FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ TABLE OF CONTENTS YEAR 2016

UNIT ONE: SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION

1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Loads Acting On Building 4
1.2.1 Vertical Loads 4
1.2.2 Lateal Loads 5
1.3 Straining Actions Acting On Structure 7
1.3.1 Columnn Reaction Using Area Method 7
1.3.2 Columnn Forces Using Computer Analysis (Etabs) 8
1.3.3 Designe Of Columns 12
1.3.4 Walls Forces Using Computer Analysis (Etabs) 14
1.4 Soil Borehole Profile 15
Soil Discribtion And Type: 15
1.5 Soil Layers Parameters: 16
1.5.1 Shear Parameters: 16
1.5.2 Deformation Parameters: 16
1.6 Isolated Footing System 17
1.6.1 Allowable Stress On Clay Layer: 17
1.6.2 Check Settlement For Isolated Footing C (12) 17
1.6.3 Check Settlement For Isolated Footing C (13) 20
1.6.4 Isolated Footings Overlap Check 22
1.7 Raft Foundation System 23
1.7.1 Allowable Stress On Clay Layer: 23
1.7.2 Settlement For Raft Foundation: 23
1.8 Raft Analysis And Rienforcement 25
1.8.1 Raft Modeling 25
1.8.2 Raft Analysis And Results 25
1.10 Designe Of Side Suport System 30
1.10.1 Tangent Piles Straining Actions 30
1.10.2 Tangent Piles Design 30

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FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT YEAR 2016

UNIT TWO: DEEP FOUNDATION

Introduction 31
2.1 Design Of Pier Section 32
2.1.1 Straining Actions Acting On Pier 32
2.1.2 Pier Assuming Section 32
2.1.3 Section Desifn Using Ecp Code 33
2.2 Soil Paratmetrs 35
2.2.1 Shear Parameters: 35
2.2.2 Deformation Parameters: 35
2.3 Straining Actions On Piles 36
2.3.1 Straining Actions Acting On Pile Cap 36
2.3.2 Straining Actions Acting Piles 36
2.4 Pile Design Using Static Method 37
2.5 Group Pile Settlement 38
2.5.1 Check Group Capacity 38
2.5.2 Settlement Calculation Using Empirical Equation 38
2.5.3 Settlement Calculation Using Eg Code 39
2.6 Lateral Load Analysis 40
2.6.1 Check Lateral Displacement Using (𝜷 − 𝒚) Method 40
2.6.2 Maximum Moment Due To Lateral Load 40
2.7 Computer Analysis 41
2.7.1 Analysis Using Structural Analysis Program (Sap2000) 41
2.7.2 Analysis Results 43
2.8 Pile Cap Design 44
2.8.1 Moment Design 44
2.8.2 Check Punching 44
2.8.3 Check Shear 44
2.8.4 Pile Cap Reinforcement 45
2.9 Designe Of Piles 46
2.10 Dewatering System 46
2.11 Side Support System 46

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FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT FOUR: SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM

4-1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 48
4-2 Project Soil Properties ........................................................................ 49
4.2.1 SOIL PARAMETRES 50
4-3 POTENTIAL SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEMS OPTIONS...................................... 57
4.3.1 Diaphragm Wall with Grout Injection (Plugging) 57
4.3.2 Diaphragm Wall with Dewatering 58
4.3.3 Secant Pile with Dewatering 59
4-4 CHOOSING THE MOST SUITABLE SYSTEM ............................................ 60
4-5 DIPHRAGM WALL WITH GROUT INJECTION SYSTEM ........................... 60
4.5.1 ANALYSIS METHOD 60
4.5.2 ANALYSIS SECTIONS 60
4.5.3 Wall Section (1-1) 61
4.5.4 Wall Section (2-2) 64
4.5.5 Wall Section (3-3) 67
4.5.3 DESIGN OF SYSTEM 70
4-6 SECANT PILES WITH DEWATERING SYSTEM .......................................... 75
4.6.1 ANALYSIS METHOD 75
4.6.2 ANALYSIS SECTIONS 75
4.6.3 Secant Piles at Section (1-1) 76
4.6.4 Secant Piles at Section (2-2) 79
4.6.5 Secant Piles at Section (3-3) 82
4.6.6 DESIGN OF SYSTEM ELEMENTS 85

3
 UNIT
SKELETON STRUCTURE
1 FOUNDATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

This report is about foundation design and skeleton structure.

The building consists of:
- Underground basement floor.
- One commercial floor.
- Eight residential floors.

Floor Height
Basement 2.7 m
Commercial 3m
Residential 3m

The report contains:

1. Calculation of loads
2. Design the lower basement columns
3. Calculation of bearing capacity
4. Design Foundation system

1.2 LOADS ACTING ON BUILDING

1.2.1 VERTICAL LOADS
Use Flat Slab system with marginal beams
Slab thickness 𝑡𝑠 = 20.0 𝑐𝑚
𝑊𝐷.𝑙 = 𝑡𝑠 ∗ 𝑐 + 𝑓. 𝑐.
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑡𝑠 ∗ 𝛾𝑐 = 0.2 ∗ 2.5 = 0.5 𝑡/𝑚2
𝑓. 𝑐 = 0.15 𝑡/𝑚2
𝑊𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.35 𝑡/𝑚
𝑊𝐷.𝐿 = 0.5 + 0.15 + 0.3 = 0.95 𝑡/𝑚2

𝑊𝐿.𝐿 = 0.2 𝑡/𝑚2 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑠)

𝑊𝐿.𝐿 = 0.3𝑡/𝑚2 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑠, 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑏𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑠 & 𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑠)
𝑊𝐿.𝐿 = 0.5 𝑡/𝑚2 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟)

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016 4

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.2.2 LATEAL LOADS

1.2.2.1 LATERAL EARTHQUAKE

Base Shear Basic Equation (V)

𝑽 = 𝒁. 𝑰. 𝑲. 𝑪. 𝑺. 𝑾

= 𝟏/ [𝟏𝟓 √𝑻] <

𝑇 = 0.09 𝐻 /√𝐵

“ ”
"
“ "

> <

>
>

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 5

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

Lateral Load Distribution:

" "
"
" "

1.2.2.2 LATERAL WIND LOAD

𝑞 = 70 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 (Cairo)
𝐶𝑓 = 0.8 + 0.5 = 1.3

Floor Floor Height Height Force in each floor

K (Factor)
Number (m) (m) (ton)
1 3 3 1.0 0.4095
2 3 6 1.0 0.273
3 3 9 1.0 0.273
4 3 12 1.1 0.3003
5 3 15 1.1 0.3003
6 3 18 1.1 0.3003
7 3 21 1.3 0.3549
8 3 24 1.3 0.3549
9 3 27 1.3 0.17745

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 6

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.3 STRAINING ACTIONS ACTING ON STRUCTURE

1.3.1 COLUMNN REACTION USING AREA METHOD
Area Ws Floors Load
Label
𝒎 𝟐 𝒕/𝒎 𝟐 No. ton
C1 14.5 1.72 10 239.12
C2 13.78 1.72 10 237.016
C3 14.5 1.72 10 249.4
C4 17.08 1.72 10 293.776
C5 17.08 1.72 10 293.776
C6 14.612 1.72 10 251.326
C7 11.88 1.72 10 204.336
C8 11.88 1.72 10 204.336
C9 13.118 1.72 10 225.63
C10 13.118 1.72 10 225.63
C11 18.45 1.72 10 317.34
C12 18.9 1.72 10 325.08
C13 18.45 1.72 10 317.34
C14 12.831 1.72 10 220.693
C15 14.5 1.72 10 249.4
C16 14.5 1.72 10 249.4
C17 12.957 1.72 10 222.86
C18 14.375 1.72 10 247.25
C19 14.375 1.72 10 247.25
C20 12.957 1.72 10 222.86
C21 14.612 1.72 10 251.326
C22 16.267 1.72 10 279.792
C23 16.267 1.72 10 279.792
C24 14.74 1.72 10 253.528
C25 14.55 1.72 10 250.26
C26 13.11 1.72 10 225.492
C27 13.11 1.72 10 225.492
C28 14.74 1.72 10 253.528
C29 14.55 1.72 10 250.26
C30 12.957 1.72 10 222.86
C31 18.38 1.72 10 316.136
C32 14.375 1.72 10 247.25
C33 19.957 1.72 10 343.26
C34 15.65 1.72 10 269.18
C35 15.65 1.72 10 269.18
C36 15.65 1.72 10 269.18
C37 15.65 1.72 10 269.18
C38 12.831 1.72 10 220.693
C39 18.9 1.72 10 325.08
S.W(3) 16.765 1.72 10 288.358
S.W(4) 19.01 1.72 10 326.972
Core 45.8653 1.72 10 788.883
S.W. (1) 20.1009 1.72 10 345.735
S.W. (2) 20.1009 1.72 10 345.735

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 7

 FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.3.2 COLUMNN FORCES USING COMPUTER ANALYSIS (ETABS)

COLUMN Max P (Ultimate) Max M22 (EQ) Max M33 (EQ)
LABEL Pu M22 M33 PW M22 M33 PW M22 M33

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 8

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FIGURE (1.1) COLUMN LABELS

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 9

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FIGURE (1.2) UNDEFORMED SHAPE FOR 3D MODEL USING (ETABS)

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 10

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

FIGURE (1.3) DEFORMED SHAPE FOR 3D MODEL AT EQ(X) CASE

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 11

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.3.3 DESIGNE OF COLUMNS

For Max load (𝑃𝑢 ) for (C 12)
𝑃𝑈 = 311.9𝑡 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 9.35 𝑚. 𝑡

1. CHECK STRUCTURE BRACING STATUS

Lateral Load resisted by core and shear wall (COLUMN IS BRACED)

2. CHECK BUCKLING
Case Of Column Joint (C),K=1.0

𝑯𝟎 𝒌 2.8 ∗ 1.0
𝝀𝒙 = = = 9.3 < 10 (𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛)
𝒕 0.3
𝑯𝟎 𝒌 2.8 ∗ 1.0
𝝀𝒀 = = = 6.4 < 10 (𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛)
𝑩 1.0
𝑀𝑥𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 𝑀𝑦𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 0

2. SECTION DESIGN
𝑀 9.35
𝑒= = = 0.029 < 0.05 𝑡 = 0.05 𝑚
𝑁 311.9
Neglect Moment and Design section As Column

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝑭𝒄𝒖 ∗ 𝑨𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝑭𝒚 ∗ 𝑨𝒔

311.9 ∗ 103 = 0.35 ∗ 300 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67 ∗ 3600 ∗ 0.01 𝐴𝑐

𝐴𝑐 = 2415.58 𝐶𝑚2 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐵 = 30 𝑐𝑚 𝑇 = 90 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 0.01 𝐴𝑐 = 0.01 ∗ 2181.94 = 21.8194 𝐶𝑚2
𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟔 𝑻𝟏𝟔

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 12

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

Max P (Ultimate) Max M22 (EQ) Max M33 (EQ) Section Design
Col.
Label
Pu M22 M33 Pu M22 M33 Pu M22 M33 B T
Bars No.
ton m.ton m.ton ton m.ton m.ton ton m.ton m.ton cm cm

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 13

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.3.4 WALLS FORCES USING COMPUTER ANALYSIS (ETABS)

WALL Max P (Ultimate) Max M22 (EQ) Max M33 (EQ)
LABEL Pu M22 M33 PW M22 M33 PW M22 M33

WALL DIMENTION (m) RIENFORCEMENT CAPACITY

LABEL A B T AS N bars RATIO
∅1
∅1
∅1
∅1
∅1

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 14

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1.4 SOIL BOREHOLE PROFILE

Project: Unit One DateStart: 2/2016 I.G.W.D.:

Location: Cairo – Egypt DateEnd: F.G.W.D.: -5

qp(kg/cm2)
SAMPLETYPE
DEPTH(m)

F.S. (%)

RQD(%)
LAYEREND
LEGEND

S.P.T

CR(%)
SOILDESCRIBTION P.L. L.L.

