunan areal tanam
(kontribusi penurunan areal tanam lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kontribusi
peningkatan produktivitas), mengindikasikan beberapa kendala pengembangan
sebagai berikut:
• Inovasi teknologi/penelitian yang ada belum dapat memacu pertumbuhan
produksi berbasis peningkatan produktivitas. Salah satu diantaranya adalah
belum adanya varietas baru kubis (local) yang dikategorikan lebih unggul
daripada yang telah banyak digunakan di tingkat petani.
• Komponen teknologi budidaya yang tersedia secara umum belum dapat
memacu peningkatan produktivitas kubis.
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• Keragaman areal tanam menunjukkan kontribusi yang lebih tinggi terhadap

ketidak-stabilan produksi kubis secara umum, dibandingkan dengan
keragaman produktivitas. Dengan demikian, probabilitas terjadinya fluktuasi
pasokan relatif lebih tinggi.

Komparasi dengan beberapa negara di Asia (Cina, Singapura) mengindikasikan

bahwa konsumsi kubis di Indonesia masih jauh dari titik saturasi. Pertumbuhan
konsumsi kubis per kapita juga dipengaruhi oleh harga relatif, ketersediaan bahan
substitusi, selera, preferensi serta berbagai faktor demografis dan kultural. Dari sisi
konsumsi, diversifikasi pemanfaatan yang relatif masih rendah dan terbatas pada
perkembangan permintaan kubis relatif lambat. Hal ini pada gilirannya dapat
pemanfaatan untuk pangan (bahkan bukan bahan pangan pokok) menyebabkan
dikategorikan sebagai salah satu faktor pembatas pengembangan produksi kubis di
Indonesia.

Indikator bagian petani (farmer's

(farmer's share ) sebesar 75% dari harga eceran serta
minimalnya campur tangan (pasar) pemerintah, memberikan gambaran bahwa
struktur pasar domestik kubis dapat dikategorikan bersaing sempurna dan
keragaannya cukup efisien. Namun demikian, hal ini tampaknya tidak terjadi pada
ekspor-impor kubis.

Data perdagangan (ekspor-impor) kubis menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia masih

merupakan net exporter  dari sisi volume maupun nilainya. Namun demikian, perlu
diperhatikan bahwa unit biaya per kilogram kubis yang harus dikeluarkan untuk 
ekspor dan impor selalu meningkat
me ningkat dari tahun ke tahun, namun biaya/kg untuk kubis
impor selalu lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan biaya/kg untuk kubis ekspor. Dugaan
bahwa kubis Indonesia kebersaingannya (competitiveness 
(competitiveness ) semakin menurun perlu
mendapat klarifikasi lebih lanjut.

  Variasi harga kubis di tingkat pedagang besar secara umum lebih rendah
dibandingkan dengan variasi marjin tataniaga dan variasi harga di tingkat sentra
produksi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka pendek pasar cenderung
beroperasi untuk mempertahankan stabilitas harga kubis di tingkat pedagang besar.
Indikasi ini memberikan penekanan perlunya perbaikan pengelolaan rantai pasokan
kubis di Jawa Barat yang lebih memberikan perhatian terhadap upaya memecahkan
instabilitas harga yang cukup tinggi di tingkat sentra produksi.

Selama periode 2001-2003, di tingkat sentra produksi maupun grosir/pedagang

besar, harga kubis terendah terjadi pada bulan Agustus, sedangkan harga kubis
tertinggi tercapai pada bulan April. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa walaupun kubis pada
dasarnya dapat ditanam sepanjang tahun pola perilaku harga kubis secara eksplisit
menunjukkan adanya pola musiman penanaman dan penawaran kubis (  peak and 
low season ).
).
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akar pekuk (Plasmodiophor

(Plasmodiophora brassicae  Wor.) dan bercak hitam ( Alternaria sp.)
a brassicae Wor.)  Alternaria sp.) serta
hama ulat Plutella (Plutella
(Plutella xylostella  L.); ulat croci (Crocidolomia
(Crocidolomia binotalis  Zeller);
ulat tanah (  Agrotis ipsilon  Hufn); kutu daun (  Aphis brassicae ) dan cengkerik atau
gangsir (Gryllus
(Gryllus mitratus dan
mitratus dan Brachytrypes portentosus ). ).

