DEFINITION OF TERMS

LIGHTING

ABSORPTANCE - Ratio of the flux absorbed by a medium to the incident flux.

ABSORPTION - General term for the process by which incident flux is
dissipated.
ACCENT LIGHT - Directional lighting to emphasize a particular object or draw
attention to a part of the field of view.
ALTITUDE - Angular distance between the vertical plane containing the
sun and the plane of the meridian.
BAFFLE - A single opaque or translucent element to shield a source
from direct view at certain angles or to absorb unwanted
Light.
BALLAST - Device used with electric discharge lamp to obtain the necessary
circuit conditions for starting and operating.
BLACK LIGHT - Popular term for ultraviolet energy near the visible spectrum.
BRIGHTNESS - The terms Brightness and Luminance are almost entirely
interchangeable, with the latter being the newer term (See Luminance)
CANDELA - The unit of luminous intensity.
CANDLE POWER - Luminous intensity expressed in candelas.
CEILING AREA LIGHTING - General lighting system in which the entire ceiling is, in effect, one
large luminary, as in louvered ceilings and luminous ceilings.
CEILING CAVITY - Cavity can formed by the ceiling, the plane of the luminaries, and the
wall surfaces between these two planes.
CHANNEL - Enclosure containing the ballast, starter, lamp holders, and wiring for
a fluorescent lamp.
CLEAR SKY - Sky having less than 30% cloud cover.
CLERESTORY - Part of a building rising clear of the roofs and whose walls contain
windows for lighting the interior.
COEFFECIENT OF
UTILIZATION - Ratio of the luminous flux (lumens) from a luminaire received on the
work plane to the lumens emitted by the luminaire’s alone.
DAYLIGHTING FACTOR - Ratio of the daylight illuminance on a plane to the exterior
illuminance on a horizontal plane from the whole of an obstructed sky
assumed or known luminance.
COLD-CATHODE LAMP - Electric discharge lamp of the glow discharge type.
CORNICE LIGHTING - Lighting by means of light sources shielded by a plane parallel to the
wall and attached to the ceiling that distribute light over the wall.
COVE LIGHTING - Lighting by means of sources shielded by a ledge or horizontal recess
that distribute light over the ceiling and upper wall.
CUT OFF ANGLE
(OF A LUMUNAIRE) - The angle, measured up from the nadir, between the vertical axis and
the first line of sight at which the bare source not visible.
DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE - Ratio of the flux leaving a surface or medium by diffuse reflection to
the incident flux.
DIFFUSE REFLECTION - Process by which the incident flux is redirected over a range of
angles.
DIFFUSE TRANSMISSION - Process by which the incident flux passing through a surface or
medium is scattered.
DIFFUSE TRNSMITTANCE - Ratio of the diffusely transmitted flux leaving a surface or medium to
the incident flux.
DIFFUSE LIGHTING - Light that is not predominantly incident from any particular direction.

DIFFUSER - Device to redirect or scatter the light from a source, primarily by the
process of diffuse transmission.
DIRECT-INDIRECT LIGHTING - Variant of general diffuse lighting in which the luminaries emit little
or no light at angles near the horizontal.
DIRECT LIGHTING - Lighting by luminaries distributing 90 to 100% of the emitted light
in the direction (usually downward) of the surface to be illuminated.
DISSABILITY GLARE - Glare resulting in reduced visual performance and visibility.
DISCOMFORT GLARE - Glare producing discomfort but not necessarily impairing visual
performance or visibility.

ELECTRIC DISCHARGE
LAMP - Lamp in which light is produced by the passage of an electric current
through a vapor or gas, as in fluorescent, cold-cathode, and mercury
lamps.
FENESTRATION - Any opening or arrangement of openings (normally filled with media
for control) for the admission of daylight.
FILTER - Device for changing, by transmission, the magnitude and /or the
spectral composition of the flux incident upon it.
FLOODLIGHT - Projector designed for lighting a scene or object to a luminance
considerably greater than its surroundings.
FLOOR CAVITY - Cavity formed by the work plane, the floor, and the wall surfaces
between these two planes.
FLOURESCENT LAMP - Low- pressure mercury electric discharge lamp in which a fluorescing
coating (phosphor) transforms some of the ultraviolet energy
generated by the discharge into light.
FLUSH-MOUNTED OR
RECESSED - Luminaire mounted above the ceiling with the opening of the
luminaire flush with the surface of the ceiling.
FOOTCANDLE (fc) - The unit of illumination. The illumination on a surface 1 sq. ft. in area
on which there is a uniformly distributed flux of 1 lumen.
FOOTLAMBERT (fl) - Unit of luminance; the luminance of a perfectly diffusing surface
emitting or reflecting light at the rate of 1 lumen per sq. ft. The
luminance in foot lamberts of any reflecting surface is the product of
the illumination in foot candles and the luminous reflectance of the
surface.
GASEOUS DISCHARGE - Emission of light from gas atoms excited by an electric current.
GENERAL DIFFUSE
LIGHTING - Lighting by luminaries distributing 40 to 60% of the emitted light
downward and the balance upward and horizontally.
GLARE - Sensation produced by luminance within the visual field sufficiently
greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted to cause
annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual performance and visibility.
ILLUMINANCE - The density of the luminous flux incident on a surface.
INDIRECT LIGHTING - Lighting by luminaries distributing 90 to 100% of the omitted light
upward.
INFRARED RADIATION - Radiant energy within the wavelength range 770 to 10 to the 6 power
nanometers.
INSTANT START
FLOURESCENT LAMP - One designed to start by high voltage without preheating of the
electrodes.
LAMP - Related term for a man-made source of light.
LASER - Acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
highly monochromatic and coherent beam with a steady oscillation.