1
FILL(sand , brick pieces ,clay)
2 2

3
1.4 35 70
4
CLAY stiff, Silty ,brown
5
1.6
6

7
1.6
8

9
1.7
10

11
40 65
1.8
12

13
1.5
14

15
1.6
16
17
17
45
18
SAND graded, traces of silt ,
19 traces of gravel , yellow
>50
20

FIGURE (1.4) SOIL BOREHOLE PROFILE

SOIL DISCRIBTION AND TYPE:

 Silty Stiff Clay Starts From (-2.00) m Blew Ground Level and ends at (-17.00) m.
 Silty Graded Sand with traces of gravel starts from (-17.00) level
 Ground Water Level at (-5.00) m

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 15

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.5 SOIL LAYERS PARAMETERS:

1.5.1 SHEAR PARAMETERS:
1.5.1.1 CLAY SHEAR PARAMETERS:
∑ 𝑞𝑢 1.6 + 1.6 + 1.7 + 1.8 + 1.5 + 1.6
𝑞𝑢 = = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑛 6
𝐶𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 /2 = 1.633/2 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐
∅ = 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐

1.5.1.2 SAND SHEAR PARAMETERS:

𝐶𝑢 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
45+55
𝑁𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 𝟓𝟎°(DENSE SAND)
2
36 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 40,𝝓 = 𝟑𝟖°

1.5.2 DEFORMATION PARAMETERS:

1.5.2.1 CLAY DEFORMATION PARAMETERS:

𝐸𝑢 15 ∗ 103
=
𝐶𝑢 𝑃𝐼
40+35 70+65
𝑃𝐿 = = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓%, 𝐿𝐿 = = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓%
2 2
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑃𝐿 = 67.5 − 37.5 = 𝟑𝟎%
𝐸𝑢 15000
= = 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝐶𝑢 30
𝐸𝑢 = 𝟒𝟎𝟖. 𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐
1+𝜐 1 + 0.3
𝐸𝑑 = (1 − 2𝜐)𝐸𝑢 = ∗ (1 − 2 ∗ 0.3) ∗ 408.3 = 𝟑𝟎𝟑. 𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐
1−𝜐 1 − 0.3
𝑬𝒖
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒌𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑪𝒖
1.5.2.2 SAND DEFORMATION PARAMETERS:
𝐸 = 10𝑁𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 10 ∗ 50 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝛔𝐱 𝟎.𝟓
𝐄 = 𝐅( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑜 ∗ 𝐾𝑜
𝐾𝑜 = 1 − sin(𝜑) = 1 − sin(38) = 0.384
𝜎𝑜 = 1.7 ∗ 2 + 1.85 ∗ 3 + 0.85 ∗ 12 + 0.9 ∗ 1.5 = 20.5 𝑡/𝑚2
20.5 ∗ 0.384 0.5
𝐸 = 15000 ∗ ( ) = 420.85 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
100

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 16

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

500 + 420.85
𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 460.425𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
2

1.6 ISOLATED FOOTING SYSTEM

1.6.1 ALLOWABLE STRESS ON CLAY LAYER:

𝒒𝒖 = 𝑪𝑵𝒄 𝝀𝒄 + 𝜸𝑵𝜸 𝝀𝜸 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 𝝀𝒒 (ECP)

Assume Dimension of footing for Max Column 3.5x4 m Rested on clay soil
at (-3.70) m

𝜆𝑐 = 𝜆𝑞 = 1 + 0.3𝐵/𝐿
𝜆𝑐 = 𝜆𝑞 = 1 + (0.3 ∗ 3/3) = 1.3

From code chapter (4) Table (3-9-B)

When ∅ = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑁𝑐 = 5.7 𝑁𝑞 = 1

𝒒𝒖 = (𝟖. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟓. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟑) + (𝟏. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟐) ∗ 𝟏. 𝟑 = 𝟕𝟏𝒕/𝒎𝟐
𝑞𝑛𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 − 𝛾𝐷 = 71 − (1.7 ∗ 2) − (1.85 ∗ 2.2) = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟑 𝒕/𝒎𝟐
𝑞𝑛𝑢 63.53
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 𝒕/𝒎𝟐
𝐹. 𝑆 2.5
𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 + 𝛾𝐷 = 26.5 + (1.7 ∗ 2 + 1.85 ∗ .7) = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝒕/𝒎𝟐
∑𝑃𝑊 207.9
𝑞𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑 = = = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏 𝒕/𝒎𝟐
𝐵∗𝐿 3∗3

𝒒𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅 < 𝒒𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆 (SAFE BEARING STRESS)

1.6.2 CHECK SETTLEMENT FOR ISOLATED FOOTING C (12)

1.6.2.1 SETTLEMENT DETERIORATION LEVEL
𝜟𝝈
Stop Check for settlement when ≤ 𝟐𝟎%
𝝈𝝄

𝜎𝜊 = ∑ 𝛾𝐻

𝑷
𝜟𝝈 =
(𝑨 + 𝒁)(𝑩 + 𝒁)

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 17

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

𝜟𝝈
Z(m) ∆𝜹 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 𝝈𝝄 ∆𝜹 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 𝝈𝝄

0.4 12.12 0.72 16.8

2.3 5.7 1.955 2.92
5.3 2.54 4.505 .56
8.3 1.43 7.055 .22
11.3 .91 9.605 .09

Z=11.3m from Foundation Level

NEGLECT SETTIEMENT FOR SAND

1.6.2.2 SETTLEMENT FOR CLAY LAYER:

1. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT

𝑃 = 207.9 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐴 𝑋 𝐵 = 3 𝑋 3 𝑚 𝐸𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 3033 𝑡/𝑚2

𝑃
∆𝜎 =
(𝐴 + 𝑍) ∗ (𝐵 + 𝑍)

𝟏
𝑺= 𝜟𝝈 𝑯 (For Finite Layer)
𝑬

H (m) Z (m) ∆𝝈 Settlement

3.2 1.6 9.825 10.37 ∗ 10−3
3.2 4.8 3.41 3.6 ∗ 10−3
3.2 8 1.72 1.81 ∗ 10−3
3.2 11.2 1.03 1.08 ∗ 10−3
Σ 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 = 0.017𝑚

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 18

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

2. CONSOLIDATION SETTTLEMENT IN CLAY

FIGURE (1.5) CONSOLIDATION CURVE FOR CLAY LAYER

From Chart: 𝜎𝑐 = 20 𝑡/𝑚2

Δ𝑒 0.723−0.694
From Chart 𝐶𝑐 = = = 0.36
Δ𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜎 log(6)−log(5)

Δ𝑒 0.653 − 0.65
𝐶𝑟 = = = 0.036
Δ𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜎 log(6) − log(5)

( 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜎0 < 𝜎𝑐 ) 𝜎0 + ∆𝜎 < 𝜎𝑐

𝑪𝒓 𝜟𝝈 + 𝝈𝒐
𝑺= ∗ 𝑯 ∗ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( )
𝟏 + 𝒆𝟎 𝝈𝟎
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜎0 + ∆𝜎 > 𝜎𝑐 𝜎0 < 𝜎𝑐

𝒄𝒓 𝝈𝑪 𝑪𝑪 𝜟𝝈 + 𝝈𝒐
𝒔= ∗ 𝑯 ∗ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) + ∗ 𝑯 ∗ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( )
𝟏 + 𝒆𝟎 𝝈𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒆𝟎 𝝈𝒄

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 19

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

* Divide to 4 layers with depth=3.2 m for each layer

LAYER DEPTH FROM

THICKNESS FOUNDATION 𝛔𝐨 (T/M^2) 𝚫𝝈 (T/M^2) SETTLEMENT (M)
(M) LEVEL (M)
207.93
(1.6 + 3)(1.6 + 3)
= 9.826 17.8 ∗ 10−3
207.93
(4.8 + 3)(4.8 + 3)
= 3.417 6.17 ∗ 10−3
207.93
(8 + 3)(8 + 3)
= 1.72 2.74 ∗ 10−3
207.93
(11.2 + 3)(11.2 + 3)
= 1.03 1.43 ∗ 10−3
Σ 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 = .029 𝑚

Σ Total 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 = 0.017 + 0.029 = 0.041

1.6.3 CHECK SETTLEMENT FOR ISOLATED FOOTING C (13)

(A) SETTLEMENT FOR SAND LAYER:
NEGLECT SETTIEMENT FOR SAND

(B) SETTLEMENT FOR CLAY LAYER:

IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT

𝑃_𝑤 = 183.3 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = 3𝑥 4 𝑚 𝐸𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 3033 𝑡/𝑚2

𝑃
∆𝜎 =
(𝐴 + 𝑍) ∗ (𝐵 + 𝑍)

𝟏
𝑺= 𝜟𝝈 𝑯 (For Finite Layer)
𝑬

H (m) Z (m) ∆𝝈 Settlement

3.2 1.6 7.11 7.5 ∗ 10−3
3.2 4.8 2.67 2.81 ∗ 10−3
3.2 8 1.38 1.455 ∗ 10−3
3.2 11.2 .85 . 8 ∗ 10−3

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 20

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

Σ 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 = 0.012 𝑚
CONSOLIDATION SETTTLEMENT IN CLAY

* Divide to 4 layers with depth=3.2 m for each layer

LAYER DEPTH FROM

THICKNESS FOUNDATION 𝛔𝐨 (T/M^2) 𝚫𝝈 (T/M^2) SETTLEMENT (M)
(M) LEVEL (M)

3.2 1.6 9.83 183.3

(1.6 + 3)(1.6 + 4)
= 6.22 12.5 ∗ 10−3
12.55 183.3
3.2 4.8 (4.8 + 3)(4.8 + 4)
= 2.44 4.5 ∗ 10−3
183.3
3.2 8.0 15.27 = 1.3 2.1 ∗ 10−3
(8 + 3)(8 + 4)
183.3
3.2 11.2 17.99 = .81 1.13 ∗ 10−3
(11.2 + 3)(11.2 + 4)

𝛴 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 = 0.018𝑚 = 1.8 𝑐𝑚

Σ Total 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 = 0.03

(C) CHECK DIFRENTIAL SETTLEMENT

∆𝑆𝐸𝑇𝑇𝐿 0.041 − 0.03 1

∆= = = 2.93 ∗ 10−3 < ∆𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐿 3.75 300

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 21

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.6.4 ISOLATED FOOTINGS OVERLAP CHECK

𝑷𝒖 𝑨𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑨𝒇
𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑚2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚2

RECOMMENDED TO USE RAFT AS THERE IS OBVIOUS NUMBER OF OVERLAPPING

IN FOOTINGS

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 22

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.7 RAFT FOUNDATION SYSTEM

1.7.1 ALLOWABLE STRESS ON CLAY LAYER:

𝒒𝒖 = 𝑪𝑵𝒄 𝝀𝒄 + 𝜸𝑵𝜸 𝝀𝜸 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 𝝀𝒒

0.3𝐵 0.3 ∗ 20.5

∗ 𝜆𝑐 = 𝜆𝑞 = 1 + =1+ = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟑
𝐿 35.5
* For Clay:
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒓(𝟒)𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆(𝟑 − 𝟗 − 𝒃)
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∅ = 𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝑵𝒄 = 𝟓. 𝟕, 𝑵𝒒 = 𝟏. 𝟎

𝑞𝑢 = (8.0 ∗ 5.7 ∗ 1.174) + (1.7 ∗ 2 + 1.85 ∗ 2.2) ∗ 1.174 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝒕/𝒎𝟐
𝑞𝑛𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 − 𝛾𝐷 = 62.304 − (1.7 ∗ 2) − (1.85 ∗ 0.7) = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝒕/𝒎𝟐
𝑞𝑛𝑢 57.609
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟒 𝒕/𝒎𝟐
𝐹. 𝑆 2.5

𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 + 𝛾𝐷 = 23.04 + (1.7 ∗ 2 + 1.85 ∗ .7) = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟑𝟓𝒕/𝒎𝟐

∑ 𝑃𝑊 9221.17
𝑞𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑 = = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝒕/𝒎𝟐
𝐵∗𝐿 20.5∗35.5

𝒒𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅 < 𝒒𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆 (SAFE BEARING STRESS)

1.7.2 SETTLEMENT FOR RAFT FOUNDATION:

1.7.2.1 SETTLEMENT FOR SAND LAYER:

STRESS TO BE USE FOR SETTLEMENT

𝑃 9221.17
𝜎= = = 12.67𝑡/𝑚2
𝐴 20.5 ∗ 35.5

𝜎𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙 = 𝜎𝑡 − 𝛾ℎ = 12.67 − 1.7 ∗ 2 − 1.85 ∗ .7 = 7.975𝑡/𝑚2

𝝈𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝑩
∆=
(𝑨 + 𝒁)(𝑩 + 𝒁)

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 23

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

𝟕. 𝟗𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟎. 𝟓

∆𝝈 = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝒕/𝒎𝟐
(𝟐𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟐𝟓. 𝟖) ∗ (𝟐𝟓. 𝟖 + 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓)

1
𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 2.04 ∗ 3 ∗ = 1.2 ∗ 10−3 𝑚 = 0.12𝑐𝑚
4954.25

1.7.2.2 SETTLEMENT FOR CLAY LAYER:

(A) IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT

𝑃 = 9221.17 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑥𝐵 = 35.5 𝑥 20.5 𝐸𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 3033 𝑡/𝑚2

H Z ∆𝝈 Settlement
3.2 1.6 7.07 7.45 ∗ 10−3
3.2 4.8 5.6 5.9 ∗ 10−3
3.2 8 4.68 4.93 ∗ 106 − 3
3.2 11.2 3.9 4.11 ∗ 10−3

𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.022𝑚 = 2.2 𝑐𝑚

(B) CONSOLIDATION SETTTLEMENT IN CLAY

* Divide to 4 layers with depth=3.2 m for each layer

LAYER DEPTH FROM
SETTLEMENT
THICKNESS FOUNDATION 𝛔𝟎 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 𝚫𝝈 (T/M^2)
(M) LEVEL (M) (M)

3.2 1.6 9.83 7.975 ∗ 20.5 ∗ 35.5

= 7.07 0.013
(1.6 + 35.5)(1.6 + 20.5)

3.2 4.8 12.55 7.975 ∗ 20.5 ∗ 35.5

= 5.6 0.009
(4.8 + 35.5)(4.8 + 20.5)

3.2 8.0 15.27 7.975 ∗ 20.5 ∗ 35.5

= 4.68 0.0068
(8 + 35.5)(8 + 20.5)

3.2 11.2 17.99 7.975 ∗ 20.5 ∗ 35.5

= 3.9 0.025
(11.2 + 35.5)(11.2 + 20.5)

Σ 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 = 0.053 𝑚 = 5.3 𝑐𝑚

Σ Total 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡 = 0.053 + 0.022 + 0.0019 = .0769 𝑚 = 7.69 𝑐𝑚

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 24

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.8 RAFT ANALYSIS AND RIENFORCEMENT

1.8.1 RAFT MODELING
1.8.1.1 SOIL MODELING:
𝐾𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑞𝑎𝑐𝑡 /∆= 9221.17/(0.0769 ∗ (35.5 ∗ 20.5) ) = 164.8 𝑡/𝑚
Use Raft with 140 cm Thickness

1.8.2 RAFT ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

1.8.2.1 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

FIGURE (1.6) X-DIRECTION MOMENT (M.TON)

FIGURE (1.7) Y-DIRECTION MOMENT (M.TON)

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 25

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

Use 8T18/m for lower and Upper Main Mesh and additional Steel for
zones needed with min Dev. Length =1.00 meter