Intensitas penggunaan input yang tinggi pada penanaman kubis menyebabkan

usahatani ini dikategorikan sebagai jenis usaha berbiaya tinggi. Intensitas
penggunaan input tinggi, terutama pestisida, bahkan tidak saja berimplikasi
terhadap tingginya biaya usahatani (tingkat kebersaingan produk), tetapi juga
terhadap semakin terganggunya keseimbangan ekosistem.

X. Prospek, kebijakan dan strategi

strategi pengembangan

Berbagai indikator di atas (pertumbuhan produksi, konsumsi, stabilitas harga dan

kelayakan finansial) memberikan gambaran bahwa prospek pengembangan
komoditas kubis di Indonesia masih cukup
cukup baik. Gambaran tersebut
tersebut secara implisit
  juga menunjukkan bahwa prospek peranan kubis dalam sistem pangan Indonesia
akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor dan perubahan demografis, ekonomi,
politis serta lingkungan. Beberapa faktor penentu utama diantaranya adalah
pertumbuhan penduduk, tingkat urbanisasi, tingkat pendapatan serta penurunan/
peningkatan daya beli konsumen. Perlu pula diperhatikan bahwa perubahan diet,
liberalisasi pasar dan perdagangan serta tekanan/proteksi terhadap basis
sumberdaya alam juga akan mempengaruhi penawaran dan permintaan kubis di
masa depan. Berbagai perubahan ini cenderung mendorong produsen dan
konsumen untuk memproduksi dan mengkonsumsi lebih banyak kubis dengan cara,
utilisasi dan penggunaan teknologi baru.

Sejak awal dibudidayakan, kubis sebagian besar ditanam di daerah atau ekosistem
dataran tinggi. Kendala utama peningkatan produksi kubis di tingkat usahatani adalah
penurunan kesuburan tanah, serangan hama penyakit serta ketergantungan terhadap
benih impor. Oleh karena itu, isu penting yang perlu diantisipasi berkenaan dengan
strategi pengembangan kubis adalah aspek keberlanjutan usahatani secara
keseluruhan. Perlu penelitian interdisiplin berupa studi dampak pengelolaan intensif 
usahatani kubis terhadap sustainabilitas ekosistem, terutama dataran tinggi. Beberapa
topik penelitian yang juga perlu dipertimbangkan diantaranya adalah status kesuburan
tanah dan pola tanam, status hama penyakit, preferensi petani terhadap varietas,
bahkan kelayakan pengembangan kentang berdasarkan pendekatan ekstensifikasi.

Keterbatasan lahan untuk ekspansi serta ekspektasi tinggi untuk meningkatkan

produktivitas cenderung mengarah pada penggunaan input, terutama pupuk dan
pestisida, secara berlebih. Hal ini pada gilirannya telah meningkatkan biaya produksi
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masih dipersepsi tinggi. Oleh karena itu, kaji ulang untuk berbagai teknologi kubis
perlu dilakukan sebagai bahan masukan untuk program pengembangan.

Beberapa usulan kebijakan dan strategi pengembangan yang bersifat generik dapat
dikemukakan sebagai berikut:

