VOL. 84, NO.

BI JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH JANUARY 10, 1979

LocalChangesin Gravity ResultingFrom Deformation

J. B. WALSH

Department
of EarthandPlanetary
Sciences,
Massachusetts
Institute
of Technology,
Cambridge,
Massachusetts
02139-

J. R. R•CE

Divisionof Engineering,
BrownUniversity,Providence,
RhodeIsland02912

The horizontaland verticalcomponents of gravitychangewhentectonicstresses deformthe earth

becausemassis redistributed
relativeto [Link] analyzethechangein gravityresultingfrom
deformationin a homogeneous [Link] deriveexpressionsin closedformwhichgivethe
changein horizontaland verticalcomponents of gravitymeasuredat the surfacefor any specified
distribution
of dislocations
at [Link] example,the changein the verticalcomponent of gravity
observedbya gravitymeterfixedin spaceaboveaninfinitelylongthrustfaultisfoundto beproportional
to the localchangein height,whereas
the changedueto a spherically
symmetricsourceof dilatationis
[Link] the changein the horizontalcomponentshowsthat errorin measurements of uplift
resultingfrom changesin levelis negligiblefor thesesources.

INTRODUCTION is linearly elastic, homogeneous,and isotropic. Deformation

of the half-space occurs as a consequenceof some as yet
Gravity changesdeterminedfrom surveysmadebeforeand
unspecifieddisplacementsource at depth. After developing
after the Alaskan (1964) earthquake[Barnes,1966],the San
generalequationsbelow, we usethem to calculatethe gravity
Fernando (1971) earthquake[Oliver et al., 1972], and the
changesdue to a centerof dilatation and to a long thrust fault.
lnangahua(New Zealand, 1968)earthquake[Hunt, 1970]were The model and the sources are thus the same as those used in
found to be proportionalto local changesin [Link]
traditional analysesof surface displacementsresulting from
close correlation betweenuplift and gravity changesuggests
faulting and dilatancy.
that the tectonicstrainingwhich producedthe uplift also al-
teredthe local gravityfield. Changesin elevationand horizon- ANALYSIS
tal surfacedisplacements havebecomean importantsourceof VerticalandHorizontal Components
of Gravity
information about tectonic processesoccurring before and
during earthquakes,and sophisticated analysesof thesedata The gravimeteris represented in Figure 1 by the point mass
are now [Link], developingsimilar techniquesfor suspendedabove the [Link] material in the
analyzingchangesin the gravity field is of great practical half-spaceexertsa gravitationalpull on the point mass,and so
importance. the vertical force Pz is neededto keep it in equilibrium. The
Whitcomb[1976] suggests that measurements of uplift may gravitationalforce vector is, in general,not vertical, and so
themselvesbe affectedby changesin [Link] horizontal forces,representedby Pr in Figure l, may also be
mass due to tectonicstrainingchangesthe horizontal com- needed. The gravitational pull of the point mass generates
ponentof gravityas well as the [Link] stresses in the half-space;the stressesactingalongan arbitrary
in the horizontalcomponentcauselocal changesin level,and surfaces are denotedby ao in the [Link] stressassociated
althoughtheseare small,Whitcombsuggests that theybecome with self-gravitationof the half-spaceis neglected,a standard
appreciablewhen integratedover long traverses. assumptionin the theoreticalfaultingcalculationsreferredto
above.
Deriving the volumeintegralgiving the changein gravity
resultingfrom a specified
displacement fieldis straightforward. The differentialdE in energy(elasticand gravitational) of
However, displacementfields producedby even the simple the systemwhen the point massis displacedverticallyby dcz
sources used to simulate faults or dilatancy are too com- and incrementsdui of relativedisplacementare imposedon s is
plicatedto permit direct computationof gravity changesex- dE = P• dc•+ f•ao du•ds• (1)
[Link] a consequence, simplemodelshavebeen
usedto get [Link] thesemodels[Whitcomb, (Here the sign conventionis such that if the sidesof s are
1976;Ruff et al., 1976],uplift is simulatedby uniformlyde- labeledpositiveand negativeand if ut is definedas the dis-
forming a cylinderimbeddedin the earth'ssurface;deforma- placementon the positivesideminusthat on the negativeside,
tion in the cylinderis decoupledfrom the surroundingrock, then the directed area element ds• points from positive to
which is unstrained. The deformation field in these studies is negative.)Now considerthe followingtwo processes, in both
highly idealized,and so applicationto real tectoniceventsis of which the mass is moved a small vertical distance Ac• and
uncertain until results from more realistic models are available the displacements
ut are imposedon s. For the first processwe
for comparison. move the point massby Ac•, thereby changingao to ao q-
We have developeda technique involving, in effect, the (c•ao/c•Cz)u,AC•,
andthenweimpose
thedisplacements
u•ons.
reciprocaltheorem,which allowsmore sophisticated models The changein energy,to secondorder in zXc,and ut, is
of tectoniceventsto be [Link] assumethat the earth-
aE = P,ac, + t(OPz/Oc,)•,(ac,)
2
quakecoversa sufficientlysmallvolumethat the earthcanbe
consideredto be a [Link] assumefurther that the rock (2)