FIGURE (1.8) ADDITIONAL BOTTOM X-DIRECTION RIENFORCEMENT MOMENT (M.TON)

FIGURE (1.9) ADDITIONAL BOTTOM Y-DIRECTION RIENDORCEMENT MOMENT (M.TON)

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 26

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

FIGURE (1.10) ADDITIONAL TOP X-DIRECTION RIENDORCEMENT MOMENT (M.TON)

FIGURE (1.11) ADDITIONAL TOP Y-DIRECTION RIENDORCEMENT MOMENT (M.TON)

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 27

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.8.2.2 SHEAR FORCE CHECK

𝐏𝐮 𝒇𝒄𝒖
𝒒𝒔𝒉𝐚𝐜𝐭 = 𝒒𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ √( )
𝒃∗𝒅 𝒄

1.8.2.3 CHECK PUNCHING

𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑎
𝑞𝑝 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑃𝑢 /(𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 (2 (𝑏 + ) + 2 (𝑡 + )) 𝑞𝑝 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (0.5 + ( ))√𝑓𝑐𝑢 /𝛾𝐶
2 2 𝑏

cm cm 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 28

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.9 DESIGNE OF RETAINING WALL

1 − sin 𝜃 1 − sin 35
𝐾𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = 0.271
1 + sin 𝜃 1 + sin 35

𝑒𝑎1 = 𝑞𝑘𝑎 = 2 ∗ 0.271 = 0.542𝑡/𝑚2

𝑒𝑎2 = (𝑞 + 𝛾ℎ) ∗ 𝑘𝑎 = (2 + 1.8 ∗ 2.7) ∗ 0.271 = 1.85𝑡/𝑚2

0.542 ∗ (2.7)2 1.317 ∗ (2.7)2

𝑀𝑊 = + = 3.57𝑚. 𝑡
2 6
𝑀𝑈
𝑑 = 𝑐√
𝐹𝐶𝑈 ∗ 𝐵

3.57 ∗ 105 ∗ 1.5

27 = 𝐶1 ∗ √ 𝐶 = 6.39 𝐽 = 0.826
300 ∗ 100
3.57 ∗ 105 ∗ 1.5
𝐴𝑆 = = 6.67𝑐𝑚2 6∅12/𝑚
3600 ∗ .826 ∗ 27

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0015 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.0015 ∗ 100 ∗ 27 = 4.54𝑐𝑚2

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 29

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT ONE CALCULATION SHEET YEAR 2016

1.10 DESIGNE OF SIDE SUPORT SYSTEM

1.10.1 TANGENT PILES STRAINING ACTIONS

COMPUTER ANALYSIS (WALLAP PROGRAM)

Factor of safety on soil strength

FoS for toe Toe elev. for Strut force

elev. = -10.00 FoS = 1.200 for F=1.000
--------------- ------------- -----------
Stage --- G.L. --- Strut Factor Moment Toe Wall Strut
No. Act. Pass. Elev. of equilib. elev. Penetr force
Safety at elev. -ation t/m run
1 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
2 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
3 0.00 -4.20 Cant. 1.580 -9.43 -7.81 3.61

Bending moment, shear force and displacement envelopes

Node Y Displacement Bending moment Shear force
no. coord maximum minimum maximum minimum maximum minimum
m m t.m/m t.m/m t/m t/m
1 0.00 0.022 0.000 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0
2 -0.60 0.021 0.000 0.0 -0.0 0.0 -0.1
3 -1.20 0.019 0.000 0.0 -0.1 0.1 -0.2
4 -1.80 0.017 0.000 0.2 -0.3 0.5 -0.2
5 -2.40 0.015 0.000 0.7 -0.4 1.2 -0.1
6 -3.00 0.014 0.000 1.8 -0.4 2.3 0.0
7 -3.60 0.012 0.000 3.7 -0.3 3.9 0.0
8 -4.20 0.010 0.000 6.6 -0.1 6.0 0.0
9 -4.60 0.009 0.000 9.2 0.0 6.8 0.0
10 -5.00 0.008 0.000 12.0 0.0 7.4 0.0
11 -5.50 0.007 0.000 14.7 0.0 3.7 0.0
12 -6.00 0.006 0.000 15.7 0.0 0.6 0.0
13 -6.60 0.005 0.000 15.1 0.0 0.0 -2.3
14 -7.20 0.003 0.000 13.0 0.0 0.0 -4.3
15 -7.80 0.002 0.000 10.0 0.0 0.0 -5.5
16 -8.40 0.002 0.000 6.5 0.0 0.0 -5.7
17 -9.00 0.001 0.000 3.1 0.0 0.0 -4.8
18 -9.50 0.000 0.000 1.0 0.0 0.0 -3.2

1.10.2 TANGENT PILES DESIGN

Diameter RIENFORCEMENT CAPACITY

Meter AS (cm^2) N bars RATIO

UNIT 1 SKELETON STRUCTURE FOUNDATION 30

 UNIT

DEEP FOUNDATION
2
INTRODUCTION
This Report is about Design for a Bridge Foundation subjected to
vertical and lateral loads using deep Foundation.

The Report Contains:

1- Design of Bridge Pier
2- Design of Piles Due To Straining Action
3- Check Vertical Settlement And Lateral Deformation
4- Design of Pile Cap And Reinforcement
5- Dewatering And Side Support

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT TWO CALCULATION SHEET 31

YEAR 2016
FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT YEAR 2016

2.1 DESIGN OF PIER SECTION

2.1.1 STRAINING ACTIONS ACTING ON PIER

Nu = 1.4 D. L + 1.6 L. L = (1.4 ∗ 1200) + (1.6 ∗ 400) = 2320 ton

𝑄𝑥 = 1.6 ∗ 200 = 320 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑦 = 1.6 ∗ 150 = 240 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑦 = 320 ∗ 7 = 2240𝑚. 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑥 = 240 ∗ 7 = 1680 𝑚. 𝑡𝑜𝑛

2.1.2 PIER ASSUMING SECTION

(A) ASSUME SECTION CONSIDERING SECTION AS COLUMN

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝑭𝒄𝒖 𝑨𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒔

𝐹𝑐𝑢 = 400 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝐹𝑦 = 3600 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝐴𝑠 = 0.01 𝐴𝑐

𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (0.35 ∗ 400 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 ) + (0.67 ∗ 3600 ∗ (0.01 𝐴𝑐 ))
∴ 𝑭𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟐𝑨𝒄

𝑭𝒂𝒍𝒍 −𝑵 𝑴𝑿 𝑴𝒀
= ± 𝒀± 𝑿
𝑨 𝑨 𝑰𝑿 𝑰𝒀

164.12𝐴𝐶 2320 ∗ 103 2240 ∗ 105 1680 ∗ 105

= + ∗ 3𝑏 + ∗ 3𝑏
𝐴𝐶 2𝑏 2 2𝑏 4 𝑏4
𝑏 = 185.97𝑐𝑚 (𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎) 𝒕 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎

(C) CHECK BUCKLING

This Structure is Unbraced Structure

𝑯𝟎 𝒌 7 ∗ 2.2
𝝀𝒙 = = = 7.7 < 10 (𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛)
𝒕 2
𝑯𝟎 𝒌 7 ∗ 1.6
𝝀𝒀 = = = 3.73 < 10 (𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛)
𝑩 3

(Short Column), 𝑴𝒙𝒂𝒅𝒅 = 𝑴𝒚𝒂𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎

UNIT 2 DEEP FOUNDATION 32

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT YEAR 2016

2.1.3 SECTION DESIFN USING ECP CODE

Using Bi-Axial Moment Method

𝑡 ′ = 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 300 − 5 = 295𝑐𝑚

𝑏 ′ = 𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 200 − 5 = 195

𝑀𝑦 2240 𝑀𝑥 1680 𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑥
= = 11.487 = = 5.69 >
𝑏′ 195 𝑡′ 295 𝑏′ 𝑡′

𝑴𝒚 ′
𝑴′𝒙 = 𝑴𝒚 + ∗𝒕 ∗𝜷
𝒃′

From ECP 𝛽 = 0.8

1680
𝑀𝑦′ = 2240 + ( ∗ 0.8 ∗ 195) = 3128.41 𝑚. 𝑡
295

DESIGN SECTON AS (M&P) SECTION

𝑀𝑢 = 3128.41 𝑚. 𝑡 𝑃𝑢 = 2320 𝑡𝑜𝑛

𝑒 = 𝑀𝑢 /𝑁𝑢 = 3128.4/2320 = 1.35 𝑚 0.05 𝑡 = 0.05 ∗ 220 = 0.11 𝑚
𝑒 > 0.05 𝑡 (Consider Moment)
3
𝑃𝑢 2320 ∗ 10
= = 0.09 > 0.04 (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐹𝑐𝑢 𝑏 𝑡 400 ∗ 300 ∗ 200
𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒃 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟒 ∗ ( ) ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟓𝟒𝟗. 𝟕𝟔 𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 +
𝟏. 𝟏𝟓

𝑷𝒃 > 𝑷𝒖 ( 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 )

𝑴𝒖𝒔 = 𝑷𝒖 ∗ 𝒆𝒔

𝑡
𝑒𝑠 = 𝑒 + ( − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟) = 1.35 + ((0.5 ∗ 2) − 0.05) = 2.3 𝑚
2

𝑀𝑢𝑠 = 2320 ∗ 2.3 = 5336 𝑚. 𝑡

195
𝐶= 5
= 2.92 (𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏) 𝑱 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟒
√5336∗10
400∗300

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𝑀𝑢𝑠 𝑃𝑢 5336 ∗ 105 (2320 ∗ 103 )

𝐴𝑠 = − = − = 294.5 𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑗 𝑑 𝑓𝑦 3600 ∗ 0.734 ∗ 195 3600
𝛾𝑠 1.15
(𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 )𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.0015 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.0015 ∗ 300 ∗ 195 = 87.75 𝑐𝑚

𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝝓 𝟑𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔 , 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑𝟕 𝝓 𝟑𝟐

(C) CHECK SHEAR

𝑄𝑋 320∗105
𝑞𝑥 = = = 5.47𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 300∗195

𝑄𝑦 240∗105
𝑞𝑥 = = = 4.068𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 200∗295

2320∗103
𝛿 = 1 + .007 ∗ ( ) = 1.27 < 1.5
300∗195

2320∗103
𝛿 = 1 + .007 ∗ ( ) = 1.27 < 1.5
300∗195

400
𝑞𝑐𝑢 = 1.27 ∗ .75 ∗ √ = 15.55
1.5

𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒖𝒑𝒔 𝟔∅𝟏𝟎/𝒎

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2.2 SOIL PARATMETRS

2.2.1 SHEAR PARAMETERS:

(A) Clay Shear Parameters

𝑞𝑢 = 8𝑡/𝑚2
𝑞𝑢 8
𝐶𝑢 = = = 𝟒𝒕/𝒎𝟐
2 2
∅ = 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐

(B) Sand Shear Parameters

𝜸 = 𝟐𝒕/𝒎𝟑
𝐶𝑢 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑁𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝟒𝟎° (Dense Sand)
36 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 40, 𝝓 = 𝟑𝟖°

2.2.2 DEFORMATION PARAMETERS:

(A) Clay Deformation Parameters

𝐸𝑢 15 ∗ 103
=
𝐶𝑢 𝑃𝐼
𝑃𝐿 = 𝟑𝟎%, 𝐿𝐿 = 𝟕𝟎%
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑃𝐿 = 70 − 30 = 𝟒𝟎%
𝐸𝑢 15000
=
𝐶𝑢 40
𝐸𝑢 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐
1+𝜐 1 + 0.3
𝐸𝑑 = (1 − 2𝜐) 𝐸𝑢 = ∗ (1 − 2 ∗ 0.3) ∗ 150 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐
1−𝜐 1 − 0.3
𝑬𝒖
= 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐸𝑢 = 0.4 ∗ 200 = 𝟖𝟎𝒌𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟐 = 800𝑡/𝑚2
𝑪𝒖

(B) Sand Deformation Parameters

𝐸 = 5000𝑡/𝑚2

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2.3 STRAINING ACTIONS ON PILES

2.3.1 STRAINING ACTIONS ACTING ON PILE CAP

𝑃𝑤 = 1600 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑥 = 200 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑦 = 150 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑦 = 8.5 ∗ 200 = 1760 𝑚. 𝑡
𝑀𝑥 = 8.5 ∗ 150 = 1275 𝑚. 𝑡

2.3.2 STRAINING ACTIONS ACTING PILES

(A) NORMAL FORCE

FIGURE (2.1) PILE ARRANGEMENT

𝑷𝒘 𝑴𝒙 𝒚 𝑴𝒚 𝒙
𝑸𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 = − ± ±
𝒏 𝚺𝐲𝟐 𝚺𝐱𝟐

Σx 2 = 19.44 Σy 2 = 51.84

PILE X Y N.FORCE(TON) PILE X Y M.FORCE(TON)

1 3.6 1.8 -512.62 4 -1.8 0 -109.26
2 -1.8 3.6 -197.8 5 1.8 -3.6 -335.53
3 1.8 0 -424 6 -1.8 -3.6 -20.72

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𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝒊𝒍𝒆 = −𝟓𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟐 𝒕𝒐𝒏

𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝒊𝒍𝒆 = 𝑵/𝑨

Check Construction Capacity for Normal Force

𝑭𝒄𝒖 4000 1.22
𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍 = ∗ 𝑨𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆 = ∗𝜋∗ = 822.5 𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒)
𝟓. 𝟓 5.5 4

(B) SHEAR FORCE

150 200
𝑄𝑋 = = 25 𝑇𝑜𝑛 𝑄𝑦 = = 33.33 𝑡𝑜𝑛
6 6

2.4 PILE DESIGN USING STATIC METHOD

Pile Diameter = 1.2 > 0.6m (Large Diameter Pile)