a. Perlu dipertimbangkan pelaksanaan studi dampak berkenaan dengan

teknologi usahatani kubis yang ada sekarang terhadap status kesuburan
tanah, hama penyakit dan sistem pertanaman atau sistem usahatani
untuk mendapatkan assessment  apakah teknologi yang ada cenderung
lebih memberikan solusi atau justru lebih menimbulkan masalah.
Penelitian dan pengembangan komoditas kubis perlu diarahkan untuk 
menciptakan teknologi tepat guna yang memiliki karakteristik sebagai
pengurang tingkat risiko. Secara implisit, hal ini juga mencakup teknologi
yang menghasilkan output di bawah tingkat produksi maksimal dan
bertumpu pada pemanfaatan proses biologis serta sumberdaya yang
renewable .
b. Penataan kelembagaan dan kebijakan yang diarahkan untuk memberikan
fasilitas kredit serta memperbaiki sistem pemasaran merupakan langkah
penting yang perlu segera diinisiasi agar keragaan dan efektivitas
pengembangan kubis dapat terus ditingkatkan.
c. Dalam rangka memperlambat degradasi lingkungan di dataran tinggi,
berbagai komponen teknologi yang mengarah pada integrated crop 
management  (teknologi yang mempertimbangkan sensitivitas
lingkungan, viabilitas ekonomis, pendekatan keseluruhan usahatani,
teknologi moderen, efifiensi penggunaan input, produk berkualitas sesuai
kebutuhan konsumen dan strategi jangka panjang) perlu lebih dipacu
perancangannya. Komponen teknologi tersebut perlu pula didukung oleh
kebijakan pemerintah yang jelas menyangkut pemanfaatan dan
pengelolaan ekosistem dataran tinggi. Disamping itu, berbagai
kemungkinan pengembangan kubis ke dataran medium/rendah juga
perlu dijajagi kembali kelayakan teknis, ekonomis dan sosialnya secara
lebih komprehensif.
d. Keragaan pasar kubis dengan segala permasalahannya perlu
mendapat perhatian yang lebih besar dari pemerintah. Dalam hal ini,
pemerintah perlu terus didorong untuk memfasilitasi pasar persaingan
sempurna (melalui penerbitan regulasi pasar standar, pemberian jasa
informasi pasar serta perbaikan infrastruktur pasar). Khusus untuk 
pasar ekspor, kebersaingan kubis Indonesia dalam jangka panjang
perlu ditingkatkan melalui upaya pengurangan biaya produksi.

Daftar Pustaka
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Colman, D & Young, T. 1989. Principles of agricultural economics: Markets and

prices in less developed countries. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain.

Dillon, J. L. & Hardaker, J. B. 1980. Farm management research for small farmer
development. Food and Agriculture Organization Agricultural Services Bulletin,
Rome.

Hazell, P. B. R. 1984. Sources of increased

increased instability in Indian and US cereal
production. Amer. J. of Agr. Econ., 66(2): 302-311.

Pustaka penelitian agronomi kubis

No Nama Penulis Tahun Judul Sumber

1. A. Darwin Harahap, P. 1996 Pola tanam tumpangsari pada J. Hort. 6 (3):
Nainggolan dan DJ. tanaman kubis 255 - 262
Sinaga
2. A. Wasito 1993 Penggunaan pupuk majemuk  Bul. Penel.
nitrofosfat pada tanaman kubis Hort. 25 (4):
kultivar Gloria Osena 15-21
3. F. Silalahi 1992 Pengaruh susunan barisan pada J. Hort. 4 (2):
tumpangsari kubis terhadap 66-72
produksi dan pendapatan bersih
4. F. Silalahi 1992 Pengaruh tumpangsari tomat, ercis Bul. Penel.
dan kubis terhadap hasil dan Hort. 22 (3):
produktivitas lahan 38-44
5. Holil Sutapradja dan Y. 1994 Respon tanaman kubis terhadap Bul. Penel.
Hilman dosis dan cara aplikasi dolomit Hort. 27 (1):
27-34
6. Loso Winarto dan M. 1995 Pengaruh organic soil treatment Bul. Penel.
Samin (OST) pada tanaman kubis Hort. 27 (3):
31-38
7. Nani Sumarni 1982 Pengaruh pemupukan N, P dan K  Bul. Penel.
terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil Hort. 9 (5),:
kubis varietas Osena dan Konstanta 25-32
8. Nikardi Gunadi dan A ziz 1989 Pemberian pupuk Nitrogen dan Bul. Penel.
 A. Asandhi mulsa pada tanaman kubis di Hort.17 (3),:
dataran rendah 99-107
9. Nunung Nurtika 1988 Pengaruh macam pupuk nitrogen Bul. Penel.
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dan hasil krop stek tunas kubis

