YOUR BOOKS FOR ALL TIME. by Mac Fado 1 Simplified Constveion Este 2, Plumbing Desien and Esunate 5, Blcirical Layout and Estimate 4 Plaming and Designers Handbook 5) Simplified Methods on Building Constrction 6 Spesifcations and Contract 7 Project Coastricion Management 8 Flements of Roads and Highways 9. Simplified Mathematics of lvertmest Publienes a Dito 5138 Merchai Lm Max B, FAJARDO Je, SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION estimate Thiet EatinPhitopines Copytight ‘2000 by 5138 Merchandising Publisher 589 10-4 FOREWORD Thott odin of Simplified Construction Batimate was uniue anda sigan publcaton thas stinustd forthe fis fine the imagen end bright dese of planers and bulers as wel as laymen ted 8 new fchrique in extinatng test Shed a comprehensive source of a dealng wih tho hunesonal rayie powered In an tatve examples usng a imple sthmetical approach. ‘The fit eon however, was wn cing a pod that mated the begining of changes. A raceal antonio rom glen o Metncaon whlch was considred as the beginning of ‘anew er ofmerauraon. Unde such pressing condo, node {omainan Re efcveness, he book requires acter and fevsion to ncororae the new development and tinng. Ae ‘eo, to socond dle of Smpied Conetucten Estat has tren published In $988. Painting, wall papedng and many ther ow new data were feduced es a responce tthe many soy {estore orm toes whohave read te ft ee. ‘5 year ay, the aur stresses the noe for en ugent transfomationt the ne development because of te beet tat the way ofthe pact oe o lnger adequate Tables a oma were revised and improved ie outan a ete intigang ests Fortis hd eciton, the author again rterats tate does ro cain Mat tis Work In tsa fs portet In fac, woud Welcome suggestons fam those whe ave beer knowleggeaie That ay fuer ene te content os Book BePREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ‘TABLE OF CONTENT: Estimate has sly been regarded as avakiaon based on pion of rougy sade fom Imperfect or incomplete dt; a ‘CHAPTER 1 CONCRETE Calculation not po" sedy exact, an apparent aso a tl Trent a6 by aul, negate the coe of cain work 141 Pain and Renvoread Concrete 1 112 ‘The Piles of Concrete wedng 3 “Tis books intend fo the lat criion A he sion of 13 The Unt of Measure ‘ technology advances andthe demir fo leche neeases 4-4 Conaret Proportion 7 floaor, srehiecs, engheets, contacter, carpenters end 45 Console Sab 10 ‘her workers in alied fete ere becoming more cogrzat of he 4 Estimating Concrete Slab By The Arca Mothod 15 17 Square Concrete Colum 0 Importance nd value of ear ‘renin estimate. v sceuraoy 4-8. Estimating Square Concrete Column By Lines eter Manos a 1:8. Poot and Facting 2 Ite at tis jnctte hathe autor, ne dase tbs of some Pehle rf vue aan eee 5 Se ere eae ated tah ae _ Burpoce is to guide those persons concerned on tates of ‘stmato, Tabs and femal ave been prepared wit ts hope ‘het readers or ute of the Book wil fn &oeay to fomulte Solons to thar cost probiom. Hustabve exaroles were In- (CHAPTER-2 MASONRY (0 seve as visual als for mote perpening ober. center oe 4 alae 7 para te 22 Estmatng Cement Norr » 23 Cement Wore For Paso s ‘Since he ean tia atom on the pat ofthe autho lng je ne of endeavor, he es et cain tate Werks inset ets tos Beek Pecan a fatfect. In fact he woukd welcome suggestions from those who ame ses cones Bee a ate bata: knowledgeable tat may futhoronich tho contents of aes a ths tock Retaining Wa te E For he prose an, th autor was to nga rl Smrewte nasa wat a choowecament forthe Ylubla suggestons of Dean Franca Gations and Mates es Guevara of UNEP, igs Cay and Egar Tuy who rad the pri sar fe ene mamsci. The sto wie wes 1 ‘CHAPTER. 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT ‘expres his indebtedness to the counless prea here ‘named, who hve contuted othe eclente and expedmertal 31 SteetBare a ‘chord from vi this bok has Been based 32 ldentcaten of Stee! ar 20 33 Bar spice, Hook and Bend % Mar 34. Rebleroamert of Concele Hotow Blocks 97 35. Tee wire orcHB Relworcement 101 38 Independent Feng Retnorerent 103TABLE CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 27 Pat and Cohan Retorcament 119 icalsiea 6 aseon 38 Beam and Girder Reinforcement a aid epuriaiee 35 taeraies 1 Gavanizd ton Sheet = 310 Sips Beam andar @ 2 Esirawg Cl Ron's Access oe 312 One 19 4° Aiton Root 2 Pot an Vey ROUSE? sa 8 5 Coomongrapose EA eM 3 Banewo Hontontl Metal Te Bo 67 Maredo Rooing Sytem Bm curr $4 Coorbond Gust ow Bt 2 Mono ong SpenStow nite’ a 4) Wood on 10. Coorong Tinto Ten Fo £2 Baton of tems is S11 Aaphat noo srg a 3 asancaso of od ‘a 2 Opre racing Stes Be 2 tens of to9 Seva we 215. Shannon zy £3 Datos invions i“ 8:6 Bt Rooting Be 3 Seeonng afer ie <5 Themes tamer ie cuarren- 7 LEWonK to Wind pont 2 “ 3 Seer is 74 ceramic Thes as ‘Tho Reoroit ara Wood Reonng | 72 Mares eo ‘EN Stang weed boo ‘50 73. Vitand ter Tes a tee Rotem ta 74. Groat Foor B O83 Sa ‘a 13. Senerties zs Ae Cetin st we 73 Wood'taes 2s ‘C18. Coig Boos cr 1 potest Weston Fh i 48. Door Pe in Cot Windom Fame im (COAPTER-# HARDWARE CAPPER FORM, SCAMVOLDING AND STAGING 1 ots is 2 Sue and Leg of Bots a £1 Fome 1 #3. Screw a 5:2. Plywood as Construaion Form a8 04 Nats ae $2. Fomor Squrs ani RecengusrCatuno 181 54. Foma or Groar Coonn cy CCuarreR. » stamcase 5S Foma or Seams ard der ie 56 Scaffolding and Staging ‘92, ‘$4 Introduction 2B 51 Eaametng Sanaa td Sag i $2 Boman o Teme z £4 St pe Sear i $3. Sica Layout 20 84 The Siier Ey‘TABLE OF CONTENTS (CHAPTER-10 PAINTING 104 102 103 104 108 108 107 toe Paint Ingredient of Pant ESsotal and Specie Properties of Good ‘Qual Paint ‘Bement of» Good Plntng Job Surtace Pr ‘nds or Pan. Uses and Aree Coverage stating Your Paint curl CONCRETE 1-1 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE Concrete is ether Pain of Relnorced. By definton, Pain ‘Concrete san arial stone a8 «rest of ming cement, Be ‘aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. The congomeraion cof these materials producing a sold mass is cated pan cor Reinforced Concrete on the ether hand, concrete wit tenrcomertpropay bated i sacha manner atte ‘eo maori et ouherin ren fo ‘The Ditterent Types of Conerete Used in Construction are: ‘Tne Orcinay Portand cement. ‘The Rapid Hardening Pocand Cement which spefered when high ea stengt cones s desire, ‘Th Blast Furnace or Sulfate Comect used on concrete structures dnagned 1 resist chemical stack ‘The Low Heat Pern Cement sod for masave sec: ions designed to reduce the neat of hyraton The Porland Pozzoian Cement with low hardening haracterist concrete, Tha High Alumina Coment. ‘The High Alumina Coment is sometimes called aluninous coment or coment fund, Rs chemical compostion& diferent ftom that of Portand cement for having presominantsumina ‘ide cottent of atleast 3% by weigh. The slunina Ime ‘tin the ho 0.85% to 3%,AGGREGATES. Aggreostes for conree work aro cassie into wo: 1. Coarse Aggregate such as crushed stone, crushed ravel of natra ravel wah partes retained on 8 5 2, Fine Aggregate suchas crushed stone, crushed rave, Sand ornatural seed weh partes passing on a5 mm ‘Size of Aggregates. - For couse soorogate (orve), the oman eae ares rom 40, 20,140 10 im damo- {er The choco tem tho above sizes depends upon te cen. ‘ons of he conte member more para e spaarg of {he soo bars reinforcement or as seated Good practice demand thatthe maximum Sze of coarse 09- ‘rogue (Greve shoud pt exceed 26% ofthe mina ek oes ofthe member stuctire nor exceed te clear detarco ‘tween herring bars ate form a CONCRETE, ‘Tho coarsa aggrouste shoul be smal enough or the cane certo mitre to ow soa around the reinforcement. TSS {efor io as workabay of concrete 1-2. THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE MIXING “The purpose in mbng concrete fs to sect an optimum pro- ‘orton of cement, wate and aggregates to produces concrete ‘ore that wl et he fokowag requirements: 1. Workabity, 3; Duby 2 Suongh 4 Ezonomy “Te proportion that wl be May adopted in concrete ming thao be ostblised by actual wal and adjustment processes fo alain the dered seagh and qualty of concrete required ‘der the folowing procedures 1. The water comont aii fret dtermine at the very fet ‘hou of bing to meet the reguremects of strength and = 2° The comort-agprogste rao is then chosen and estab- ‘Ghost saiay be woraty rquremen! WonaDiy, means the ay ef the fresh concrete to athe vols betwoan the ato bars and the forms without necassarty ‘eertng much efor nog Laboratory tests showed that he water-cemont content alo 1s the moat impotent conaieraon in mang bocsuo Kote ‘ine oot ony te sang and durabity ofthe concela but ‘so the wot ofthe mre. Concrete maces in pase form, prefered than hose modures wtih ar Rowing wah water ‘The ACT Requirenients for Concrete are a follows: “4. Fresh cone ahal berate, Meaning, that reshcon-/ / 2. That the hardened cone shall be strong enough 10 cay the design oe. ‘3. That, hardened concrete coud waster the conditions to hich 1s expected operon ‘4. That, concrete shou be economically produced, (Concrete Misture may be classed a either: 1 Dosioned Mitre 3, Presabed Mbtire Designed Mixture. Where the contractor responsi in ‘xtabishing the mur proporton ta wil achieve the requed ‘rong and workailty es specid i the pan, 1.3 THE UNIT OF MEASURE Prior 1 the workide acceptance of Meticaticn, ctherwise ‘noun as. Sysiom Itomationel (0), material for concrete _sctires wore estimated n tars of cue meter atau, ie ‘componens terot lhe; comect sand, gravel and water, are measured in pounds, cube foot and galons per ba respec. ‘eh Litely however, under tia St measures, the 24 pounds per ‘eg coment equivalent to 42.72 hlograms was changed and ‘ed at 40 kloan por beg, The Wactonal wooden Box used to measur to sand and gravel is {2 ches we by 12 laches ‘ong and'12 nies high having ene volume of eb foot ‘ate during theming operations TABLE £4 COWERSION FROM CHES TO soe) saan | ecm] tres | sc | te 7 | em [a] ae | es 2 | ome | so | 2 | Ses | S| ome | oor | 2.) Se | 4 [ame | S00 | at | fom | See 5 | to | a] a | aie | oe 7 | ame] ats | a | tie | oe s] ae] em pm [Ae | 8 8 | ze | gs | | te | o| Be] a | 8 |e | soe | So | 2 | tte | he aa} |S | iee | ge we] | Mf ee |. ge |e | in | oe | 3 | soos | ee foo | i | toe | too The values presented io Table 1-1 could be usin: 1 ining the acourte conversion of gt rom English to 2 ie comes pashan setaSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE For tastance ‘Ay In solving potiems, te probably of commiting ror is substan high when saveral gt umber are boing used, Example: ts easier 0 use 10 meter the approximate equivalent of 4 lnchos than 1016 exact quale, be by muipeaton of Dy division processes 1. = a0 byinspecton and snaysis “B= 787 by lng process of vision 10% 8) Tomemorze he values given in Table 1-1 isa waste of time and nota practical epproach ih estmating. A simple gue wil be Sdopted so that one could easly determine te equiva: Font values ‘rom Engish o Met or vise versa, Example: +. To-onvertMeterto Feet: Divi the length by 20 2. Toconvert eet to Meter: Muy by .20 Sey, 20eet x 20 = 900 meters 3, To conver inches to Meter, just remember he folowing values of equivalent. 