Statistics For 9th Grade
Submitted for completing final test english for mathematics
Lecturer : DR,[Link] [Link]
DR,[Link] [Link]
Miftah Mudrikah (1603527)
Mathematics Education Department
Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education
University of Indonesia Education
2017
Preface
Prise be to God Almighty the blessings of his grace and we ware given the
opportunity to be able to compile a working paper entitled “Statistics for 9th
Grade” is a poperly and correcly, and on time
We hope this paper can be usefull for writer and reader also increase
information and more understand about statistics lesson
With limitation knowledge and experience, we believe so many deficiency
in this paper. Therefore we really hoping sugestions and critics to complate this
paper
Bandung, May 2017
Author
CHAPTER 1
PREFACE
1.1. Background of the paper
Statistics is a knowladge to study how to plan, collect, analysis, interpret,
and presentating of data. In short statistics is knowledge about data. name
statistics different with statistic. Statistics is a knowladge about data while
statistic is knowledge about information or resault algoritm in some data.
From data, statistics can be use for conculuding or descripting data. This is
called descriptive statistics. Most of the theory data statistics assumtion by
probability theory, some other name statistics is population, sample, unit
sample an probability
Statistic widely applied in some knowledge, like science knowledge
(example astronomi and biology as well as social knowledge(including
sosiology and psychology), and also in business, economy and industry.
Statistics used by goverment for many purpose sensus citizenship is one
procedure that most known. Other Statistics aplications which is now popular
is polling (to find resault before ‘pemilihan umum’), and quick count. In
komputation statistic applied for pattern and artificial intelegence
1.2. Problem formulation
Student fell boring to calculate data in statistics lesson and often from them
make mistake in calculate. Often from them under do not completely
understand about statistics consept so experience dificulty when find mean,
median, and sometimes also misperception about modus. Student not carefull
when do calculate process remembering statistics showing a lot of data
1.3. Purpose of the paper
1. For teacher
Can known cause of adversity student in understand and finishing problem
in statistics lesson, and can found right solution for finishing that problem
and teacher expacted can choose strategy or righy learning model in
statistic lesson
2. For student
Student can choose the solution to make it easier understand and solve
problem in statistics lesson
Cahpter 2
Theory and Discussion
2.1. Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis,
interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e.g.,
a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with
a statistical population or a statistical model process to be studied. Populations can
be diverse topics such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom
composing a crystal." Statistics deals with all aspects of data including the
planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.
Some popular definitions are:
Merriam-Webster dictionary defines statistics as "a branch of mathematics
dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of
masses of numerical data."
Statistician Sir Arthur Lyon Bowley defines statistics as "Numerical
statements of facts in any department of inquiry placed in relation to each
other."
When census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by
developing specific experiment designs and survey samples. Representative
sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the
sample to the population as a whole. An experimental study involves taking
measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then
taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the
manipulation has modified the values of the measurements. In contrast,
an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation.
Two main statistical methods are used in data analysis: descriptive
statistics, which summarize data from a sample using indexes such as
the mean or standard deviation, and inferential statistics, which draw conclusions
from data that are subject to random variation (e.g., observational errors, sampling
variation). Descriptive statistics are most often concerned with two sets of
properties of a distribution (sample or population): central tendency (or location)
seeks to characterize the distribution's central or typical value,
while dispersion (or variability) characterizes the extent to which members of the
distribution depart from its center and each other. Inferences on mathematical
statistics are made under the framework of probability theory, which deals with
the analysis of random phenomena.
A standard statistical procedure involves the test of the
relationship between two statistical data sets, or a data set and synthetic data
drawn from idealized model. A hypothesis is proposed for the statistical
relationship between the two data sets, and this is compared as an alternative to an
idealized null hypothesis of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or
disproving the null hypothesis is done using statistical tests that quantify the sense
in which the null can be proven false, given the data that are used in the test.
Working from a null hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized: Type I
errors (null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a "false positive") and Type II
errors (null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between
populations is missed giving a "false negative"). Multiple problems have come to
be associated with this framework: ranging from obtaining a sufficient sample
size to specifying an adequate null hypothesis.
Measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to
error. Many of these errors are classified as random (noise) or systematic (bias),
but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect
units) can also be important. The presence of missing data or censoring may result
in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to address these
problems.