14. Subhan 1987 Pengaruh macam dan dosis pupuk  Bul. Penel.
organik terhadap hasil kubis kultivar Hort. 15 (1: 6-
Gloria Osena 17
15. Subhan 1988 Pengaruh penambahan pupuk P dan Bul. Penel.
Mg dalam kompos terhadap Hort. 16
pertumbuhan vegetatif dan hasil (2),:74-79
tanaman kubis varietas Ocena
16. Subhan 1988 Pengaruh pupuk bahan-bahan Bul. Penel.
organik terhadap pertumbuhan dan Hort. 16 (4),:
produksi tanaman kubis 37-41
17. Subhan 1989 Pengaruh mulsa dan waktu Bul. Penel.
pemberian pupuk N terhadap Hort.17 (3),:
pertumbuhan dan hasil kubis 53-62
varietas KK Cross di dat. rendah
18. Subhan 1989 Uji banding pemakaian kompos Bul. Penel. Hort
 jagung, kompos jerami, dan pupuk  27 (4): 80-91
kandang domba terhadap hasil
kubis kultivar Gloria Osena

19. Subhan 1992 Pengaruh pemberian pupuk P dan K  Bul. Penel.

terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil Hort. 24 (1):
kubis kultivar Green Coronet 129-140
20 Subhan 1993 Pengaruh dosis dan cara pemberian Bul. Penel. Hort
pupuk majemuk NPK (15-15-15) 25 (4): 103-118
terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil
kubis kultivar Green Coronet
21. Subhan 1994 Pengaruh pupuk fosfat dan dolomit Bul. Penel. Hort
terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil 26 (2): 15-24
kubis dataran tinggi kultivar Green
Coronet
22. Subhan dan Agus 1994 Pengaruh dosis fosfat dan mulsa Bul. Penel. Hort
Sumarna terhadap pertumbuhan vegetatif  27 (1): 1-11
dan hasil kubis kultivar KK-Cross
23. Sudarwohadi S., Z. 1995 Pengaruh tumpangsari kubis-tomat Bul. Penel. Hort
 Abidin, F. A. Bahar dan dan penyiangan terhadap komunitas 27 (4): 93-102
 A. Ramlan gulma dan serangga
24. Suwandi dan Nunung 1987 Pengaruh pupuk biokimia “sari Bul. Penel.
Nurtika humus” pada tanaman kubis Hort. 15 (2):
213-218
25. T. Sembiring, F. Silalahi 1992 Pengaruh pupuk organik Tress Bul. Penel.
dan E. Bangun terhadap mutu dan produksi kubis Hort. 23 (2),:
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Pustaka penelitian hama penyakit kubis

No
Judul Penulis Publikasi/Th. Volume/Hal
.
H A M A 

  A. Plutella xylostella
1. Pengaruh umur tanaman kubis Emma Agustien Skripsi Ilmu Hama 110 hal
(Brassica oleraceae L.)
oleraceae L.) dan Hasyim dan Penyakit
tingkat populasi larva (Plutella 
(Plutella  Tumbuhan.
Linn)
xylostella Linn)
xylostella  terhadap FPN UNPAD.
tingkat kerusakan dan hasil Th. 1985
panen kubis.
2. Pengaruh beberapa insektisida Sudarwohadi S. Buletin Penelitian  Vol. X No. 1
terhadap hama ulat daun Tonnny K. Hortikultura Hal : 21-30
kubis dan parasitoid Moekasan Th. 1983
(Diadegma eucerophaga ). ).
3. Efikasi Teflubenzuron, Rustaman, E.S. Buletin Penelitian  Vol XIX No. 4
Flufenoxuron dan Duskarno Hortikultura Hal : 117-123
Chlorfluazuron terhadap hama Th. 1990
xylostela L. dan
Plutella xylostela L.
binotalis Zell.)
Croccidolomia binotalis Zell.)
pada tanaman kubis
4. Pengaruh banyaknya aplikasi Haeruman Skripsi Jurusan 59 hal
insektisida Permetrin terhadap Selamet Hortikultura
keperidian Plutella xylostella L.
xylostella L.  Akademi Pertanian
pada tanaman kubis di Nasional Yayasan
laboratorium. Pembina Pendidikan
Pertanian Bandung.
Th. 1986
5. Efektivitas insektisida  Am Am Gilang Skripsi 51 hal
Teflubenzuron terhadap telur,  Yatmaha FPN Univ. Bandung
larva dan imago Plutella  Raya
xylostella L. (Lepidoptera
xylostella L. (Lepidoptera :  Th. 1989
Yponomeutidae ) di
laboratorium.
6. Efisiensi dan efektivitas Purnomo Dwi Skripsi Jurusan Ilmu 64 hal
modifikasi alat semprot “Boom Sasongko Hama dan Penyakit.
Sprayer” dalam pengendalian FPN UNINUS
hama Plutella xylostela L.
xylostela L. Bandung.
(Lepidoptera :  Th. 1989
Yponomeutidae ) pada
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WP (Panol) terhadap laju H.D. Hortikultura Hal : 49-56

