MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Model Answer Subject Code: 17602
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.

Q. Sub Q. Answers Marking

No. N. Scheme
Q.1 A) Attempt any THREE
(a) Write the classification of roads according to :
(i) Nagpur road development plan (ii) Third road development plan
Ans (i) Nagpur road development plan:-
i) National Highway (NH)
ii) State Highway (SH) 02 M
iii) Major District Roads (MDR)
iv) Other District Road (ODR)
v) Village Road (VR)
(ii) Third road development plan:-
a) Primary System
i) Expressway
ii) National Highway
b) Secondary System 02 M
i) State Highway
ii) Major District Road
c) Tertiary System
i) Other District Road
ii) Village Road
Q.1 A)(b) Write the names of four modes of transportation. Write the medium used in each
mode of transportation.
Ans Modes of Transportation:-
i) Roadway Transportation: - Medium used is land.
ii) Railway Transportation: - Medium used is land.
iii) Waterway Transportation: - Medium used is water.
iv) Airway Transportation:- Medium used is air. 01 M each
Q.1 A)(c) Explain in brief any two surveys conducted before road construction.
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Ans Different types of surveys conducted before road constructions are:
i) Reconnaissance survey: - A field survey which examines the general character of a
land between the terminals stations in the field along the proposed alternative
alignments marked on the map is known as reconnaissance survey.
Object of Reconnaissance Survey-
a) To collect the details of terrain soil conditions, geology of Area, nature of soil,
drainage condition and nature of hill slopes.
b) To locate the obligatory points along the alternative routes.
c) To determine approximate estimate of the total cost of construction.
d) To determine two or three best possible routes. Any two
ii) Preliminary survey:- The art of finding the details of alternative alignments found 02 M for
suitable during the reconnaissance survey is known as preliminary survey. each
Object of Preliminary Survey-
a) To survey along the various alternate alignments found suitable during the
reconnaissance survey and to collect all necessary details.
b) To compare the different proposals in view of the requirements of a good
alignment of the Road.
c) To estimate quantity of earthwork materials and other construction aspects and to
work out the cost of alternate proposals.
d) To finalize the best alignment from all considerations.
iii) Location survey:- The detailed examination of the field along the alignment finally
recommended during the preliminary survey is called location survey.
Object of Location Survey-
a) To collect the data necessary for the acquisition of right of way.
b) To fix up the center line of the proposed road on the ground.
c) To determine the cost of the road project.
d) To collect data which is required for drafting of specifications, preparation of
detailed drawing for working out items and quantities

Q.1 A)(d) State the names of any four drawings & use of each drawing required for road
construction.
Ans The various drawings prepared for a highway project are as follows:
1. Key map :- It shows the proposed road, existing roads and important places to be
connected
2. Index map:-It shows the location of the road with respect to important towns,
industrial centers,
3. Preliminary survey plan:-These plans show the details of the various alternate
alignments and other information collected during preliminary survey. Any four
4. Detail location survey plan and longitudinal section: - It shows the ground plan 01 M for
along with alignment of the road. It also shows all existing structure, river and other each
natural details, physical features etc.
5. Detail cross section of road: - These cross section drawings show the cutting and
filling at the different reduced distance along the center line of the road. This cross
section helps in finding the quantity of earthwork.
6. Land acquisition plans: - These shows all general details such as buildings, wells,
nature of land and other details required for assessing the values.
7. Drawings of cross drainage and masonry structures: - In this type, drawings of
road intersections should be prepared showing all details of pavement.
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Q.1 A)(e) Define:
(i) Right of way (ii) Reaction time (iii) Distance kerb (iv) Passing sight
Ans i. Right of way:-The area of the land acquired for construction and development of a
road along its alignment is known as right of way.
ii. Reaction time: - The time taken by the driver from the instant the object is visible to
the driver to the instant the brakes are effectively applied is known as reaction time of 01 M for
the driver. each
iii. Kerb: - The distance between the pavement and shoulders or footpaths are known as
distance kerb.
iv. Passing sight distance:- The minimum distance open to the vision of the driver on a
two way road to enable him to overtake another vehicle ahead with safely against the
traffic from opposite direction is known as passing sight.
Note: - There are no terms like distance kerb and passing sight. In place of that kerb
and passing sight distance are required.
Q.1 B) Attempt any ONE:
(a) For a national highway the allowable speed is 60 kmph. If the radius of curvature of
road is 300 m, calculate the super elevation to be provided for the road. Take co-
efficient of friction = 0.15.
Ans By formula of super elevation,

e + f= V2/127 x R 02 M
e + 0.15 = 602/ 127 x 300
e + 0.15 = 0.094 02 M
e = - 0.056
Super elevation required is negative, hence no need to provide super elevation. 02 M
Q.1 B)(b) Draw a c/s of national highway in embankment.
Ans

