RIVETED JOINTS

Solid rivets

Riveted joint on a railway bridge

Riveted Container

1
 RIVETED JOINTS
• Rivets are short cylindrical pieces of ductile
metal having a head at one end and slightly
tapered tail on the other end.
• The portion of a rivet between the head and the
tail is called shank and the size of a rivet is
specified by its shank diameter.

2
 RIVETED JOINTS
• Rivets are used to join two or more pieces of
sheet metals permanently, plates to rolled
sections, rolled section to each other etc.
• Mild steel, wrought iron, copper and Aluminum
alloys are some of the metals commonly used
for rivets.
• Rivets are used for joining of sheets and plates
in bridges, boilers, storage tanks, pressure
vessels and ships etc.
• The process of joining two or more plates by
means of rivets is called riveting. 3
 RIVETED JOINTS
Following types of rivets are used for different
work;
(1) Structural rivets (12 to 45mm dia)
(2) Boiler rivets (12 to 50mm dia)
(3) Small rivets (2 to 10mm dia)

4
• During riveting, rivet head is formed from the tail of
the rivet placed in the rivet holes drilled in the plates to
be fastened.
• Forming of head may be either by hand tools or by
machines.
• In machine riveting, force is applied by means of
hydraulic or pneumatic pressure.
5
 CAULKING & FULLERING
• To obtain leak proof joints, the edges of the plates to be joined
and the rivet heads are forced together by caulking and fullering
operations.
• Caulking is the operation of burring down the edges of the
plates and heads of the rivets to form a metal to metal joint by
a caulking tool which is in the form of a blunt edged chisel.
• Unlike the caulking tool, the width of the fullering tool is equal
to the width of the beveled edges of the plates.

6
 FAILURE MODES OF RIVETED JOINTS

A riveted joint may fail in the following ways:

1. Tearing of plate at the edge
2. Tearing of plate across a row of rivets
3. Shearing of rivets
4. Crushing of rivets or plates

7
 FAILURE MODES OF RIVETED JOINTS
1. Tearing of plate at the edge:
• It occurs when the distance from the edge of the plate to the
side of the nearest row of rivet hole is very small.
• This can be avoided by keeping the margin ‘m’ i.e. the distance
from the hole center to the plate edge as 1.5 times the rivet
diameter.

8
 FAILURE MODES OF RIVETED JOINTS
2. Tearing of plate across a row of rivets:
• The plate may tear longitudinally between the rivets in the
same row as shown in fig.
• This can be prevented by spacing the rivets at a sufficient
distance from each other.

9
 FAILURE MODES OF RIVETED JOINTS
3. Shearing of rivets:
• The rivets may fail in either single shear (as in case of
lap joint) or double shear (as in case of butt joint with
two cover plates).
• Shearing of rivets can be prevented by using proper
diameter of rivets.

10
 FAILURE MODES OF RIVETED JOINTS
4. Crushing of rivets:
• The rivets or plate may fail by crushing as shown in fig.
• The resistance to this kind of failure is proportional to
the projected area of contact of the rivet with the
plate.