Copyright¸ 1979by the AmericanGeophysical

Union. where•o is the changein stressdue to introducingut with c,
Paper number 8B0920. 165
0148-0227/79/008 B-0920501.00
166 WALSHANDRICE:LOCALCHANGES
IN GRAVITYFROMDEFORMATION

Pz The stressfield [Link] to a gravitatingpoint mass,at height

c abovethe surfaceof an elastichalf-space(as in Figure 1), is
derived in the appendix. The resultsare
o.**= Gmoz(z + c)/R 3
[Link]-- Grnprz/Ra
o.•= -Gmpz/R(R
+ z+ c) (7)
[Link]-- Gmp[z/R(R + z + c) - z(z + c)/R a]
whereRø'= rø'+ (z + c)ø',G is the gravitationalconstant,andp
is [Link] in (7) that o.. = [Link]'[Link]
'[Link]-' 0, that is, the
point massinducesno dilatationin the [Link]
for Su*, definedby (5), for a point fixedin spaceverynear the
earth's surface(c = 0) are found from (7) to be
Fig. 1. ForcesPz and Pr hold a gravitatingpoint mass(solid
circle) above an elastic half-space,producingstressau on surfaces. Srrz -' (Gpz/R3)(1 -
Equation(1) givesthe changein energywhenthepointmassis moved
a small vertical distancedcz and the surfaces is allowed to undergo Soo*= Gpz/R •
relative displacementdu,.
S*** = (Gpz/aa)(1 - 3zø'/aø') (8)
&**= - 3Gprz:/a •
fixed. For the secondprocesswe impose the relative dis-
placementsut on s, therebychangingP, to Ap,, and then we S•? = Srrz + Soo
z + Szzz = 0
move the point mass by Ac,. The energy change(again to
secondorder) is To calculateSux, we first expresso-uin (7) in rectangular
coordinates as follows:
AE = fs(o.u+ }?u)u,ds•+ (P, + Ap,)Ac,
+ •(gL/gC,)u,(Ac,): (3)
(o.x,.
try,)= (x,y)(o.r,/r) (9)
(o.•, o.•y,[Link])= (1, O, 1)[Link]
+ (x:, xy, ya)(O'rr
-- o.00)/?
The expressionsfor AE in (2) and (3) mustbe identical,and
so the changeAp, in vertical force on the point massdue to u• The componentsof St? in (6), corresponding to changesin the
is horizontalcomponentof gravity,aregivenby (1/rn)(•o.u/•x)
becauseof the translationalinvarianceof [Link] findthat the
AP, = J's(c9o.u/c9C,)u,U,
ds• (4) componentsof Su• are
The force P, is mg,, where g, is the vertical component of
gravitational acceleration,and so (4) can be written
fig, = (1/rn)f•(c3o.u/
c3
c,)u,ut
dsj
or in simpler notation, LR:½ (R +
ag, = f• S*u u•ds• (5) &,* = -3Gaz:x/R •
where

u (1/m)(c9o'u/c9c,)u, ß= (Gzy/R R:r:+ - 4• • • • (10)