02 M for
figure

02 M for
labeling

02 M for
dimension
s

Q.2 Attempt any FOUR:

(a) What is location survey? Which information is collected in location survey?
Ans Location survey: The detailed examination of the field along the alignment finally
recommended during the preliminary survey is called location survey. 02 M
The following information is collected in Location Survey-
a) To collect the data necessary for the acquisition of right of way.
b) To fix up the center line of the proposed road on the ground. 02 M
c) To determine the cost of the road project.
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d) To collect data which is required for drafting of specifications, preparation of
detailed drawing for working out items and quantities.
Q.2 (b) What is road alignment? State the factors affecting road alignment.
Ans Road Alignment: It is the center line of proposed road marked in plan, which is known
as road alignment. 01 M
Factors affecting road alignment :
1. Unavoidable obstructions: The alignment is required to change in another
direction due to avoidable obstructions.
2. Connectivity of obligatory points : The selected alignment can be altered for
better connectivity to existing roads, important places and high population zone
3. Railway or Bridge crossing: The alignment is necessary to divert over railway or
bridge crossing at right angle. Any three
4. Nature of ground : If ground is more steeper then alignment is required to 01 M for
change towards fairly leveled ground each
5. Type of foundation soil: If foundation soil available in the proposed alignment
has less bearing capacity, then alignment is changed through hard subgrade soil.
6. Cost of land: If cost of land in particular alignment more, it is necessary to pass
it through less costlier land.
7. Excessive cutting of rock: The alignment should be such that to avoid excessive
cutting of hill rocks coming in alignment.
8. Locally available materials: The alignment should be finalized to get
continuous and maximum availability of materials required for road
construction.
Q.2 (c) What is design speed? State the factors affecting design speed.
Ans Design speed: - The maximum safe speed of vehicles assumed for geometrical design of
a highway is known as design speed. 01 M
Factors affecting design speed:-
a) Class and condition of the road surface.
b) Nature, intensity and type of traffic. 1/2 M for
c) Type of curve along the road. each
d) Sight distance required.
e) Nature of terrain.
f) Structure of the road.
Q.2 (d) Which points should be kept in view during geometric design of roads?
Ans The following points should be kept in view during geometric design of road:
1) The alignment should be economical.
2) The gradient must be easy and suitable. Any four
3) On straight road, provide adequate camber. 01 M for
4) Curves provided must be smooth and easy. At the same time sufficient sight each
distance must be available on curves.
5) Proper road signals must be provided.
6) At the same time, keep in view the estimated cost of project.
Q.2 (e) What is surface dressing? State its procedure.
Ans Surface dressing: The method of applying one or two coats of bituminous material, each
consisting of a layer of bituminous binder sprayed on the prepared base, followed by a 02 M
cover of stone chippings properly rolled to form a wearing course is known as surface
dressing.
Procedure:
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1) Preparation of existing surface.
2) Application of binder.
3) Application of stone chippings. 02 M
4) Rolling of first or final coat.
5) Application of binder and stone chippings for second coat.
6) Rolling of second coat.
7) Finishing and opening to traffic.
Q.2 (f) State the use of the following concrete road equipment :
(i) Template (ii) Float (iii) Screw (iv) Edge plate
Ans (i) Template: - It is used for checking contour of the subgrade. 01 M for
(ii) Float: - It is used to level the concrete surface. each
(iii) Screw:- It is used for tightening the edge plate.
(iv) Edge plate: - It is used to support concrete to achieve required thickness.

Q.3 Attempt any FOUR:

(a) What is super elevation? State the methods of providing super elevation.
Ans Super elevation:
The inward transverse inclination provided to the cross section of the carriage way at
horizontal curved portion of a road is called super elevation, cant or banking.