Statistics can be said to have begun in ancient civilization, going back at
least to the 5th century BC, but it was not until the 18th century that it started to
draw more heavily from calculus and probability theory. Statistics continues to be
an area of active research, for example on the problem of how to analyze Big data.
Example :
Example from ‘data statistic’ is a data from some city A where total
student of a data from primary school, secondary school, and high school.
Then from that data concluded that in city A there are number of students each
primary school, secondary school, high school and we know total from all
student from school in 1 city
Statistic devided by 2 section that is description statistics and inferens
statistics.
Function from data statistics is to help choose some decision whic is based
at the conclusion from analysis some data that have been colected from
several samples. From statistics we can gussed some situation too which will
be happened with based from the past
Data statistic devided by 2 section that is qualintative data and quantitative
data. Quantitative data is data with number or total of area , total citizenship,
and others. While qualitative data is a data not in from number or area.
Example from this data is like statisfaction customer in some restaurant, nice,
little nice or very nice. We also not need to calculate with mathematics and
this data we called atribute data. Qualintative data devided by 2 section
nominal data and ordinal data
2.2. presentation of data
Statistics never loose with data, so we will discuss ‘what is data’,
data is some datum where that datum is a single fact
Data devided by 2 section :
a. Quantitative data : Quantitative data is data with number from
some amount and score number can cahnged
Example : total student 9th grade is 650 student
b. Qualitative data : qualitative data is a data to illustrates some
object
Example : beside polite, andi is also smart
To be able to draw conclutsions, sometimes cann’t based from all data
which exists. Example : scienties test some content water in the river for knowing
is in that river can drunk or not. To find out scienties cann’t to be able to try all of
water in the river. Scienties enough to test one glass of water from the river. In
this research case we know river as a population and a glass of water is a sample
a. Data with table
To make it easy reading some data ordinary drom random number to
sequence number. In this case table data more obvious look at the
picture
Picture 1 random number
Picture 2 with table data
According to you where is more easier to read? Is with table data can more
easier to understand?
b. Data with diagram
A diagram is a symbolic representation of information according to
some visualization technique. Diagrams have been used since ancient
times, but became more prevalent during the Enlightenment. Sometimes,
the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is
then projected onto a two-dimensional surface. The word graph is
sometimes used as a synonym for diagram.
1. Line chart diagram
A line chart or line graph is a type of chart which displays information
as a series of data points called 'markers' connected by
straight line segments. It is a basic type of chart common in many
fields. It is similar to a scatter plot except that the measurement points
are ordered (typically by their x-axis value) and joined with straight
line segments. A line chart is often used to visualize a trend in data
over intervals of time – a time series – thus the line is often drawn
chronologically. In these cases they are known as run charts.
2. Circle diagram
A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical
graphic which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion.
In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently
its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it
represents. While it is named for its resemblance to a pie which has
been sliced, there are variations on the way it can be presented. The
earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William
Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801.
Pie charts are very widely used in the business world and the
mass media. However, they have been criticized, and many experts
recommend avoiding them, pointing out that research has shown it is
difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to
compare data across different pie charts. Pie charts can be replaced
in most cases by other plots such as the bar chart, box plot or dot
plots.
3. Bar graph
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that
presents grouped data with rectangular bars with lengths proportional
to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or
horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a Line graph.
A bar graph is a chart that uses either horizontal or vertical
bars to show comparisons among categories. One axis of the chart
shows the specific categories being compared, and the other axis
represents a discrete value. Some bar graphs present bars clustered
in groups of more than one.
2.3. how to centralization data
Mean, median, and mode are three kinds of "averages". There are many
"averages" in statistics, but these are, I think, the three most common, and are certainly
the three you are most likely to encounter in your pre-statistics courses, if the topic comes
up at all.
The "mean" is the "average" you're used to, where you add up all the numbers
and then divide by the number of numbers. The "median" is the "middle" value in the list
of numbers. To find the median, your numbers have to be listed in numerical order from
smallest to largest, so you may have to rewrite your list before you can find the median.