Note in (5) that the change in the vertical componentof &/ = (Gaz/n')( - 3x:/n:)
gravity due to any dislocationu in the half-spacecan be found Sy,• = -3G•xyz/R •
oncewe evaluate&/. This term is simplythe changein stress
[Link] a dislocation-freehalf-spacedueto movingthe reference S. • = S**• + S• • + &,* = 0
mass a small vertical distance.
The change Agr in a horizontal componentof gravity is Correspondingexpressionsfor Suy can be found by ex-
found following the sameprocedure,with the result changingx and y in eachequationin (10).
Changein PotentialandError in Uplift
Agr
-'fsSt•rtit dSj (6) We seefrom (5) and (6) that thechangeAg• in anyspecified
where componentof the gravityvectoris

Stjr = (1/m)(c9o.t•/C9Cr)u,
Here, we must find the change in o.u due to moving the
Ag•
=(l/m)
• (•o.u/•c•)ut
dsj
referencemassa small horizontal distance(in a direction op- or, equivalently,
positeto that chosenaspositivefor gr). Notice that the stresses
resultingfrom moving the referencemassmust be calculated
only once;oncethey are known, the changein gravity resulting
Ag•=
(•/•c•)Ef•(o.t•/m)utd
(11)
from any specifieddistributionof displacementat depthcan be The changeAg• in a componentof gravityis definedin terms
found from (5) and (6). of the changeA V in potentialby the relation
 WALSH AND RICE: LOCAL CHANGES IN GRAVITY FROM DEFORMATION 167

ag• -- (o/oc•)(av) (•2)

•x
Comparing (11) and (12), we seethat the changeA V in poten-
tial is given by

av=f (13)
whereao is givenby (7).
As proposedby Whitcomb[1976],changesin the horizontal
componentof gravitycauseerror in measurements of uplift if
the resultingchangein levelis not [Link] us assumefor
z
simplicity that the leveling route is along the x axis. The
changeAa in levelresultingfrom a changeAgxin the horizon- Fig. 2. Surfaces is a thrustfault in a half-spaceparallelto the y axis
tal componentof gravity is then and dipping at angle •.

Aa = Agx/gz (14)
wheregz is the vertical componentof gravity. Changesin the
vertical component are small relative to g,, and so we can Ag•
=• S•,•u
ds
assumethat g, is [Link] error e in uplift for a traverse
which startsa great distancefrom the sourceis whereu isslipdisplacement, whichin general,mayvaryalong
s, and S•,•z is givenby (19). We assumethat u and /• are
uniformin they [Link] theintegrationovery,
e= x(Agffg•)dx (15) we find

Substituting(12) (for ck in the x direction) into (15), we find

Ag• [ (x•+zz•)•[2xz
=2Go cos
2/•- (x• - z•)sin
2/5]u
ds
(20)
(aaV/ax)(•/g•) dx = -aV/g•
For comparisonwe calculatethe uplift resultingfrom slip
or, from (13),
on a long fault parallel to the y axis. We find following the
analysisgivenin the appendixthat the uplift h resultingfrom
e=- • (ao/mg,)ut
ds• (16) slip which is uniform in the y directionis

Clearly, (16) is valid whateverroute is used,so long as the

traversebeginswhere the changein potential is zero. h= (l/a')f.•
(x• +zz•)•
[2xz
cos
2/5
- (x• - z:)sin.2/S]u
ds(21)
EXAMPLES
Combining(20) and (21), we find that the changein the
verticalcomponent
of gravityis uniquelyrelatedto the local
Vertical Componentof Gravity uplift by