01 M

Method of providing super elevation:

The different methods employed for attaining the super elevation are as follows:
i. Revolving pavement about the centre line.
ii. Revolving pavement about the inner edge.
iii. Revolving pavement about the outer edge.
(i) Revolving pavement about the centre line :

01 M

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(ii) Revolving pavement about the inner edge :

01 M

(iii) Revolving pavement about the outer edge :

01 M

Q.3 (b) Define camber. State the factors to be considered while providing camber for a road.
Ans Camber :
The convexity provided to the surface of carriage way or the rise given to the 02 M
centre of carriage way above its edges on straight portion of a road is called camber or
cross fall.
The factors to be considered while providing camber for a road are as follows:
(1) Intensity of rainfall: The amount of road camber depends on the intensity of 02 M
rainfall in the locality. (01 M for
(2) Road surfacing material: The amount of road camber also depends on the each)
permeability of the road surfacing material.
Q.3 (c) Define:
(i) lead (ii) lift (iii) borrow pit (iv) spoil bank
Ans (i) Lead : The horizontal distance through which the excavated earth is carried and
placed for constructing the bank is called lead.
(ii) Lift : The vertical distance through which the excavated earth is lifted for 04 M
constructing a bank is called lift. (01 M for
(iii) Borrow pit : The pit dug along the alignment of a road for using their material in the each)
construction of road embankment is known as borrow pit.
(iv) Spoil bank : The bank constructed from surplus excavated earth on the side of
cutting parallel to the alignment of the road is known as spoil bank.
Q.3 (d) State the functions of:
(i) catch water drain (ii) breast wall (iii) retaining wall & (iv) 'cross drain in case of hill
roads
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Ans The functions of catch water drain, breast wall, retaining wall and cross drain in case of
hill roads are as follow:
(i) Catch water drain : The function of this drain is to intercept the run off from the hill
slope which would otherwise rush on to the road and wash it away and then to divert 04 M
the same into a nearby cross drainage work. (01 M for
(ii) Breast wall : The function of breast wall is to prevent the hill side from sliding down. each)
(iii) Retaining wall : The function of retaining wall is to resist the pressure of earth filling
and traffic load coming on the road.
(iv) Cross Drain : the function of cross drains is to drain off the rain water across the
road.
Q.3 (e) Write the names of four road construction materials. Write their source & use.
Ans The following are the road construction materials with their source and use.
Sr. no. Road materials source Use
It is use as foundation of road
1 Soil Earth crust pavement as well as in various
courses/layer of road pavement.
It is used for constructing pavements in
Aggregates Crusher plant cement concrete, bituminous concrete
2 (fine and and River or and other bituminous constructions. It
course) earth crust is also used as granular base course
underlying the superior pavements. Any four
It is used as a binding material in the 01 M for
Cement each
concrete road pavements and also as a
3 Cement manufacturing
stabilizer for constructing stabilized
plant
earth roads.
It is used as a binding material in
bituminous road pavements and also as
4 Bitumen Petroleum plant
a stabilizer for constructing stabilized
earth roads.
Steel bars
Steel bars or It is used as reinforcement or tie bars,
5 manufacturing
Reinforcement dowel bars in Rigid pavement.
plant
Q.4 (A) Attempt any THREE.
(a) Write the construction procedure of WBM road.
Ans The construction of a WBM road is completed in the following stages:
1. Preparation of subgrade : The subgrade is prepared to the required grade and
camber.
2. Preparation of the base course : After preparing the subgrade or sub base, the
required type of base course is constructed with specified materials in conformity with 01 M
lines, grade and thickness.
3. Preparation of intermediate and wearing course: The preparation of intermediate and
wearing course of a WBM road is done in following steps:
(i) Preparing the surface :- The surface of the newly laid base course on which some
traffic has been allowed, is checked and the defective portions are rectified.
(ii) Providing edging or earthen kerbs :- After preparing the surface brick-on-end
edging is provided along the outer edges of the carriage way of the road.
(iii) Spreading of coarse aggregate :- The road metal is spread evenly over the
prepared base to the specified thickness.
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(iv) Dry rolling :- After spreading the course aggregate, dry rolling is done by means of
a suitable roller. The rolling should be started from edges and gradually shifted towards
the centre after properly rolling each strip.
(v) Spreading of screenings :- After dry rolling, a blindage layer consisting of stone 02 M
screenings (12 mm grits) is spread at a slow and uniform rate so as to ensure filling of all
voids.
(vi) Wet rolling :- After spreading the screenings, the surface is sprinkled over with
sufficient quantity of water, swept and rolled.
(vii) Application of binding material, watering and rolling :- After the application of
screening and wet rolling, the binding material is applied successively in two or more
thin layers at a slow and uniform rate. After each application, the surface is freely
sprinkled with water and rolled with 6 to 10 tonne roller.
(viii) Finishing the surface :- After the final compaction, road surface is allowed to dry
overnight.
(ix) Setting and drying :- The surface is then allowed to cure for 7 to 9 days.
4. Preparation of shoulders : During curing, the shoulders are prepared by filling earth to 01 M
the specified cross slope. These are then properly compacted by rolling or tamping.
5. Open to traffic : After drying, the road is opened to traffic.
Q.4 (A) (b) What are the traffic islands? How they help in controlling traffic?
Ans Traffic islands: The raised platforms of suitable shapes built on the road intersections
are called traffic islands. 02 M
The traffic islands help in controlling traffic in following manner:
Due to traffic islands vehicles from the converging arms are forced to move round a
central island in one direction (always clock wise direction) in an orderly and organized 02 M
manner and weave out of the rotary movement into their desired direction. Thus, it
avoids traffic congestion and provide efficient, free and rapid flow of all types of traffic
on road intersection.
Q.4 (A) (c) Draw sketches of the following road signs:
(i) No entry (ii) Speed breaker - (iii) Refreshment place (iv) Overtaking
prohibited