11
 DESIGN OF RIVETED JOINTS
(Page No 79-87, Mahadevan DDHB )
TERMINOLOGY OF RIVETED JOINTS :
t  Thickness of main plates ,
to , ti thickness of outer & inner cover plates (For double strap butt joints)
p  Pitch  Distance between two consecutive rivets in a row
pt  Transverse pitch  Distance between rows of rivets
pd  Diagonal pitch (in case of zig zag riveting)
m  Margin, d  Diameter of rivet
n1  No of rivets in single shear per pitch length
n2  No of rivets in double shear per pitch length
d h  Diameter of the rivet hole
 t  Allowable tensile stress of the plate
  Allowable shear stress of the rivets
 c  Allowable crushing stress of the rivets or plate
Design procedure for Riveted Joint :
(1) Thickness of main plates (t) :
(a ) May be directly given
pi D
(b) In case of pressure vessels, t  Eqn 5.1, P 77
2 t
where pi  Pressure in MPa, D=Diameter of shell, mm
  Expected efficiency of joint ( Assume   0.75 if not given)
Find t & take standard value from Table 5.3c, page 85
(2) Diameter of rivet 'd' & rivet hole 'd h'
Diameter of rivet d  6.07 t Eqn 5.11(d), P 81
Find d & take standard value from Table 5.3b, page 84
Diameter of rivet hole d h  ( d  1) mm
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(3) Pitch of the rivets (p) :
 (n1  1.875n2 ) d 2 
(a) p     d Eqn 5.12a, P 81
 4t t 
(b) According to IBR, p  ( k1t  41) mm Eqn 5.12b, P 81
Refer Table5.4a, Page 85, for values of k1
Take the least of the above two values for p
(4) Transverse pitch pt  2d to 2.5d Eqn 5.13(a) , P 82
Take pt  2.25 d (Mean value)
(5) Margin m  1.5d Eqn 5.16, P 83
(6) Thickness of cover plates : (For Butt joints)
For equal width of cover plates, ti  to  0.625t Eqn 5.4(c), P 80
For unequal width of cover plates;
to  0.625t , ti  0.75t Eqns 5.4e & f, P 80
*For lap joints, take t i =DrtP R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(7) Strengths of the joint :
(a ) Strength of solid plate P  p  t   t Eqn 5.6(a), P 80
(b) Tearing resistance of a unit strip of plate
along its weakest section, Pt  ( p  d h )t   t Eqn 5.6(b), P 80
(Take rivet hole dia only for tearing of plate)
(c) Shearing resistance of all rivets in a unit strip of plate
d2
Ps  (n1  1.875n2 )  Eqn 5.6(d), P 80
4
(d ) Crushing resistance of all rivets
Pc  (n1ti  n2t )d c Eqn 5.6(e), P 80
(*For lap joints, ti  t & n2  0)
(8) Efficiency of the joint :
Least of Pt ,Ps & Pc
Efficiency of the joint ηDr=P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore P
 Problem 1
INTRODUCTION
A double riveted lap joint (chain type) is to be
made of 10 mm plates. Design the riveted joint if
the safe working stresses in tearing of plates,
shearing & crushing are 124 MPa, 93 MPa & 165
MPa respectively. Add a neat sketch of the joint
showing the important design parameters.

16
Data : t  10 mm,  t  124 MPa,  93 Mpa,  c  124 MPa
Double riveted lap joint with chain riveting.
p
m t m

d t
t

p 1 SS 1 SS

S S

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
(1) Diameter of rivet 'd' & rivet hole 'd h'
Diameter of rivet d  6.07 t Eqn 5.11d, P 81
 d  6.07 10  19.19mm  20 mm
( standard value from Table 5.3b, page 84)
 Diameter of rivet hole d h  ( d  1) =21 mm
(2) Pitch of the rivets (p) :
 (n1  1.875n2 ) d 2 
(a) p     d Eqn 5.12a, P 81
 4t t 
For double riveted lap joint n1  2, n2  0
 2    202  93 
p   20  67.12  68 mm
 4 10 124Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(b) According to IBR, p  ( k1t  41) mm Eqn 5.12b, P81
From T5.4a, Page 85,
for lap joint with 2 rivets per pitch, k1  2.62
 p  (2.62 10  41) =67.2  68 mm
As both values are same, take p = 68 mm
(3) Transverse pitch pt  2d to 2.5d Eqn 5.13(a), P 82
Take pt  2.25 d  2.25  20  45 mm
(4) Margin m  1.5d Eqn 5.16, P 83
 m  1.5  20  30 mm
(5) Thickness of cover plates :
For lap joints, there are no cover plates.
*Hence, take ti = t = 10Drmm
P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(6) Strengths of the joint :
(a ) Strength of solid plate P  p  t   t Eqn 5.6a, P 80
 P  68  10  124  84320 N
(b) Tearing resistance of a unit strip of plate along its
weakest section, Pt  ( p  d h )  t   t Eqn 5.6 (b), P 80
(Take rivet hole dia only for tearing of plate)
 Pt  (68  21)  10  124  58280 N
(c) Shearing resistance of all rivets in a unit strip of plate
d2
Ps  (n1  1.875n2 )  Eqn 5.6(d), P 80
4
  202
 Ps  (2  1.875  0)  93  58434 N
4
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(d ) Crushing resistance of all rivets
Pc  (n1ti  n2t )d c Eqn 5.6(c), P 80 (Here ti  t & n2  0)
 Pc  (2  10  0)  20  165  66000 N
(7) Efficiency of the joint :
Least of Pt ,Ps & Pc
Efficiency of the joint η =
P
Here, the least strength of the joint is in tearing  58280 N
58280
 =  0.69  69%
84320