serangan Plutella xylostella L.
xylostella L. Mastur Th. 1992
dan Croccidolomia binotalis  Suparman
Zell pada tanaman kubis.
10. Sinergisme insektisida Tinny S. Uhan Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XXVI No. 1
klorpirifos dan beberapa Ineu Sulastrini Hortikultura Hal : 133-137
insektisida serta PB terhadap Th. 1993
larva Plutella xylostella L.
xylostella L.
11. Ambang kendali ulat daun Sudarwohadi S. Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XX No. 3
kubis (Plutella
(Plutella xylostella L.)
xylostella L.) Tata R. Omoy Hortikultura Hal : 95-104
pada tanaman kubis. Th. 1991
12. Efisiensi penggunaan Wiwin Setiawati Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XXII No. 3
insektisida pada tanaman Sudarwohadi S. Hortikultura Hal : 64-74
kubis berdasarkan hasil Th. 1992
tangkapan ngengat Plutella 
xylostella L. dengan seks
xylostella L.
feromon Px dan perangkap
kuning.
13. Telaahan ambang kendali L.P. Astuti Habitat  Vol. 10 No. 106
hama Plutella xylostella L.
xylostella L. Gatot Mudjiono  April 1999. Hal : 9-13
pada tanaman kubis. T. Nur Rofiyah
14. Status resistensi Plutella    Adi Sukwida Skripsi 77 hal
xylostella L. (Lepidoptera
xylostella L. (Lepidoptera :  FPN Univ. Bandung
Yponomeutidae ) strain Raya
Lembang terhadap beebrapa Th. 1988
 jenis insektisida golongan
organofosfor, piretroid sintetik 
dan benzoil urea.
15. Resistensi ngengat Plutella  Hanifah Skripsi 85 hal
xylostella L. (Lepidoptera
xylostella L. (Lepidoptera :  Sobarioh FPN Univ. Islan
Yponomeutidae ) strain Nusantara Bandung
Lembang dan Pacet terhadap Th. 1989
beberapa jenis insektisida
piretroid sintetik.
16. Status resistensi lima strain Moekasan, T.K. Jurnal Hortikultura  Vol. 14 No. 2
xylostella L. terhadap
Plutella xylostella L. S. Sastrisiswojo Th. 2004 Hal : 84-90
formulasi fipronil, delbametrin, T. Rukmana
profenofos, abamektin dan H. Sutanto
Bacillus thuringiensis . I.S. Purnamasari
 A. Kurnia
Penggunaan bakteri  Anna Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XVI No. 4
17. Streptomyces avermectylis  Laksanawati Hortikultura Hal : 70-75
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Yponomeutidae ) pada
tanaman kubis.
20. Aktivitas ekstrak biji nimba Rika Kartika Skripsi 57 hal
( Azadirachta
 Azadirachta indica  A.
 A. Zuss) Jurusan Hama & 
sebagai antifeedant dan Penyakit Tumbuhan
repellent terhadap larva FPN UNINUS
xylostella L.
Plutella xylostella L. Bandung
(Lepidoptera :  Th. 1990
Yponomeutidae ). ).
21. Efektivitas insektisida mikroba Dadang Wahyu Skripsi 95 hal
dan kimia secara tunggal dan Iriana Jurusan Hama & 
campurannya terhadap hama Penyakit Tumbuhan
xylostella L.
Plutella xylostella L. FPN UNINUS
(Lepidoptera :  Bandung.
Yponomeutidae ) dan Th. 1990
binotalis Zell
Croccidolomia binotalis Zell
(Lepidoptera : Pyralidae ) pada
tanaman kubis.
22. Pengujian toksisitas ekstrak  Martua Suhunan Jurnal Agrikultura  Vol. 13 No. 1
daun pacar cina, Aglaia 
cina, Aglaia  S.  April 2002 Hal : 30-38
odorata dan daun kirinyu,
odorata dan Toto Suharto
odorata terhadap
Cromolaena odorata terhadap
ulat daun kubis Plutella 
xylostella L.
xylostella L.
23. Resistensi tanaman krusifer Sudarwohadi S. Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XV No. 1
terhadap hama ulat daun  Anggorohadi Hortikultura Hal : 29-37
kubis, Plutella xylostella L.
xylostella L. Permadi Th. 1987
 A. Laksanawati
H.D.
Itja Misra
24. Pengaruh tanaman perangkap Bidari Setiati Skripsi 87 hal
terhadap populasi Plutella   Aisyah FPN Univ. Jendral
xylostella L. dan kerusakan
xylostella L. Soedirman
pada tanaman kubis. Th. 1986
25. Pengaruh ukuran kurungan Ratna Ningsih Skripsi 53 hal
pada tingkat parasitasi dan Jurusan Hama & 
nisbah kelamin Cotesia  Penyakit Tumbuhan
 plutellae Kurdj (Hymenoptera :
 plutellae Kurdj FPN Univ. Islam
Broconidae) terhadap larva Nusantara Bandung
xylostella L.
Plutella xylostella L. Th. 1991
(Lepidoptera :
 Yponomeutidae).
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oleracea L. var. Capitata ).