2 ‘$3239 iii? sec set Hu CONCRETE “Toke note that ll length nines is evs by one o any ‘combination ofthese five rumbers, Tk, lea be easy eon. verted to meters by suring up ther quotient equivatnt Example: 4 Whats the mets length equivalent of inches 7 By sim ple analysts, 7 Incnes could be the sum of 4 and 3, there “Inches ‘nove How avcut 21 inches 7 24 chee 5 x Ainchee = 20+ 1 = 125) mity Sx 10m, = 604.025 = 528m, Problem Brereie setlanate freaing spl gue, convert the fobvng nun aos | ar i 1-4 CONCRETE PROPORTION Preportoning concrete mist Is done In wo diferent ways: by woight or by volume method The most conimon and cane ‘enter way is bythe volume method using the empty pace ‘og af coment, orby a messurng box forsand and gravel asSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. ‘line In Section 1-2. Messueg the aggregntes nd water Dy wees sometimes used in a soneretebateing pan for ‘odyemix concrete ras speed inthe pan, 3 Propotoring concrete by volume methad had lone been pacteed in almost ai types of concete constuction. Te has proven itt bo effecive and suesosfd, However. construc: {ian wore space for matanas stock lng ana king does nak erm readpmixed concrete the mas rata! slion 1s intresting to note Table 1-2 tht th volume of sans and gavel for al lassas of mina constant at 50 and 10 ‘bie meer respectively. ts tue, onthe assumption thatthe ‘arent paste ters the vold of the sand and at he same ‘CONCRETE tance, he campositn ofthese wo materi fl the vos ofthe ‘rave and thereat, form std mass called cone'teequias Tonto one eve meer Based on actual consting work, one cube mater of gravel lus one-alt cubic meter sand mixed with esment snd water ‘il obtain ail bt more than one cublo meter sod concrete ‘The smal excess over ane cutie meer Wil be Cosivered ss comtingeney. Comment : In actual concreting and masory work, there are Seve! {actors tat might affect the acaracy of te esta. Sore of hich are enumerated as foows 1. Inaccurate volume of delivered spgregetes wich is very ‘common. Delvry tuck shoul be measured to check the volume of agtegates beng devored is exacts oF eee 2. Dumping of aggrates on uneven ground surface and (rss areas reauces Ine net volume of appreates Improper measuring ofthe aggregates during the mbing ‘operation. This ortmenpracoe when the war so ‘omentum where laborer aso observe the Fal reas ‘wing of aggreoaes being devered fo tne mine 4. The cement and tne segregate for grouting concrete Jai are most overfookod in the eamatingprocessos, 5. Cement waste cue to reckiess handing and hang, {. The pure cement powder usd by mason n plastering op- ‘eaten to prevert the laste from sling dwar’ is hat considered in estimating. 7. Ptorage of mata This could be avoid wt n etec- tive system of constuction management‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, (Ordering of Coarse Aggregate must be Specific as to: 8, Kind of rave, ter crushed tone or natural gravel fom the creek. ‘The minimum and maximum s26 ofthe stone must be Specie. N shou be free from mbxed sand Because ‘and cheaper han gravel "Natural gravel rom tho erek equiras soaring to obiain ‘wa-graded coarse aggregate Tae rath seeing {9 sgoregites means addon Cost of abor and Yedue: floninthe et usable voiome of gravel 1-5 CONCRETE SLAB ‘The dlzcussons trom eament to conret proportions plus the abies as resented cout be More meaningful end appre: {ated if sszmparied by shsraons o aul appeatons, ILLUSTRATION 1 | proposed cnerete pavement nasa ganerssiiension of ‘0. thek, 8.00 meters wide and 8.00 meters tong, Oterine ‘he quant of cement bags, sand and gravel im cubi meters reguled sing elas "c" nba concRers, SOLUTION 4. Determine the volume ofthe proposed concrete pave. rent Volume = Thicke x Wah x Leng V= 40 x 900 x 00 2 Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 ka. coment class © mix- {ure muti the volume by the caresponding values: Cement: 1.6 x 60 = 9.0 bags ‘Gand: 18 x 80 = 7Seum Gavel; 18x 10 = 10cm, 3. Take note thatthe computation is fora 40 ko. coment. Suppoee thore lena 40 Mlograms eoment ard whet Is avalable are 50 klograms per bog, How many bags wil te dered using healer? SOLUTION -2 (Using 2 $0 kg. Cement) 1. Kong the volune 0 be 1.8 cube meters, refer again to'Tabla 2. Undo 0 xg. coment, using dass “C* mc "are tiple volume by the eaiespending values, coment: 1.6 x 5.0 = 7.5 bags ILLUSTRATION 1-2 | tual road 6.00 meters wide after base preparation re ‘quires ‘consreing of one Klometer Song. Fin tne umber of tags coment, and and gravel requed using Gass A" cons he sab 6 inees tek,SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE SOLUTION 4. Salve for Frehest volume of coneots pavement, convert 8 "5m. eo tabe 1) V = Thickness x With x Lenath = 18 x 6.00 x 1,000, V = 200 cuble meters 2. Referto Table -2, Using 40 ka, cement, many he vo tame by the corosponaig values: coment: 900 x 90 = 8300 bags corel: 909 x 410 © 600 01'm. 3. there spo avalabe 40k emant, a 0k carent wi require: coment: 900 x 7.0 ‘Sand: 900 x 50 onvel: 900 x 40, 6.200 age ‘sooum S00 am, “ake note thatthe heknass was fst cinverted from Incest meters using the approxinste values n Table 11, ‘CONCRETE, ILLUSTRATION 1-3 ‘[Link] highway projects sown in gue 1-4 specty 25 cantimeters tek conarete Find the number ef bape cement, Sand and gravel requrea usng dss A ture 1» OURE 4 CONCRETE ROAD SOLUTION 1 Find the volume o the concrete sab V = Thickness x Width x Length V = 25 x 7.20 x 100 meters V = 3800 cutie mater 2 Refer to Table 1-2 Using 40 kp. coment cass A mit, ‘uty the vate by he comespendng values: ‘Cement: 1,800 x 90 = 16,200 begs ‘Sand: 1200 x $0 = "$0000 n Gravel 1800 x 10 = 1800 01.m, 3. 1 $049, comant wa bo use, wo need Cement: 4.800 x 70 = 12,500 pap8 ‘Sand ans Gravel same es instep 2. ILLUSTRATION 1-4 ‘The ground for ofa resins! house hasan are of 200, square eters. Th pan speaty 4 nehes thick cones fron fitusing class C concrete ist down the materiale requireSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION BSTIMATE. SOLUTION 1. Find ne volume of the foorsia, Conve 4 ees ta ‘moter = 101m, ard ten mul 200 x 10 = 20 cutie mater, 2. Roferto Table 1-2 under 40 kg. coment along class C mitre ati omen: 29 x 60 = 1209s ‘Sand: 20 + 8D Gravel: 20x40 Problem Exercise 1. A concrete roar 18 metas wice, 5 kiomoters long, de Signed with a thickness 2 shown in the alowng ces See. ton. Spectying lass "A" concrete, dstemine the qurty {t 40 ng. coment, snd and gravel requ there i oe avaiable 404g. camert tow many bans a 60g, woud be aes casi 15.00 m concrere 2, Fram he follwing gu solve for cement sand and gave tng eace ® cones fhe ors $e tk 1-6 ESTIMATING CONCRETE SLAB BY THE AREA METHOD Estimating coveete sso by the “roa Metis much e85- ‘ec than the Volume Method ae explained In Se. 1-5 Howove, this ood be dane wih tne aid of Table 13 which ead oer the guanily of cement, send ana gravel per square meter de pending upen ih rue tcxness of sabSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 1-5 Solving the problem of usraton$-1 and 1-2 by the Acca Method we have Ie fllownysoltions. Solution for Mlustraion 1. 4. Solve forthe pavement ‘rea = Wath x Lena A= 300 x 800m, 2. Roferto Table 1-3. Along 10cm. dabthikness under 40, coment ass °C mare, mul coment: 15 x 800 = 9. bags 3 Send: {5 x 050 = 7Scum, Gravel: 15 x 100 = 45 eum, 8. Compare his quent otha of tution 1-1, he resus ‘ne the sama Solution for Mustration 1-2 1. Find the area o the concet eas pavement, Am Width x Length |A = 6.00 x 1,000 meter: A= 6,000 29.1, 2. Referto Table 1-3, Using clas thie eancrete sab, mat Cement: 600 x 1.350 = 0,100 bags ‘Sand: 6000 x 07S = 480i. m Gravel: 61000 x 150 = S00 cum, eonerete for 815 on, 6 ‘concer 3. Again, comparing the rsut wth that of Mstratlon 1.2 the ‘owes are prataly the same. Thus, soMing the quan. iy of coment, sand and grave! foc concrete pavement ‘and walls can'Ba Gone by the Volume Mathod ed the ‘Area Method The cole is yours. ILLUSTRATION 1:6 ‘A concrete wal, 3 ches thick wih general mensions of 3.0 motor igh by 7.00 meters long spec class "B- mbeure Find te ruber of 404, coment snd an rave ate. ee i souimion 4. Convert 3 inchs centimeters = 7.5 600 Table 1-1 2. Find he Area ofthe walt ‘ea = Hatt Lenoth ‘& = 300 x 700m. = 2159.m. 3. Refer to Table #-8. Under sab thickness 7.8 om. 40k. ‘cement class B mtr we olan the number £63 4, tenis, under eolurn sand and gravel of Table 1-3 we ‘obtain-0378 and78 respectively 5. Mutt te Area by each ofthese numbers to get the ‘qanbty of eamen, sand and gravel respactvel 7SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE coment: 21 x 62. = [Link] 12 aps ‘Sand: 21 x 0475 = 7B.0um, oral: 21 075" = 1.87 eum Eroblem Bxercse 1. By the Area Wetnod, deems the aunty of caren Sand and gravel ofthe proposed cones parting area 8 Inebes buck wth 2 goneal mensions of 190% 20 me- tersushg class "€° nore ‘s00m | 2. By he Volume and Area Method ind te quantity of c= tent sand aot gaya ofthe concrete pavement ek ‘Ss shownin Fue 1-10 usng cass 6 concole. concer 1-7 SQUARE CONCRETE COLUMN Estimating the quant of mates for concrete pos or cok umn can aso be done Into sme Wa 41. By Volume Method snd 2 By Lnar Meter Method. ILLUSTRATION 1-7 A reinforced concrete square column is 5.00 meters tng witha cross sectional dimensions of 16 by 16 inches. Dt Tie the quanity of cament, sand and gravel using ass A conoet, SOLUTION ‘A. By Volume Method 4. Conve ft al measurements framinchesio meter. 16 Inches = 40 motor (See Tae 1-1) 2. Salve forthe cross sectional area ofthe colar. (rea: 40 x 40 = 1859.1, 3. Find the votume oe column,SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE V= 16 x 500 meters v= 80 eum 4. Rofero Table 12, using 4049. coment cass’ con ret, muti Cement: 80 x 9.0 = 72 say 8 bags ‘Sand: (80 x 50 = 04 sey 05 cum. Gravel: 180 x 10 = 08 say 10eu m. ILLUSTRATION 1-8 1 conereto cohumn i 7.00 meters high wit a cross soc. tional mensions of 20 by 20 inches, Determine the guanty ‘coment sand and gravel content ofthe satan i tere Ae 8 felumns nthe row using ass concrete Ls ‘CONCRETE SOLUTION 4. Convert al mensions trom inches fo meters. Reler to ‘alle 1-1, usa approximate value). 