𝑸𝒖 = 𝒒𝒃 ∗ 𝑨𝒃 + 𝒒𝒔 ∗ 𝑨𝒔

(A) Base Resistance for Sand Layer

𝑆𝑏 = 15 𝑐𝑚
𝑞𝑏 = 340 𝑡⁄𝑚2
𝑄𝑢𝑏 = 340 ∗ (𝜋 ∗ 0.62 ) = 384.336 𝑡𝑜𝑛

(B) Skin Friction Resistance for Clay Layer

𝑞𝑠 = 2.8 𝑡⁄𝑚2
𝐿 = 5.5𝑚

(C) Skin Friction Resistance for Sand Layer

𝑆𝑏 = 0.01𝐷 = 1.2 𝑐𝑚
(𝑞𝑠 )1 = 6 𝑡⁄𝑚2
(𝑞𝑠 )2 = 10 𝑡⁄𝑚2
𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑷𝒊𝒍𝒆 = (𝑸𝒃 )𝒂𝒍𝒍 + (𝑸𝒔 )𝒂𝒍𝒍

Assume Allowable Settlement = 1.00 cm

512.62 = (384.336 ∗ 1⁄15) + (𝑄𝑠 )𝑎𝑙𝑙
(𝑄𝑠 )𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 486.99 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑢𝑠 = 486.99 ∗ 1.2⁄1 = 584.38 𝑡𝑜𝑛

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584.38 = (6 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 3) + (10 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 𝐿) + (2.8 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ .6 ∗ 5.5)

𝐿𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 13.0 𝑚

𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 5.5 + 3 + 13 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎 (5.5 𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦) + (16 𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑)

AT Q=700 ton, Settlement=4 cm

FIGURE (2.2) RELATION BETWEEN PILE ULTIMATE RESISTANCE AND SETTLEMENT

2.5 GROUP PILE SETTLEMENT

2.5.1 CHECK GROUP CAPACITY

𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐺𝑒 ∗ 𝑛 ∗ 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0.67 ∗ 6 ∗ 700 = 2814 𝑡𝑜𝑛 > 1600 𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑆𝐴𝐹𝐸)
𝐺𝑒 = 0.67 (𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒)

2.5.2 SETTLEMENT CALCULATION USING EMPIRICAL EQUATION

* Not Accurate Values (Guide Results as Approximation)

𝑺𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 = 𝑺𝒐 √𝑩/𝑫

𝑺𝒐 = 𝑺𝒆 + 𝑺𝒃 + 𝑺𝒔
(A) Elastic Settlement (Se)

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𝑳
𝑺𝒆 = (𝑸𝒃 + 𝜶 𝑸𝒔 ) ∗
𝑬𝑨
21.5
𝑆𝑒 = (30.74 + 0.67 ∗ 486.9) ∗ 6
= 2.4 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
2.8 ∗ 10 ∗ 1.13

(B) Base Settlement (Sb)

𝑪𝒃 ∗ 𝑸𝒃
𝑺𝒃 =
𝒒𝒖𝒃 ∗ 𝑩
0.09 ∗ 30.74
𝑆𝑏 = = 6.78 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
340 ∗ 1.2

(C) Skin Settlement (SS)

𝑪𝒔 ∗ 𝑸𝒔
𝑺𝒔 =
𝑳 ∗ 𝒒𝒖𝒃
𝐶𝑆 = (0.93 + 0.16√𝐿⁄𝐵) ∗ 𝐶𝑏 = (0.93 + 0.16√21.5⁄1.2) ∗ 0.09 = 0.14
0.14 ∗ 486.9
𝑆𝑠 = = 9.3 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
21.5 ∗ 340

(D) Pile Group Settlement

𝑆𝑜 = 0.0185 𝑚
𝑆𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 = 0.0185√4.8/1.2 = 0.037 𝑚 = 3.7 𝑐𝑚 < 4 𝑐𝑚 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒)

2.5.3 SETTLEMENT CALCULATION USING EG CODE

𝟏
𝑺 = ∗ ∆𝝈 ∗ 𝑯
𝑬

𝑷
∆𝝈 =
(𝑨 + 𝒁) ∗ (𝑩 + 𝒁)

1600
∆𝜎 = = 8.48 𝑡/𝑚2
(8.4 + 7.25) ∗ (4.8 + 7.25)

1
𝑆= ∗ 8.48 ∗ 14.5 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟕 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟔𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔
5000
< 4 𝑐𝑚 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒)
FIGURE (2.3) SETTLEMENT CALCULATION USING EG CODE

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2.6 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS

2.6.1 CHECK LATERAL DISPLACEMENT USING (𝜷 − 𝒚) METHOD
* Not Accurate Values (Guide Results as Approximation)

𝟐
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒎
𝒗𝒄= 𝝀𝑫 𝑬𝑹𝑰 (𝝈𝑷 ∗ ) ∗ (𝝐𝟓𝟎 )𝒏
𝑬𝑹𝑰

𝜆 = 1 (𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙) │ 𝐷(𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 1.2𝑚 │ 𝐸(𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠) = 2.8 ∗ 106 𝑡/𝑚2

𝜎𝐶 = 4.2𝐶 = 4.2 ∗ 4 = 16.8 𝑡/𝑚2 │ 𝜖50 = 0.01 │ RI = 1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟: 𝑚 = 0.683 │ 𝑛 = −0.22
(𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 ) = ((2 ∗ 0.7) + (2 ∗ 0.5) + (2 ∗ 0.35))/6 = 0.516
𝑦
(𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 ) = ((3 ∗ 0.7) + (3 ∗ 0.5))/6 = 0.6
𝑥

For X-Direction
0.683
0.6
𝑣𝑐 = 1 ∗ 1.22 ∗ 2.8 ∗ 106 ∗ 1 ∗ (16.8 ∗ ) ∗ 0.01−0.22 = 2125.57
2.8 ∗ 106 ∗ 1
𝑣/𝑣𝑐 = 33.33/2123.57 = 0.016
From Chart 𝑌/𝐵 = 0.0075, 𝑌 = .009 𝑚 < 0.02 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒)

For Y-Direction
0.683
2 6
0.516
𝑣𝑐 = 1 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 2.8 ∗ 10 ∗ 1 ∗ (16.8 ∗ 6
) ∗ 0.01−0.22 = 1927.65
2.8 ∗ 10 ∗ 1
𝑣/𝑣𝑐 = 25.0/2027.73 = 0.012
From Chart 𝑌/𝐵 = 0.005, 𝑌. 006 < 0.02 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒)

2.6.2 MAXIMUM MOMENT DUE TO LATERAL LOAD

𝟑
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒎
𝑴𝒄= 𝝀𝑫 𝑬𝑹𝑰 (𝝈𝑷 ∗ ) ∗ (𝝐𝟓𝟎 )𝒏
𝑬𝑹𝑰

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟: 𝑚 = 0.46 │ 𝑛 = −0.15

For X-Direction
0.46
3 6
0.6
𝑀𝑐 = 1 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 2.8 ∗ 10 ∗ 1 ∗ (16.8 ∗ ) ∗ 0.01−0.15 = 30241.33𝑚. 𝑡
2.8 ∗ 106 ∗ 1
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 /𝑀𝑐 = 0.004
𝑀max(𝑎𝑣𝑔) = 120.97 m.t for spacing 3D 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 1.2 ∗ 120.97 = 145.16𝑚𝑡

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For Y-Direction
0.46
3 6
. 516
𝑀𝑐 = 1 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 2.8 ∗ 10 ∗ 1 ∗ (16.8 ∗ 6
) ∗ 0.01−0.15 = 28314.7𝑚𝑡
2.8 ∗ 10 ∗ 1
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 /𝑀𝑐 = 0.003
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 84.9 m.t 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 1.2 ∗ 84.9 = 101.93𝑚𝑡

2.7 COMPUTER ANALYSIS

2.7.1 ANALYSIS USING STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROGRAM (SAP2000)

Soil is defined by springs according to Clause 4/2/7/3/A Page (97)

(A)Lateral Spring for Clay Layer (Assume O.C.C)

𝑲𝒉 ∗ 𝑫 = 𝟑𝟓: 𝟕𝟎 𝑪𝒖
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐾ℎ ∗ 𝐷 = 70 𝐶𝑢 = 70 ∗ 4 = 280 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2
𝐾ℎ = 280 ∗ 1.2/1.2 ∗ 0.5 = 140 𝑡/𝑚/𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
Spacing between springs =0.5 m

(B) Lateral Spring for Sand Layer

𝒁
𝑲𝒉 = 𝒏 ∗
𝑫

𝑛 = 0.5 ∗ 1600 = 800 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)

Z: Depth of spring from ground level
Spacing between springs =0.5 m

Label Level (m) K (t/m/spring) Label Level (m) K (t/m/spring) Label Level (m)K (t/m/spring)
1 -9.00 1800 13 -15.00 6000 25 -21.00 8400
2 -9.50 3800 14 -15.50 6200 26 -21.50 8600
3 -10.00 4000 15 -16.00 6400 27 -22.00 8800
4 -10.50 4200 16 -16.50 6600 28 -22.50 9000
5 -11.00 4400 17 -17.00 6800 29 -23.00 9200
6 -11.50 4600 18 -17.50 7000 30 -23.50 9400
7 -12.00 4800 19 -18.00 7200 31 -24.00 9600
8 -12.50 5000 20 -18.50 7400 32 -24.50 9800
9 -13.00 5200 21 -19.00 7600
10 -13.50 5400 22 -19.50 7800
11 -14.00 5600 23 -20.00 8000
12 -14.50 5800 24 -20.50 8200

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(C) Vertical Spring for Sand Layer

𝑲𝒗 = 𝒒/𝚫

506.64
𝐾𝑣 = = 27551.1𝑡/𝑚
0.0184

FIGURE (2.4) 3D COMPUTER ANALYSIS MODEL USING SAP2000 SOFTWARE

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2.7.2 ANALYSIS RESULTS

(A) Max Deformation

∆𝒙 (cm) ∆𝒚 (cm) ∆𝒛 (𝑺𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕) (cm)

1.12 1.87 3.35

(B) Pile Cap Straining Actions

FIGURE (2.5) X-DIRECTION MOMENT

FIGURE (2.6) Y-DIRECTION MOMENT

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2.8 PILE CAP DESIGN

2.8.1 MOMENT DESIGN

𝑀𝑢𝑦 = (512.62 + 424 + 335.53) ∗ 0.8 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 1.5 = 1297.59 𝑚. 𝑡

𝑀𝑢𝑥 = (512.62 + 197.8) ∗ 2.1 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 1.5 = 1902.15 𝑚. 𝑡

𝑀𝑢 1902.15 ∗ 105
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1 √ = 4√ = 232.46 𝑐𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝐵 400 ∗ (200 + 20)

𝑀𝑢 1297.59 ∗ 105
𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶1 √ = 4√ = 159.19 𝑐𝑚, 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑 = 200 𝑐𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝐵 400 ∗ (300 + 20)

2.8.2 CHECK PUNCHING

𝑃𝑢
𝑞𝑝𝑢 = = (1600 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 103 )/(2 ∗ (200 + 300) ∗ 200)) = 12 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚
2(𝑎 + 𝑏) ∗ 𝑑

𝑎 𝑓𝑐𝑢 200 400

𝑞𝑝 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = (0.5 + ( ))√ = (0.5 + ( ))√ = 19.05 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 (𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬)
𝑏 𝛾𝑐 280 1.5

𝐹𝐶𝑈 400
𝑞𝑝 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤. = √ =√ = 16.32 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
1.5 1.5
2.8.3 CHECK SHEAR

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FIGURE (2.7) PILE CAP CRITICAL SHEAR SECTIONS

X-Direction
(512.62 + 197.8) ∗ 1.5 ∗ 103 𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑞𝑠ℎ 𝑢 = = 9.47 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 > 0.5√
250 ∗ (200 + 250) 𝛾𝑐
= 8.16 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 (𝑼𝑵𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬)
(512.62 + 197.8) ∗ 103 ∗ 1.5
8.16 =
𝑑 ∗ (𝑑 + 250)
𝑑 = 274.96 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 290
(512.62 + 197.8) ∗ 1.5 ∗ 103
𝑞𝑠ℎ 𝑢 = = 7.49𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
290 ∗ (200 + 290)
Y-Direction
𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝑅𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐼𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝐶𝐻𝐸𝐶𝐾 𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅
2.8.4 PILE CAP REINFORCEMENT
X-Direction
1902.15 ∗105
290 = 𝐶 √ 𝐶 = 7.2 𝐽 = 0.826
400∗300
1902.15 ∗ 105
𝐴𝑠 = = 220.57𝑐𝑚2
3600 ∗ 0.826 ∗ 290
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0015 ∗ 960 ∗ 290 = 417.6 𝑐𝑚2
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟓𝟐𝑻𝟑𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟗. 𝟔𝟎 𝒎
Y-Direction
1297.59 ∗105
290 = 𝐶 √ 𝐶 = 8.8 𝐽 = 0.826
400∗300

1297.59 ∗ 105
𝐴𝑠 = = 150.47 𝑐𝑚2
3600 ∗ 0.826 ∗ 290
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0015 ∗ 600 ∗ 290 = 261 𝑐𝑚2

𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑𝟐𝑻𝟑𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎

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2.9 DESIGNE OF PILES

𝑴𝑿𝑾 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟏𝟔 𝒎. 𝒕 𝑴𝒚𝒘 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝒕 𝒑𝒘 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟐 𝒕

𝑀𝑅 = √(145.16)2 + (101.93)2 = 177.37 𝑚. 𝑡

USING INTERACTION DIAGRAM

𝑃𝑈 ∗ 1.5 512.62 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 103

𝐾= = = 0.53
𝐹𝐶𝑈 ∗ 𝑅2 400 ∗ (60)2
𝑀𝑊 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 105 177.73 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 105
𝐾= = = 0.31
𝐹𝐶𝑈 ∗ 𝑅3 400 ∗ 603