oleracea L. ).
4. Penetapan ambang kendali Tisna Skripsi 67 hal
pavonana (F)
Croccidolomia pavonana (F) FPN Univ. Bandung
(Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) pada Raya
tanaman kubis (Brassica 
(Brassica  Th. 1992
oleracea var. Capitata ).
oleracea var. ).
5. Pengujian ambang kendali ulat Barnas Subhana Skripsi 76 hal
krop kubis Croccidolomia  Jurusan Hama & 
binotalis Zell (Lepidoptera :
binotalis Zell Penyakit Tumbuhan
Pyralidae) pada tanaman FPN Univ. Islam
kubis. Nusantara
Th. 1992
6. Resistensi Croccidolomia  Tinny S. Uhan Jurnal Hortikultura  Vol. 3 No. 2
binotalis Zell strain Lembang
binotalis Zell Ineu Sulastrini Th. 1993 Hal : 75
terhadap beberapa jenis
insektisida.
7. Efikasi plasma nutfah Budi Martono Agr. UMY   Vol. XII No. 1
bengkuang (Pachyrhizus 
(Pachyrhizus  Th. 2004 Hal : 17-22
erosus ) terhadap ulat krop
kubis (Croccidolomia
(Croccidolomia pavanana 
F.)
8. Pengaruh jamur Metarrhizium  Hubagyo K. Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XXIII No. 2
anisopliae terhadap serangan
anisopliae terhadap Loso Winarto Hortikultura Hal : 58-62
binotalis Zell
Croccidolomia binotalis Zell  Amral Fery Th. 1992
pada tanaman kubis varietas S. Sembiring
KR-1.
8. Patogenitas jamur yang Berty H. Assa Eugenia  Vol. 1 No. 4
berasosiasi dengan larva Henny Makal Th. 1995 Hal : 40-43
binotalis Zell.
Croccidolomia binotalis Zell.
C. ipsilon Hufn
 Agrotis ipsilon Hufn
1. Pengaruh beberapa umpan Tinny S. Uhan Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XVII No. 3
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2. Pemanfaatan mikroba tanah I. Djatnika Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XIX No. 1

untuk pengendalian Hortikultura Hal : 32-35
brassicae War
Plasmodiophora brassicae War Th. 1990
pada kubis (Brassica
(Brassica oleracea 
Linn)