20 inches = 50m 2. Solve forthe volume of one square column. v= 50x 50x 700 v= 47601. ‘Find he volume ofthe 8 columns. Ye vse V = 14 cabiometers 4. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 2 40 kg ooment cass ‘ure, mati coment: 14 x 90 = 126 bags ‘Sand! 14 x 80 = 70eu m. Gravel: 14 x 10 =140eu.m. 1-8 ESTIMATING SQUARE CONCRETE (COLUMN BY LINEAR METER METHOD Another way of estimating the quantity of materi for con- ete column i by tho Linear Meter Method, ‘Under this method, the length of the column fst data ‘mined. With tho ad of Table 1-4, the materials required ae ‘oud by munipying the length by te conesponding values of ‘coment, sand an gravel ven in Table 4SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. ILLUSTRATION 1.9 Solving the problem of Bustation 1.8 Figue 1-12 where ‘ther ao 8 clurns at 7.00 meters high each, we have: SOLUTION, 1. Fite he total eng ofthe atu Beolumn x 7.90. = $6.00 meters 22 Referto Table i-4, Along $0xS0em. column, using “40 ka, coment cass A" cance, mult cement: $6.00 x 2260 = 126 boos Sand: S600 x 125 = 7.0 cum, Gravel: $8.00 x 260 © 14004 m, 3. Companag the results to that of tsraon 1-7, the an- Problem F: 1. From the foloving figure, ove for IME quakiy of c= ‘nent, send and gravel the Volume Method in) CONCRETE, an ur Saeco = Son al wea a [S| #] 2] Se [s B18 (te) Se] m| i] |e Ftd s|e 31S a|3SIMPLIFTED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE eaxieo | reso | s3rs| s5s0| Sio3| o/s Séso| S| ae B88 82 AYE BYE 8238 BEES BERDR BRADY BRREY ENE ‘CONCRETE 1-9 POST AND FOOTING ‘Structural, post is alays supported by slab cated footing foundation, Estimating the quantty of materials or these ‘pes of suelo cou Be done by 1. The Volume Method or 2) The Area snd Linear Meter Method combined for post end fatng ILLUSTRATION 1-10. ‘A concrete pest 4.00 meters high wth cross sectional dk. ‘mensions of 40m. x 40 cms supported by footing slab 20 {tuck by 120m square, Using elas A" concrete ns the anily of cement, Sn and oravel there are 12 posts ofthe eee on SOLUTION A. By the Volume Method 1. Find ne volume ofthe 12 posts etna area x Height x No of post VolumeSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. Volume = 12 pasts x (40 x.40)x 400/m.n V = 768 cutie meters 2. Salvo forthe volume of 12 footing lab v= 12(20x120%120) Ve 2488 cubic meters 3. Find the toil volume, Aa 1 and 2 Total Volume = 798+ 2458 V = 11198 60m, 4. Refer to Table 4-2, Using 40 kg. cement cass fonerete, muti Coment: 14498 x 90 = 1002 begs ‘Sand: 11498 x 60 = 8560u m: Gravel: 11138 X 1.0. © Tit38.0n'm, B, Sohition by the Linear Meter and Area Method 41nd the tot! onto 12 post L= s2poms x 400m. ne LE a mae 2. Refer to Table 1-4. Ang the 40.40 cm, column 26 12568°A" mtr muy Cement: 48 x 4.40 = 60:12 bags ‘Send: 48 x O80 = 284cu Mm, Gravel: 48 x 460 = 3880u.m, 3. Find he area ofthe footing sab Area = 12pes.(12 x12) 28s. CONCRETE, 4. Refer to Table 18, sing 40. cement class ture for 20 em tick ib: mp (Comont: 37.28 x 1.80 © 31.1 bogs Send: 1728 x 100 = 172eu.m, Gravel: 1728 x 200 = 248 cum 5. Add rosuts of step 2 and top 4 Cement: 69.12 + 31.1 = 1902ba9s Send: 304+ 172 85601 m, Gravel: 7603346 = sh t3am ILLUSTRATION 1-11 From Fgue 1-15, detemine the numb of 40 kg cement. sand anda grevelrqued using cst °° gonerate forthe fot ing and clase 0" conte forthe Roaring 4 tick ~~ eo sree eos ve ATOR SOLUTION A Footing Stab 1. Sovve fr tie voume of Volume = 18 x .00x.80 = 008 ou. m. 2, Total volume o 4 pipe foting sabSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION PSTIMATE Y= 0964 foatngs 384 DB. Pedestal 1 Solve forthe volume of Vp 30-30% 90 VE = “081 om x 4 pices. ose Total volume... 0708 4.m. 2. Refer to Table 12, Using 40g. coment clas A" con- ‘rete multiply ago: 100 90 = 037 as coravel: 708 x 4.0 = “7O8eu. m ©. Conerete Foor Stab 4. Solve for the volume af concrts oo ib, = 3200. 2. Refer o Tabe 1-2, Using 40 ¥9. comers cles C” con Cement: 12x ‘Summary ofthe materia 8 and. cement: 637 +72 = 1857 say 14 bas ‘Send: 354+ 06 = 850m oravel: 700 + 4.2 = 18060 m. Comment: “To a meticulous estimate, te are eccuped by the pasts wit be subtracted rom the grass area ofthe oo aon the ‘esl is an nsgifeant aout. “concer 1.40 RECTANGULAR COLUMN Tho procedure in estimating retanguar column is pracy the samme as that of the squat gol. hood be thor ys volume méthed or by ie hear meter method #8 previous ‘xpiined The cole ofthe method however, depends upon {he convenience and preference o the estimator. ILLUSTRATION 1-12 A series of 8 rectangular concrete columns wi typical cross socional dimensions of 4060 om. s supporting a beam. 5 clear Height of 00 meters from ne for kne ofthe bea. Spetying clas “A” conreo, ‘tei he quantity of coment sant gravel required s00m nn Pune +48 REcrANLAn coe SOLUTION (By Linear Meter Method)” 1. nd te total ength of the 8 columns. Length: 8,005.00. = 40 metersSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, 2. Refer to Table $4 Along the 40 x60 cm. column size ‘under 40 eg coment cass” cone, muti comen: 40 x 2.18 = 26.4 bogs Send = 40 x 420 © 400m Gravel: 40 x 240 = 96 cum. SOLUTION (By Volume Method ) 1. Find the volume of he eight conumns: v= 40x60 x 500m. x8 V= Se cubic meters 2. Refer fo Table 12. Using 40 ko, cement class °° con- rot, mato Coment: 96 x 9.0 = 88.4 bags Send: 86 x 30 = 4801 m. rvel” 88 1.0 = 65cu.m. ‘Comparing the result of he two methods, th answers re ‘ha sama, Asto wich method to we ie now yourahoce Plastering the post wil be pastored wth class A" matarmisue, the sahizon wl be as follows: 1. indo toa suracs are ofthe & calms, Perimeteg = 2( 40) +2 (80) 20m, 3 2. Solve for te tutace aaa ofthe # columns ‘rea = Px nolght x Number of poets "A= 200% 800 x 8 R= e050 m CONCRETE ‘3. Find the volume of the plaster at 12mm hick V = Area x thickness of the plaster V= 00x 012m, = 86ou.m 4 Refer to Table 21. Using 40 kg. cement cass + {ure mut cement: 98 x 180 = 17.2 bag5 Fine Sand: (86 x 10.= 96cm, Plastering is 2 separate subject matter to be decuteed thorously in Chaper-2 1-11 RECTANGULAR BEAM AND GIRDER [A Beam s defined asa stong horizontal piece of reinforced concrete for spanning are supporting weights. on the er hand. beam that's carying or cupping another boar 1 Called gir Simary estmating the matenals or these typos bf ruts is eth by tne volume ore ner meter method < te00mSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 113, From Figure 1-17, using less mmatotls eae. SOLUTION (By Volume Method) 1. Find ne volume ofthe baa Volume = § pes. x 25x40 x 8.00 m. span 'Y = 4 Sabie motors 2. Salve forthe volume of the gine Volume = 2pss.x 40% 60x 16.00 m, span Y= 7eecu.m. 5 Total volume of am and giser TolalV © 45 768 Y= 4198 00. 4. fer to Table 1-2, sig 404g. coment as ‘ete: mui Cement: 14.69 x Sand: 1188 x Gravel: 1168 x 108.12 bag6 © 1168.4. m, SOLUTION (By The Linear Meter Method ) 1. Find the ttl ena ofthe Beam Spes.x 800m. = 40 meters 2, Roferto Table $-[Link] column size 26 x 40 om, under Dig. lass & concrete, mati coment: 40m.x.900 = 96 bags ‘Send: 40%m:x 050 = 2cu.m Gravel: 401m:x 100 = 4m conerete, st own the concer 8. Fin the ota iength ofthe Girder 10m.x 2pes. = s2 meters 4, Referto Table 14 along column ste 40x60 under eolumn 40 kg class A mb, may coment: 92 x 2160, Send: 32 x 120 Gravel: 32x 240 20.12 bogs 34cum. 788 om 5. Summarizes results of a4 ‘Cement: 36+ 612 = 105.12 say $06 bans Send: 2+ 364 = | S.e4cum, orvel: 4370 = s182cu m 1-12 CIRCULAR COLUMN Estimating the metals fr cri column i ypicly the same as te volume method fr ne square an rectangular “ums wah the ald of Table “2, However, Table 1-5 was als repaed for sireular column problems to aval of he near m= (Gemethod of estimating ILLUSTRATION 1- 14 A cireular concrete column has a diameter of 69 cr, by 8.02 meters high Find the concrete mates required hee are Columns of the sama ze om, SOLUTION ~1 (By the Volume Method ) 1. Solve forthe cross secon ofthe cok, A= Tr? o¢ A= 0.7054%7 Formule) A= (07854 x 607)» 263'%4m,‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ae 4 Refer to Table 1-2, Using 40 kg. coment class “A: cone ‘et mule Cement: 849 x 90 ‘Send: 840 x 50 Gravel: 849 x 10 70.4 begs 44am. ‘48 eum. SOLUTION 2 ( By Linear Meter Method ) 1, Determine the total ength of he creular cols. L = (5x 600mm) = 3000 meter 2. Find the volume of one column. 2. Refer Table 15, Along the 60 em, column dlameter Vs 283. 6m.m = 1.698 cum under 40g. Gament class madre, mul 3. Solve forthe volume of § columns, ‘Cemont: 3090 x 2548 = 764 bags ‘Sand: 3000 x 148 = 423.0u°m, “otal volume: (1.6085) = 8.49 4m, SS BR ss atom: Tench or SmcaLak cots fiklles antes piueas 1 From the folowing gure, List down the canerete materials ca [wien | ctome | and | oe! by any method using aes conor a| al ele as | 0 mo | 6s | 2ae | Zane ie | ee ~SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE rom the flowing Sours, sive forthe concrete materats of lab, bears and goer Using Gees A conca, rm Seon Seem Ce cnc Oh ‘CONCRETE 3. From the folowing Nau, find the conerete mates re ‘uid forthe columns 6.00 retors igh each using cats A Soncrete, owns 122 4. From the folowing Fire 1-23 find the comont, snd and gravel there are 8 calms, using class °° sire. 5. A busi desi ies spiral inforead cones column @ eters igh win ponersl orgs setlonl diameter 0 #6 hes, Detwine ine requvsd materas by the vce ‘metied and the tear mare ug es ener IFthre are 6 estos nthe pan, 113 CONCRETE PIPE Concrete pipe Is much in demand fr small and median drainage coastucton. The ise of concrete pipe as cranage ‘suture matralysav9 costo ferns, Um and abor cots a5 wal ”SOMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Procedures in Estimating the Materials for Concrete Pip. 4nd the net vlum ofthe concrete pipe. That, by s- ‘racing the voume occupied by the hoe om the gress vane ofthe pps. 2. Knowing the net volume ofthe concrete, refer to Table 1 2, under 40g. cement and lass of mnture spec, mull bythe net vatue foun Tor cement, san and rave ot 9, Use Table 1-6 or nal rsut C= Longin pe 00m. ILLUSTRATION 1-15 A road constuction requires 12 poses of 90 em. clameter ‘soneete pipes for drainage purposes. Detemine th quay of Cument, Sand and gravel needed to manufac sal pipes tng class A" concot,(exaudigreinercoment whic vl be ‘iouaead ltr in cheptes 3). ‘SOLUTION ( By Volume Method ) 1. Salve forthe ges volume of he concrete pipe ‘CONCRETE, Fra: Volume = 0706407h Formula v = 07886 x 1.107 x 190m. V © 950 eu m. Eat! ‘cm Oar ont Pp es cin Dettoenlfo cc 2. Solve forthe votume ofthe hol V= 07856 x d*h V = (07854 x 607 x 1.00 length 526 cum, 2. Subtract result of step 2 om sep tf get he ne volume ‘ofthe cones pipe V, = 950-626 = 914 4 Total volume of he 12 pipes. Ya ae x 12 Vi. 8768 cable meters 5. Refer to Table 12. Usng 40 kg. cement class °A" com: crete; muti: Coment: 3768 x 90 = 23,[Link] 34 bags ‘Sand: 3.788 x 50 = 1.88 ¢ay20 cum, Gravel: 3.768 x 1.0 = 3.77 say 40cu m.‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE TABLE‘ cUMETY oF CaM, 60 AO ORIEL men ser Ae ona | oo oT a im MASONRY 2 or 24 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS 2 oe once Hotow Blok Is pepuary Kaown [Link]. 2 a slate soe bearig and nreboag Bors Load et 2 = cts ar hose whose ines rages fn T8020 cont es = ‘eles and ar the cary lad asc fo own wei |B se Non eaing boc on he ater hand, ar lcs intend is = ‘or wal, patton, fences, vise andthe Bo camping to ‘oun weigh whose tices ranges fom 71010 cenieters, SOLUTION -2 (Per Pipe Using Table 16) 41, To-say 90 centimeters conte pe, refers tothe hole dlematr. And forthe purpose of estimating tne volume ot cw cnet nae dur fe i 3 Cement: 12 x 2.005 = 92.9 say 4 bags ‘and 4.98 sey 201. m. {The standard hollow blocks hs thee vid cals and two hal laos uaneaiesrab dseha cals at both ends having aol f fur These hollow cts vary in sizes as tere aro afferent manufacturers using diferent ‘ypes of mold: Hence, its reconmended tht concrete otow ‘locks wit loge cls be Consicred in estan for mor realsicresat nis stay, what we want o know isthe quantity of the ma- ‘wins needed fora. cera masonry werk made of concrete.‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. hollow boots which general comprises ofthe follng ems. CConcrte holm books ‘Cement a sand for Bock layin, ‘Gement sand and gravel lr forthe hollow core or cal ‘Cement end ne sand Ye paso. ‘Gement sand and gravel foundation or footing. Relnorong sel bars and Tiewees, tem +105 willbe alscussod In ths chapter. The reiforsng ‘oe Das and Te wifes wl be presented in Charter 3 Meta Reinforcement Estinaing he mates for masonyy work using Hollow ‘backs oul be done in ether fhe flowing maths 8. By Fundamental mateds B. By the area methods ILLUSTRATION 2-1 ‘concrete hollow block wal has a general irenson of ‘300 tos igh by «00 rte long. Determine he mambo of (GH Gomest and Sod rej to const! the wal Fares [ROURE 22 CONCRETE HOULOW BLOCKS WAL, MASONRY SOLUTION -1 (By Fundamental Method ) 4. Divide the neat ofthe fence by the height fone block, 300." 16 ayer 2 2. Divido tne length ofthe fnce by the fngth a one lock 490 = to peces 3, Mult he resut of step 1 by step 2 18x10 = {80 paces SOLUTION ~2 (By the Area Method ) Lotus examine frst now many nieces of CHE can coverup one saute meter area, From the above figure t appears, tat on square meter aro reques 125 loces conroe how Bocks, Therefore, by "ying tho entre area oft wat by 12%, we fd Ie oat hhumbe of CHB required, Ths, 1. Area ofthe fence; 3.00 x 400m = 12.9.m, 2. Multiply: 1200 9.1.x 42.5 = 150 pieces,‘IMFLIFUED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 2-2 From the flowing Figure 2-4, nthe numberof 4° 8° 10" conte hollow Blocks conte the Tene, SOLUTION - 1 (By Fundamental Method ) 1. Fi the Ponmeter othe ance P= 444512420420 = 60.00 metes 2. Divide his perimeter bythe length of one back 0.90 = 150poces “0 200 oo 4. Mutipy 2and3: 180 x 13 = 1,950 paces SOLUTION -2 (By the Area Method ) 1. Flo the area of he wal, A 200 x 60.00, = 150 square mates "MASONRY 2. fre are 125 blocs in one equtre moter then, ‘mull By the aes 158 x 125 = 1,50 paces. Comments 1. Comparing te ests obained bythe two methods, the ancoers are practical the sam, bu for convenlencs, the soluon by he area method Is much fevoed for be: Ing simple and direct othe answer. 2, Take noe that inthe above example, we computed the umber of hollow Becks wing posts. Suppose that Figure 24 was provided wth the fecesary poets os re Gcated in Figure 2-5, i hs caso, the area covered by ‘the pos wil be subtracted rom te tel area ofthe wal Stes fhe HE aceptng earn meted fer imply of he proses ILLUSTRATION 2-3 From Figure 25, using cas 8 mbture fn he number of 4) 102040 em, concrete holo blocksSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 1) Comont and sare. 6} Coneat forthe posts ana fotings. SOLUTION ~1. (Finding the CHB) 4. Find he perimeter ofthe wal P= n04m0+s2+8 P= 6000 meta 2. Find the space length occupied bythe pots ‘Along 20m, ( 20x8)2 = 240 Along 2m. (20x4)2 = 160 pape sat LE ‘3. Suttrect: 60000, 400°, = 56.00/[Link] or CHB, 5. Multiply bv the height of fonco to goto Net Aes. Netarea = 5600 x 260 A= 14508 square meters 5. Mutiny by 12.5 to get he ttal number of concrete ho low blocks requ. 1456 x 125 = 1,620 poses 7. Comparing this result that of station 22, wit 1,950 ices hallow Bbes, thee a meter deren of 30 ices because we aubracted the space oocpio by tt onerete pts, SOLUTION- 2 (Concrete Posts and its Footing ) 1. Find ihe volume of one concrete footing sab. Masonry ‘Volume = Thicaess x Width x Length V= 15 x 90 x 00 = 054 cum al 2. Pd the volume of 18 footings V-=(.084 x 16)= 064 cum ‘3. Find the volume o 16 conrete posts V = (20x 20x 200 x 16) = 187 1m, 4. Total volume of conrete posts and ts footing: ‘ad rosa of sop 2 ad 3 Mi 804 + 487 = 269.04.m, ‘5. Refer to Table 1-2, Using cass “8 concrete under cl. luna 40g comer, multpye Comen: 253 x 7.5 = 190 bape ‘Sand: 253 x 0 = 128eu'm Gravel: 283 x 40 = 258cu.m + Note ‘Concrete was thoroughly discussed in Chapler-1SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 2-4 From the flowing Figure, determin he numberof 18x 29 x 40 cn. CHE requir to conatuet the DulKng Mews, 2 SOLUTION (By Direct Counting ) 4. Findine [Link] Area A: 4.00 = 10 paces 0 2. Height of wall A vided by nein of ae bcck 20 2 3 Mutosy (1) and @): 10x17 = 170 pieces Pdi CHB8 Ara: 793 = 175 5. Average Height of Area B vice by 20 Ho ne block WT pleces 890 = 450 2 ©, Muli (4) and (6): 17.5 x 34.50 = 60275 pieces Masonry 7, Findthe CHB at area c: 5.00 = 1250 a {Height oF © aivided by neight of one Bock 190 = 950 2 8. Mutiny (7 and (@) 1260 x 9.50 = 118,75 poces ‘id Total CHB for Area A,B andc, $70 + 603.75 + 110.75 = 093 poces Comment: Take nto tat nthe preceding example solution, fundamen {sl methods of determining the mumber of Blocks were Uren The methods has undenjone a very long process of fincas quantity by rea one at atime, The process must ne ena ihe i of Table 22, presented 4 oows, SOLUTION -2 (By the Area Method) 1. Find he Ares of A: 3.40400 = 13.60q m. 2. Findihe Are of 8: 7.00%'90 = 48.3059, m. 3. Find the Area of C: §.00x 1.90 =_ 95029 m, Tota Area «== 22-7140 39.m. 4 Relerto Table 22, Along 15 x 20x49 CHB under corm umber per square mete: mat 7140 x 12.50 909 locas. Reminder Before estimating the quanty of concrete hallow blocks, beSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE sure to verify the plan spociaty the coat eight of tho wall Whe i very morta nthe process. The folowing questions ‘Should be glvan due cansdetetion for thse might eect the ‘sul of he estimate 4. O0es tne elevation as iaalcaed inthe plan specty the ‘elt from th st orf he sovand fo ae, os from foot colng?. In eer case, the dopth ofthe eam has to be considered nthe estima, ether added br euoacte 2, Haye you considered the CHE tobe stated fom the Underground founien fo the oor ne? This parol Porn ofthe wall fe fen ave nthe procs of es. fimstng especialy when thae No deta plan oF ‘ass section dea! Doe ever commit ro S26 i take experienced by most esmators 13 See to ha ne concrete naow blocs o be stated fre urvform in szae and intakes. Heva ordered from one manufacturer or suppl ony nsating fer. bi sats of CHE mesns adden expenses Tor amen Dist ana bse sue, be fae pase of wor 2-2 ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR ‘ter knowing the numberof blocks neces for» patter masonry work the nox le I 0 fe work pre eal ‘emant’manar. Cement moar Is 4 mire of comer, sand Sind water Is used as bonding maton itling Macanry ‘looks and otner vaous pltering wrk in esimating cement mortar, one has o consider the fol ers 4 The motarto be uted in betwoon the ayer of CH 3. The monar flr fr the hallow cro or cll of he Books. ‘Thi filer cou be pure meta oF mortar wh rave for oom, Fine sereened sand for plesteng MASONRY ILLUSTRATION 2-5 Continuing the probiem of tution 2-1 Figure 2-2, deter ‘mine how many bags of cement and sand needed to sta the 180 pieces 10320 x 40 em. CHB using lass 3" mot “There are th sluts ofr in fining the coment maar for eancrete hollow blocks instalation. ae 2. By he Area Method 3. PerHundred Block method SOLUTION ~1 ( By Volume Method ) 1 Determine tne volume of mortar in batwoon the layer of Ihe Bos, scoping ne 12min (7b or Fema a feamthckess oe mona"? Volume = Thickness x With of CHE x Length y v 212 x 10 x 400 m, (0048 cube meter 2. Take nla hat 300 eas gh wal vide by 20 m. Helo of one Hock e= Sayers Thus money Vs 1Slayers x 0048 V= o7z¢hm ‘This is the iota volume of the mortar i Betwoon the 15. layers of concrete halo Docks Aside from the cement moter use in between block layers, tere are hoon coves or ces por Mosk tote file up with morta. Fd the voli po Sock Volume = .05 x 075 x 20 x 4 cores V = ‘003 eum,SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 4, Fld he tte volume of hollow ore forthe 169 CHE, Y= 160 x 009 = 45.0. ‘5. Tota volume: ad he resus of sop 2 ana step 4 s22.08.m Total Volume: 072 + 46 6. Refer to Table 21, Using class 8" intr, multiply coment: $22 x 120 = 620 bags Sind: 822 x 40 = 822 lis cnlties is tye ty offing th ta fr Dc yg by analtahodonn tne ate 2 SOLUTION —2 (By the Area Method ) 1. Find he are ofthe wal MASONRY ‘Area: (3.00% 4.00) = 12 square moter 2 Refer to Tale 2-2 Along 10x20 x 40 CH under es5 °° moro; mul Cement = 12 x 622 = 626 Send : 12 x 0435 = $22 cum, ‘TABLES QUANTI OF CEMENT 540 S40 FOR cB MORTAR oazaz ae) | rae haa|| case aap les ssxaoxao | 128 {1026 |1018 |: 70a | 000 | cons zox20x40 | 126 [2200 | 1500 | 125 | eo | 100 SOLUTION -3 (By the Hundred Block Method ) ‘The Hunted Block Maod is he third soulon otered fora "or simpler approach wit the aid o tie 4. Find the umber of concrete holow blocks, ‘Area: 3.00x 400 = 1259 m. ¥299.m x 125 = 180 pleces CHB 2 Convertto unt of 100: 189 = 4.5 400 3. Roter'o Table 2:3. Under class ‘Bmore fora 10% 2040 CH, mutieh Cement: 15 x 4378 = 028 Send: 13 < “So = Saeco‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, ~~ Gementin Bags 40a nao [APT zt toxz0x40 | esae | are | ase2 | 220 ] ose ssxanxa0 | 1250 | 2104 | oor | ose | ors zoxaoxa0 | rocr2 | r2m0 | 00 | 7504 | 1000 on ompaing the ansvers of totes mahods in fing the raters fo" cement mea, te rests ae pactealy the Sin The erie nh ce wich eta bat Wee vg Tate 22 ana’ toon ft he do {es he sof CH 0 De uses because iss whore ost toc are beng comets nt ILLUSTRATION 26 Going bsckto the prebom of stration 2:2, gre 24 fd to qanty of holo dy aman snd se, Yor mot ng SOLUTION: 4. Find area ofthe Aven = Pesos x Hoioht ‘A= 600m. x 260. A = 186 square meters 2. ind the rumber of CHB. Refer o Table 22, under col ‘un number pers. m. muti: 198 x 125 = 1,950 pce MASONRY. 