Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
EC#532
ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION
Dr. Pooja Mishra
Assistant Professor
Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Lesson # 03
1. ANTENNA PARAMETERS (part 1)
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems:
1. Cartesian Coordinates z
P(x,y,z)
Or
y
Rectangular Coordinates
P (x, y, z) x
z
z
P(r, Φ, z)
2. Cylindrical Coordinates
P (r, Φ, z) r y
x Φ
X=r cos Φ,
Y=r sin Φ,
Z=z z
3. Spherical Coordinates P(r, θ, Φ)
θ r
P (r, θ, Φ)
X=r sin θ cos Φ, y
x Φ
Y=r sin θ sin Φ,
Z=z cos θ
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
#ISOTROPIC DIRECTIONAL AND
OMNIDIRECTIONAL PATTERNS:
• An isotropic radiator is defined as a hypothetical
lossless antenna having equal radiation in all
direction.
• A directional antenna is one having the property
of the radiating or receiving EM waves more
effectively in same directions than in others.
• An Omni directional antenna is one having an
essentially non-directional pattern in a given plane
and a directional pattern in any orthogonal plane.
• An Omni directional pattern is a special case of
directional pattern.
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Indian Institute of Information
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Indian Institute of Information
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Directional pattern
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Omnidirectional Antenna Pattern
Non-directional in azimuth
plane and directional in
elevation plane
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Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
# PRINCIPAL PATTERNS: For a linearly
polarized antenna, performance is often
described in terms of its principal E and H-
Plane patterns.
• The E-Plane is defined as the plane containing
the electric field vector and the direction of
maximum radiation.
• The H-Plane is defined as the plane containing
the magnetic field vector and the direction of
maximum radiation.
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Principal plane implies that the cut is through the pattern maximum
E-pattern is figure of eight
For a Hertzian dipole,
the x-z plane cut of the pattern is E-plane
and
the x-y plane cut of the pattern is
H-plane patterns.
H-pattern is a circle
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Principal E- and H-plane patterns of a
pyramidal horn antenna
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# RADIATION PATTERN LOBES: Various parts of a
radiation pattern are referred to as “Lobes” and are
classified into:
• Major/Main
• Minor
• Side or
• Back Lobes
A radiation lobe is a portion of the radiation pattern
bounded by the regions of radiation intensity. Some
are greater radiation intensity than others, but all are
classified as lobes.
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Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
• Major Lobe (Main Beam):
contains direction of maximum
radiation (maybe more than
one as in split beam antenna).
• Minor Lobe: any lobe except a
major lobe.
• Side Lobe: other than intended
lobe.
• Back Lobe: 180 angle with
o
respect to antenna beam.
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Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
• Minor lobes are undesired.
• Side lobes are the largest lobes of minor lobes.
It is normally expressed in dB and a SLL of -30 dB or less is
considered to be good for a communication system
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Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Half Power Beam Width: The angular separation of the points where
the main beam of the power pattern equals to one half of the
maximum value. It is also called 3 dB beamwidth.
Beam width between first nulls (BWFN): It is the angular separation
between the first two nulls on either side of the main beam.
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Indian Institute of Information
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For patterns which are very broad, sometimes a 10 dB beamwidth is
specified instead of a 3 dB beamwidth.
The 10 dB beamwidth is the angle between the two directions on
either side of the main lobe peak along which the power density is 10 dB
below the maximum value.
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Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Half-power beamwidth is 30◦ and the 10 dB beamwidth is 50◦
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Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
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Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Reactive near field region
• This is the portion of the near-field region immediately
surrounding the antenna wherein the reactive field
predominates.
• For most antennas, the outer boundary of this region is
commonly taken to exist at a distance
from the antenna surface, where λ is the wavelength and D is
the largest dimension of the antenna
“For a very short dipole, or equivalent radiator, the outer
boundary is commonly taken to exist at a distance λ/2π
from the antenna surface.”
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Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Radiating near-field (Fresnel) region is defined as
“that region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-
field region and the far-field region wherein radiation fields
predominate and wherein the angular field distribution is
dependent upon the distance from the antenna.”
For an antenna focused at infinity, the radiating
near-field region is sometimes referred to as the
Fresnel region
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Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Far-field (Fraunhofer) region is defined as that region of
the field of an antenna where the angular field distribution is
essentially independent of the distance from the antenna.
If the antenna has a maximum overall dimension D, the far-
field region is commonly taken to exist at distances greater
than 2D2/λ from the antenna, λ being the wavelength.
For an antenna focused at infinity, the far-field
region is sometimes referred to as the
Fraunhofer region
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
❑ In the far field region, the
spherical wavefront
radiated from a source
antenna can be
approximated as plane
wavefront
❑ The phase error in
approximating this is π/8
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Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
One radian is defined as the plane angle with its vertex at the center of a circle
of radius r that is subtended by an arc whose length is the radius r .
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
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❑ One steradian is defined as the solid angle with its vertex at the center of a sphere of radius
r that is subtended by a spherical surface area equal to that of a square with each side of
length r .
Pooja @ , AWP
Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION !
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