LIGHT LOSS FACTOR (LLF) - Factor used in calculating level of illumination after a period of time.
it takes into consideration temperature and voltage variations, dirt
accumulation, lamp depreciation, etc.
LOUVER - Series of baffles used to shield a source from view at certain angles.
LOUVER SHIELDING
ANGLE - Angle between the horizontal plane of baffles or louver grid and the
plane at which the louver conceals all objects above.
LUMEN (LM) - The unit of luminous flux.
LUMINAIRE - Complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with
The parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the
lamps, and to connect the lamps to the power supply.
LUMINAIRE EFFECIENCY - Ratio of luminous flux emitted by a luminaire to that emitted by the
lamp or lamps used therein.
LUMINANCE (Photometric
Brightness) - The luminous intensity of a surface in a given direction per unit of
projected area of the surface as viewed from that direction.
LUMINOUS CEILING - Ceiling area lighting system comprising a continuous surface at
diffuse transmitting material with light sources mounted above it.
LUMINUOUS DENSITY - Quantity of light per unit volume.
LUMINOUS EFFICACY OF A
SOURCE OF LIGHT - Quotient of the total luminous flux emitted by the total lamp power
input expressed in lumens per watt.

LUMINOUS FLUX - The time rate of flow of light.

LUX (lx) - The SI (metric) unit of illuminance . One lux is one lumen per sq.
meter.
MAINTENANCE FACTOR - Same as Light Loss Factor
MERCURY LAMP - Electric discharge lamp in which the major portion of the radiation
is produced by excitation of mercury atoms.
MOUNTING HEIGHT ABOVE
THE WORK PLANE - Distance from the work plane to the light center of the luminaire or to
the plane of the ceiling for recessed equipment.
PARTLY CLOUDY SKY - One that has 30 to 70% cloud cover.
ORIENTATION - Position of a building with respect to compass direction.
OVERCAST SKY - One that has 100% cloud cover; the sun is not visible.
POLARIZATION - Process by which the transverse vibration of light waves are oriented
in a specific plane.
PREHEAT (Switch Start)
FLOURESCENT LAMP - One designed for operation with a ballast that provides for preheating
the electrodes in order to start the arc.
RAPID-START FLOURESCENT
LAMP - One designed for operation with a ballast that provides for heating the
electrodes and initiating the arc without a starting switch or the
application of high voltage.
REFLECTANCE OF A SURFACE
OR MEDIUM - Ratio of the reflected flux to the incident flux .
REFLECTED GLARE - Glare resulting from specular reflections of high luminances in
polished or glossy surfaces in the field of view, especially within or in
close proximity to the visual task.
REFLECTION - Process by which the incident flux leaves a surface or medium from
The incident side.
REFLECTOR - Device used to redirect the luminous flux from a source by the
Process of reflection.
REFRACTION - Process by which the direction of a ray of light changes as it passes
obliquely from one medium to another in which its speed is different.
REGRESSED LUMINAIRE - One mounted above the ceiling with the opening of the luminaire
above ceiling line.
ROOM CAVITY - Cavity formed by the plane of the luminaries, the work plane and the
Wall surfaces between these two planes.

SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING - Lighting by luminaries 60 to 90% of their emitted light downward and
The balance upward.
SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING - Lighting by luminaries 60 to 90% of their emitted light upward and the balance downward.
SHADE - Screen made of opaque or diffusing material designed to prevent a
Light source from being directly visible at normal angles of view.
SHEILDING ANGLE - Angle between horizontal line through the light center and the line of
sight at which the bare source first becomes visible.
SKY FACTOR - Ratio of the illuminance on a horizontal plane inside a building due
to an unobstructed hemisphere of sky.
SKY LIGHT - Visible radiation from the sun redirected by the atmosphere.