3. Find the coment an sand. Refer again o Table 22, us- ing ass 8 mortar Map Cement: 158 x 522 = B43 say 82 boos Sand! 156 x 0195 = 6.78 s0y T cu m 4. Surrmary ofthe material: 1,960 pieces cH {82 bags cement 7 eabic rotors sang ‘Toke note thet the above materials feund dose oot Intute ‘he cement, sand end gravel othe feoing, Forts Wem. reter Tocchapter#woareh was heroghhy escsses, 2-3 CEMENT MORTAR FOR PLASTERING Aside frm the coment man fo block ay, plastering Is ‘another ts fo conde’ Mat estimators nowever make tlt fsimate of moar for ck lang an plastanng trough sim fe guessing and caluan, assuming the gusty of camer Sn sand witout pn of eeiptatin. The reeson sng, they ae jt ne hurry as hasnt do A ots fo sone, we of the fovow'n mthods accompanied ay singh fod tables oxuvatont vats Estimating the cement mere for pe 4. The Volume Meta and 2 Thearea Method 8g ean be de by ISTRATION 2-7 Continuing the probiom of Mustation 2-1, fad the ce ‘and sand necessary to plaster two side of the 3 004.00 me ‘ors waSIMPLIFTED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE SOLUTION ( By Volume Method ) 1 Find the two ses aco of he wal A= 300% 4.00% 2sldes A= 2hsq m. ‘Assuming thatthe plaste is 16 sim (016 m) average {hikes determine the volume ofthe plaster, V= 2teqm. x 018 Y= Seeau'm, ‘Sove for the cement and sand, Refer to Table 2-1, Us. Ing 40K. coment cass" mixture, muy Cement : 204 x 120 = 48 say Sbags ‘Sand; 384 x 10 = 384 sey fine sand, ‘emerin Gage eee | am | em] rem | comm | 26m 8 | om | su | tee | 20 & | om | to | ia | feo 5 | oor | ooo | deo | iso soa | oe | on [oe | oo | om SOLUTION ~2 (By Area Method using Table 2-4) 1. Fig the aro o he wal (two sides) ‘Area = 300.400 x 2 ses A = 2459, MASONRY 2. ‘Salve forthe coment and san. Reterto Tatl 24. Under ‘16 mm thick plaster class “B* Spastic ‘intr, mute Cement: 24 x 162 = 40.075 tags Sand: 26x O16 © Soe comparing te answers 9 eto methods, the resus are racial te same As to what method ee denenes oe Your chee anc sonvenince, Sai ILLUSTRATION 2-8 sade flovirg Pave 2-8, ls down the cement and ‘ofthe tence tn ay erage thickioesof20 mm, case "C" mir, Cae SOLUTION (By the Ares Method ) Find he surtace area of the fence ‘Area = Pieter x Height x 2 faces ‘A= 55m x 270m. x 2 faces 4 = 29739, 2 Solve forthe area ofthe ont and te op surface of top sutace otheSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 15 x (270+270+ 40.0 + 1500) 9.06sa.m. ‘ 3, Toll Area to be pastored add 1 and 2 Tolal ea * 297+ 905 = 208.05 sq.m. 4. ind the omen and sand, Refer to Table 2-4, Under 20 mm tick along cass" bre: uly Cement: 506.08 x 180 = ss age ‘Sind; 20808 x 020 = 6.1 2u.m, ILLUSTRATION 2-9, ‘The owner ofa commercial wants to fence the frontage of his ot wit 15 20x40 om. concrete halon bese, Ta fence 158 50 meters igh and 40 mstor ong provided wth 2 2525 ‘em. reinercod concrete posts spaced a 4.00 meters dance Using class modu ist down the mata regard tn E EY SOLUTION 1. Solve forthe gross rea of he fence a MASONRY (Goss Aree = (9.50% 40.00) 140.59 m, 2. ‘Subiract the area occupied bythe posts Net Area = 140 99.1. ~( 253.501 x 11 post) ‘A = (140-8625) = 1204 94.m, 3. Find he umber of CHB, eter to Table 22, mutiny: 19045q,m. x 125 = 1.690 pisces 4 ind ne coment mortar. Refer to Table 2:2, Using class "B mature fora 15x 20x 4 CHE: matipy 1975 bags 0 cum, Cemont = 1304 x 4.018 ‘Sond | 1304 x 004 5. Solve for he coment plaster. Refer fo Table 24, Using ‘81mm thick pester, class 6° mitre, mali $9045q,m_x 2 sides = 26129. Cement = 251 x 192 = 50 bogs ‘Send : 261 x 016 = 42 cum, ‘Summary of the Materiats 1.830 pes. 18320 x40em, CHE 183 Bags cement "6 cum. sand Comment: 1. Take note that in fing the wal area, the hight shouts be measwred fom the top ofthe fence dovm Wo te foundation ino at ist ote oor lin oly. 2. In the preceding examle, two sides of the wall were Considered for plastonng, The area occupied by Ihe poss was sutaced fm the gross wal ee, For racloal purposes I should vot ve subtracted because ‘by computing back o determine as area and the pastor required i cnsserably a waste of tine,SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 3, The ars tobe plastered is 1402 sites or 280 square ators inuding the space occupied bythe poss 2-4 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK FOOTING Cconeetehollw Hock wal is supported by a coninuois wal cong of vancus hanes and with, depending upon he Sits the ks sd te oad ta ery ax cated the lan Table 23 was prepared for any reference fa eslina- Ino eerie for concrete sow Sack ong Aagoges sat eear ‘MASONRY ILLUSTRATION 2-10 Continuing the problem of station 2-9, Figure 2-10 ithe wall footing 15 centimeters thick and 0 centimeters wide, ‘termine the quanity of coment, sand and gravel necessary ‘sing clase "A" cone, ‘SOLUTION -1 (By Volume Method ) 1. Find the volume of to wal foting. Length minus the space acupied by the pots o get the net enh 40.00 m.~ (2511 posts) 4000 - 378" 37-251, netength Volume = 15 x 50 x 3728m="279 cum, 2. Referto Table 1-2. Using class “A” concrete; muti coment: 279°x 90 = 26 bags ‘Sand: 270 x 60 = 140i m, Gavel: 279 x 10 = 286m, SOLUTION ~2 (By the Linear Meter Method ) 1. Solve forthe Net Long of he CHE wal Net ingth 2. Refer to Tablo 25. Along 18 50 em. footing mension lass "A" mre, my 10.00, = (25 x11 posts) = 37.25.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, Cement 37.25 x 675 = 25:4 bags ‘Send. 3725 x ‘O38 = 1 eum Gravel 3725 x 076 = 2e3.0u.m, ILLUSTRATION 2-11 tom the folowing gure, prepare the bil of meals using lass "Bmx or concrete snd mortar. a0 me . fh " ,~ SOLUTION, A, Solving for CHB 1. Find the Porimeter ofthe hotow block fence. P= 3(2500)+ 4(500) P = 99.00 meters 2. Suwract me length accuped bythe post, Levoth u 20 wah x 20 pots fou foomees : MASONRY ‘3. Find te net ength of CHE wa L = 98.00-400 = of.00, 4. Find the nt area o the CHE wat fence. ‘rea = 91.00 x 25m. Mt. ¥ 282m, 5. Find he number of 10m, CHB, Referto Table 2-2. ‘muti 228 x 125 = 2.850 siotas B. Cement Mortar for Block Laying 1. Pad the coment and send for block laying, Refer to ‘Table 22 Usieg cas 6" ture, mutiny 2. Comont: 228 x 522 = 119 bag ‘Sand: 228 % 0438 = ‘962 ay 10 cum, ©. Cemest Mortar for Plastering 1. If two ses of ne wal wil be plastered thon: ‘Area = 95.00m x 200m. nh. x 2 sides 'S = 305g. (inducing ine pests). Tate pote tha thei fh a ony 2.0 ees be. cause we 3 it ptr heal bel th sand ine 2. For plastering, refer 9 Table [Link] 18 mn thick Plaster alas "8" miu: moi Tabags Comore: 960 x 182 Sena 380 x m6 D. Solving for Concrete Post and Footing 1. Materials or CH footng. The net eth of te CHESIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE all is 0.00 meters, Referto Table 25 Ung a 10x40 footing age! s* mocure muspy Cement: 91.00 x 200 = 27.9 say 28 bags ‘Send: 9100 x 020 = 48 28) 20c1 m, 2, Find te volume ofthe concrete pots. Yolume = 20 posts x (20 x 20) x3.00/m. hi V = B¥cu m 2, Find the volume ofthe footing, Y= z0foatngs x (18.60 x 60) Vv = f08 on m 4, Toa Volume of posts an footing. Ad step 2 and 8 V= 24+ 108 = 948cu-m, 5. Raforto Tate 1-2, Using las "8 more; mt Coment: 348 x75 = 28.0a08 Send: 348 x 60 = 4740u m Gravel: 348 X 1.0 = 248 cum 8. summary 2,950 pees. 10% 20 x40 om, CHE ‘249 bags cement 20 ete meter sand 78 ee meter gravel ‘Eroblem Exercise 4. From the folowing gue, fd the fotowing ator 10 ied fr canston. '2) 15x20 x40 om. coneret hollow bocks 1) Cement and sand or morar and pasang. MASONRY ‘toed es }so0 r roveSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 2.8 OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS “The standard common types of cone Nllow Bock are ‘hote with tes holo ores es explaned in Seton 2-1, There fre however vanous type of blocks especialy designed for Chtectral ang stu! purposes such a; te setcher ick, the Lecomer tock, he shgle ond Bock, the hal ick andthe bam bios “The purpose of making these types of blocks Ist create 2 wider core fo accommodate conte an sta enforcement ‘The eatmating method le similar wih tba sanders type of ‘ook ising he constant vale of 125 ples per square meter fn 25 plecas forthe hal block athogh ths type stall determined by det courting. In estimating the cuanty of conte low Blocks, whats ‘consiered i no sdeporton athe Block. Tho exes ony ‘Bod in computing te coment mea for lok ying. “Tne invoduction ofthese special ypes of conecete Natow blocks vacated th use of ost and beams for hosing pO jects avoiding the much used of form lumber. The wal ts. ‘Sgned asa continuous nerockng suppor of he root rarung ‘Comer blocks combined wih suteher bcs ao used on ct rors provided win enforcement ites of reinforced concrete ‘ost With this method, the east of foms arbor wore fe as ‘Sevbstanial savings In block tying work, conte being a motu of cement, sand and gravel shou be Wed 10 tthe Ralow core ofthe bows for eoonamizal eazons.H coment mora wit be used {ith coro, cost wit be substantia hgh bocause ofthe Nghe ‘coment conten in popaton wh sand without arava Remember hat cost 1s the pomary coniseraion in any ype contain, ano use pure mara tal to oll oo oF the blocks ls Coster than To We a feinored concrete was ‘even forms are used. One can prove ths by apelyng hep fines os explained m chapter os CS. 2} pal ee NiaSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. ‘eg Caren ‘reve 20en | vm | orz0 | coer | omes ewe toon | 6 | ome | fom [Ooms Comer Blok 2cere em" | over | ar | nen 0065 Ete isem | oso | Or | over coro Sale Ena Block Zieore sem" | 008 | o53e | .o0e2 | c009 Hat Block aoe zien mmo | on20 | cos | o150 Beam Block al ae | Store om cere | ora | cosa | coos 2 cor tom, ses | o4as | toco_| caro ‘The mora for lock laying a mre of cement and sand Inks batwoen te ayer ofthe Blocks aporsamatey fan Inch or 12 mm as bending metoals. The nll core I lled wath concrete, mre of moran grav And the cre ‘wth pure tartar alone is avery caty constuction undertaking {oe advantage of cement manure at the expense ofthe ‘orator How to use the tao, the flowing example spre ented ILLUSTRATION 2-12 ‘A masonry wall 15 cm. tk requ 1,600 paces of 2core srteher toes, 100 phos sngle and tock 129 hal loc, 200 comer blocks and 80 paces bean ioc Fins the camont ‘and and gravel using lass B" mat mise, 1 SOLUTION amized the locks according os category an indicate ‘he numberof lees, 2am 160m Sela Bock 4.509 peces Spee ‘oo (Ceomer oe 20 eam 2 Refor'o Table 28, Under eolrn cass 2" mstre, multe DV the nareer of bork fo each coresponcing value in {be abe to get te coment, sand ara gravel rele 8) 1000- Srether Bock x 9612 = 612 bags X90 = 324 bags ©) 80 Beam Bock “Send: 8D x S040 = 03200. Grave 80 x 0070 = O86cum.