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
 Problem 2
INTRODUCTION
Design and sketch a double riveted butt joint with
two equal cover plates for the longitudinal seam of
a boiler shell 1.5 m in diameter to a steam pressure
of 0.95N/mm2. Assume an efficiency of 75% to
calculate the thickness of the main plates. The
allowable tensile stress in the plate of 90 N/mm2,
allowable compressive stress of 140 N/mm2 and an
allowable shear stress in the rivet of 56 N/mm2.
22
23
Data : pi  0.95 N / mm2 , D  1.5 m  1500 mm,  =0.75
 t  90 MPa,  56 Mpa,  c  140 MPa
Double riveted butt joint with equal cover plates
m p 2m p m
t t

to
d
t
ti

1 DS 1 DS p

S S

Double Riveted Butt

Dr P RJoint (Chain)
Venkatesh, Mechwith
Dept,equal
RVCE, cover plates
Bangalore
Design procedure for Riveted Joint :
pi D
(1) Thickness of main plates (t) : Eqn 5.1, P 79
2 t
pi D 0.95 1500
t    10.55  12 mm
2 t 2  90  0.75
( standard value from Table 5.3c, page 85)
(2) Diameter of rivet 'd' & rivet hole 'd h'
Diameter of rivet d  6.07 t Eqn 5.11d, P 81
 d  6.07 12  21mm  22 mm
( standard value from Table 5.3b, page 84)
Diameter of rivet hole d h  ( d  1)  23 mm
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(3) Pitch of the rivets (p) :
 (n1  1.875n2 ) d 2 
(a) p     d Eqn 5.12a, P 81
 4t t 
For double riveted butt joint with equal straps, n1  0, n2  2
 1.875  2    222  56 
p   22  96 mm
 4 12  90 
(b) According to IBR, p  (k1t  41) mm Eqn 5.12b, P 81
From T5.4a, Page 85, for double strap butt joints
with 2 rivets per pitch length, k1  3.5
 p  (3.5  12  41) =83 mm
Take the least of the above two values for p = 83 mm
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(4) Transverse pitch pt  2d to 2.5d Eqn 5.13a, P 82
Take pt  2.25 d  2.25  22  49.5 mm
(5) Margin m  1.5d Eqn 5.16, P 83
 m  1.5  22  33 mm
(6) Thickness of cover plates : (For Butt joints)
For equal width of cover plates, ti  to  0.625t Eqn 5.4c, P 80
 ti  to  0.625  12  7.5 mm
(7) Strengths of the joint :
(a ) Strength of solid plate P  p  t   t Eqn 5.6a, P 80
 P  83  12  90  89640 N
(b) Tearing resistance of a unit strip of plate along its
weakest section, Pt  ( p  d h )  t   t Eqn 5.6b, P 80
(Take rivet hole dia only for tearing of plate)
 Pt  (83  23)  12  90Dr  64800 N
P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(c) Shearing resistance of all rivets in a unit strip of plate
d2
Ps  (n1  1.875n2 )  Eqn 5.6d, P 80
4
  222
 Ps  (0  1.875  2)  56  79828 N
4
(d ) Crushing resistance of all rivets
Pc  (n1ti  n2t )d c Eqn 5.6e, P 80 (Here n1  0 & n2  2)
 Pc  (0  7.5  2  12)  22 140  73920 N
(7) Efficiency of the joint :
Least of Pt ,Ps & Pc
Efficiency of the joint η =
P
Here, the least strength of the joint is in tearing  64800 N
64800
 =  0.723 = 72.3%
89640 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Problem 3
INTRODUCTION
Design and sketch a triple riveted butt joint to join
two plates of thickness 10 mm. The pitch of the
rivets in extreme rows which are in single shear is
twice the pitch of the rivets in the inner rows
which are in double shear. The design stresses of
the materials of the main plate and rivets are 120
N/mm2 in tension, 160 N/mm2 in crushing and 80
N/mm2 in shearing.
29
Data : t  10 mm,  t  120 MPa,  80 Mpa,  c  160 MPa
Triple riveted butt joint with unequal cover plates,
Pitch of outer row=2  pitch of inner row
m p 2m p m
t t