We seefrom the expressionfor Su• in (8) that the changein Ag• = 2•rGoh (22)
pressuredue to moving the point massis zero everywherein for any very longfault wherethe slipdistributionis uniform
the [Link], from (5), the changeAgz in gravity along the directionof strike.
resultingfrom any sphericallysymmetricdilatational source,
as observedby a gravity meterfixed in space,is
Error in Uplift
ag,: o (•7)
We seethat errorin upliftcanbecalculatedfrom (16) using
Of course,this result is for a dilatational sourcein dry rock. expressionsfor at• from (7). As a firstexample,considera
Rock is usually saturated with water in situ, and gravity spherically
symmetric sourceof [Link] in (7)
changesdue to fluid migration can be expectedto occur. vanishes,the error in uplift is zero for this source.
Considernow a very longthrust fault parallelto the y axisas Next considera thrust fault which, for simplicity,is parallel
in Figure 2. We see from (5) that-we must find the shear to the x-y plane with displacementu in the x [Link]
componentSsn ß on the fault surfaces. To find Ssn •, we first is smallfor thisconfigurationand Ag•,is large,therebyproduc-
transform expressionsfor Sd given in (8) into Cartesian ing a larger relativeerror in uplift than for other fault configu-
coordinates;the resultingexpressions relevantto the problem rations. Error in uplift is calculatedfrom (16) usingthe ex-
here are
pressionfor •,• from (7). We find that the error e for a fault at
depth d is
S•x• = (Gpz/RS)(l - 3x:/R •)
Sz,• = (Gpz/RS)(l - 3za/R•)
S• • = -3Goxz•/R 5
(t8)
e:-(3/4;r)(p/pe)(d/Re)
f•(x/Ra)u(x,
y)dx
dy (23)
where•e (= 5.5 g/cm•) and Rs are the averagedensityand
The expression for S•a*for an elementof fault surfacedipping radiusof the earth, and we have introducedthe approximate
at an angle/5from the horizontalis found from (18) to be relation g, = (4;r/3)•eGRe.
For comparison,we calculatethe actual uplift h using an
S•,•*= (3Goz/2RS)[2xzcos2/5- (x: - z:) sin 2/5] (19)
applicationof the reciprocaltheoremin three dimensionssimi-
The changein gravity Ag, on the surfaceis therefore lar to the two-dimensionalform in the [Link] obtain
168 WALSH AND RICE: LOCAL CHANGESIN GRAVITY FROM DEFORMATION

Ag = Ag•,A (30)
h=f,(bu/Q)u,
ds• (24)and, for a very long thrust fault,
wherebu is the stressfield inducedin an elastichalf-spaceby a
Ag = Agra + 2•rGph (31)
vertical point force Q at the origin [Timoshenkoand Goodier,
1951, p. 364]: whereAgra is the free air correction(-• -0.309 mgal/m) andh
is positivefor uplift. Note that (31) givesa valuewhichis the
b** = -( 3Q/ 2;r)za/R5
sameas if material weretaken from regionsof subsidence and
brr = -(Q/2;r)13r:z/R •- Lu/(A + #)I/R(R + z)} (25) piled in regionsof uplift. The changein gravity for this case
must be equalto the sumof Bouguerand free air corrections;
boo= -[Q#/2;r(X + #)][1/R(R + z)- z/R a] this is just the value given by (31).
•rz -- -(3Q/2•r)rz:/R • A comparisonof the relativemagnitudesof the termsin (31)
can be made by noting that, to a reasonableapproximation,
Uplift h found from (24) and (25) for the horizontal fault is
Agra = -(8;r/3)Gpeh (32)