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡: 𝜌 = 2

𝐴𝑆 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝐹𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝜋𝑅2 ∗ 10−5 = 2 ∗ 400 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 602 ∗ 10−5 = 90.47 𝑐𝑚2

𝐴𝑆 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0015 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 602 = 16.9 𝑐𝑚2
𝐴𝑆 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.006 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 602 = 67.85 𝑐𝑚2

As= 24 T 22

2.10 DEWATERING SYSTEM:

2.10.1 CHECK UPLIFT
1.8 ∗ 5.5
𝐹𝑆 = = 1.41 < 1.15 (𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬)
7∗1
No Need to Use Dewatering System

2.11 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM

USE SECANT PILES D=50 cm with 12.00 m length with 0.7 m Spacing

2.11.1 STRAINING ACTIONS ON PILES

Using Computer Analysis with WALLAP Software

𝑭. 𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟗 > 𝟏. 𝟑 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆

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Factors Of Saftey

Stage --- G.L. --- Strut Factor Moment Toe Wall Strut
No. Act. Pass. Elev. of equilib. elev. Penetr force
Safety at elev. -ation t/m run
1 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
2 0.00 0.00 Wall tending to fail from right to left
3 0.00 -4.70 Cant. 1.389 -11.39 -10.76 6.06

Bending moment, shear force and displacement envelopes

Node Y Displacement Bending moment Shear force

no. coord maximum minimum maximum minimum maximum minimum
m m t.m/m t.m/m t/m t/m
1 0.00 0.073 0.000 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0
2 -0.60 0.068 0.000 0.0 -0.1 0.0 -0.3
3 -1.05 0.065 0.000 0.0 -0.2 0.1 -0.5
4 -1.50 0.062 0.000 0.1 -0.5 0.4 -0.7
5 -1.95 0.058 0.000 0.4 -0.9 0.8 -0.8
6 -2.40 0.055 0.000 0.9 -1.2 1.4 -0.8
7 -3.00 0.050 0.000 2.0 -1.6 2.5 -0.7
8 -3.60 0.046 0.000 3.9 -2.0 3.8 -0.6
9 -4.15 0.042 0.000 6.4 -2.3 5.2 -0.4
10 -4.70 0.038 0.000 9.7 -2.5 6.9 -0.3
11 -5.20 0.034 0.000 13.2 -2.6 7.1 -0.1
12 -5.60 0.031 0.000 16.0 -2.6 6.5 0.0
13 -6.00 0.028 0.000 18.6 -2.6 5.8 0.0
14 -6.60 0.024 0.000 21.7 -2.3 4.8 0.0
15 -7.20 0.020 0.000 24.2 -1.9 4.1 0.0
16 -7.80 0.016 -0.000 26.5 -1.4 3.7 0.0
17 -8.15 0.014 -0.000 27.7 -1.0 3.5 0.0
18 -8.50 0.012 -0.001 29.0 -0.5 3.5 0.0
19 -8.88 0.009 -0.001 29.3 -0.0 1.0 -1.3
20 -9.25 0.007 -0.001 27.9 0.0 0.6 -5.5
21 -9.63 0.005 -0.001 25.3 0.0 0.2 -8.9
22 -10.00 0.003 -0.002 21.3 0.0 0.0 -11.5
23 -10.40 0.001 -0.002 16.3 0.0 0.0 -12.9
24 -10.80 0.001 -0.002 11.1 0.0 0.0 -12.8
25 -11.40 0.000 -0.004 3.7 0.0 0.0 -9.2
26 -12.00 0.000 -0.007 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0

2.11.2 Secant Pile Design

Spacing = 0.7m 𝑴𝑾 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟑 𝒎. 𝒕/𝒎′ 𝑸𝑺 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗 𝒕𝒐𝒏/𝒎′

𝟐𝟗.𝟑∗𝟏.𝟓∗.𝟕∗𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟒𝟎 = 𝒄√ 𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟑 𝒋 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟗
𝟒𝟎𝟎∗𝟓𝟎

𝟑𝟎.𝟕𝟔𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝑨𝑺 = = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟕𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟏∅𝟏𝟖
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎∗.𝟕𝟔𝟗∗𝟒𝟎

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 UNIT

SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM

4
4-1 INTRODUCTION
This Report is about side support system required for a
construction project with (-10.00) m depth

FIGURE (4.1) GENERAL LAYOUT

The Report Contains:

1- Project Soil Properties
2- Comparison Study for different used alternatives
3- Choosing Suitable Side Support System and Dewatering.
4- Calculation of Loads acting on System.
5- Design of retaining structures systems.
6- Detailing

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4-2 Project Soil Properties

FIGURE (4.2) BOREHOLE PROFILE

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Type of analysis Applicability

Drained Analysis Medium/Long Term behaviour

Undrained Analysis Short/Medium term behaviour

TABLE (4.1) METHODS OF ANALYSIS

4.2.1 SOIL PARAMETRES

4.2.1.1 First Layer: Clay Layer (0.00): (-4.00) m
Stiff clay so we use (Drained Analysis) (𝜙 ′ , 𝐶 ′ , 𝐸𝑑 , υ)

(A)Deformation Parameter

𝑬𝒖 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
=
𝑪𝒖 𝑷𝑰
∑𝑞
𝑞𝑢 = = (0.6 + 0.8 + 0.8)/3 = 0.733 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝑛
𝜙 = 0.0
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐿. 𝐿 − 𝑃. 𝐿 = 70% − 30% = 40%
𝐶𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 /2 = 0.733/2 = 0.365 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝐸𝑢 = 0.365 ∗ (15000/40) = 136.87 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 = 1368.7 𝑡/𝑚2

𝟏+𝝊
𝑬𝒅 = ∗ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝝊) ∗ 𝑬𝒖
𝟏−𝝊

𝜐 = 0.2 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦) (Approximate)

1 + 0.2
𝐸𝑑 = ∗ (1 − (2 ∗ 0.2)) ∗ 1368.7 = 1231.83 𝑡/𝑚2
1 − 0.2

(B)Angle of Shear Strength

*Using (Knudsen 1981) Equations

𝝓′𝒐𝒄 = (𝟒𝟓 − 𝟏𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝑷. 𝑰. )) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4 < 𝑃. 𝐼. < 50

𝝓′𝒐𝒄 = (𝟐𝟔 − 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝑷. 𝑰. )) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 50 ≤ 𝑃. 𝐼. < 150

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′
For P. I. = 40%, 𝜙𝑜𝑐 = (45 − 14 log(𝑃. 𝐼. ))
′
𝜙𝑜𝑐 = (45 − 14 log(40)) = 22.57𝑜

*Using Figure (4) P (426) From the 18th International Conference

on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013

FIGURE (4.3) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEAK ANGLE OF SHEARING RESISTANCE 𝜙𝑜𝑐

′

AND PLASTICITY INDEX (P.I.) FOR OVERCONSOLIDATED UNDISTURBED CLAYS.

′
From Chart: when P.I. =40%, 𝜙𝑜𝑐 = 22.6𝑜

(C)Drained Cohesion:

*Using (Danish Standard DS 415)

𝑪′𝒐𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝑪𝒖

′
𝐶𝑜𝑐 = 0.1 ∗ 3.65 = 0.365 𝑡/𝑚2

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*Using Figure (7) P (727) From the 18th International Conference

on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013

FIGURE (4.4) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EFFECTIVE COHESION 𝐶𝑜𝑐

′
AND UNDRAINEDSHEAR STRENGTH
𝐶𝑢 FOR OVERCONSOLIDATED UNDISTURBED CLAYS.

′
From Chart: when 𝐶𝑢 =36.5 (kPa), 𝐶𝑜𝑐 = 3.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.37 𝑡/𝑚2

Layer (1): Clay Layer Parameters

𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 1.95
𝑬𝒅 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 1231.83
𝝓′𝒐𝒄 (𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆) 22.57o
𝑪′𝒐𝒄 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 0.365

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4.2.1.2 Second layer: Sand layer From (-4.00):(-11.50) m

(A)Shear Strength Parameter
26+32+38+42
𝑁𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 34.5 ∴ 𝜙 = 35.0𝑜 (𝐸. 𝐶. 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 3)
4
(B)Deformation Parameter

*Using E.C. Code Part (3)

𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑵𝒂𝒗𝒈

𝐸 = 10 ∗ 34.5 = 345 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 = 3450 𝑡/𝑚2

*Using Junbu Equation (1963)

𝝈𝒙 𝟎.𝟓
𝑬=𝑭∗( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑜 ∗ 𝐾𝑜
𝐾𝑜 = 1 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜙)
𝐾𝑜 = 1 − SIN(35) = 0.426
𝜎𝑜 = ∑(𝛾ℎ) = (1.95 ∗ 1) + (3 ∗ 0.95) + (3.75 ∗ 0.85) = 7.987 𝑡/𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐹 = 15000
7.987 ∗ 0.426 0.5
𝐸 = 15000 ∗ ( ) = 2766.86 𝑡/𝑚2
100

Layer (2): Sand Layer Parameters

𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 1.85
𝑬 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 3450
𝝓 (𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆) 35o

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4.2.1.3 Third layer: Clay Layer From (-11.50): (-14.00) m

Stiff clay so we use (Drained Analysis) (𝜙 ′ , 𝐶 ′ , 𝐸𝑑 , υ)

(A)Deformation Parameter

𝑬𝒖 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
=
𝑪𝒖 𝑷𝑰
∑𝑞
𝑞𝑢 = = (0.6 + 0.8 + 0.8)/3 = 0.733 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝑛
𝜙 = 0.0
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐿. 𝐿 − 𝑃. 𝐿 = 68% − 31% = 55%
𝐶𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 /2 = 1.4/2 = 0.7 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝐸𝑢 = 0.7 ∗ (15000/55) = 190.9 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 = 1909 𝑡/𝑚2

𝟏+𝝊
𝑬𝒅 = ∗ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝝊) ∗ 𝑬𝒖
𝟏−𝝊

𝜐 = 0.2 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦) (Approximate)

1 + 0.2
𝐸𝑑 = ∗ (1 − (2 ∗ 0.2)) ∗ 1909 = 1718.1 𝑡/𝑚2
1 − 0.2

(B)Angle of Shear Strength

*Using (Knudsen 1981) Equations

𝝓′𝒐𝒄 = (𝟒𝟓 − 𝟏𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝑷. 𝑰. )) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4 < 𝑃. 𝐼. < 50

𝝓′𝒐𝒄 = (𝟐𝟔 − 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝑷. 𝑰. )) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 50 ≤ 𝑃. 𝐼. < 150

′
For P. I. = 40%, 𝜙𝑜𝑐 = (26 − 31 log(𝑃. 𝐼. ))
′
𝜙𝑜𝑐 = (26 − 3 log(55)) = 20.7𝑜

*Using Figure (4) P (426) From the 18th International Conference

on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013
′
From Chart: when P.I. =55%, 𝜙𝑜𝑐 = 21.0𝑜

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(C)Drained Cohesion:

*Using (Danish Standard DS 415)

𝑪′𝒐𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝑪𝒖
′
𝐶𝑜𝑐 = 0.1 ∗ 7.0 = 0.7 𝑡/𝑚2

*Using Figure (7) P (727) From the 18th International Conference

on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013
′
From Chart: when 𝐶𝑢 =70.0 (kPa), 𝐶𝑜𝑐 = 15.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 1.5 𝑡/𝑚2

Layer (3): Clay Layer Parameters

𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 1.95
𝑬𝒅 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 1718.1
𝝓′𝒐𝒄 (𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆) 21.0o
𝑪′𝒐𝒄 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 0.7

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4.2.1.4 Forth layer: Sand layer From (-14.00):(-30.00) m (End Of Borehole)

(A)Shear Strength Parameter
38 + 40 + 44 + 50
𝑁𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 43 ∴ 𝜙 = 38.0𝑜 (𝐸. 𝐶. 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 3)
4
(B)Deformation Parameter

*Using E.C. Code Part (3)

𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑵𝒂𝒗𝒈

𝐸 = 10 ∗ 43 = 430 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 = 4300 𝑡/𝑚2

*Using Junbu Equation (1963)

𝝈𝒙 𝟎.𝟓
𝑬=𝑭∗( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑜 ∗ 𝐾𝑜
𝐾𝑜 = 1 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜙)
𝐾𝑜 = 1 − SIN(38) = 0.384
𝜎𝑜 = (1.95 ∗ 1) + (3 ∗ 0.95) + (7.5 ∗ 0.85) + (2.5 ∗ 0.95) + (0.85 ∗ 8) = 20.35 𝑡/𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐹 = 15000
20.35 ∗ 0.384 0.5
𝐸 = 15000 ∗ ( ) = 4193.13 𝑡/𝑚2
100

Layer (2): Sand Layer Parameters

𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 1.85
𝑬 (𝒕/𝒎𝟐 ) 4300
𝝓 (𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆) 38o

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4-3 POTENTIAL SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEMS OPTIONS

SIDE SUPPORT
SYSTEMS OPTIONS

(A) DIAPHRAGM WALL (B) SECANT PILE

GROUT INJECTION USE

USE DEWATERING
(PLUGGING) DEWATERING

4.3.1 Diaphragm Wall with Grout Injection (Plugging)

FIGURE (4.5) DIAPHRAGM WALL WITH GROUT INJECTION (PLUGGING)

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Advantage Disadvantage
 Large straining actions due
 No Need for dewatering
to ground water pressure.
system that can affects
 Cost Is Extremely large due to
badly on neighborhood
grout injection and heavy
structures (Settlement).
reinforcement.
 No water Disposal needed in
 Grout injection process is a
sewer system.
complex process.