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 3. Summary othe Materials 4800 soca icts 100s “hat ce 0 2-6 DECORATIVE BLOCKS Decorate noon blocks wo mantacie fom fer vats ha ‘ent mortar or clay. These types of const ‘eon wal sed fr vettalon and operative prpoces ae ] came in eg 4oxg | Sand per cetietis | wont | “Titer | exax2| ss | 8 | 20 | ow me | am | se | om Wxmxm | io | oe | Se | om Noxiaxse | tr | oa | oe | Ose soxiexse | te [vom | foe | oeSUMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE MASONRY 2-7 ADOBE STONE, ‘Adobe Stone is commonly used for fencing materials as, suastiute to concrete hollow blocks fr economic reasons, Lately however, the used of adobe stne was no fnger ited to the ordinary zocalo and fencing work but nso exonsively ‘sed ashing and decorative mata for exer and he, "ior of buings and other elated srucures, ‘The us of adobe stone for fences, tresses, cess foot: Ings, an steirs minimizes the use of morta ile uke work. Ing wih concrete holow blocks. Plastonng fs sometime, not ‘pplies specially when the design cals for expooute ef Se ara textre of the stone. ‘Tree tables were prepared simplify the process of obtin- lng tho quantty of adobe sione and cement mora for stone laying an lasening.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, naa euermsrumesse “4040 Cenentn Gage Ccommeciss |r Cssotaites | sane Soonen [sae [Efe | D| am Mota enaverep ines 18m Serie ane aa sin [oom [enara x Ton Te [an Gees. 3 |. 18 [a0 | ass is 3 ea 8 | 3 |e | deo | St | ILLUSTRATION 2.13 rem Figure 2-20, nd the quantity of adobe stone, camont ‘and Sand using dass “B" mor SOLUTION, [8 Solving for Adobe Stone Wall 3 4. Determine th ena ofthe fence minus the space 8e- ‘upid by tho utes, sasoxmy me erm «ff fem fl ef eal fe fanmoeisee ae cee ele omits Ce” Length = 15.00. (20% posts) (2 pot us the Wo 12 ede posts = 3) L = 14410 meters 2. Salve forthe net area of ne wah Area = $40 x 200m, = 2820.9.™, 3. Refer to Tatle 2.9, Using 2 18% 15 x46 om. adobe ‘Sone, mut 28:20 x 148 = 41a pieces ®. Solving tor Sutresses 1. in te ota tenath of the post 200m.x 4 posts = 8.00 meters 2 Referto Tale 240, Using 2045 butvess, miteSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 800 x 12stono permeterhight = 86 peces, 3, Fora4Sx60 buts ‘ootng refer to Table 210, be rmbt eoure fs 4. Maly: 4 x A ootings = 16 pieces 4. Aad th ruts 02 ant 3. 95 +10 = 112pleces Solving forWiall Footing 4. Length ofthe fenes minus the sp8e8 eccpied by the putes fot, 15 00m.~(45x3)= 1865 m 3 ls he 2 comer poss pls tha wo 12a the sides. 2. Multiply by 6 somes per meter tenth, Te adobe ton eld coven wal 80 spe 219, 1365m.x 6 = S2pleces . Solving forthe Cement Mortar 4. The area of he fence is 28.20, Refer o Table 29, Us- Ing clase 5° morar, multi Cement: 2820 x 281 = 8.0 boos ‘Sand: 2820 x 024 = “eau, 2. For buttresses and Yong = 112 pieces stone. Refer fo Table 210, Along 30x 45 butrots class" mire mulipy. Cemem: 112 x 027 = a0be08 ‘Sane: 112 x 0022 = “26 cu m. MASONRY, 3. Mortar tor wall footing = 82 ples, Referto Table 2-10, ung lass "B" macure; may 22 bees “8 eum, Cement: #2 x 927 ‘Sand: 82 x 0023 Cement m Bag 408 ce Le oe ‘Orerace | zao | eo] 180] 0n0 D. Solving for Cement Plaster 1 Find the total surface area of the wall and the but tresses be plastered (one foe) ‘Length = 15.00 + 2(45) + (15x6)= 162m ‘ea = 162 x 150m = 24339", 2. The neigh is only 1 50 because we donot pester the all below the ground tp. Refer Table 11, Using ass" mie, multay Cement: 243 x 240 = 5.83 say 6 bans ‘Send: 243 x 020 = 4Beu'm 3. This is for ono si paster ony, twe sides wil be Piastered, double the quantity. Summary ofthe Materia 812 plooes. 1515 4S om. adobe stone 20 bags Pontand cement 20 cube ctor cand.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Problem Exercise From the folowing fie. he numberof 18 x 20x 48 ‘en, adobe ston, the coment and Sand require fo construct {he fence using (a) Gass A mites) Clase © mire, The ln spel puasteng bth ses of ine Wal using ass B be MASONRY 2-8 RETAINING WALL he pracical use of ravay retaining wal cotrotieg by eon imiations. Indeed, te requred wll efse section i eases wi Heights ue to th eet ofthe tanga sol pres ‘Sie tte Behind te retaining wal 1 e ground water ove ses into te backil behind ar taining wall die {0 ether changing groune wate condton or colina wax surtace, the ltora pressure agsine ie wa Saleo changed. The combined eile f so ana ter sxeesure causes overtuning momerts and sing forces Tiss greater {han the candion whore thee tno water, “To avo tho nse of water tha x bulaing up Bind the re taining wal, @ weep Nol or ealector drainage systems a bath fre provided ae pan of the design constuction, Weep holes Should be at fast 3 nctesn ameter provid wi 4 grnular Sol itor fabric et the walt provert back reson. The ott Zonta spacing anges fram 1201 300 centimeters apart For taller wats, wo o more rows ot weap poles may be pro vided with types! vere spacing of 180 center Ak Satisfactory Retaining Wall Design inst Satisfy the Following Citerin 4. The baso an stem ofthe retiing wal mite capa lo of resisting the intemal sheer and being ements developing 352 result o sol and het loans 2. Thewall must be ste agaist ovetumng, 4. Thowal sructure muse tate agaist sing 44 The Dearing capac ofthe foundation mater topo. ite wal must no be exceeded 2.9 RIP-RAP AND GROUTED RIP-RAP. Fip-Rap is ether wih or without grou, wth or without Hor bucking. Stones tended fo" ripraping sh cont of rocksSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE which ore neartyretaraulr in section as posive. The stone Sha be tough, durable and denge, I sal be resistace 1 the feslon of sand wator and uae ir ail aspects forthe pl pote Intended” Aaabe sone shall ot bused unless epee. at Class of Stone for Rip Raping ‘Case A Stone ranging fom 1 025 ogame wth aloes ‘0M ofthe tones waghirg more tan 20 grams Class 6 Stone ranging om 30 7 ka. With at fast 50% of the tones weighing more that 60 klogras. Class © - Stones ranging fom $0 10 ka. With a ast 50% of ie stones weighing more than 80 logs. ‘Cass D- Stones weighing from 100 kg, 200g, wth at ast ‘0s of te stones weighing mor han 180 kas. xeavation and Pacing The bed for pap I excavated down tothe required depth and propery compacted. uimed and shaped. The. pap foundation is lid below ine depth ofthe soour fing the toe ‘wench wn ton of the same clase as specie. Each ston is ald with ts longest sxe perpendicular tothe slope in close contact wih acjacet stone, Te prep ls thot. ‘ughiy rammed int place and the fried slones are ait an ‘van igi surface, inereections between stones are fed wih ‘smal broken fepments fly rammed ino place. The sions are placed by hand or inividuy laid by me chine, Spaces between stonas a then filed wih coment mo {ar sufeiem enough t completely fl al the vods except the ‘ace srfae of te tones oh exposed. ‘Cement grout is placed startin fom the bottom othe top of ‘he surface and then swepl with as xcom Ar grostng, the natn J ‘Stone Grout Moe ‘sone Bios ic ame BET ILLUSTRATION 2-14 A sine cpap retaining wat $0 meters lon as show fa Figure 2-23 specty te use ef Class B stone with class © groutSIMPLIFUED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘mofure. Uist down the materials reared including the weep ‘ole rain pips and the gravel buck as rand S01 iter SOLUTION, 1 Solve forthe volume of he proposed pra, Volume = Width x Height x Length Vi 80x 400m x 69m, = 190 cum Veo (140.400) x 50m. 960 cum ola vole = 260.0, m 2 Refer to Table 2:12. Using ClssB sone end Clase © rout mitre, moipy (Cement: 260.1214 = 318.64 say 316 nage, ‘Sand: 260% 498 = 384 eaiermeors 3. Length ofthe siprap divide by the weep holes at 2.00 meters spacing dito, ‘50.00. = 25 pleco 3a pipe at 2.0 [Link] 200, ® masonry 4. For 2 layers weep halo, add 25 plees 3 a 1.00, Tota: 25 pe. 2 ameter a 150 long. 25 pes. cameter t 100"m. long 5. Find he volume ofthe granular so (rave fier. = 30x 30%000m, Y= 45 cay 5 cubic meters ©. Summary ofthe matls 260 cable metre Clas stone 5318 bags Porand comers 35 cue mers sand cable mers gavel 21 pleces 37x 3.00 PV pipe 7. For back ting, 2d 20% to volume or compaction, 2-10 CONCRETE RETAINING WALL ‘An essing sable earth ope can experience significant ‘movement called sop flue olan det changes ns "tral condion or marinduced changes. There ate nstances ‘where the mata in ct Dak sap down oth Tay or ‘anyng orton of the sheuge to aad The par of ak ‘we is common ins or cut slopes of homogenous fom ‘ronuar materi ILLUSTRATION 2415 ‘A gravy wal 50 metor long has the following cimensions ‘= shown nt fgure 2-24, Ist down the meter required using ass A concrete, SOLUTION 1. Find te volume of stem‘IMPLIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE V = (154+ 30)x 400 x 50.00 = 0 cum, 2. Find he volume of he footing, V= $0x1.50x5000 = 375 0u,m, 3, Tota vole of + and 2. v= osa7s 1275 ele meters 4, eterto Table 1-2, Using ss & mre, muy: Cement: 1275 x 90 = 1.148 Sand: 1278 x 89 = "o4eaom oravel 218 x10 = geen 5 For Reinorcement se plan and refer to Chaper 3 8. For Weep Hol pip, ave length by 2.00 meters. 