h=-(3/2;r)
d:
f,(x/R•)u(x,
y)dx
dy (26)Combining (31) and (32) gives
Comparing expressionsfor e and h above, we see that the Agz = AgFa[l - (3p/4p•)] (33)
relative error (e/h) containsthe factor (d/Re), and so errorsin We find for o = 2.6 g/cma that
uplift are negligiblefor events of practical interest. For ex-
ample, if the fault is infinitely long in the y direction and Agz = 0.65AGFA= --0.20 h mgal/m
extends from x = l• to x = l:, we find, for uniform dis-
Rundle[1978]calculatednumericallythe gravitychangedueto
placementu, that
a point sourceof dilatation and for an infinitely long buried
thrust fault dipping at 10ø in a material where 3, = #. His
e- 3up dlog(/::+d:)
4;rp• Re1•:+ d: (27) resultsfor the dilatationalsourceagreewith (30). He findsfor
the thrust fault that gravity changesare proportional to the
whereas
local uplift, as in (31). The constant of proportionality is
approximately the sameas our value.
h= _u___ d:(l::- 1•:)
;r (1:: + d:)(l•: + d:)
(28) In the threeearthquakesfor whichdata are available,local
changesin gravity were found to be approximatelypropor-
Thus if the observationpoint is directlyabove one end of the tional to the changesin [Link] seein (31) that the analysis
fault (l• = 0) and the fault width is W(= l:), here predictsthat uplift and gravity changeshouldbe linearly
related, in agreementwith the observation. Further, the con-
e
stant of proportionalitycalculatedfrom our analysisagrees
= 4Re(1+• log •-+ 1 (29) well with the value derived from field data. The observed value
which is always negligible. (see Table 1) is approximately -0.2 regal/to.
One possiblecauseof small discrepancies is that (31), which
applies to very long faults, is not strictly applicable to the
DISCUSSION
faults being considered,which were more nearly equidimen-
We develop in the analysis above algebraic expressions [Link] studiedthe effectof finite fault lengthin an approx-
which can be usedto calculatethe changesin gravity due to imate way by analyzingthe changein gravity for a small,very
any specifiedsourcesof displacementat [Link]- deepfault. We found that a correctionfactor mustbe applied
cal results are applied to two types of sources,a center of to (31), which shifts the theoreticalchangesin gravity. The
dilatation and a very longthrustfault, and the changesin both correction factor dependsupon the location of the gravity
the vertical and horizontal componentsare examined. The meter, however,and so one cannot be surethat the agreement
changein the horizontalcomponentis foundto be sufficiently betweentheory and observationis improved without consid-
small that the error in measurements of uplift due to errorsin ering each station individually.
level is [Link][1976] found that error in level The relationshipbetweengravity changeand uplift in some
ledto appreciable
errorsin upliftin [Link] earthquakesis not as simpleas in the earthquakesthat we use
agreementin our conclusionsapparently is due to the differ- for illustration here. Gravity changesand elevationchanges
encesin the [Link] densitychangeoccursin a were observedbefore and after the Matsushiro (1966) earth-
thin layer near the surfacein Whitcomb'smodel,and so grav- quake swarm [Nur, 1974;Kisslinger,1975;Stuart andJohnston,
ity changesare muchgreaterthan thosein the modelanalyzed 1975] and the Heicheng (1975) and Tangsban (1976) earth-
here, wheredeformationis not confinedto boundedregions. quakes [Chen et al., 1977]. These authors suggestthat the
We find that the changein the verticalcomponentof gravity migration of fluids such as water and magma occurred in
due to deformationalone is zero for any purely dilatational
sourceand proportional to the local uplift for a very long TABLE 1. ObservedChangesin Gravity and Uplift
thrust fault of any dip (see(17) and (22)). In our analysisthe
gravimeteris assumedto be fixedin spacein orderto eliminate Reference Ag/h, mgal/m
the free air correction from the calculations. In actual field
-0.197
surveys the gravimeter is positioned on the earth's surface, Alaska, 1964 [Barnes,1966]
lnangahua, 1968' [Hunt, 1970] -0.15; -0.20
which moves, and so the free air correction must be included. -0.215
San Fernando, 1971 [Oliver et al., 1972]
Thereforeaccordingto our calculations,the changein gravity
which will be observed for a dilatational source is *Only two stationsoccupied.
 WALSH AND RICE: LOCAL CHANGESIN GRAVITY FROM DEFORMATION 169