4.3.2 Diaphragm Wall with Dewatering

FIGURE (4.6) DIAPHRAGM WALL WITH DEWATERING

Advantage Disadvantage
 Less Straining Actions acting  Dewatering may affects
on system badly on neighborhood
 Suitable for larger depth. structures such Settlement.
 Less cost and needs less steel  Needs suitable sewer
reinforcement and lateral network to dispose of water
supports from dewatering.

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4.3.3 Secant Pile with Dewatering

FIGURE (4.7) DIAPHRAGM WALL WITH DEWATERING

Advantage Disadvantage
 Dewatering may affects
 Less Straining Actions acting badly on neighborhood
on system structures such Settlement.
 The least cost compared to  Needs suitable sewer
diaphragm wall and needs network to dispose of water
less steel reinforcement and from dewatering.
lateral support.  Relatively not recommended
for larger excavation.

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4-4 CHOOSING THE MOST SUITABLE SYSTEM

(Diaphragm Wall with Grout Injection)

1. The First Option
2. The Second Option (Secant Pile with Dewatering)

4-5 DIPHRAGM WALL WITH GROUT INJECTION SYSTEM

4.5.1 ANALYSIS METHOD

Using computer software (WALLAP) to calculate straining actions acting

on walls, anchors and struts.

4.5.2 ANALYSIS SECTIONS

FIGURE (4.8) GENERAL LAYOUT WITH WALL SECTIONS

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4.5.3 Wall Section (1-1)

FIGURE (4.9) TYPICAL WALL SECTION (1-1)

Software Report

STABILITY ANALYSIS according to Strength Factor method

Factor of safety on soil strength

FoS for toe Toe elev. for Strut

force
elev. = -24.00 FoS = 1.200 for
F=1.000
--------------- ------------- --------
---
Stage --- G.L. --- Strut Factor
Moment Toe Wall Strut
No. Act. Pass. Elev. of
equilib. elev. Penetr force
Safety
at elev. -ation t/m run
1 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
2 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
3 0.00 -3.00 Cant. 3.178 -21.66 -7.11 4.11
4 0.00 -3.00 -2.00 7.072 n/a -4.14 1.14 4.11
5 0.00 -3.00 -2.00 7.566 n/a -4.16 1.16 4.53
6 0.00 -6.00 -2.00 3.530 n/a -10.55 4.55 15.89
7 0.00 -6.00 More than one strut
All remaining stages have more than one strut - FoS calculation n/a

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Bending moment, shear force and displacement envelopes

Node Y Displacement Bending moment Shear force
no. coord maximum minimum maximum minimum maximum minimum
m m t.m/m t.m/m t/m t/m
1 0.00 0.028 0.000 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0
2 -1.00 0.032 0.000 0.7 -0.2 1.4 -0.5
3 -2.00 0.036 0.000 3.2 -0.8 3.6 -25.1
4 -2.50 0.038 0.000 2.4 -10.5 3.1 -23.8
5 -3.00 0.040 0.000 3.9 -22.0 4.7 -22.2
6 -4.00 0.044 0.000 10.0 -42.0 7.6 -17.8
7 -5.00 0.047 0.000 16.1 -57.0 5.0 -41.2
8 -5.50 0.049 0.000 18.4 -70.6 3.9 -40.6
9 -6.00 0.051 0.000 20.0 -88.8 2.8 -37.3
10 -7.20 0.055 0.000 21.9 -125.2 5.4 -28.1
11 -8.40 0.058 0.000 21.7 -148.3 4.9 -17.1
12 -9.20 0.059 0.000 20.1 -156.7 3.1 -8.8
13 -10.00 0.059 0.000 17.6 -158.3 2.8 -3.6
14 -11.00 0.060 0.000 13.4 -150.7 11.9 -4.9
15 -12.00 0.059 0.000 7.8 -136.1 16.4 -6.1
16 -13.00 0.057 0.000 3.7 -115.6 24.7 -2.1
17 -14.00 0.055 0.000 3.7 -86.7 33.2 0.0
18 -14.80 0.053 0.000 4.9 -62.7 27.2 0.0
19 -15.60 0.051 0.000 5.5 -43.2 21.8 0.0
20 -16.80 0.047 0.000 5.5 -21.8 14.6 -0.3
21 -18.00 0.042 0.000 4.8 -12.9 8.8 -0.8
22 -19.20 0.038 0.000 4.2 -7.5 4.4 -1.0
23 -20.40 0.034 0.000 4.2 -3.5 2.6 -1.0
24 -21.60 0.030 0.000 2.8 -1.2 1.5 -1.3
25 -22.80 0.026 0.000 1.2 -0.1 0.6 -1.2
26 -24.00 0.022 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
==========================================================================

Strut forces at each stage (horizontal components)

Stage --- Strut no. 1 --- --- Strut no. 2 --- --- Strut no. 3 ---
no. at elev.-2.00 at elev.-5.00 at elev.-10.00
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
4 15.2 42.4 --- --- --- ---
5 15.7 43.8 --- --- --- ---
6 21.5 60.3 --- --- --- ---
7 18.8 52.5 15.2 42.4 --- ---
8 18.4 51.5 16.5 46.3 --- ---
9 25.8 72.3 30.5 85.3 --- ---
12 27.3 76.4 --- --- 1.8 1.8
14 --- --- --- --- slack slack

Stage --- Strut no. 4 --- --- Strut no. 5 ---

no. at elev.-5.50 at elev.-2.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
12 28.3 28.3 --- ---
14 31.6 31.6 26.3 26.3

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FIGURE (4.10) MAX BMD ACTING ON WALL SECTION (1-1) PER METER, UNITS (TON-METER)

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4.5.4 Wall Section (2-2)

FIGURE (4.11) TYPICAL WALL SECTION (2-2)

Software Report
STABILITY ANALYSIS according to Strength Factor method
Factor of safety on soil strength

FoS for toe Toe elev. for Strut

force
elev. = -24.00 FoS = 1.200 for
F=1.000
--------------- ------------- --------
---
Stage --- G.L. --- Strut Factor
Moment Toe Wall Strut
No. Act. Pass. Elev. of
equilib. elev. Penetr force
Safety
at elev. -ation t/m run
1 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
2 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
3 0.00 -3.00 Cant. 2.847 -21.88 -7.05 4.05
4 0.00 -3.00 -2.00 5.715 n/a -4.23 1.23 3.54
5 0.00 -3.00 -2.00 6.103 n/a -4.22 1.22 3.98
6 0.00 -6.00 -2.00 3.184 n/a -10.97 4.97 16.50
7 0.00 -6.00 More than one strut
All remaining stages have more than one strut - FoS calculation n/a

==========================================================================

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Bending moment, shear force and displacement envelopes

Node Y Displacement Bending moment Shear force
no. coord maximum minimum maximum minimum maximum minimum
m m t.m/m t.m/m t/m t/m
1 0.00 0.026 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 -1.00 0.030 0.000 0.7 -0.2 1.3 -0.7
3 -1.50 0.031 0.000 1.6 -0.6 2.1 -1.0
4 -2.00 0.033 0.000 2.9 -1.2 3.2 -23.2
5 -2.50 0.035 0.000 2.0 -9.8 2.6 -22.1
6 -3.00 0.037 0.000 3.1 -20.4 4.0 -20.4
7 -4.00 0.040 0.000 8.5 -38.5 7.1 -15.7
8 -5.00 0.044 0.000 14.2 -51.4 4.5 -34.5
9 -5.50 0.045 0.000 16.2 -62.2 3.3 -34.3
10 -6.00 0.047 0.000 17.6 -76.9 2.3 -30.7
11 -6.50 0.048 0.000 18.5 -89.8 3.6 -40.4
12 -7.50 0.051 0.000 18.8 -109.2 6.3 -31.7
13 -8.13 0.052 0.000 18.2 -119.2 5.7 -25.6
14 -8.75 0.054 0.000 17.0 -133.2 4.1 -19.1
15 -9.38 0.054 0.000 15.3 -142.9 4.9 -12.1
16 -10.00 0.055 0.000 13.0 -148.1 12.4 -11.0
17 -11.00 0.056 0.000 8.5 -146.7 5.3 -5.3
18 -12.00 0.056 0.000 2.6 -138.4 10.5 -6.5
19 -13.00 0.055 0.000 0.0 -122.9 20.4 -1.5
20 -14.00 0.054 0.000 0.0 -97.6 30.3 0.0
21 -14.80 0.053 0.000 2.0 -75.2 25.8 0.0
22 -15.60 0.051 0.000 3.6 -56.3 21.5 0.0
23 -16.80 0.048 0.000 4.7 -34.3 15.7 0.0
24 -18.00 0.044 0.000 4.6 -18.9 10.7 -0.4
25 -19.20 0.041 0.000 3.8 -9.4 6.6 -0.8
26 -20.40 0.037 0.000 3.5 -4.7 3.5 -1.0
27 -21.60 0.033 0.000 2.7 -1.6 1.8 -1.1
28 -22.80 0.030 0.000 1.1 -0.2 0.7 -1.1
29 -24.00 0.026 0.000 0.0 -0.0 0.0 -0.0
==========================================================================
Strut forces at each stage (horizontal components)
Stage --- Strut no. 1 --- --- Strut no. 2 --- --- Strut no. 3 ---
no. at elev.-2.00 at elev.-5.00 at elev.-6.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
4 15.2 42.4 --- --- --- ---
5 15.6 43.8 --- --- --- ---
6 22.0 61.7 --- --- --- ---
7 19.4 54.2 15.2 42.4 --- ---
8 19.3 54.1 15.8 44.2 --- ---
9 21.1 59.1 19.2 53.7 --- ---
10 19.3 53.9 17.1 47.9 15.2 42.4
11 18.8 52.6 17.5 48.9 16.0 44.9
12 20.8 58.2 23.5 65.8 23.8 66.5
14 23.8 66.6 26.1 73.1 --- ---
16 25.0 70.0 --- --- --- ---

Stage --- Strut no. 4 --- --- Strut no. 5 --- --- Strut no. 6 ---
no. at elev.-10.00 at elev.-5.50 at elev.-2.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
14 21.8 21.8 --- --- --- ---
16 23.3 23.3 24.0 24.0 --- ---
18 20.1 20.1 28.3 28.3 23.7 23.7

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FIGURE (4.12) MAX BMD ACTING ON WALL SECTION (2-2) PER METER, UNITS (TON-METER)

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 66

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

4.5.5 Wall Section (3-3)

FIGURE (4.13) TYPICAL WALL SECTION (3-3)

Software Report

STABILITY ANALYSIS according to Strength Factor method

Factor of safety on soil strength

FoS for toe Toe elev. for Strut

force
elev. = -24.00 FoS = 1.200 for
F=1.000
--------------- ------------- --------
---
Stage --- G.L. --- Strut Factor
Moment Toe Wall Strut
No. Act. Pass. Elev. of
equilib. elev. Penetr force
Safety
at elev. -ation t/m run
1 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
2 -1.80 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
3 -1.80 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
4 -1.80 -3.00 Cant. 2.681 -22.03 -7.74 4.74
5 -1.80 -3.00 No analysis at this stage
6 -1.80 -3.00 -2.00 5.861 n/a -4.16 1.16 2.14
7 -1.80 -6.00 -2.00 3.074 n/a -11.42 5.42 14.47
8 -1.80 -6.00 More than one strut
All remaining stages have more than one strut - FoS calculation n/a

==========================================================================

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Bending moment, shear force and displacement envelopes

Node Y Displacement Bending moment Shear force
no. coord maximum minimum maximum minimum maximum minimum
m m t.m/m t.m/m t/m t/m
1 0.00 0.018 0.000 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0
2 -1.00 0.019 0.000 0.0 -0.3 0.0 -0.8
3 -1.80 0.021 0.000 0.1 -1.3 0.3 -1.8
4 -2.00 0.022 0.000 0.2 -1.7 0.5 -25.9
5 -2.50 0.024 0.000 0.6 -12.6 1.2 -25.2
6 -3.00 0.026 0.000 1.5 -24.9 2.5 -24.1
7 -4.00 0.030 0.000 5.4 -47.0 5.2 -20.1
8 -5.00 0.033 0.000 10.5 -63.9 3.4 -32.9
9 -5.50 0.035 0.000 12.0 -70.7 2.5 -29.9
10 -6.00 0.036 0.000 13.0 -83.5 1.6 -26.6
11 -6.50 0.038 0.000 13.6 -94.6 2.1 -37.6
12 -7.50 0.040 0.000 13.7 -111.5 5.2 -29.6
13 -8.13 0.041 0.000 13.1 -119.1 4.9 -24.1
14 -8.75 0.042 0.000 12.1 -124.4 3.9 -18.2
15 -9.38 0.043 0.000 10.5 -133.8 5.2 -11.9
16 -10.00 0.043 0.000 8.5 -139.2 11.9 -9.1
17 -11.00 0.043 0.000 4.3 -139.4 3.8 -4.9
18 -12.00 0.043 0.000 0.0 -132.6 9.1 -6.2
19 -13.00 0.042 0.000 0.0 -118.5 18.9 -1.5
20 -14.00 0.040 0.000 0.0 -94.8 28.4 0.0
21 -14.80 0.038 0.000 0.0 -73.5 24.7 0.0
22 -15.60 0.035 0.000 0.0 -55.3 21.1 0.0
23 -16.80 0.032 0.000 0.8 -33.4 16.0 0.0
24 -18.00 0.028 0.000 3.2 -17.1 11.3 0.0
25 -19.20 0.023 0.000 4.8 -6.4 7.2 -0.1
26 -20.40 0.019 0.000 4.4 -0.4 3.6 -0.8
27 -21.60 0.015 0.000 2.9 -0.1 0.7 -1.3
28 -22.80 0.011 0.000 1.3 0.0 0.0 -1.1
29 -24.00 0.006 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0
==========================================================================
Strut forces at each stage (horizontal components)
Stage --- Strut no. 1 --- --- Strut no. 2 --- --- Strut no. 3 ---
no. at elev.-2.00 at elev.-5.00 at elev.-6.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
6 3.8 10.7 --- --- --- ---
7 19.6 54.8 --- --- --- ---
8 12.6 35.2 15.2 42.4 --- ---
9 12.7 35.6 15.6 43.6 --- ---
10 17.1 47.8 18.1 50.6 --- ---
11 12.6 35.1 16.8 47.0 15.2 42.4
12 11.9 33.2 17.1 48.0 15.8 44.3
13 15.3 42.7 21.3 59.6 22.3 62.4
15 21.7 60.9 22.4 62.8 --- ---
17 26.4 73.8 --- --- --- ---
18 26.4 73.8 --- --- --- ---
Stage --- Strut no. 4 --- --- Strut no. 5 --- --- Strut no. 6 ---
no. at elev.-10.00 at elev.-5.50 at elev.-2.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
15 17.3 17.3 --- --- --- ---
17 21.1 21.1 15.1 15.1 --- ---
18 21.1 21.1 15.1 15.1 0.0 0.0