to
d
t
ti

2 DS 2 DS
p
1 SS

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
Design procedure for Riveted Joint :
(1) Diameter of rivet 'd' & rivet hole 'd h'
Diameter of rivet d  6.07 t Eqn 5.11d, P 81
 d  6.07 10  19.19mm  20 mm
( standard value from Table 5.3b, page 84)
 Diameter of rivet hole d h  ( d  1) =21 mm
(2) Pitch of the rivets (p) :
 (n1  1.875n2 ) d 2 
(a) p   d Eqn 5.12a, P 81
 4t t 
From the fig, joint n1  1, n2  4
 (1  1.875  4)  20 2  80 
p   20  198 mm
 4  10 120 
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(b) According to IBR, max p  ( k1t  41) mm Eqn 5.12b, P 81
From T5.4a, Page 85,
for double strapped butt joint with 5 rivets per pitch, k1  6
 p  (6  10  41) =101 mm
Taking least of the above two values p  101 mm (outer row)
(3) Transverse pitch pt  2d to 2.5d Eqn 5.13(a), P 82
Take pt  2.25 d  2.25  20  45 mm
(4) Margin m  1.5d Eqn 5.16, P 83
 m  1.5  20  30 mm
(5) Thickness of cover plates :
For unequal width of cover plates;
to  0.625t , ti  0.75t , Eqns 5.4e & f, P 80
 to  0.625  10  6.25Dr Pmm , ti 
R Venkatesh, 0.75
Mech  10  7.5 mm
Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Note:
INTRODUCTION
• Since the pitch of the outer row is twice that of the
inner rows, the strength of the joint must be found out
for three more cases in addition to tearing of plate,
shearing of rivets and crushing of rivets.
• The additional possible modes of failure due to
combined action of loads are given in Eqns 5.8a, 5.9a &
5.9c respectively. (Page 80 & 81)
• The least of the above six values must be considered for
calculating efficiency.

33
(6) Strengths of the joint :
(a ) Strength of solid plate P  p  t   t Eqn 5.6(a), P 80
 P  101 10  120  121200 N
(b) Tearing resistance of a unit strip of plate along its
weakest section, Pt  ( p  d h )  t   t Eqn 5.6(b), P 80
(Take rivet hole dia only for tearing of plate)
 Pt  (101  21)  10  120  96000 N
(c) Shearing resistance of all rivets in a unit strip of plate
d2
Ps  (n1  1.875n2 )  Eqn 5.6(c), P 80
4
  202
 Ps  (1  1.875  4)  80  213628 N
Dr P 4
R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(d) Crushing resistance of all rivets
Pc  (n1ti  n2t )d c Eqn 5.6(e), P 80 (Here n1  1 & n2  4)
 Pc  (1 7.5  4  10)  20  160 152000 N
(e) The resistance to tearing of plate at inner row & shearing
of rivets in the outer row;

Pts  ( p  2d )t t  k d 2 Eqn 5.8a, P 80
4
Where k = 1 for single shear & 1.875 for double shear (Page 80)
Here, as the rivets in outer row are in single shear, k=1

 Pts  (101  2  20)  10  120  1  20 2  80  98333 N
4
(f) The resistance to tearing of plate at inner row & crushing
of rivets in the outer row;
Ptc  ( p  2d )t t  dt c Eqn 5.9a, P 81
 Pts  (101  2  20) Dr10
PR 120 Mech
Venkatesh, (20 10
Dept, RVCE, 160)  105200 N
Bangalore
(g) The resitance to shearing of rivets in outer row &
crushing of rivets in the inner row;

Psc  d 2  ndt c Eqn 5.9c, P 81
4
Where n = No of rivets per pitch length in inner row (Here, n = 4)
 
 Psc    20  80   (4  20 10 160)  153133 N
2

4 
(7) Efficiency of the joint :
Least of Pt ,Ps ,Pc , Pts , Ptc & Psc
Efficiency of the joint η =
P
Here, the least strength of the joint is in tearing Pt = 96000 N
96000
 =  0.792  79.2%
121200
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Eccentric Loading of riveted Joints:
An eccentrically
loaded riveted joint
is one in which the
line of application
of the load does
not pass through
the center of
gravity (c.g) of the
system.
37
 INTRODUCTION
Eccentric Loading of riveted Joints

• The eccentric load can be replaced by an equal load passing through

the c.g and a couple whose value is equal to the load & the
perpendicular distance between the c.g of rivet group & the actual
load line.
• The equivalent load produces primary shear (equal on all rivets) & the
couple produces a secondary shear (varies depending on the distance
of rivet from c.g) 38
 INTRODUCTION
Type I (Load in same plane as Plane of rivets)
_
x
_ F4
x e

