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Model 1

Primary pulmonary hypertension is a rare disease that causes the blood vessels in the lungs to narrow over time, leading to high blood pressure in the lungs and eventually heart failure. It most commonly affects women ages 21-40 but can occur in people of any age. Initial symptoms are mild but worsen over time, including shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, and chest pain. The exact causes are unknown but may include genetic factors, immune system issues, or environmental exposures. Treatment involves medications to widen blood vessels and improve heart function, though none can cure the disease. Patient education and support groups are also important for managing the condition.

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Arini Ningrum
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
278 views4 pages

Model 1

Primary pulmonary hypertension is a rare disease that causes the blood vessels in the lungs to narrow over time, leading to high blood pressure in the lungs and eventually heart failure. It most commonly affects women ages 21-40 but can occur in people of any age. Initial symptoms are mild but worsen over time, including shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, and chest pain. The exact causes are unknown but may include genetic factors, immune system issues, or environmental exposures. Treatment involves medications to widen blood vessels and improve heart function, though none can cure the disease. Patient education and support groups are also important for managing the condition.

Uploaded by

Arini Ningrum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODEL 1: READING COMPREHENSION

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a rare disease of unknown cause


that results in the progressive narrowing of the blood vessels of the lungs, causing
high blood pressure in these blood vessels and eventually leading to heart failure.
It is more common in women between the ages of 21 and 40; however, it can affect
anyone at any age.

Initial symptoms of PPH may be very minor, and diagnosis may be delayed
for several years until symptoms worsen. Typical symptoms may include
shortness of breath following exertion, excessive fatigue, dizziness, fainting,
weakness, ankle swelling, bluish lips and skin, as well as chest pain. It is difficult
to detect PPH in medical examination.

No one knows what causes PPH; however, research into the cause
suggests a number of factors that may be responsible for the disease. Possible
causes include genetic or familial predisposition, immune system disease, or drugs
or other chemical exposures.

Primary pulmonary hypertension is treated with a number of drugs. None


of the drugs that can cure or halt the progression of this disease has been found
yet, but they may relieve symptoms. Some patients take vasodilators, which help
to dilate the blood vessels in the lungs, reducing the blood pressure in them. In
addition, anticoagulants may be used to decrease the tendency of the blood to clot
in the lungs. Doctors can choose from a variety of drugs that help lower blood
pressure in the lungs and improve heart performance in many patients and
medication that may take a long period of time. Patients with PPH respond
differently to the different medications that relax blood vessels and that no one
drug is consistently effective in all patients.

Most doctors and patients agree that it is very important for both patients
and families to be as informed as possible. This lets everyone understand the
illness and apply the information to what is happening. In addition to family and
close friends, support groups can help PPH patients and give some valuable
experience sharing among sufferers.

1. Based on the information in the text, primary pulmonary hypertension….

A. is a rare disease that cannot be cured


B. implies malfunctioning of cardiovascular
C. will contribute to death if left untreated
D. optimally needs medical treatments
E. requires long-term alternative therapies

Jawaban: D

PEMBAHASAN:

Soal tipe sulit HOTS biasanya membuat kamu memahami secara mendalam
kalimat yang tersaji dalam pilihan jawaban karena ditulis dalam
bentuk restatement (kalimat yang ditulis dengan adanya perubahan struktur,
perubahan kosakata, peringkasan detil, namun tidak meninggalkan informasi
utama yang dinyatakan dalam wacana). Terkadang pula, pilihan jawaban yang
tersedia membutuhkan pemikiran logis terhadap perbandingan kalimat yang
dinyatakan dalam wacana dan kalimat yang tersaji sebagai pilihan jawaban. Tak
jarang pula, pilihan jawabannya membutuhkan pemahaman atas seluruh gagasan
pokok yang telah dibahas.