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 68

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

FIGURE (4.14) MAX BMD ACTING ON WALL SECTION (3-3) PER METER, UNITS (TON-METER)

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 69

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

4.5.3 DESIGN OF SYSTEM

4.5.3.1 DESIGN OF GROUT INJECTION (PLUGGING)

𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝑭. 𝑺 =
𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝒘

When F.S =1.15 Assume 𝜸𝒑𝒍𝒖𝒈 = 𝟏. 𝟗 𝒕/𝒎𝟑

1.95 ∗ 2.5 + 1.85 ∗ 1.5 + 1.9 ∗ 𝑋

1.15 =
10 + 1.5 + 2.5 + 𝑋

𝑋 = 11.26 𝑚, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑋 = 12.00 𝑚

𝐻 10
𝑇𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = = = 3.333 𝑚, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑇𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = 4.00 𝑚 𝑎𝑡 (−19.00) 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
3 3
(𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒)

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 70

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4.5.3.2 DESIGN OF ANCHOR AND STRUTS

(A) Design of Anchors:

FIGURE (4.16) ESTIMATION OF ANCHOR FREE LENGTH

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 71

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FIGURE (4.17) DETERMINATION OF ANCHOR FIXED LENGTH

Relative Density (SPT Estimated Ultimate

SOIL TYPE
Range) Transfer. Load (kN/m)
Loose (4-10) 145
Sand and Gravel Med. Dense(11-30) 220
Dense (31-50) 290
Loose (4-10) 100
Sand Med. Dense (11-30) 145
Dense (31-50) 190
Loose (4-10) 70
Sand and Silt Med. Dense (11-30) 100
Dense (31-50) 130
Silt-clay mixture with low Stiff (10-20) 30
plasticity of fine sand or silt Hard (21-40) 60
mixtures

TABLE (4.2) PRESUMPTIVE ULTIMATE VALUES OF LOAD TRANSFER FOR PRELIMINART DESIGN OF SMALL
DIAMETER STRAIGTH SHAFT GRAVITY-GROUTED GROUND ANCHORS IN SOIL

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For Dense Sand; Ultimate load =130kN/m’ =13 t/m’

𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘. 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅/𝒎′ = (𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅)/(𝑭. 𝑺) = 13/2 = 6.5 𝑡/𝑚′

𝝓
𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝟒𝟓 − )
𝑳𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆 = (𝑯 − 𝑿) ∗ 𝟐 + (𝟎. 𝟏𝑯)
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

𝑳𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 = 𝑻/(𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘. 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅/𝒎′ )

Pre-
Force In Fixed
Wall Anchor Tension Free Length Strands
Anchors Length
Section Label Force Number
ton ton meter meter
1 49.0 88.21 14.22 ≈ 14.5 13.5 7
Wall (1)
2 49.0 89.49 12.42 ≈ 12.5 15.0 7
1 49.0 80.83 14.22 ≈ 14.5 12.5 7
Wall (2) 2 49.0 84.4 12.42 ≈ 12.5 13.0 7
3 49.0 76.78 11.5 12.0 7
Strut (1) - 73.8 - - -
Wall (3) 1 49.0 72.5 14.22 ≈ 14.5 11.0 7
2 49.0 72.0 11.5 11.0 7

(B) Design of Strut:

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = −73.8/cos(45) = 104.36 𝑡𝑜𝑛

Try Using 16’’ Steel Pipe with 2.0 cm Thickness

𝑫𝒊𝒏 = 16 ∗ 2.54 = 40.64 𝑐𝑚 𝑫𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 44.64 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 = 267.915 𝑐𝑚2 𝐼 = 61023.325 𝑐𝑚4

 Check Local Buckling

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑡 = 44.64/2 = 22.3 < 165/𝑓𝑦 = 45.8 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

 Check Buckling
𝑅 = √𝐼/𝐴 = √61023.325/267.915 = 15.09
𝑘 ∗ 𝑙 0.65 ∗ 29.69 ∗ 100
𝜆= = = 127.87 100 < 𝜆 < 180
𝑟 15.09
 Check Stress
𝑓𝑐 = 7500/𝜆^2 = 7500/127.87 = 0.46 𝑡/𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 104.36/267.915 = 0.38 𝑡/𝑐𝑚2 (𝑆𝐴𝐹𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆)

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 73

 Primary Diaphragm Wall Rienforcement
Sections Straining Actions Dimension Negative Moment Design Postive Moment Design Final Rienforcement
Walls Start Depth End Depth Mw (-) Mw (+) Mu (-) Mu (+) T B Cover As Diameter (N) As Diameter (N) Negative Positive
C J C J
(m) (m) (t.m)/m (t.m)/m (t.m)/m (t.m)/m (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm^2) (mm) Bars/m' (cm^2) (mm) Bars/m' N Dia(mm) N Dia(mm)
0 -7 -88.8 21.9 -133 32.85 100 250 10 4.61 0.825 49.83 25 11 11.4 0.826 15 16 8 28 25 28 16
Wall (1)
-7 -15 -158 17.6 -237 26.4 100 250 10 3.46 0.778 94.2 25 20 12.7 0.826 15 16 8 56 25 28 16
Primary

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM

-15 -24 -62.7 5.5 -94.1 8.25 100 250 10 5.49 0.826 35.14 25 8 22.7 0.826 15 16 8 28 25 28 16
0 -7 -94.6 13.6 -142 20.4 100 250 10 4.47 0.817 53.61 25 11 14.4 0.826 15 16 8 28 25 28 16
Wall (2)
-7 -15 -139 13.7 -209 20.55 100 250 10 3.68 0.791 81.59 25 17 14.4 0.826 15 16 8 56 25 28 16
Primary
-15 -24 -56.3 4.6 -84.5 6.9 100 250 10 5.79 0.826 31.56 25 7 24.8 0.826 15 16 8 28 25 28 16
0 -7 -70.3 12 -105 18 100 250 10 5.19 0.826 39.4 25 9 15.4 0.826 15 16 8 28 25 28 16
Wall (3)
-7 -15 -160 3 -239 4.5 100 250 10 3.44 0.778 94.91 25 20 30.7 0.826 15 16 8 56 25 28 16
Primary
-15 -24 -73.5 4.7 -110 7.05 100 250 10 5.07 0.826 41.2 25 9 24.6 0.826 15 16 8 28 25 28 16

Secondary Diaphragm Wall Rienforcement

Sections Straining Actions Dimension Negative Moment Design Postive Moment Design Final Rienforcement
Walls Start Depth End Depth Mw (-) Mw (+) Mu (-) Mu (+) T B Cover As Diameter (N) As Diameter (N) Negative Positive
C J C J
(m) (m) (t.m)/m (t.m)/m (t.m)/m (t.m)/m (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm^2) (mm) Bars/m' (cm^2) (mm) Bars/m' N Dia(mm) N Dia(mm)
0 -7 -88.8 21.9 -133 32.85 100 280 10 4.61 0.825 49.83 25 11 11.4 0.826 15 16 8 30 25 30 16
Wall (1)
Secondary -7 -15 -158 17.6 -237 26.4 100 280 10 3.46 0.778 94.2 25 20 12.7 0.826 15 16 8 60 25 30 16
-15 -24 -62.7 5.5 -94.1 8.25 100 280 10 5.49 0.826 35.14 25 8 22.7 0.826 15 16 8 30 25 30 16
0 -7 -94.6 13.6 -142 20.4 100 280 10 4.47 0.817 53.61 25 11 14.4 0.826 15 16 8 30 25 30 16
Wall (2)
FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

4.5.3.3 RIENFORCEMENT OF DIPHRAGM WALL

Secondary -7 -15 -139 13.7 -209 20.55 100 280 10 3.68 0.791 81.59 25 17 14.4 0.826 15 16 8 60 25 30 16
-15 -24 -56.3 4.6 -84.5 6.9 100 280 10 5.79 0.826 31.56 25 7 24.8 0.826 15 16 8 30 25 30 16
0 -7 -70.3 12 -105 18 100 280 10 5.19 0.826 39.4 25 9 15.4 0.826 15 16 8 30 25 30 16
Wall (3)
Secondary -7 -15 -160 3 -239 4.5 100 280 10 3.44 0.778 94.91 25 20 30.7 0.826 15 16 8 60 25 30 16
-15 -24 -73.5 4.7 -110 7.05 100 280 10 5.07 0.826 41.2 25 9 24.6 0.826 15 16 8 30 25 30 16

74
FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

4-6 SECANT PILES WITH DEWATERING SYSTEM

4.6.1 ANALYSIS METHOD

Using computer software (WALLAP) to calculate straining actions acting

on walls, anchors and struts.

4.6.2 ANALYSIS SECTIONS

FIGURE (4.18) GENERAL LAYOUT WITH WALL SECTIONS

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FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

4.6.3 Secant Piles at Section (1-1)

FIGURE (4.19) SECANT PILES AT SECTION (1-1)

Software Report
STABILITY ANALYSIS according to Strength Factor method
Factor of safety on soil strength

FoS for toe Toe elev. for Strut

force
elev. = -20.00 FoS = 1.200 for
F=1.000
--------------- ------------- --------
---
Stage --- G.L. --- Strut Factor
Moment Toe Wall Strut
No. Act. Pass. Elev. of
equilib. elev. Penetr force
Safety
at elev. -ation t/m run
1 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
2 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
3 0.00 -4.00 Cant. 3.158 -18.32 -7.81 3.81
4 0.00 -4.00 -1.00 6.038 n/a -5.28 1.28 3.36
5 0.00 -10.00 -1.00 1.700 n/a -16.12 6.12 18.08
6 0.00 -10.00 No analysis at this stage
All remaining stages have more than one strut - FoS calculation n/a

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 76

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

Bending moment, shear force and displacement envelopes

Node Y Displacement Bending moment Shear force

no. coord maximum minimum maximum minimum maximum minimum
m m t.m/m t.m/m t/m t/m
1 0.50 0.018 -0.027 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.00 0.017 -0.023 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0
3 -1.00 0.016 -0.015 0.5 -0.0 2.5 -31.7
4 -1.75 0.015 -0.011 2.1 -22.0 3.9 -28.8
5 -2.50 0.014 -0.008 6.1 -42.4 6.7 -32.3
6 -3.25 0.013 -0.005 4.3 -60.3 4.5 -29.0
7 -4.00 0.012 -0.002 8.7 -75.6 7.3 -25.4
8 -4.75 0.014 0.000 14.6 -86.9 6.7 -20.4
9 -5.50 0.018 0.000 18.6 -95.8 4.0 -17.1
10 -6.25 0.022 0.000 20.6 -103.6 5.6 -14.4
11 -7.00 0.025 0.000 20.9 -108.6 7.6 -11.4
12 -7.70 0.028 0.000 19.7 -111.6 7.6 -8.3
13 -8.40 0.030 0.000 17.4 -112.6 6.6 -4.6
14 -9.20 0.031 0.000 13.8 -110.8 5.1 -5.1
15 -10.00 0.032 0.000 9.4 -105.3 9.4 -5.8
16 -10.50 0.032 0.000 6.4 -99.9 11.6 -6.0
17 -11.25 0.032 0.000 1.9 -90.9 11.8 -6.3
18 -12.00 0.031 0.000 0.0 -82.8 9.6 -6.7
19 -13.00 0.029 0.000 0.0 -70.4 16.4 -1.9
20 -14.00 0.027 0.000 0.0 -51.6 23.2 0.0
21 -14.80 0.025 0.000 0.0 -35.4 18.3 0.0
22 -15.60 0.022 0.000 0.0 -22.8 13.9 0.0
23 -16.80 0.018 0.000 0.0 -9.9 8.5 0.0
24 -18.00 0.014 0.000 0.0 -2.9 4.1 0.0
25 -19.00 0.011 0.000 0.1 -0.2 1.3 0.0
26 -20.00 0.007 0.000 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0

Strut forces at each stage (horizontal components)

Stage --- Strut no. 1 --- --- Strut no. 3 --- --- Strut no. 4 ---
no. at elev.-1.00 at elev.-10.00 at elev.-5.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
4 27.8 47.3 --- --- --- ---
5 34.1 58.0 --- --- --- ---
9 --- --- slack slack slack slack
10 --- --- slack slack slack slack

Stage --- Strut no. 5 --- --- Strut no. 6 ---

no. at elev.-2.50 at elev. 0.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
9 39.0 39.0 --- ---
10 39.0 39.0 0.0 0.0

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 77

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FIGURE (4.20) MAX BMD ACTING ON SECANT PILE SECTION (1-1) PER METER, UNITS (TON-METER)