F 4 1

1 Fd l1 Fd F1
4 l4


3
_ 2 c.g
y

_ F3 l3
y l2
3
2

F2
Fd Fd


39
 TERMINOLOGY USED (ECCENTRIC LOADING)
F  Eccentric Force, x & y  coordinates of the c.g
e  Eccentricity  Distance of load line from c.g of rivet system
l1 , l2 ,l3 etc. distances of rivets from c.g of rivet system
Fd  Direct (primary shear) load /rivet which acts parallel to load
F1 , F2 , F3 etc.  Secondary shear loads on rivets  to l1 , l2 ,l3 etc.
(Direction of moments due to F1 ,F2 ,F3 ,etc. should be same
as that of F × e)
1 , 2 ,3 , etc.  Angle between Fd & F1 , Fd & F2 , Fd & F3 etc.
FR1 , FR 2 , FR 3 etc.  Resultant Loads on rivets 1, 2,3, etc.
  Allowable shear stress of the rivets
Design procedure for eccentrically loaded Joints :
(1) Find c.g of rivet system :
x1  x2  x3  y  y2  y3 
x , y 1
No of rivets No of rivets
(2) Find eccentricity e, l1 , l2 , l3 & cos
Ex : l1  x 2  y 2 . Identify the rivets for which  <900
Among these, identify the farthest rivet and find cos for that.
(3) Direct shear load / rivet : (same on all rivets)
F
Fd  which acts parallel to F
No of rivets
(4) Secondary load on rivet : (depends on its distance from c.g)
Fel1 Fel1 Fel2
F1  = 2 2 2 , F2  2 2 2 and so on.
 l l1  l2  l3 
2
l1  l2  l3 
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(5) Resultant force on most heavily loaded rivet :
Ex : if l2 is highest, it is the farthest & hence heavily loaded rivet.
Fel2
 Find cos  2 and F2 
 l 2

Resultant force on rivet 2, FR2 = Fd2 + F22 + 2Fd F2 cosθ2

(6) Size of the rivet :
FR max d2
Shear stress   , where A= Find 'd' & standardize its value.
A 4
( Note : If ' d ' is given, find FR max )

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
 Problem 1
INTRODUCTION
Determine the diameter of rivets for a joint loaded as shown in
fig. Take allowable shear stress in the rivets as 75 MPa.

900

50 20 KN

200

150

All dimensions are in mm

43
 900

50 50 KN

4 5
1

200

2
3
150

All dimensions are in mm

Let the rivets be numbered as shown.

(1) c.g of rivet system :

Taking rivet 3 as origin, bottom row as x  axis & left row y  axis,
x1  x2  x3  x4  x5 150  150  0  0  50
x =  70 mm
5 5
y1  y2  y3  y4  y5 200  0  0  200  200
y   120 m m
5 5 44
 (2) Eccentricity e, l1 , l2 , l3 & cos :
50 e  (900  x)  (900  70)  830 mm
F4 F5
4 5 1
l1  802  802 = 113.13 mm,
l5 l1 F1
Fd l4 F
d
Fd  1 l2  802  1202 = 144.22 mm
200 c.g
F3 l3 l2 _ l3  702  1202 = 138.92 mm
y
_ l4  702  802 = 106.3 mm
3 x F2 
2
l5  202  802 = 82.46 mm
2
Fd
150 Fd

  900 for rivets 1 & 2.

Among them, the farthest rivet is 2.
 80 
 cos  2     0.555
 144.22 
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(3) Direct shear load / rivet : (same on all rivets)
F 20 103
Fd    4 × 10 3 N (acts parallel to F )
No of rivets 5
(4) Secondary load on rivet : (depends on l )
As the rivet 2 is farthest, it is most heavily loaded rivet.
Hence calculate only F2 .
Fel2 20 103  830 144.22
F2  2 2 2 2 2 
l1  l2  l3  l4  l5 113.132  144.222  138.922  106.32  82.46 2
 F2  33721 = 33.721× 10 3 N
(5) Resultant force on most heavily loaded rivet :
Resultant force on rivet 2, FR 2  Fd2  F22  2 Fd F2 cos  2
FR 2  103  42  33.7212  2  4  33.721 0.555  36.1× 10 3 N
FR max d2
(6) Size of the rivet : Shear stress   , where A=
A 4
4  36.1103
i.e. 75=  Drd=24.75  27 mm (T 5.3 b, Page 84)
d 2 P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Problem 2
INTRODUCTION
Determine the load carrying capacity of the joint shown in fig.
Take allowable shear stress in the rivets as 90 MPa and the
diameter of the rivets as 25 mm.
1200 mm

F
200 mm

180 mm

47
 1200 mm

1
4
200 mm

2
3

180 mm Let the rivets be numbered as shown.