Ans (i) No Entry:-

(ii) Speed Breaker:-

01 M for
each

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(iii) Refreshment place :-

(iv) Overtaking Prohibited :-

Q.4 (A) (d) Write the remedial measures in case of the following road defects :
(i) Formation of ruts in case of earthen roads.
(ii) Formation of pot holes in case of WBM roads. "
(iii) Bitumen bleeding in case of bituminous roads.
(iv) Development of cracks in case of concrete roads.
Ans The remedial measures in case of the following road defects are as follows:
(i) Formation of ruts in case of earthen roads : The remedial measure is quite simple.
(1) Cleaning the affected area and light watering.
(2) Filling the rut using selected earth. 01 M
(3) watering and compaction by rolling.
(4) checking of camber for efficient drainage.
(ii) Formation of pot holes in case of WBM roads : The pot holes should be patched up.
(1) Cutting the defective area to rectangular shape and removing the loose stones
up to the affected depth.
01 M
(2) Filling up the prepared area with coarse aggregate of the same size.
(3) Watering and compaction by rammer or road roller.
(4) Application of wet soil binder to fill up the interstices and compaction.
(iii) Bitumen bleeding in case of the bituminous roads : If the surfacing consists of
excessive bitumen, the surface become slippery during rainy season and bleed during
hot weather. Bleeding normally occurs just after the construction of the road. For
bleeding the Surface treatment is remedy. Bleeding can easily be corrected by spreading 01 M
a layer of dry coarse sand in a thickness varying 5 mm to 10 mm and rolling the surface.
(iv) Development of cracks in case of concrete roads : The remedial measure for this
defects is as follow:
(1) The crack is thoroughly cleaned by mean of a suitable sharp pointed tool and
then dirt is blown off by a blower. 01 M
(2) The surface of the crack is then coated with kerosene oil to facilitate the
adhesion of the sealing material with the old concrete.
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(3) The crack is then filled with a molten sealing compound.
(4) The repair of the cracks should be done during summer season before monsoon.

Q.4 (B) Attempt any ONE.

(a) What is soil stabilization? State its necessity. Explain any two methods of soil
stabilization.
Ans Soil stabilization : The process of improving stability or bearing power of the ordinary
soil by the use of controlled compaction, proportioning and adding of suitable stabilizers
is known as soil stabilization. 02 M
* Necessity of soil stabilization : The soil stabilization is necessary
(1) To increase the bearing power of the soil.
(2) To increase resistance to softening action (due to water) of the soil.
(3) To increase shear strength i.e. resistance to punching action of the soil.
(4) To increase flexibility in the soil to take the wheel load without deformation and 02 M
cracking. (Any four
(5) To reduce the tendency of swelling or increase in volume of the soil due to wetting 1/2 M for
and shrinkage on account of withdrawal of moisture. each)
(6) To increase the stability of earthwork in embankment as a whole.