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 78

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

4.6.4 Secant Piles at Section (2-2)

FIGURE (4.21) SECANT PILES AT SECTION (2-2)

Software Report
STABILITY ANALYSIS according to Strength Factor method
Factor of safety on soil strength

FoS for toe Toe elev. for Strut

force
elev. = -20.00 FoS = 1.200 for
F=1.000
--------------- ------------- --------
---
Stage --- G.L. --- Strut Factor
Moment Toe Wall Strut
No. Act. Pass. Elev. of
equilib. elev. Penetr force
Safety
at elev. -ation t/m run
1 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
2 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
3 0.00 -4.00 Cant. 2.913 -18.47 -7.72 3.72
4 0.00 -4.00 No analysis at this stage
5 0.00 -10.00 -2.00 1.683 n/a -16.16 6.16 21.54
6 0.00 -10.00 No analysis at this stage
All remaining stages have more than one strut - FoS calculation n/a

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 79

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

Bending moment, shear force and displacement envelopes

Node Y Displacement Bending moment Shear force

no. coord maximum minimum maximum minimum maximum minimum
m m t.m/m t.m/m t/m t/m
1 0.50 0.019 -0.005 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.00 0.018 -0.001 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0
3 -1.00 0.016 0.000 0.5 -0.0 1.9 -0.1
4 -1.50 0.016 0.000 1.7 -0.1 2.9 -0.3
5 -2.00 0.017 0.000 3.4 -0.3 3.6 -22.6
6 -2.50 0.021 0.000 4.2 -7.7 3.7 -23.6
7 -3.25 0.027 0.000 3.1 -23.5 3.7 -21.9
8 -4.00 0.032 0.000 6.9 -37.8 6.8 -19.4
9 -4.75 0.037 0.000 12.6 -49.9 6.2 -17.4
10 -5.50 0.042 0.000 16.1 -60.9 3.4 -15.1
11 -6.25 0.046 0.000 17.7 -70.0 1.0 -12.4
12 -7.00 0.050 0.000 17.6 -77.1 0.0 -9.5
13 -7.75 0.052 0.000 15.9 -81.9 0.0 -6.0
14 -8.50 0.054 0.000 13.0 -84.0 0.0 -4.5
15 -9.25 0.054 0.000 9.2 -82.7 4.0 -5.5
16 -10.00 0.054 0.000 4.8 -77.7 9.4 -6.1
17 -10.50 0.053 0.000 1.7 -72.3 12.0 -6.3
18 -11.25 0.052 0.000 0.0 -62.9 12.7 -6.6
19 -12.00 0.049 0.000 0.0 -54.1 10.7 -7.1
20 -13.00 0.045 0.000 0.0 -40.6 16.9 -1.1
21 -14.00 0.040 0.000 0.0 -20.7 23.6 0.0
22 -14.80 0.035 0.000 0.0 -7.0 15.6 0.0
23 -15.60 0.031 0.000 4.9 -4.1 9.0 0.0
24 -16.80 0.025 0.000 10.2 -1.9 1.7 0.0
25 -18.00 0.018 0.000 8.5 -0.7 0.8 -2.8
26 -19.00 0.013 0.000 4.4 -0.1 0.3 -4.3
27 -20.00 0.008 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Strut forces at each stage (horizontal components)

Stage --- Strut no. 1 --- --- Strut no. 3 --- --- Strut no. 4 ---
no. at elev.-2.00 at elev.-8.50 at elev.-5.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
5 26.3 105.0 --- --- --- ---
9 --- --- slack slack slack slack
10 --- --- slack slack slack slack

Stage --- Strut no. 5 --- --- Strut no. 6 ---

no. at elev.-2.50 at elev. 0.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
9 27.3 27.3 --- ---
10 27.3 27.3 0.0 0.0

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 80

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FIGURE (4.22) MAX BMD ACTING ON SECANT PILE SECTION (2-2) PER METER, UNITS (TON-METER)

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 81

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

4.6.5 Secant Piles at Section (3-3)

FIGURE (4.23) SECANT PILES AT SECTION (3-3)

Software Report

STABILITY ANALYSIS according to Strength Factor method

Factor of safety on soil strength

FoS for toe Toe elev. for Strut

force
elev. = -20.00 FoS = 1.200 for
F=1.000
--------------- ------------- --------
---
Stage --- G.L. --- Strut Factor
Moment Toe Wall Strut
No. Act. Pass. Elev. of
equilib. elev. Penetr force
Safety
at elev. -ation t/m run
1 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
2 0.00 0.00 Cant. Conditions unsuitable for FoS calc.
3 0.00 -4.00 Cant. 2.531 -18.66 -8.07 4.07
4 0.00 -4.00 No analysis at this stage
5 0.00 -10.00 -2.00 1.564 n/a -16.79 6.79 26.59
6 0.00 -10.00 No analysis at this stage
All remaining stages have more than one strut - FoS calculation n/a

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 82

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

Bending moment, shear force and displacement envelopes

Node Y Displacement Bending moment Shear force

no. coord maximum minimum maximum minimum maximum minimum
m m t.m/m t.m/m t/m t/m
1 0.50 0.022 -0.002 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.00 0.022 0.000 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0
3 -1.00 0.020 0.000 0.5 -0.1 1.7 -0.2
4 -1.80 0.023 0.000 2.7 -0.3 3.0 -0.5
5 -2.00 0.025 0.000 3.3 -0.4 3.2 -27.0
6 -2.50 0.029 0.000 3.8 -10.0 3.2 -28.3
7 -3.25 0.036 0.000 2.9 -29.1 3.6 -26.4
8 -4.00 0.042 0.000 6.9 -46.3 7.1 -23.4
9 -4.75 0.048 0.000 12.9 -61.0 6.6 -20.9
10 -5.50 0.054 0.000 16.7 -74.1 3.6 -18.0
11 -6.25 0.059 0.000 18.4 -85.0 0.9 -14.7
12 -7.00 0.063 0.000 18.1 -93.3 0.0 -11.0
13 -7.75 0.066 0.000 16.2 -98.9 0.0 -6.8
14 -8.50 0.067 0.000 12.9 -101.1 0.0 -5.2
15 -9.25 0.068 0.000 8.5 -99.6 4.9 -6.3
16 -10.00 0.067 0.000 3.4 -93.6 11.0 -7.1
17 -10.50 0.066 0.000 0.0 -87.3 14.1 -7.5
18 -11.25 0.064 0.000 0.0 -76.0 15.6 -8.0
19 -12.00 0.061 0.000 0.0 -64.8 14.3 -8.7
20 -13.00 0.055 0.000 0.0 -47.5 21.1 -1.2
21 -14.00 0.049 0.000 0.0 -23.0 28.6 0.0
22 -14.80 0.044 0.000 0.0 -10.3 18.7 0.0
23 -15.60 0.038 0.000 7.4 -6.6 10.6 0.0
24 -16.80 0.030 0.000 13.4 -2.8 2.5 0.0
25 -18.00 0.023 0.000 11.0 -0.8 1.1 -3.8
26 -19.00 0.017 0.000 5.7 -0.2 0.4 -5.5
27 -20.00 0.011 0.000 0.0 -0.0 0.0 -0.0

Strut forces at each stage (horizontal components)

Stage --- Strut no. 1 --- --- Strut no. 3 --- --- Strut no. 4 ---
no. at elev.-2.00 at elev.-8.50 at elev.-5.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
5 30.2 120.8 --- --- --- ---
9 --- --- slack slack slack slack
10 --- --- slack slack slack slack

Stage --- Strut no. 5 --- --- Strut no. 6 ---

no. at elev.-2.50 at elev. 0.50
t/m run t/strut t/m run t/strut
9 31.5 31.5 --- ---
10 31.5 31.5 0.0 0.0

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 83

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FIGURE (4.24) MAX BMD ACTING ON SECANT PILE SECTION (3-3) PER METER, UNITS (TON-METER)

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 84

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

4.6.6 DESIGN OF SYSTEM ELEMENTS

4.6.6.1 DESIGN OF DEWATERING SYSTEM

Aquifer Type: Confined Aquifer with Partial Penetration

𝑲 = 𝟒. 𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑫𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎 𝒄𝒎

𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝒉
𝑭. 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕 = ≥ 𝟏. 𝟐
𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆

1.2 = ((1.95 ∗ 2.5) + (1.85 ∗ 1.5))/ℎ_𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 , ℎ𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = 6.375 𝑚

(𝐻 − ℎ𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 13 − 6.375 = 6.625 𝑚

For Safe Excavation, Dewatering Level = (-10.50m)

𝐻 − ℎ𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = 10.5 − 1.00 = 9.5 𝑚

𝑹𝒐 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ (𝑯 − 𝒉𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆 ) ∗ √𝑲

𝑅𝑜 = 3000 ∗ (9.50) ∗ √4 ∗ 10−4 = 570 𝑚

𝑸 𝑹𝒐
𝑯−𝒉= ∗ 𝐥𝐧 ( )
𝟐𝝅𝒌𝑩𝑮 𝒓

𝑾 𝒓𝒘 𝝅𝑾
𝑮= ∗ (𝟏 + 𝟕√ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ))
𝑩 𝟐𝑾 𝟐𝑩

𝐺 = (6/16) ∗ (1 + 7√(0.15/(2 ∗ 6)) cos(𝜋 ∗ 6/(2 ∗ 13)) ) = 0.6684

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 85

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X Y r H-h
Well ID Ln(Ro/r)
m m m m
1 -27.66 -25.98 37.94781 2.709425 0.840379
2 -27.66 -5.98 28.29905 3.002808 0.931378
3 -27.66 14.02 31.01026 2.911318 0.903
4 -18.29 23.4 29.6999 2.954493 0.916392
5 -0.16 32.78 32.78039 2.855806 0.885782
6 19.84 32.78 38.3165 2.699756 0.83738
7 24.84 18.77 31.1342 2.907329 0.901763
8 -1.23 24.84 24.87043 3.131957 0.971435
9 -21.23 24.84 32.67627 2.858987 0.886769
10 -25.98 9.84 27.78104 3.021283 0.937108
11 -31.98 12.66 34.39471 2.807734 0.870872
Total Drawdown (m) 9.88226

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 86

FOUNDATION GRADUATION PROJECT │ UNIT THREE CALCULATION SHEET

4.6.6.2 DESIGN OF ANCHORS AND STRUTS

(A) Design of Anchors:

For Dense Sand; Ultimate load =130kN/m’ =13 t/m’

𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘. 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅/𝒎′ = (𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅)/(𝑭. 𝑺) = 13/2 = 6.5 𝑡/𝑚′

𝝓
𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝟒𝟓 − )
𝑳𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆 = (𝑯 − 𝑿) ∗ 𝟐 + (𝟎. 𝟏𝑯)
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

𝑳𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 = 𝑻/(𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘. 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅/𝒎′ )

Anchor Pre- Force In

Fixed
/Strut Tension Anchors Free Length Strands
Section Length
Level Force /Struts Number
meter ton ton meter meter
(1) -1.00 49.0 60.04 12.23 ≈ 12.5 9.5 7
(2) -2.00 - 105.0 - - -
(3) -2.00 - 120.8 - - -

(B) Design of Strut:

Try Using 20’’ Steel Pipe with 2.0 cm Thickness Steel GR (52)
𝑫𝒊𝒏 = 16 ∗ 2.54 = 50.8 𝑐𝑚 𝑫𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 54.8 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 = 331.58 𝑐𝑚2 𝐼 = 115774.87 𝑐𝑚4
𝑟 = √𝐼/𝐴 = √115774.87/331.58 = 18.68

 Check Local Buckling

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑡 = 54.8/2 = 27.4 < 165/𝑓𝑦 = 45.8 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = −105/cos(45) = − 148.49 𝑡𝑜𝑛, 𝑙 = 28.80𝑚

 Check Buckling
𝑘 ∗ 𝑙 0.65 ∗ 28.80 ∗ 100
𝜆= = = 100.21 100 < 𝜆 < 180
𝑟 18.68

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 87

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 Check Stress
𝑓𝑐 = 7500/𝜆2 = 7500/100.21^2 = 0.746 𝑡/𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 148.49/331.58 = 0.447 𝑡/𝑐𝑚2 (𝑆𝐴𝐹𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆)

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = −120.8/cos(45) = 170.83 𝑡𝑜𝑛, 𝑙 = 35.16𝑚

 Check Buckling
𝑘 ∗ 𝑙 0.65 ∗ 35.16 ∗ 100
𝜆= = = 122.34 100 < 𝜆 < 180
𝑟 18.68

 Check Stress
𝑓𝑐 = 7500/𝜆2 = 7500/122.34^2 = 0.5 𝑡/𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 170.83/331.58 = 0.49 𝑡/𝑐𝑚2 (𝑆𝐴𝐹𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆)

4.6.6.3 RIENFORCEMENT OF SECANT PILES

Using (Interaction Diagram for Circular Sections) (EG Code)

𝑘𝑔 𝑅′ 45
𝑓𝑦 = 3600 𝜉= = ( ) = 0.9 𝜇 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 ∗ 10−5
𝑐𝑚2 𝑅 50

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜇 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟 2

Straining Actions Dimension Negative Moment Design

Sections Mw (-) Mw (+) Mu (-) Mu (+) Diameter Cover As Diameter
K 𝜌 (N) Bars
(t.m)/m (t.m)/m (t.m)/m (t.m)/m (cm) (cm) (cm^2) (mm)
1 -112.6 20.9 -287.1 53.295 100 10 0.6563 8 219.8 32 28
2 -84 17.6 -214.2 44.88 100 10 0.4896 6 164.85 32 21
3 -101.1 18.4 -257.8 46.92 100 10 0.5893 7 192.33 32 24

UNIT 3 SIDE SUPPORT SYSTEM 88