(O•-C) between-c and -oo. Expressionsfor stresscomponentsare

found by integratingthe Kelvin solution[Timoshenko and
Goodlet,1951,p. 354]for an [Link] findfor
this line source that

o.•= -B(I/R) 2X+3• +

••r•z) O'rz (3,+2ixR(3`[A2

=-B(l/r) +••) 2•a
R•)
(A6)
o'oo= Bl•/(3` + Iz)R

Fig. 3. The radiusvectorR extendsfroma pointmasslocatedat O'rr

= B(1/R)3`+la
(0, -c) in an infinitemediumto an arbitrarypoint(r, z). Bodyforces
dueto thegravitatingpointmassproducedisplacements URsymmetric The secondfield is due to a line of centersof dilatation along
about (0, -c).
the negativez axis,whichincreasein intensitylinearlywith z,
from -c to -oo. The stress field due to an isolated center of
[Link] thegravityfield, dilation is given by Timoshenkoand Goodier[1951, p. 362].
whichis the superposition
of the changes
dueto fluid migra- Integratingthese,denotingthe rate of increasein intensityby
tion and the changesdue to elasticdeformationthat are ana- A, we find
lyzedabove,arecomplexfunctions of time,andsowehavenot
attemptedto interpretfield data from theseevents. a,, = -(,4/2R)[1 + (z'o./Ro.) - (zz'/Ro.)]
O'rz= --(`4/2r)[1 - (z'a/a a) - (r:z/aa)]
APPENDIX (A7)
= - (z/r:) + (zz'/r:a)]
Changein Gravity
As described
in the text, we deriveexpressions
for ao by first = (,4/2)[(cz'/W) + (z/r:) - (zz'/r:R)]
findingthestress fieldin an unbounded elasticbodyinduced Expressions
for a• and for arz from (A5)-(A7) are summed,
bya gravitating pointmassm. Suppose thatthepointmassis setequalto zero,and the resultingequationsare solvedfor ,4
locatedat (0,0, -c), asin Figure3. ThebodyforceFnperunit and B:
volumedueto the massisdirectedalongR andhasthevalue
`4 = 2Gmp
Fn = -Gmp/R: (A1) (AD)
B = -Gmp(3` + •)/(3` + 2•)
whereRo.= r: + (z + c)o..Because of symmetry,the only
component of deformation
isu•, andso-theequilibriumequa- The final expressions
for the stresscomponentsare found by
tionsin spherical
coordinates
[e.g.,Fung,1965]reduceto introducing(AD) into the sumsof the stresscomponentsin
(A4), (A6), and (A7); the resultsare givenby (7).
(x+ Oo.u•
+ 2(x+ ( l OUR
u•)=Gmo/Ro.
(A2)
UpliftResultingFroma LongThrustFault
Surfaceuplift is calculatedby applyingthe reciprocaltheo-
where3`[Link](A2), wefindthat' rem to solutionsfor a line force on a [Link]
displacement
is uniform,with the value half-spaceloadedby a verticalline forceP per unit lengthon
ua = -(Gmo)/2(3` + 2tz) (A3) thesurface,
producing
thestresses
ao*at [Link]
an arbitrary surfaces in the half-spaceloadedsuchthat the
Stresscomponents
corresponding
to unin (A3) are surfaceis displaceda distanceu, and a point underthe forceP
azz= -[Gmp/R(3` + 2/•)](3`+ is displaceda vertical distanceh. Applying the reciprocal
theorem to thesetwo statesgives
err = -[Gmp/a(A + 2/•)](A +
(A4)
aoo=-(Gmp/R)[(X + /•)/(h + 2/•)] Ph
=• •*u•
ds• (A9a)

ar = (Gmp)O:/3`+ 21•)(rz'/Ra) or

wherez' = z + c. Note in (A4) that verticaland horizontal

'tractions'are presenton the planez = 0: h=• (ao*/P)u•
dsj (A9b)

a• = -[Gmp/R(3` + 2,u)](3`+ Expressions for (a•*/P) neededfor evaluating(A9) are given,