* Methods of soil stabilization : Following are the methods of soil stabilization:

1. Mechanical Stabilization : In this method the soil is tested. If the soil is coarse grained,
fine grained soil is so added that the proportion if coarse and fine grains is 2 and
similarly, if the soil is sandy, requisite quantity of clay is added to adjust the proportion.
The soil is ploughed to a depth of nearly 15 cm, and pulverized; and then the required
quantity of fine or coarse grains is added. After sprinkling water the surface is
compacted by light rollers and then to be cured for about 4 to 5 days.
2. Cement Stabilization: Cement is a binding material. When mixed with soil, it forms a
sort of low strength concreter in which the soil acts as aggregate and cement as matrix.
So the soil is excavated to a depth of nearly 15 cm and 8% to 12% of cement is mixed. 02 M
Sufficient quantity of water is then added and the soil cement mixture is compacted (Any Two
properly by road stabilizers. After it has been compacted it is then cured for about 7 to 8 methods
days by simply sprinkling water over it. 01 M for
3. Lime Stabilization: In this case the process of stabilization is similar to that of cement each)
stabilization. The soil loosened, pulverized, sieved and mixed with 5 to 10% by weight of
hydrated lime. The two are thoroughly mixed. Sufficient quantity of water is added and
the surface is compacted. The lime helps in reducing the shrinkage and swelling of soil.
4. Bitumen Stabilization: In this method the soil is treated with about 8 to 10% of road
oils, cut backs or emulsion, according to the nature of the soil. Their object is to glue
together the soil particles and fill up the voids.
5. Chemical Stabilization: Hygroscopic materials such as calcium chloride, sodium
chloride etc. are mixed with the soil at the rate of 1 kg per 5 sq. m. of the surface and
the soil is thoroughly compacted. These hygroscopic materials help in retaining proper
amount of moisture in the soil and add to its stability.
6. Grouting: Grouting or injecting is a process of introducing a stabilizer of fluid
consistency into soil and rock formations. The stabilizer used is known as grout. The
usual grouting materials are cement, soil, bitumen and chemicals. Holes are driven at
regular intervals and of desired depth and the grouting material of fluid consistency is
injected under heavy pressure with the help of a grouting pump. The grout having the
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cementing properties will bind the soil particles.
7. Electrical Stabilization: Electrical stabilization is a method of drawing out the fine-
grained soil by passing direct current through them. It is also sometimes called Electro-
osmosis. With the damage of the fine particles the volume of the soil decreases i.e. the
soil is consolidated and the shear strength in increased. This will ultimately lead to
hardening of soil and process is sometimes known as electro-chemical hardening.
8. Complex stabilization: Complex stabilization is defined as the method of stabilization
with more than one stabilizer. Difficult soils such as organic soils, highly plastic for clays
and soils with easy-soluble salts, require more than one stabilizer for their effective
treatment. Complex stabilization involves the use of binding material and surface acting
additives or electrolytes.
Q.4 (B)(b) Draw a c/s of pavement structure. Write the function of each component of pavement
structure.
Ans The cross section of pavement structure is as shown below:

02 M
(for neat
labeled
diagram)

Cross section of road pavement structure

 The functions of each component of pavement structure are as follows:
(1) Function of Subgrade :
(i) To bear ultimately the entire load of pavement including the load of traffic
transmitted through the pavement.
(ii) To provide an adequate and uniform support to the road pavement.
(2) Function of Sub-base :
(i) To improve the bearing capacity of the subgrade.
(ii) To improve drainage and to check capillary rise of sub-soil water.
(iii) To eliminate frost heave in frost affected area.
(iv) To prevent subgrade material form working up into the base course. 04 M
(3) Function of Base course : (Any four
(i) To withstand high shearing stresses imposed upon it due to impact of traffic on with two
the wearing course. function in
(ii) To act as foundation for the road pavement and to transfer the wheel loads each. 01 M
coming over the pavement surface safely to the sub-base and subgrade lying for each)
underneath.
(4) Function of Base coat :
(i) To transmit wheel loads coming on the pavement surface over larger area of the
base course.
(ii) To act as a layer of transmission material since, otherwise, there is great
difference in size of aggregates used in wearing course and base course.
(5) Function of Wearing course :
(i) To distribute the traffic load safely to the base course.
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(ii) To act as an impervious layer so that the surface water may find its access to
the base course.
(iii) To prevent dust nuisance.
(iv) To withstand abrasion caused due to movement of traffic.
(v) To provide a smooth riding surface.
Q.5 Attempt any FOUR
(a) What are road markings? State its types.
Ans Road markings :
The lines, patterns, words, symbols or reflectors applied to the carriage way, kerbs, sides 02 M
of islands or to fixed objects near the roadway are known as traffic or road markings.
Types of road markings:
Various types of road markings are classified as given below:
(1) Carriage way markings – longitudinal markings such as centre line, traffic lanes,
border or edge lines, bus lane, etc. and ‘no parking zones’, ‘warning lines’, etc.
(2) Markings at intersections – stop lines, pedestrian crossings, direction arrows,
give way, marking on approaches to intersection, speed change lanes, box 02 M
marking, etc. (any four
(3) Marking at hazardous locations – obstruction approaches, carriageway width 1/2 M for
transition, road-rail level crossings, check barriers, etc. each)
(4) Marking for parking – parking space limits, parking restrictions, bus stops etc.
(5) Word messages – stop, slow, bus, keep clear, right turn only, exit only, etc.
Object markings – kerb marking, objects within the carriageway, objects adjacent to the
carriageway, etc.

Q.5 (b) Define:

(i) Land slide (ii) Re-entrant curve (iii) Salient curve (iv) Hair pin bend curve
Ans. (i) Land slide: The downward and outward movement of slope forming materials such
as natural rocks, soils, artificial fills, etc. is known as land slide or land slip.
(ii) Re-entrant curve: The curves having their convexity on the inner edge of a hill road 04 M
are called re-entrant curves. (01 M for
(iii) Salient curve: The curves having their convexity on the outer edges of a hill road are each)
called salient curves.
(iv) Hair pin bend curve : The curve in a hill road which changes its direction through an
angle of 180o or so, down the hill on the same side is known as hair pin bend curve
Q.5 (c) Define gradient. State its types. State IRC specifications of gradients.
Ans. Gradient :
The rate of rise or fall provided to the formation of a road along its alignment is called 01 M
grade or gradient.
Types of Gradient :
The following are the different types of road gradient :
(1) Ruling gradient 01 M
(2) Limiting gradient (Any two
(3) Exceptional gradient 1/2 M for
(4) Average gradient each)
(5) Floating gradient
(6) Minimum gradient
The IRC specifications of gradients are given in table below:
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Sr. Gradients
Nature of Area
No. Ruling Limiting Exceptional 02 M
1 Plain or Rolling Area 3.3 % ( 1 in 30) 5 % (1 in 20) 6.7 % (1 in 15) (for table
2 Mountainous Area 5 % ( 1 in 20) 6 % (1 in 16.7) 7 % (1 in 14.3) and values)
3 Steep Area 6 % (1 in 16) 7 % (1 in 14.3) 8 % (1 in 12.5)
Q.5 (d) Explain the following road defects:
(i) Raveling (ii) Mud pumping
Ans. (i) Ravelling :
On some road stretches with premixed bituminous surfacing, progressive
disintegration of the surface may occur due to binder failing to bind the aggregates,
these results in the aggregates of the surface getting gradually loosened from the
surface due to the moving traffic. This type of pavement distress is called “Ravelling”.
Ravelling may be caused due to one or more of the following errors that could have
occurred during the construction process of the bituminous pavement surfacing:
(a) Construction during wet weather conditions. 02 M
(b) Delayed rolling after the bituminous mix has cooled down.
(c) Insufficient binder content in the mix.
(d) Improper gradation of the aggregates or segregation of the mix during laying.
(e) Over-heating of the binder or the bituminous mix.
(ii) Mud pumping :
The ejecting out of the soil slurry through the joints and cracks of road slab when
depressed due to traffic wheel loads in known as mud pumping.
In case, the water finds its access to the soil subgrade of road slab, it forms soil slurry
or mud and thus weakens the subgrade. Due to application of repeated wheel loads, the
soil under the joints gets consolidated and thus a water pocket is formed under the 02 M
joint. When the wheel load comes on one side of the joint, the road slab deflects,
ejecting the water out of the joint. Since this also carried with it small particles of soil, it
is called soil slurry or mud, and this ejecting out of the soil slurry or mud is known as
mud pumping.
Q.5 (e) Write the use of the following earth moving equipment :
(i) Scraper (ii) JCB (iii) Drag line (iv) Roller
Ans. (i) Use of Scraper :-
The scraper is used
(1) To excavate soft soils.
(2) To load the excavated soil.
(3) To transport the excavated soil.
(4) To dump the excavated soil at the required site.
(ii) Use of JCB :-
The JCB is used for construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building
material, powering building equipment, digging holes or excavation, landscaping, 04 M
breaking asphalt and paving roads. 01 M for
(iii) Use of Dragline :- each
The dragline is used for
(i) Road excavation
(ii) Deep down pipe driving
(iii) Surface mining
(iv) Construction of ports, harbor etc.
(v) Deep down excavation
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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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(vi) Under water excavation
(iv) Use of Roller :-
A Roller is used to compact soil, gravel, concrete or asphalt in the construction of
roads and foundations. Similar roller are used also at landfills or in agriculture.
Q.5 (f) Draw a neat sketch of any one.
(i) Bulldozer (ii) Drag line (Draw line diagram only. No three dimensional sketch is
essential.)
Ans. (i) Sketch of Bulldozer is given below :

