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History and Evolution of Transistors

This document discusses transistors, including their history from the vacuum tube triode to the invention of the transistor in 1947. It describes how transistors work as the basic building blocks of electronics, using a bipolar junction design with an emitter, base, and collector layers. The document outlines the evolution and types of transistors, their symbolization and operating principles, and applications as switches and amplifiers. It also explores Moore's Law and future developments in transistor technology such as 3D designs and carbon nanotubes.

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Tariq Angel
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248 views18 pages

History and Evolution of Transistors

This document discusses transistors, including their history from the vacuum tube triode to the invention of the transistor in 1947. It describes how transistors work as the basic building blocks of electronics, using a bipolar junction design with an emitter, base, and collector layers. The document outlines the evolution and types of transistors, their symbolization and operating principles, and applications as switches and amplifiers. It also explores Moore's Law and future developments in transistor technology such as 3D designs and carbon nanotubes.

Uploaded by

Tariq Angel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction to Transistors: Provides a brief introduction to transistors as fundamental components in electronics.
  • History of Transistors: Covers the invention and development of the transistor, including milestones from vacuum tubes to point contact transistors.
  • Moore's Law: Discusses Moore's prediction regarding the doubling of transistors in integrated circuits every two years.
  • Transistor Definition: Defines transistors and explains their basic structural elements and functioning.
  • Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT's): Explains the concept of BJTs, including the role of charge carriers and types.
  • Types of Transistor: Lists and briefly describes the different types of transistors including BJTs, UJTs, FETs, and MOSFETs.
  • Transistor Applications: Explores practical applications of transistors as switches and amplifiers.
  • Future of Transistors: Speculates on future transistor technologies and potential advancements in electronics.
  • What's New in Transistor Technology?: Highlights recent advancements and innovations in transistor design and technology.

TRANSISTORS

“The building blocks of


electronics world”

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 1


This session will help you to
understand the,
[Link] of transistor

[Link] of transistor

[Link] & transistor types

[Link] symbol & operation

[Link] of transistor

[Link] in transistor technology

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 2


History of transistors
In 1906, an American inventor and physicist,
Lee De Forest, made the vacuum tube triode
or audion as he called it.

 Used in radios
 Used in early computers

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 3


The first transistor

In 1947, John
Bardeen and
Walter Brattain
deviced - the first
"point contact"
transistor.

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 4


Moore’s Law
It’s an observation made by Gordon E. Moore, in
which he predicted that the number of transistors,
inside an Integrated Circuit, could
be doubled every 24 months.

At the density that also


minimized the cost of a transistor.

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 5


Transistor Definition
 Transistor is an electronic device made
of three layers of semiconductor
material that can act as an insulator
and a conductor.

 The three layered transistor is also


known as the bipolar junction
transistor.
7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 6
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT’s)

 The term bipolar refers to the use of both


holes and electrons as charge carriers in the
transistor structure

 There are two types of BJTs, the NPN and


PNP

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 7


Basic construction

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 8


Regions of a transistor
 A transistor has three regions namely,

 Emitter- heavily doped

 Base- lightly doped

 Collector- moderately doped

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 9


Transistor symbols Transistor
symbols

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 10


Transistor operation

force – voltage/current
water flow – current
- amplification

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 11


Transistor biasing
 The base-emitter (BE) junction is forward biased
 The base-collector (BC) junction is reverse biased.

IE=IB+IC

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 12


Operating regions of BJT

Cut off region

Linear region

Saturation region

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 13


Types of transistor

 BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor

 UJT- Unipolar Junction Transistor

 FET - Field Effect Transistor

 MOS - Metal Oxide Semiconductor

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 14


Transistor applications
Transistor as a switch
When used as an electronic switch, the transistor is
normally operated alternately in cut-off and saturation
regions.

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 15


Transistor as amplifier
 Due to the small changes in
base current the collector
current will mimic the input
with greater amplitude

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 16


Future of Transistors
 Molecular electronics
 Carbon nanotube transistors
 Nano inspiration wire transistors
 Quantum computing
 CMOS devices will add functionality to CMOS non-
volatile memory, opto-electronics, sensing….
 CMOS technology will address new markets
macroelectronics, bio-medical devices, …
 Biology may provide for new technologies bottom-up
assembly, human intelligence

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 17


What’s new in transistor
technology?
3D Transistor made using
Tri-Gate transistors on its 22nm logic
technology.

Advantage of Tri-Gate Transistors


·More than 50% power reduction at
constant performance.
·37% performance increase at low voltage
·Improved performance and efficiency.

7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 18

TRANSISTORS “The building blocks of electronics world” 7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 1
This session will help you to understand the, 1.Evolution of transistor 2.Importance of transistor 3.Definition & transistor
History of transistors In 1906, an American inventor and physicist, Lee De Forest, made the vacuum tube triode or audion as
The first transistor In 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain deviced - the first "point contact" transistor. 7/9/2019
Moore’s Law It’s an observation made by Gordon E. Moore, in which he predicted that the number of transistors, inside an In
Transistor Definition Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material that can act as an
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT’s) The term bipolar refers to the use of both holes and electrons as charge carriers in t
Basic construction 7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 8
Regions of a transistor A transistor has three regions namely, Emitter- heavily doped Base- lightly doped Collector- mod
Transistor symbols Transistor symbols 7/9/2019 Tsamarul Hizbi. Transistor 10

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