Epithelial Tissue o Apical domain

(free surface)
I. TISSUES o Lateral domain
 Tissues – aggregates or groups of (non-free surface)
cells that perform functions o Basal domain
 Types of Tissues (non-free surface)
o Epithelium – covers body  Basement membrane –
surfaces, lines body cavities, non-cellular; protein
and forms glands polysaccharide-rich layer;
o Connective – supports the separates epithelium
other 3 basic tissues, from connective tissues &
structurally and functionally blood vessels
o Muscle – made up of
contractile cells; for IV. CLASSIFICATION
movement  Based on cell shape
o Nerve – receives, transmits, o Squamous – width greater
integrates information to than height; fish scales
control body activities o Cuboidal – cubes
o Columnar - columns
II. DEFINITION  Based on number of cell layer/s
 Epithelial Tissue o Simple – one layer
o Avascular tissues o Stratified – many layers;
o Covers body surfaces, lines named for type at cell at
body cavities, constitutes apical surface
glands
o Receptors for special senses V. FUNCTIONS
o Sheet of cells lying close  Transcellular transport
together o Diffusion of O2 and CO2
o Have distinct biochemical, across epithelial cells of lung
functional, and structural alveoli and capillaries
domains that confer polarity o Carrier-protein mediated
transport of amino acids
III. THREE PRINCIPAL o Vesicle-mediated transport of
CHARACTERISTICS OF IgA and other molecules
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 Absorption
 Closely apposed and o Occurs via endocytosis and
adhere to another by pinocytosis (columnar
specific cell-to-cell epithelium of the intestines
adhesion molecules (cell and proximal convoluted
junctions) tubules in the kidney)
 Functional and  Secretion
morphologic polarity: 3 o Occurs via exocytosis
morphologic domains (different glands produce
 perspiration, oil, digestive VIII. SIMPLE COLUMNAR
enzymes, and mucus) EPITHELIUM
 Protection  Structure
o From abrasion and injury by o Elongated layer of cells with
the epithelial layer of skin nuclei at same level
and gall bladder  Function
 Filtration o Absorption, protection,
o Lining of kidney tubules secretion
filtering wastes from blood o Mucous membranes –
plasma when open to body cavities
 Special Features
VI. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS o Microvilli – bumpy extension
EPITHELIUM of apical surface, increase
 Structure surface area, and absorption
o Single layer of flattened cells rate
 Function o Goblet cells – single cell
o Absorption and filtration glands, produce protective
o Not effective protection – mucus
single layer of cells  Location
 Location o Linings of entire digestive
o Walls of capillaries, air sacs tract, gall bladder, oviduct,
in lungs uterus
o Form serous membranes in
body cavity IX. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
o Endothelium (lining of blood EPITHELIUM
vessels)  Structure
o Mesothelium (lining of o Irregularly shaped cells with
peritoneum/parietal and nuclei at different levels –
pleura/visceral) appear stratified but aren’t
o All cells reach basement
VII. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL membrane
EPITHELIUM  Function
 Structure o Absorption and secretion
o Single layer of cube shaped o Goblet cells produce mucus
cells o Cilia – sweep mucus; larger
 Function than microvilli
o Secretion and transportation  Location
in glands, filtration in kidneys o Respiratory linings and
 Location reproductive tract
o Glands and ducts (pancreas X. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
& salivary), kidney tubules, EPITHELIUM
covers ovaries  Structure
o Several layer of cells with:
  Flattened cells (upper  Protection of larger ducts
layer) – cell layers
 Polyhedral cells surround/protect gland
(middle layer) ducts
 Columnar cells (basal  Sweat glands in skin
layer)  Mammary glands in
 Types breast
o Stratified squamous non-  Salivary glands in mouth
keratinizing – flattened  May be active (pump
surface cells retain their material in/out of lumen)
nuclei; found in vagina,
esophagus, tongue [Link] COLUMNAR
o Stratified squamous EPITHELIUM
keratinizing – flattened  Rare
surface cells lose their nuclei;  Secretion and protection
form layer of dead  Often found between
keratinized cells; found in simple columnar epithelia
skin and stratified squamous
epithelia
XI. STRATIFIED TRANSITIONAL
 Found near salivary
EPITHELIUM
glands – cell lining
 aka urothelium protects salivary duct,
 Structure goblet cells found
o Many layers between cells
 Umbrella-shaped  Found in vas deferens
cells (upper layer) where it protects and aids
 Pyriform cells (middle in secretion of glands
layer)
 Intestinal lining – ciliated
 Columnar/polyhedral
to help move nutrients
cells (basal layer)
and increase absorption,
 Function also protects against
o Allows stretching (change pathogens/bacteria
size)
 Also form layers in
 Location ocular conjunctiva and
o Renal pelvis, urinary bladder, the linings of pharynx,
ureters, proximal 1/3 of anus, uterus, urethra
urethra XIV. EPITHELIOID TISSUES