04 M
Any one
(02 M for
diagram 02
(ii) Sketch of Dragline is given below: M for
labeling)

Q.6 Attempt any FOUR:

(a) Compare flat wheeled rollers & sheep foot rollers.
Ans. The comparison between flat wheeled roller and sheep foot rollers are given in table
below:
Sr.
Flat wheeled rollers Sheep foot rollers
No.
These rollers consist of one or more
These rollers consist of one large drum hollow steel cylindrical drums with 04 M
1
in front and two steel drums on the rear. rows of steel studs like sheep’s foot (four point
are mounted on it. 01 M for
These rollers may be hand or animal These rollers may be pulled by each)
2
driven or power driven. tractors.
These rollers works on the principle of These rollers works on the principle
3
static weight or static pressure. of kneading action.
These rollers are suitable for compaction These rollers are suitable for
4
of Granular materials. compaction of clayey soils.
Q.6 (b) Draw a flow diagram of hot mix bitumen plant.
Ans.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
The flow diagram of hot mix bitumen plant is given below:

04 M
(02 M for
diagram
and 02 M
for
labeling)

Q.6 (c) Draw a c/s of hill road & label the components.
Ans. The cross section of hill road is shown below:

04 M
(02 M for
diagram
and 02 M
for
labeling)

Q.6 (d) Explain in how many ways the water enters the body of the road.
Ans. The water enters the body of the road in following ways:
(1) Surface water from the top of pavement enters the body of the road by Any four
percolation through cracks and poor pavement surface. 01 M
(2) Surface water enters the body of road from sides of the pavement. For Each
(3) Sub-soil water from underside of the pavement by capillary rise.
(4) Sub-soil water from sides of the pavement.
(5) Intercepted water due to over flooding of cross drainage works.
Q.6 (e) Write the names of the compacting equipment. Write four uses of the compacting
equipment.
Ans. Compacting Equipment :-
The names of the compacting equipment are as follow: Any four
(1) Smooth wheeled rollers (also called static roller) 1/2 M for
(2) Vibratory rollers each
(3) Pneumatic tyred rollers
(4) Sheep foot rollers
(5) Rammers or Hand operated compactors

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Uses of the compacting equipment :-
The various uses of the compacting equipment are as follow:
(i) To prepare subgrade of soils for both flexible and rigid pavements. Any four
(ii) To compact thick layers of road metal in WBM road construction. 1/2 M for
(iii) To compress bituminous concentrated layers in roads. each
(iv) To consolidate the stone chippings, soil and sand.
(v) To consolidate the sides of embankments of road.
To compact concrete slabs in rigid pavements.

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