The "mode" is the value that occurs most often. If no number in the list is repeated, then
there is no mode for the list.
a. mean
The mean (or average) is the most popular and well known measure of
central tendency. It can be used with both discrete and continuous data, although
its use is most often with continuous data (see our Types of Variable guide for
data types). The mean is equal to the sum of all the values in the data set divided
by the number of values in the data set. So, if we have n values in a data set and
they have values x1, x2, ..., xn, the sample mean, usually denoted
by (pronounced x bar), is:
This formula is usually written in a slightly different manner using the Greek
capitol letter, , pronounced "sigma", which means "sum of...":
You may have noticed that the above formula refers to the sample mean. So, why
have we called it a sample mean? This is because, in statistics, samples and
populations have very different meanings and these differences are very
important, even if, in the case of the mean, they are calculated in the same way.
To acknowledge that we are calculating the population mean and not the sample
mean, we use the Greek lower case letter "mu", denoted as µ:
The mean is essentially a model of your data set. It is the value that is most
common. You will notice, however, that the mean is not often one of the actual
values that you have observed in your data set. However, one of its important
properties is that it minimises error in the prediction of any one value in your data
set. That is, it is the value that produces the lowest amount of error from all other
values in the data set.
An important property of the mean is that it includes every value in your data set
as part of the calculation. In addition, the mean is the only measure of central
tendency where the sum of the deviations of each value from the mean is always
zero.
Example:
Four tests results: 15, 18, 22, 20
The sum is: 75
Divide 75 by 4: 18.75
The 'Mean' (Average) is 18.75
(Often rounded to 19)
Representation :
In some futsal team has a 5 player with height 157 cm, 162 cm, 168 cm,
173 cm. What is the averange height player from that team
Step 1
Sort height from five player
16 cm
5 cm 8 cm 11 cm
157 157 157 157 157
Cm cm cm cm cm
Player 1 player 2 player 3 player 4 player5
Langkah 2
Separate the excess height from shortest height player 157 cm
157 157 157 157 157
Cm cm cm cm cm
Player 1 player 2 player 3 player 4 player5
40 cm
-excess height 40 cm
-excess height 40 cm
8 cm 8 cm 8 cm 8 cm 8 cm
Divided by 5 , 40:5=8 cm
step 3
added averange excess height to each player
8cm 8cm 8cm 8cm 8cm
157 157 157 157 157
Cm cm cm cm cm
Player 1 player 2 player 3 player 4 player5
Averange each player 157+8=165 cm
b. median
The Median is the 'middle value' in your list.
When the totals of the list are odd, the median is the
middle entry in the list after sorting the list into
increasing order. When the totals of the list are even,
the median is equal to the sum of the two middle (after
sorting the list into increasing order) numbers divided
by two. Thus, remember to line up your values, the
middle number is the median! Be sure to remember the
odd and even rule.
Examples:
Find the Median of: 9, 3, 44, 17, 15 (Odd amount
of numbers)
Line up your numbers: 3, 9, 15, 17, 44 (smallest to
largest)
The Median is: 15 (The number in the middle)
Find the Median of: 8, 3, 44, 17, 12, 6 (Even amount of
numbers)
Line up your numbers: 3, 6, 8, 12, 17, 44
Add the 2 middles numbers and divide by 2: 8 12 = 20 ÷
2 = 10
The Median is 10.
c. Mode
The mode in a list of numbers refers to the list of
numbers that occur most frequently. A trick to
remember this one is to remember that mode starts
with the same first two letters that most does. Most
frequently - Mode. You'll never forget that one!
Examples:
Find the mode of:
9, 3, 3, 44, 17 , 17, 44, 15, 15, 15, 27, 40, 8,
Put the numbers is order for ease:
3, 3, 8, 9, 15, 15, 15, 17, 17, 27, 40, 44, 44,
The Mode is 15 (15 occurs the most at 3 times)
*It is important to note that there can be more than one
mode and if no number occurs more than once in the
set, then there is no mode for that set of numbers.
Cahpter 3
Conclutions
A. Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis,
interpretation, presentation, and organization of data
B. Presentation data
To presentation data can be presented by table data and graph data. In graph data
can make Line chart diagram, Circle diagram, and Bar graph
C. Concentration data
- Mean
Mean is a averange
Mean = X1 + X2 + X3 + ... + Xn
n
- Median
Median is the middle from data after sorted
To find value of median has 2 prabability :
If data odd, then median from data is in the middle
If data even, then median from datasu sum of between 2 middle
number devided by 2
- Mode
Mode is the most frequently number