 Epithelial cell aggregates that
XII. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
lack free surface
EPITHELIUM
 Rare XV. POLARITY OF EPITHELIAL
 Cube-shaped CELLS
 Commonly cells make up
2 layers XVI. APICAL DOMAIN
  Modifications: molecules (CAMs) and restrict
o Microvilli movement of materials in and
 Fingerlike projections out of lamina
 1 μm long and  Junctional Complex
extended into lumen o Membrane-associated
 Surface contains structures that functions in
glycocalyx cell-to-cell attachment of
 Core contains 20-30 columnar epithelial cells
actin filaments that o 3 distinct components
extend into terminal 1. Tight junctions
web (zonula occludens)
 Constitute brush border  Most apical
of kidney proximal component in
tubules & striated junctional
border of intestinal complex
absorptive cells  Formed by
o Stereocilia fusion of outer
 Long, immotile microvilli leaflets of
in epididymis and vas plasma
deferens of male membrane
reproductive tract and  Sealing off
sensory hairs of inner intercellular
ear space
o Cilia  Prevents
 Actively motile and movement of
move fluids and substances into
particles along intercellular
epithelial surface space from
 Sweep mucus and lumen
trapped particulate  Analogous to
material toward fascia
oropharynx occludens on
 In oviduct epithelium, adjacent
help transport ova and endothelial cells
fluid towards uterus lining capillaries
 Contain core of 2. Anchoring
longitudinally arranged Junctions
microtubules  Provide lateral
(axoneme) which adhesions
arises from basal body between
epithelial cells
XVII. THE LATERAL DOMAIN  Cell Adhesion
 Contain specialized junctions Molecules on
that contain cell adhesion
 both lateral and  Couple adjacent cells
basal domain metabolically and
 Types: electrically
 Belt desmosomes (zonula  Plaquelike entity made of
adherens) channels called
o Surrounds entire connexons (six
perimeter of epithelial cylindrical connexins
cells just basal to tight around central channel)
junction o Connexins – alter
o Contain adhesion conformation to
molecules “E- shut off
cadherin” communication
o Fascia adherens in between cells
intercalated disks of  Cell to cell channels
cardiac muscle permit passage of ions
 Desmosome (macula and small molecules
adherens)
o Localized spotlike XIX. THE BASAL DOMAIN
junction between  Basal Lamina
epithelial cells o Extracellular
o Desmoplakins – supportive structure
dense plague of o Visible only by E.M.
intercellular o Type IV collagen,
attachment proteins laminin, entactin +
on cytoplasmic perlacan,
surface of opposing proteoglycans
cell o 2 zones:
o Keratin – loop into  Lamina
and out of lucida
desmoplakins (lamina
o Desmogleins and rara) – lies
desmocollins – next to
transmembrane linker plasma
glycoproteins membrane
between adjacent cell  Lamina
densa –
XVIII. GAP JUNCTION lies
 Communicating adjacent to
junctions or nexus reticular
 Not part of junctional lamina of
complex deeper
 Common in CNS, cardiac C.T
muscle, smooth muscle
 o Basement membrane elements
– basal lamina + (stroma)
reticular lamina  Classification (based on
 Hemidesmosomes site of secretion):
(“cell-to-extracellular o Endocrine
matrix junctions”) glands
o Molecular adhesion of  No duct,
epithelial cells to release
underlying secretion
extracellular matrix into blood
o Found in basal surface vessels
of basal cells (tracheal  Products
epithelium and are called
stratified squamous) hormones
o Dense cytoplasmic  Thyroid,
plaque linked via adrenal,
integrins to laminins in pituitary
the basal lamina glands
o Type V11 collagen o Exocrine glands
from basal lamina  Contain
extend deeper into the ducts,
underlying connective empty
tissue and insert into onto
the plaques of type IV epithelial
collagen surface
XX. GLANDS  Sweat, oil
 Originates from glands,
epithelium that salivary
penetrates C.T. and glands,
forms secretory units mammary
 Secretion – protein in glands
aqueous solution: o Paracrine glands
hormones, acids, oils  Secrete
 Structure: into local
o Consists of extracellul
functional portion ar space
(parenchyma) of
secretory and XXI. EXOCRINE GLANDS
ductal epithelial  Types (based on number
cells, which is of cell):
separated by o Unicellular –
basal lamina from single cell (goblet
supporting cell)
connective tissue
 o Multicellular –  Holocrine
classified based o Gland ruptures
on branching and releases
[simple (single, secretion and
unbranched duct) dead cells
or compound o E.g. sebaceous
(branched)] and (oil glands on
secretory units face)
[tubular (straight,  Apocrine
coiled, branched); o Part of apical
alveolar cytoplasm of
(saclike/flasklike); secretory cell
tubuloalveolar released along
(has both tubes with contents
and sacs in o E.g. lactating
glands) mammary gland
 Secrete the following:
o Mucus – viscous
material that
protects/lubricate
cell surfaces (e.g.
goblet cells,
salivary glands,
surface cells of
stomach)
o Serous – watery
and rich in
enzymes (e.g.
parotid gland and
pancreas)
o Mixed secretions
– contain both
mucus and serous
components

XXII. MECHANISMS OF SECRETION