(1) c.g of rivet system :

Taking rivet 3 as origin, bottom row as x  axis & left row y  axis,
x1  x2  x3  x4 180  180  0  0
x =  90 mm
4 4
y1  y2  y3  y4 240  0  0  240
y   120 mm
4 4 48
 F4
(2) Eccentricity e, l1 , l2 , l3 & cos :

4
1 e  (1200  x)

Fd l1 Fd F1  e  (1200  90)  1110 mm
l4

 Due to symmetry, l1  l2  l3  l4
c.g

 240  902  1202 = 150 mm,
_
 <900 for rivets 1 & 2.
y =120 F3 l3
l2
3
2 As l1  l2 ,
 _
x =90 F2
Fd either 1 or 2 is heavily loaded.
Fd
180 
 90 
 cos 1     0.6
 150 

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
(3) Direct shear load / rivet : (same on all rivets)
F F
Fd    0.25F (acts parallel to F )
No of rivets 4
(4) Secondary load on rivet : (depends on l )
All rivets are equidistant from c.g, take rivet 1 (or 2)
as they have  <900 (  co is  ve)
Fel2 F  1110 150
 F1  
l12  l22  l32  l42  l52 1502  1502  1502  1502
 F1  1.85F
(5) Resultant force on most heavily loaded rivet :
Resultant force on rivet 1, FR1  F 0.252  1.852  2  0.25 1.85  0.6
 FR1  2.01 F Newton
FR max d2
(6) Load on the joint : Shear stress   , where A=
A 4
4  2.01F
i.e. 90=  F=21979.4  21.98 KN
  25 2
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Problem 3
INTRODUCTION
Determine the diameter of rivets for a joint loaded as shown in
fig. Take allowable shear stress in the rivets as 60 MPa.

30 KN
0
60

90

90

90

51
 30 KN
60
0 Let the rivets be numbered as shown.

90
2

90 e

3
90
4

(1) c.g of rivet system :

Taking rivet 4 as origin,
x1  x2  x3  x4 0  0  0  0
x = 0
4 4
y1  y2  y3  y4 270  180  90  0
y   135 mm
4 4 52
 (2) Eccentricity e, l1 , l2 , l3 & cos :
1 F1

90 Fd From e  135sin 300  67.5 mm

2 F2 l1
Due to symmetry, l1  135 mm
l2
90 Fd
c.g
e l2  45 mm l3  45 mm, l4 = 135 mm
3 l3
 < 900 for rivets 3 & 4.
0
F3 30
90 Fd l4 Among them, l4 is highest.
∴ Rivet 4 is heavily loaded
4

cos  4  cos 600  0.5

F4



Fd

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
(3) Direct shear load / rivet : (same on all rivets)
F 30
Fd    7.5 KN = 7.5×103 N ( acts parallel to F )
No of rivets 4
(4) Secondary load on rivet : (depends on l )
As rivet 4 has  < 900 and also farthest from c.g,
calculate only F4 (heavily loaded rivet)
Fel4 30 103  67.5 135
 F4  2 2 2 2 2 
l1  l2  l3  l4  l5 1352  452  452  1352
 F4  6750 N = 6.75×103 N
(5) Resultant force on most heavily loaded rivet :
Resultant force on rivet 1, FR 4  103  7.52  6.752  (2  7.5  6.75  0.5)
 FR1  12.35×103 N
FR max d2
(6) Dia of the joint : Shear stress   , where A=
A 4
4 12.35 103
i.e. 60=  d  16.18  18 mm (T 5.3 b, Page 84)
 d 2 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 INTRODUCTION
Type II
(Plane of load perpendicular to Plane of rivets)
Fd
e