(AS)
for example,by Timoshenko and Goodlet[1951,p. 85]; we find
•. = Gmp[#/(3`+ 2•)](rc/Ro:) for the casewherethe surfaces is parallelto they axis,that the
expressionsare
whereRo"= r: + cø-.We mustremovethesein orderto make
the surfacez = 0 stressfree. We accomplishthis by super- exx*/P = (2Dr)(xo.z)/(xo.+
posingtwoadditionalstress
[Link] a a•*/P = (2/•r)(za)/(x o.+ zo.)o. (AIO)
line of forcein the z directonof intensityproportionalto B per
unit lengthdistributeduniformlyalongthe negativez axis ax**/P = (2Dr)(xzo.)/(xo.+
170 WALSH AND RICE: LOCAL CHANGES IN GRAVITY FROM DEFORMATION

The shear stressash* acting on an element of the surfaces Seismologyand Physicsof the Earth's Interior, and Volcanology
dipping at an angle• from the horizontalis therefore and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, Durham, N. C., 1977.
Fung, Y. C., Foundationsof Solid Mechanics,Prentice-Hall, Engle-
(asn*/P) = (z/•r)[2xz cos 2• wood Cliffs, N.J., 1965.
Hunt, T. M., Gravity changesassociatedwith the 1968 Inangahua
- (x: - z:) sin 21•]/(x• + z:)• (All) earthquake,N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys.,13, 1050, 1970.
Kisslinger,C., Processes during the Matsushiro,Japan, earthquake
Uplift at a point on the surfaceis found by evaluating(A9) swarm as revealed by leveling, gravity, and spring-flowobserva-
using(A11 ). Note that the resultingintegralis the same,except tions, Geology,3, 57, 1975.
Nur, A., Matsushiro earthquake swarm: Confirmation of the dil-
for a constant factor, as the integral giving the change in
atancy-diffusionmodel, Geology,2, 217, 1974.
gravity at that point (see(20) and (21)). Oliver, H. W., S. L. Robbins, R. B. Grannell, R. W. Atewine, and S.
Biehler, Surfaceand subsurfacemovementsdeterminedby remea-
Acknowledgments. One of us(J.B.W.) beganthis analysiswhile he suring gravity, San Fernando Earthquake Of February 9, 1971,
was a visitingscientistwith the U.S. GeologicalSurvey;he was sup- Calif. Div. Mines Geol. Bull., 196, 1972.
ported during later stagesby W. F. Bracethroughthe Cecil and Ida Ruff, L. J., N. Goulty, J. Rial, J. Whitcomb, and C. Claflin, Mon-
Green Professorshipof Earth Sciences.J.R.R. was supportedby the itoring of temporal gravity change in Southern California (ab-
National ScienceFoundation and the U.S. Geological Survey. Dis- stract), Eos Trans. AGU, 57(12), 898, 1976.
cussionswith severalpeople,particularly,J. C. Savageand, recently, Rundle, J. B., Gravity changesand the Palmdaleuplift, Geophys. Res.
J. B. Rundle, were helpful during the courseof the study. Also, we Lett., 5, 41-44, 1978.
thank J. B. Rundle for pointing out a significantalgebraicerror in an Stuart, W. D., and M. J. S. Johnston,Intrusive origin of the Matsu-
earlier versionof the analysis. shiro earthquakeswarm, Geology,3, 63, 1975.
Timoshenko, S., and J. N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-
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Whitcomb, J. H., New vertical geodesy,J. [Link]., 81(26),
Barnes, D. F., Gravity changesduring the Alaskan earthquake,J. 4937-4944, 1976.
[Link]., 71,451, 1966.
Chen, Y., H. Gu, and Z. Lu, Variationsof gravity beforeand after the (ReceivedFebruary 7, 1978;
Heicheng earthquake, 1975, and the Tangshanearthquake, 1976, revisedAugust 29, 1978;
paperpresentedat Joint Assembliesof InternationalAssociationsof acceptedSeptember7, 1978.)