3. Pengaruh Mortirella sp.,
Mortirella sp., I. Djatnika Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XXI No. 2
Trichoderma sp. dan media
Trichoderma sp. Hortikultura Hal : 34-38
tumbuhnya terhadap serangan Th. 1991
brassicae M.
Plasmodiophora brassicae M.
pada kubis.
F. Erwinia carotovora 
1. Pencegahan pasca panen Sjaifullah Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XVI No. 1
terhadap serangan penyakit Besman Hortikultura Hal : 60-66
busuk lunak pada kubis Napitupulu Th. 1988
dengan senyawa kapur tawas Mass H. Lunis
dan silika gel.
2. Pengendalian busuk basah Hanudin Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XXV No. 1
pada kubis secara kultur I. Djatnika Hortikultura Hal : 32-36
teknis. Th. 1993
Peronospora parasitica 
G.
(Fr) Tul
1. Pengujian fungisida terhadap Harmidi Buletin Penelitian  Vol. IV No. 4
parasitica (Fr) Tul
Peronospora parasitica (Fr) Widjorini Hortikultura Hal : 23-26
pada tanaman kubis di Th. 1976
persemaian.
2. Pengendalian embun bulu Euis Buletin Penelitian  Vol. XXII No. 1
(Peronospora parasitica Pers.
parasitica Pers. Suryaningsih Hortikultura Hal : 64-70
Ex. Fr) pada kubis di Th. 1992
pesemaian.
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IV. PHT
1. Penerapan pengendalian C.S. Rante Eugenia  Vol. 1 No. 4 Th.
hama terpadu pada tanaman D.T. Sembel Oktober 1995 XI
kubis di Kecamatan Tomohon, M. Meray Hal : 44-50
Kabupaten Minahasa. N.N. Wanta

Pustaka penelitian pasca panen kubis

No. Judul Penulis Publikasi

1. Pengaruh umur panen terhadap hasil dan Sabari, dkk. Jurnal Hort. Vol 6 (5)
mutu kubis 1997 : 477– 483
2. Penilaian mutu fisik enam hibrida kubis Ali Asgar, dkk. BPH. Vol XVI (2) 1988:
107-110
3. Penilaian mutu kimia enam macam kubis hasil   Ali Asgar, dkk. BPH. Vol XVI (4) 1988: 1-
silangan 4
4. Pencegahan pascapanen terhadap srg. Syaifullah, dkk. BPH. Vol XVI (1) 1988:
penyakit busuk lunak pada kubis dengan 60 – 66
senyawa kapur tawas dan silikagel
5. Studi orientasi dan inventarisasi cara dan alat Darkam M., Pros. Seminar Ilmiah
pengiriman kubis antar pulau dkk. [Link]. 1995. 582-
590

6. Perlkuan prapanen untuk mempertahankan Marsono Hortikultura. No 25,

kualitas dan hasil krop kubis 1989: 42 - 43
7. Pembuatan kimchi dari limbah kubis; P. Sihombing, LHP-BPH. 1982/1983: 66
Pengaruh konsentrasi garam, lama dan lokasi dkk.  – 73
fermentasi
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Pustaka penelitian agro-ekonomi kubis

No. Judul Penulis Publikasi

1. Pengaruh penggunaan tenaga kerja dan   Adiyoga, W. Bul. Penel. Hort. XI (4)
pestisida terhadap pendapatan bersih 1984: 20-25
usahatani kubis
2. Pengaruh tumpangsari terhadap tingkat   Adiyoga, W. Bul. Penel. Hort. XII (4)
produksi dan pendapatan usahatani kubis 1985: 8-18
3. Analisis usahatani kubis di Sumatera Barat  Arifin, M. dan G. Bul. Penel. Hort. XXII (3)
(Studi kasus di Desa Galagah, Kabupaten S. Hardono 1992: 90-98
Solok)
4. Efisiensi penggunaan faktor produksi dalam Nurmalinda dan Bul. Penel. Hort. XXVII
usahatani kubis di tingkat petani (4) 1995: 34-39
M. Ameriana
5. Marjin tataniaga dan bagian petani untuk    Adiyoga, W. Jurnal Hort. 7 (3) 1997:
kentang, kubis dan tomat di Jawa Barat dan 840-851
Sumatera Utara