Dalam soal di atas, misalnya, pilihan A dan B terdapat informasi yang tidak akurat
karena penyakit ini belum ditemukan obat penyembuhnya, bukan berarti tidak
bisa diobati dan penyakit ini menyebabkan gagal jantung akibat peningkatan
tekanan darah, bukan karena hilangnya fungsi jantung. Pilihan C tidak bisa
dijadikan jawaban karena informasi terkait hal tersebut tidak diberikan (not
given) sehingga dalam konteks reading comprehension menjadi salah karena
tidak sesuai dengan informasi yang ada di dalam teks. Kesesuaian pilihan D
dengan isi teks menjadikan pilihan E salah karena mengandung infomasi yang
tidak akurat bahwa yang dimaksud terapi alternatif adalah pengobatan nonmedis,
padahal memang dibahas bahwa penyakit ini butuh perawatan medis jangka
panjang.

MODEL 2: GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE

2. The teacher asked the lazy student … the English classes.

A. why hadn’t he attended


B. when had he attended
C. hadn’t he attended
D. that he attended
E. how often he had attended
Jawaban: E

PEMBAHASAN:

Soal tipe sulit (HOTS) biasanya menguji beberapa subtopik sekaligus dalam satu
soal serta disajikan dengan model yang berbeda dengan contoh kalimat yang
ditulis saat pengajaran. Seringkali, model soal yang disajikan boleh dimodifikasi
sehingga tidak terlihat dengan jelas soal itu membahas tentang
materi grammar apa.

Dalam kasus soal Indirect Speech di atas, soal dimodifikasi dalam bentuk kalimat
biasa sehingga tidak terlihat bahwa itu adalah soal kalimat tidak langsung karena
tidak ada bentuk kalimat langsung yang disajikan. Soal tersebut juga tidak menguji
perubahan struktur kalimat biasa, melainkan kalimat tanya yang biasanya
dianggap sulit oleh para peserta.

Dalam pilihan jawaban juga diberikan struktur-struktur yang membuat kamu


menganalisis apakah asal kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat langsung biasa atau
kalimat pertanyaan dan mengaplikasikan bentuk perubahan dari kalimat
langsung pertanyaan ke dalam kalimat tidak langsung.

MODEL 3: VOCABULARY ENHANCEMENT

3. Sweet martabak (martabak manis), is a rich-flavoured pancake-like sweet dish


which is popular in Indonesia. Sometimes referred to as "martabak bangka",
where Bangka is an island in Sumatra. In Jakarta and West Java, Indonesia, these
sweet, thick pancakes are also known as "terang bulan" or "kue pinang bangka".
Sweet martabak is pan-cooked, using a specially shaped pan, usually with a
diameter of about 25 cm and 3 cm thickness.

After cooking, the pancake is topped with a lot of butter or margarine and a (1)
____ of toppings according to the customer's (2) ____. The two major flavors are
chocolate and cheese. Common toppings for chocolate flavor include a lot of
chocolate sprinkles, coarsely ground peanuts, sweetened condensed milk and
sesame seeds. As for the cheese flavor, grated cheese and condensed milk are used.
After the toppings are added, the pancake is cut into two, and one side is
flipped (3) ____ the other. A large amount of butter or margarine is then added onto
the outer part or the skin of the martabak. The martabak can also be made half
chocolate and half cheese, or both chocolate and cheese together which is usually
called "martabak spesial". Banana as a topping is also becoming more popular
recently.

A. upon
B. toward
C. throughout
D. into
E. onto

Jawaban: E

PEMBAHASAN:

Soal tipe sulit (HOTS) biasanya menyediakan pilihan kata yang tidak umum dan
membutuhkan perbendaharaan kata yang tingkatnya lanjut dan/atau
pemahaman kontekstual yang tepat terhadap arti suatu kata tergantung
penggunaannya dalam kalimat. Dalam soal di atas, preposition juga dapat
digolongkan sebagai soal yang sulit karena tidak hanya diartikan secara harfiah,
tetapi juga membutuhkan exposure terhadap kata-kata tersebut sebelumnya,
khususnya dalam phrasal verb atau phrasal adjective.

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