F1 F
6 1

l1
5 2 F2

l6

l5 l2
4 3
l4 F3
l3

Rocking or
tilting edge
55
 TERMINOLOGY USED (ECCENTRIC LOADING TYPE II)
F  Eccentric Force, x & y  coordinates of the c.g
e  Eccentricity  Distance of load line from c.g of rivet system
l1 , l2 ,l3 etc. distances from rocking edges to rivets 1,2,3 etc.
Fd  Direct (primary shear) load /rivet which acts parallel to load
F1 , F2 , F3 etc.  Normal loads on rivets.
(Take load on farthest rivet from tilting edge as Fmax )
 max  Max allowable shear stress of the rivets
 max  Max allowable tensile stress of the rivets
Design procedure for eccentrically loaded (Type II) Joints :
(1) Find distances, l1 , l2 , l3
(2) Direct shear load / rivet : (same on all rivets)
F
Fd  which acts parallel to F
No of rivets
Fd
(3) Shear stress in the rivets :  =
A
(4) Normal load on rivets :
(depends on its distance from rocking edge)
Fel1 Fel1 Fel2
F1  = 2 2 2 , F2  2 2 2 and so on.
 l l1  l2  l3 
2
l1  l2  l3 
Take the maximum load as Fmax
Fmax
(5) Tensile stress due to normal load :  
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, A
Bangalore
Design procedure for (Type II) Joints contd ....
(6) Principal stresses due to combined loading :
1

(a) Maximum normal stress σ max     2  4 2   allowable
2

From the above,find the value of c/s area & hence diameter of rivets

(b) Maximum shear stress  max 

1
2

 2  4 2   allowable
Once again ,find the value of c/s area & hence diameter of rivets.
Selct the bigger diameter and take the standard size from T5.3b, P 84

Note : If the size of the rivet is given, find the load F from both
equations and selct the minimum of the two values for load.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
 INTRODUCTION
Problem 1
Find the diameter of the rivets loaded as shown. The
allowable stresses are 150 MPa in tension and 90 MPa in
shear.
e =700 mm

F=65 KN

100

100

50

Rocking or
tilting edge 59
 INTRODUCTION
Let the rivets be numbered as shown.
Data : F  6500 N ,   150 MPa, 
allowable  90 MPa allowable

(1) Distances of rivets from rocking edge :

From the fig, l1  l5  250 mm, l2  l4  150 mm, l3  50 mm
Fd
700 mm

F1 65 KN
5 1

100
l1 F2
4 2

100
l2
3 F3
l3 50

Rocking or
tilting edge 60
(2) Direct shear load / rivet : (same on all rivets)
F 65  103
Fd  = =13000 N
No of rivets 5
Fd 13  103
(3) Shear stress in the rivet :   
A A
(4) Normal load on rivets :
(depends on its distance from rocking edge)
Fel1 Fel1 Fel2
F1  = 2 2 2 , F2  2 2 2 and so on.
 l l1  l2  l3 
2
l1  l2  l3 
As rivet 1 (or 5) is farthest from rocking edge, take the maximum load
65  103  700  250
Fmax  F1   65.942  10 3
N
250  150  50  150  250
2 2 2 2 2

(5) Tensile stress due to normal load :

Fmax 65.942 103
  Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
A A Bangalore
(6) Principal stresses due to combined loading :

(a) Maximum normal stress σ max 

1
2
 
   2  4 2   allowable


103
2 A
 65.94  65.94 2  4(13) 2  150
 d 2
 A=456 mm 2   456, or d = 24 mm
4
(b) Maximum shear stress  max 
1
2
 
 2  4 2   allowable


103
2 A
 
65.942  4(13) 2  90

 d 2
 A  394 mm 2   394 , or d = 22.39 mm
4
Selct the bigger diameter and take the standard size from T5.3b, P 84
 d = 24 mm Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 INTRODUCTIONProblem 2
Determine the safe load that can be carried by a bracket
riveted as shown. Allowable stresses in the rivets are 120
MPa in tension, and 65 MPa in shear.
900

300


200

63
d  25 mm  A 
INTRODUCTION
Data : Let the rivets be numbered as shown.
  252
 491 mm 2 ,  allowable  120 MPa,  allowable  65 MPa, F  ?
4
(1) Distances of rivets from rocking edge :
From the fig, l1  l4  500 mm, l2  l3  200 mm
900
Fd
F

4 1 F1

300
l1

3  2 l2 200

Rocking or tilting edge 64

(2) Direct shear load / rivet : (same on all rivets)
F F
Fd  = = 0.25F N
No of rivets 4
Fd 0.25 F
(3) Shear stress in the rivet :    = 0.5062  10 3 F
A 491
(4) Normal load on rivets :
(depends on its distance from rocking edge)
Fel1 Fel1 Fel2
F1  = 2 2 2 , F2  2 2 2 and so on.
 l l1  l2  l3 
2
l1  l2  l3 
As rivet 1 (or 4) is farthest from rocking edge, take the maximum load
F  900  500
Fmax  F1   0.775F N
500  200  200  500
2 2 2 2

(5) Tensile stress due to normal load :

Fmax 0.775 F
  = 1.578  10 3 F
A 491 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(6) Principal stresses due to combined loading :

(a) Maximum normal stress σ max

1
 
    2  4 2   allowable
2


103  F
2
1.578  1.5782  4(0.5092) 2  120 
 F = 69.443 KN

(b) Maximum shear stress  max 

1
2
 
 2  4 2   allowable


103  F
2
1.578  1.5782  4(0.5092) 2  65 
 F = 69.222 KN
Selct the smaller load. i.e. F = 69.222 KN
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 INTRODUCTION Problem 3
Determine the load capacity of the bracket shown in fig. if
the maximum allowable normal & shear stresses are 80
MPa & 60 MPa respectively. 1000
F




 




Rocking or
tilting edge 67
 Data : Let the rivets be numbered as shown.  allowable  80 MPa,  allowable  60 MPa, F  ?
(1)Distances of rivets from rockin g edge :
From the fig, l1  l6  900 mm, l2  l5  500 mm, l3  l4  200 mm.

e =1000

Fd F

F1
1
6


F2
5 l1
2

  l2
F3
4 3  l3


Rocking or
tilting edge
68
Direct shear load / rivet : (same on all rivets)
F F
Fd  = =0.167F N
No of rivets 6
Note : As the size of rivets are different, it is necessary to check
the stresses in the rivets at all distances from rocking edge.
(a) Consider rivets 1 & 6, dia = 30 mm  A  707 mm 2
Fd 0.167 F
(1) Shear stress in the rivet :    = 0.2362  10 3 F
A 707
(2) Normal load on rivets :
Fel1 Fel1 F  1000  900
F1  = 2 2 2   0.4091F N
 l l1  l2  l3 
2
2 900  500  200 
2 2 2

(3) Tensile stress due to normal load :

Fmax 0.4091F
  =0.5786  10 3 F
A 707 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(4) Principal stresses due to combined loading :

(i) Maximum normal stress σ max

1

    2  4 2   allowable
2


103  F
2
0.5786  0.5786 2  4(0.2362) 2  80 
 F = 120.7 KN

(ii) Maximum shear stress  max 

1
2

 2  4 2   allowable

 0.5786  4(0.2362)   60
3
10  F
 2 2

2
 F = 160.652 KN

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
(b) Consider rivets 2 & 5, dia = 24 mm  A  452.4 mm 2
Fd 0.167 F
(1) Shear stress in the rivet :    = 0.369  10 3 F
A 452.4
(2) Normal load on rivets :
Fel2 Fel2 F  1000  500
F2  =   0.2273F N
 l 2 l12  l22  l32  2 900  500  200 
2 2 2

(3) Tensile stress due to normal load :

Fmax 0.2273F
  =0.5024  10 3 F
A 452.4
(4) Principal stresses due to combined loading :

(i) Maximum normal stress σ max 

1
2
 
   2  4 2   allowable


103  F
2
 
0.5024  0.50242  4(0.369) 2  80  F = 114.66 KN

(ii) Maximum shear stress  max 

1
2
 
 2  4 2   allowable


103  F
2
 0.50242 Dr4(0.369) 2
  60
P R Venkatesh, Mech
Bangalore
RVCE,
Dept, F = 134.4 KN
(c) Consider rivets 3 & 4, dia = 15 mm  A  177 mm 2
Fd 0.167 F
(1) Shear stress in the rivet :    = 0.9435  10 3 F
A 177
(2) Normal load on rivets :
Fel2 Fel3 F  1000  200
F3  =   0.091F N
 l 2 l12  l22  l32  2 900  500  200 
2 2 2

(3) Tensile stress due to normal load :

F3 0.091
  =0.514  10 3 F
A 177
(4) Principal stresses due to combined loading :

(i) Maximum normal stress σ max 

1
2
 
   2  4 2   allowable


103  F
2
 
0.514  0.5142  4(0.9435) 2  80  F = 64.78 KN

(ii) Maximum shear stress  max 

1
2
 
 2  4 2   allowable


103  F
2
 
0.5142  4(0.9435) 2  60  F = 61.35 KN

Of all the above values,Drtake

P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
least value, i.e. F = 61.35 KN as safe load.
Bangalore