5 pices at 60™m. 1" ayor ‘MASONRY 25 pecas at 50m. 2 layer 2S plecce at 40m. 3*1ayor 7. Find the volume of Grave iter Filer: VP 30% 3050 x3 yor = 13.5 cuble meters 18. Find the volume of backs materi V = 60% 400%50.00 = 120 cubie meters 8. dd 20% for compaction; 120° 24 = 144 cm 10. Surnmary of the Materials 1148 bags coment ‘ou. sand 428 cu. m gravel 7 pes.3°x 800 Pvc pipe 14 cum gravel 144 alm. Back tl mates 2-11 GABIONS AND MATTRESS CGabions and Mattresses are used to give permanent protec: ‘in and cuppor to seawall ver banks culverts, esarvoxs, ‘oad bridges and many other stuctures'in civil engineering Works. Gabions are box shaped canines made of tough woven hexagonal meting strengthened by selvedges of heavier Wwros. To further svengthen the container, dapivagm are ‘ded o avid the gabien it 1m carparments Recommended Uses hon fll with quaried stone on ste, Gabions and Mat tvesses prove to be exellent materials for constuction of retaining and ant-aroson structures, Major apatons include 1. Slope sabitzation for embankment and ting 2, Prevention of eason in ever embankmentsSIMPLIIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, ‘Coastal rotation in saa was and sand dunes ‘Sonsiruton ot river wore and channel kings. ‘Groynes projecting iri vrs rand waters td sea Protection of brkge suppor and sucundings Specification 2nd Mattessas are mvadable in many sizes wit chanel and moot Se ‘han der sees, spec Ie flag Lenath x Broadn x Heino) 2X amex AM 4am x tm Sm x tm, x tam 2. Whe dameter —pvameterin mm 20mm, 227mm 0°27 mm 8. Mesh size Waatnx Length of mesh tom x 12m ‘8m x Omer ome om METAL REINFORCEMENT 341 STEEL BARS Stel is ho most wicely used reoring mater for aimost all pes of conarete consituetion. isan excelent prin of Cone in relsing bo tnsion and compression sreeces ‘Comparatively, ste! I ten ties stonger han sonerst i e- sing compression losd an hundred mes stronger in nse “The design of concrete assumes tat concrete and ste! en forcomt acs together n resisting led and ewe 1 be Ie ‘he stato of smuttanscus deformation. Otvervite. the sel Cort tiga lp tom tw concrete nthe sone oSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE TABLE 34 STANDARO WERT OF PLAM OR DEFORMED RAND Length of Sel Bars in Mets som | Been oam_|” 500] soo | 780 [soo] sos | sz00 [ 1930 | om Siero | afc lem fc at ee & dim | 7m | am | ne | eo] sm | om | ro verano | aw | wo [oa ee ee aed eet Sire] | | [ez] a | m| TABLE 2 DEFORMATION RERUMENENTS Mafra tho tee ea a mre at (ee = ae eS aoe ‘ (ee ai) a leansigg [ia & ||| alee | x [oe car ee glee ce ia sn | oa os LS *SIMPIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE In onier to provide a higher degree of sufflent bord te- tween the concrete and te aiforcemen, see bars were oxo: ied wit surface deformation invanous forms and designs, 3-2 IDENTIFICATION OF STEEL BARS ‘elforing bars are provided wih ative markings ldentyng the name of tha manufacturer wth kena! freed nd he Bar Size number including tha type of steel bas pre sented 35 flows: N= Foret A For Ae. reune 2 3-3 BAR SPLICE, HOOK AND BEND In estimating the quantity of steel reinforcing bars, oe has {© gorse the atonal engi forte ok, te bond and the Spice whose length varies depending upon the mations 8s ‘rested by the Nana Bling Code, [METAL REINFORCEMENT [HOW TO DETERMINE SPLICING IZNOTH OF STEEL MARS “Types of Ranoccamert Mmm Spee ange 4 Tepn are 254 Bar se» 150 mm ILLUSTRATION 3.1 Determine the length ofthe slice joint fora 16 mem and 20, ‘mm siet bars under ihe following conden: 8) Tensile reisorcament ofa beam 3) Compressive reinorcement of turn SOLUTION (For 16 mm stee! bars) 4) Clasieation ofthe enforcement is uncer tenon, Mule ty 25% 18 mm [Link] = 550 mm or 55cm, )Fortho rlsoroemen under compression, muti 20. 18 mm + [Link] = 470 mm or47 om, ‘Therefor, te spice joint ora 16 mm tension bars $5 cen- ‘meters long and 4 centimeters fora compression bars SOLUTION (For 20 mm steel bar) Length of spc for tension bar 15x20" + 180,mm = 660 mm. oF 85 em, Length of spice or comeressien bars 20x 20mm $180 mm = 360 mm or $$emSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE [MILD STEEL MINIMUM HOOK AND BEND ALLOWANCE Hook Length = L +f [METAL REINPORCEMENT ook ihe ORES NOOK DBE ALONEMETAL REINFORCEMENT To those who have not yet boon exposed to dete dating work o etal eld constucon of enforced conereto, wil find Tateulto make adelales esis of tn varous yp ft Inforcement eure The various type of metal reinforcement that an estimator shou be ariarized with are ‘A. Conerete Hollow Block: Reinforcement. ‘This is he simplest typeof vertical and horizontal einoroe- ‘ment placed in between the layers andthe noon core ofthe Boeks Tis ype of reinforcement i Instaled and spiced poe essively withthe roo of he cancete hocks, B. Focting Reinforcements 1. Footing slab reitorement for srl and medium size footngs Dowel bars, anche, end band bars Beam rlaforearen fr mediom eansrction Beam and slab fe ge constcton Stumps . Post and Column Reinforcements 1. Mala vera! enforcement a. Single er . Bundled bars ‘2 Outertes 5 tnnerse ct erates 3. Spal Tes for creular ool 4. Dowels fe partons an other ze stachmentsSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, . Beam and Girder Reinforcements 1. Main Reinforcement a. sragn bar Bone bre © Adatonal et bars er tenion and compression Dowel bars for fuure atachment 2, stimupe ‘8 Open sirups B, Cheed Straight strps oes 3. Cut Bare % Overand aso ne support B. Batween supports Dowels and angers fr cling and prion B, Floor Slab Reinforcement 1. Main eimsrcaments Straight main reinorcing bars extencing fem one ‘eam fo the ater b. Aferate main relooring bars wih bend between ‘and over the bear suppor. (eb fgure Moor slab Feintercemen’) ‘© Main atemate bars over surpod (beam or ise) 2. Temperature bars ied perpencular tothe mala sin forcement 3. Adstlonalatemate ot bars oer ne support (beam). 4 Dowels and hangrs fr cling another atashment E. Other Types of Reinforcement ther special ypes of enforcement designed fora patou- lar structure which may be presantd n dt Nl unl ae Samilarzing wih these diferent parts and types of rears ment coud one make a sound and relate estimate [METAL REMFORCEMENT 1. The main reinforcement of post. colunn, beam, girder and the the ‘trugures. are detormined by the spe Oe Counting Mathes, tha i. by counting the numberof main vetica enrcement on one svucture then ruled by ‘he toa umber ofthe same type or category inthe ple. 2. Do nat forget to include the action nat for hook, Bend ‘nd spices for ena lapping joins. The adional length i ‘he one most often overlooked in ordering length of tee bars. erering ste! bas, akays think of minimizing the ples cannlbe totaly avoid 3. For ater reinforcement pats such a steal tes, stups, Spral, dowels ct bas andthe fie shoud be tronted ot ‘atmaics separately ene time taking ino consideration the acona Tenth forthe hak, bend, ad sping length. 4. Aor knowing the length of the Ito es, stirups and "ther sir parts, slet the sel are from the various ommercalfengih of 600 to 13:50 meters lng where these cut bare coud be obiined evoking ot minimizing Uinocessary era cts xa ets are wane when casa eas nk materia. 5. Considering ts cot Te We for ritorcement ois is bigviem in large constucian work. Th length ofeach te ie shouldbe cu the minimum required tngth based on the clameter of te bars fo be ted on. Indlsrminate ct ‘ing oft wre should not be permed 3-4 REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE, HOLLOW BLOCKS See! bar as enforcement Ie @ requirement fora ype of ‘oneroo and masonry works. The National Biding Cove has ‘romulatedgudeines on how ana what nd of rneromentSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 's appropiate fora cetain type of work depending upon the ‘Purpose for wilh Its serve, Theale and spacing rogue. Monts for coerete holow Back reinforcement mus bee ‘cated on tne pan 2° Speccations Concrete how bck reinforcement could be determined in thro foro ways: 4.8 te Direct Counting Method [Link] the Area Method 5.8) the Unt Block Method ‘The Direct Counting Method Under th dee courting mated, he vertical and horzontl ‘reinforcements are souriea away i the plane enath ‘5 also determined trom ne clevaon. The hook, bend and lap ing sples are Imapinably clctlated and added to As length Deon its very rae fo See a plan In large scale crawng ‘Showing tls portulerrequremante of relforsng ses! bars, ‘Thus estimators must be familar with te hook, he bend ard splcng requrements ob abo to werk eflecvel even i te ‘lan isnot accompa weh such deta, Ine event tht estimating by the Direct Courting Method is semen cet, one can use the Area Method wih te dof “Table 5 prapared fo this purpose Estimating by the Area Method ‘The Arms Meth sth Simplest approach in comping the steel bar renforcarsem for CHB with he ai of Table 8. The ‘values preseod in ne late include the allowances requred for standard bend, hook and lapping sles, ILLUSTRATION 3-2 From Flour 5-6, detemine the qumber ot {(@) 10%203400m on (©) Vertea onorcement spaced at 80cm, (©) Honzontal enforcement at ovary 3 layers. METAL REINFORCEMENT on, ep Stim an eee ‘oe entree | wont ence sonia | agers intr _| Seer | eng se em [Beta | Prsc | tar | Perio | Perse m wo_| os | seo | « | ome | im SOLUTION ( By the Area Method ) 4. Sov forthe Area ofthe fence ‘Nea Length x Height = 400%3.00"m AE 20-m, 2. For vetcal reinforcement spaced at 80 centimeters, re fort Table 25, Under ealun length pers muy 12.q.m.x 4.80 = 1920, ngSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Solve forthe horizontal bars at ory 3 layers. From Te ble 3-5 under Horizontal Rvworcariet per square me fee, mati 1289. x 218 = 25.80 meters ong 4. Aad the rosa of and 3 1920+ 2540 = 48.00 meters 5. Convert his value to he commercial length of ste! bar, ay 6.00 motors iong, vie: 4500, = 7 over 8pes. 10mmx 6.00". long 6.00 SOLUTION (By the Unit Block Method) ‘Solving the same problem of Musraion 3-2, by the Unt Block Method, we tave the fllovng soko 4. ind th area ofthe wall ex = 400%3.00m, = 1289.m, [Link] the number of hall tacks, Rete to Table 22 tly (CHE: = 1259, m.x 125 = 150 pao 3. Reterto Tate 3.5 1) Vertical reinforcement ‘sel Bar por back mip 180 x 0:28 = 10.2 meters ong, 280 cm. spacing, length of 1) Horizontal bars at every str layers, eter again to ‘able’, engi of soo ar per look mul 180 x 0.172 = 25.80 meters og, METAL REINFORCEMENT 4. Ade results of (a) and) 192 + 2520 = 45.00 meters ong ©. Convert this length othe commercial siz of sel bars, '2y 600 meters ong, Dive -45.00m, = 7.5 onder 8 pieces 10 mm x6.00 m. ‘00, 3-5 TIE WIRE FOR CHB REINFORCEMENT “Te wie refers to gauge N18 gtvanzed iron wre popular noon as GI. Ue vive Tie wre used to sure the see ars Into ts designed positon Ordonng te wir snot by fet not by ‘meter length btn flograms oro. One rolls eqvalentto 48 ‘grams, appreximatly 2385 meters t 53 meters per Klo- om. “The length of each te wee depends upon the sie ofthe bar to be tad on Tle we cat it length ranging rom 206 40 centimeters fr small and medium eze see br, For ager ‘Seo bars, the lena of tas vanes depending upon the conven Tenoe ofthe tel man, ‘This pariousr tom of consustion materi is layin cuted in tho bit of matenas bl never bean computed. The ‘qariy's determined rough 8: more or less calculation. In Shor, isa quanay with uncoraty offs accuracy. The oly ‘hing that i cota is other t's overestimated or nde ex mated which sos bad as theater Length of Tie Wire Reinforcement ‘The common s2e of sel bar reinforcement spectied for concrete low bleck wesk ether, 10 rem 12mm oF 16 mm ‘daneter depending upon the plan and specications, Fr this Darlelr sie o reinforcement, 225 to 40 centimeters ong Ve ‘fle a he contr stacey.‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE TABLE 36 No 141. Ee FoR Ch ENFORCEMENT lars par Ser Unertpecho | zene | 200m Te i i gee [esa | B88 : i gee see |see 388 (BBE |BEE 288 (882/888) ILLUSTRATION 3-3 CContning the soon of Huston 32, fi the requed “Tie Wien Klograms ie reitororants are spaced at 41. Varica bars space a 80 centimeter an one horizontal bars a every ater 9 layers ofthe Block 2. Vertical bars at 60 centers and one harzontl bar at very aftr 2 layers ofthe block 3, Tie wie in klograms. SOLUTION -1 ‘Area = 4004300 ‘A= 1209.1, 2. Referto Table 2.8. Alona 80 em. veal spacing and'3 layors horizontal spacg of reforoament a 30, lng tle, muti 124 mx 024 = 20198 #16-G.L wee 102 METAL REINFORCEMENT SOLUTION -2 1. Find the wal re, ‘ea = 400x300 = 1259.m 3. Refer to Table 2-8, Along 60 cm. vertical spacing with ‘one horizontal bar et every ater? ayers of Bock and ue ing 20 nl we, mati 12.54. m. x O44 = 053 klograms # 16.6. wre, More of his ie Wire wil be presonted in we sucseeaing examples on sioe inforcement 3-6 INDEPENDENT FOOTING REINFORCEMENT Independent column footing is ao refered to as indivi) or isolated footing, The ACI Code provides thatthe minimum Underground protective covering of conree (0st rnfrce: tment shall tbe lss than 7.5 esnimetes, The renorcemet {or his type of arvcture is determin by dest counting rom ‘he detalled plan under the folowing procedures: 150 L hs L beta lmghaLearsen) [POURE 7 NOMDUAL FooTIE REMFORCEMENT 1. Know th actueleimension ofthe footing a os length‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 2 Consider the 75 em. minimum underground protective avering of coneet tothe ste enorcoment. ‘3. Ihe plan doesnot specty hook or Bend ofthe footing ‘einforeement, the length ofthe bars eq tothe length ‘or widh ofthe footing minus the 7.5 protective covering ‘at both ends 4 IF tho plan Indicate hook or ber of te enforcement the bar eit should ince the aowsnoes forthe ook ‘and band as presente in Figute 2-4 and 8. ‘5. Know the spacing stance of the sel bas both ways to Setermine the exact number required. As much as pos: ‘Slo, select the appropiate commer! length of ssl Barwich is divisible bythe required cut length to avoid ‘rwanted cus (one important consderaon In estimating soe bar rin- forcement ts 10 find the requled lgth and quantity of parila einforcamont then encoeseormarcl length bars ‘leh wn cut a te requred sizes wl manirize Una ‘us, For insta, 5 lees 1.20 meters long needed he ‘ost weal order i 8.00 meters ong steel ba. Likewise, Ifthe work ogres 280 metas ct feng, te order wil hot Be 8.00 ‘ters but 750 meters tong ste! Drs. [+——] [URE 34 WOEFENDENTFOOTH RENFOREEMENT 108 [METAL REINFORCEMENT ILLUSTRATION 3-4 uli zr 2 tnd muni of 12m el as bert Tavog 2 oneal messin 1.50 x 1.50 meters, siatias SOLUTION 1 Find the net engi of one out enforcing bar Neenah iss 150m.- 2661 = 1.38 meters. 7 22 Find the ttal numberof these ct bars none fotng 10 x 2 = 20pleces of 12mm at 135m. long. 3 Find he total umber of et bars in 24 feotings, Tota cut bars: 24x20 «480 pieces ‘4. Mf 6.00 meters long see! bar wil be used, we obtain the Tetlowing es 800m = 4.44 pices 435m, 5. The rest simply mean that fone 6 meters fng sce bar we could get 444 pcos at 136 meters ong, We ml fot consider the faconal vale of 44 becaus ts los {han 1.96 meters length of one cat ba Instead, we wi ‘only use the whale valve 40. ©. Divide he rest of step 3 by 4.010 get the number of 6 ‘meters steal brs required. “to 120 pleces steel bars at 8 meters ng,SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘Comment: “ake noe that 44 of 1.85 is equal to 59 meters only. tis omar than the roqied 136 meters ci, That ste reason ‘ity the fraclona amour of 44 wae oot side sing ony the ‘anole va oF 4.0 a dvs of 480. Exons ots however, may bereterve for ater needs nthe const, Example of Common Exrors in Estimating Steel Bars ILLUSTRATION 3-5 Using the same problem of station 34, Figure 28, the length of ane cut anforeing bas 1.25 rete: ong, Tn 1. Find the foal umber of cut bar none fot 10%.2 (erosowse) = 20 pieces pr footing 2-Telal cut bars or 24 eoings 20 x 24 ostings = 480 pleces 1.35 m. ng 5. The otal ona of scat bars 4001.95 » 048 meters 4. Cenver tis value 9. cemmarial orth of eel br, ‘ay 6:00 meters ong Ova 940m. = 108 lec of 12 mm. «6.00 ms soo Analysis: ‘Comparing the resus ofthe two procedures, he former has +20 steel bars whe no ltr has only 108 ofa rence of 12 Pieced ‘The aiference is te osu by lcleding the faconal mount of 44 as part of the divisor inthe second soln, METAL REINFORCEMENT Tne secand soliton however, cou be cares ifthe quotient ‘n dvidng te erg of one commercial ste! ba by the length ‘fone Gt bar yols @whole number On te cortray, fhe pe Sut has a fraconal amount, the second exams wl ot ive & sarc pew no “The suon of istration 2-5 would be crrect under th ok toning tastraton, ILLUSTRATION 3-6 From Figur 32, determin the number of 12 mm. diameter steel bars including the to wie in Klograme i tee are 30 ces 1.1Sm.x 115: independent square footing w= {Ea ae SOLUTION 1. Determine th length of one rintrcng cat br Netlength = 1,00 + .20 hook 1.20 meters 2, Find the tt rumber of ot bars none footing,SIMPLIFIEE CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE N= 6x2{croseuse) = 12 lees perfoting 8. Find the total ot bas for 30 footings ‘2eut ars x30 footings = 860 pecas. 4 Find he ttl oth of 380 ps. ct bars at 120 m, long. 980% 14.20 = 432 meters ‘5 vio by 6.00 m. eth of one commercial tel bar 452m, * 72ploces 12 mmx 6.00 m. steal bas. 6 ‘Comment : 1. ‘The above solution is comoet because in diving 800m 4.20 (length of one ct bs), wo gt an exact aout of 5.3, Meanng, here sno ena et lane 6.0 eters 2. In sop 5, dividing 432 by 6.00 meters, yield an exact umber of 72 poses a 6.00 meters soe ar. Tertoe, safe oxacly te came witout excess, Solving the Same Problem by the First Method 4. The-nt length of one at brs $.20 meters andthe ota ‘numberof bars 90 footings s 360 peoes. 2. Select commercial eat of set bar which is dvsbe bby 1.20 wot extra cut. Try 600 meters long steel bees. oat ieee! 420m ‘3. This simply mean that na 6.00 meter lng set bar, we obtain exaty 5 paces at 1.20 mfg cut Bar, Onde the {otal xt brs Yor 30 footings By 8 [METAL REINFORCEMENT. IO. = 72 ples 12: x6.00 meters ste! bars “The question now is, won to we heft method and when to use the second, The folowing rl vl hep in oa owing 1 In making the {Determine the net ongth of ene enforcing eit bar 2 Divide 6.00 meters oF ay chosen convmercal length of seal barby the recut of op 8. Ifthe resin cvcing the length of une soe! bar byt engin of ne cut bars a whele number (ext vale) use ‘he secora procedure 4. overeat has facsona val se the st method atimating The Footing Tie Wire Esai Te re as ty decussedn Secon 28 ender the relreemet for CH. Appyng the sare pn in streton 34 and 20, we have e along exampiee A) Setving the Tie Wire for Hstration 3-4 4. Looking at the plan of Figure 38 there ae 10% 10 = 100 inersection of soa bars tobe tied erating 2. Solve forthe ttal ies of he 24 footings: $0024 = 2400s, 23. Using a 20 centimeters lng tes, mutipy 2400.30. = 720 meters G. wie, ‘4. Conv tis enh to klograms. (One klogram of No, 18. tie wre is approximately 3 meters long) vide TB. = 1358 say 4 Kgs #166 ie.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION uSTIMATE, B) Solving the Tie Wire tor Mlastration 3-6 1. Looking a the plan of Figure 2-2. Tere are 98 ste! bar Intersecions tobe bed wih Gi ire 8x8 = 36 ties por footing 2. SoNve forthe otal tes of 30 fotgs 98x20 = 4,000 ies. 8, tone tes 20cm. ong, te total length of 1,080 ies: 30m. x 1,080 = 524 meter long, 4. Conver thie org to klograms. Using tho value of 53 rmatars per Koga, ve! 24m = 6.1 Hlograms # 18 GL. wie. 3 3-7 POST AND COLUMN REINFORCEMMENT ‘Tho ranforcomant of post and column to be onsiered in ths stay ae! (2) The masn of veal forcement, @) THe ‘strats or) Spa efor devi cotr, [METAL REINFORCEMENT “Tne quantity and length of the maigrinorcament is datr- ‘mined by te “iret Counting Method giving sped aenton {0 the adtonal opt for LapJolnts of end spcas ‘Alone for being aor hook © ‘Aedtnallngth Yor beam depth ad Noor hicknoss if {he helgtt ineatod Inthe plan i rom foro cena, 4. Dietance from fear to footing sab ©. Provisions fr spews of succeeding ors, ILLUSTRATION 3-7 From the following figure, ist down the main reinfocement ‘om the footing to te second Maer sng 20 mm there ae 10 ‘columns inte planSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. SOLUTION 4. Determine the tta length of th rain soe ar reinforce- ‘ents 4, Bend atthe bese foctng 20 Bengt rom ocing fo ground Roar. 1.20, Height rom ground Ineo beam... 880 4. Depin of beam 50 f. Totnes ofthe or sab 18 1 Dowel oF second oe 2020 mn aD ‘Total Length ofthe Rentercement... 395M 2. Sect 8600 meters long toe bar 3. Mutiply by umber of bars in one pos 10 post 8x 10 = Bopieces ‘4. Onder: 80 pes. 20mm x 6.00 mer ong ses bas 3-8 BEAM AND GIRDER REINFORCEMENT “The Dirt Courting so far isthe best method in determining tne number of main reinforcement of Beam and girder. The Tenath however, Is detarmiped by the pyscal conation of he ‘Svcure in eatin wah suppor, 1. Verity the plan ifthe span or distance of the column here the Beam is resting indoates the following cond “d) Centorto carer ofthe column ) Otero centro the column 6) Outer fo outer sie ofthe column (Inset sie span 2. Vert the splicing postion ofthe enfercoment tis ad. Juste to te commer length of steel bars. Take nate {hate lesser te spice the lesser she cos ‘METAL REINFORCEMENT 3. entry tne bars with nook and bend fr ajustmant of Aer ofr tng ‘conve cater | Cai ere ‘re ie ‘aerisovernte | 3-9 LATERAL TIES ‘ed column has reinforcement consisting of vertical bars ed a pooner rtforcament called iatoales. ‘The ACI Code provides that “AU non ro-ressed bars for tod column shal encesed by tral es of af east Ne 3 Site fr ongtuaina are No. 10 or saber and feast Ne 4. Site fer No. 1110 18 ard bundid longtual bars" ‘The Code Provisions Simply Mea that: 42) Ne main ongtudnarelorcement of ad clumn isSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. ‘No. 10 bars or smal n size (ane na 30 ran) te Lat ‘ti Tes shuld not be smal than No.3 ba #0 em 1b) fhe main reiferement ofa ted coun is No, 14 to Nor (25 mm tos mn) an bud ars, he Lateral ‘Ties shoul not be ese than No, or 12 a lareter. “The Code further provides that Lateral Ties Spacing shall not exceed the folowing: 1. 16xthe ongutina bar dameter 2, 48 the lateral Ue bar ameter or ‘3, The lest elmension ofthe column ILLUSTRATION3-8 Determine the spacing dstance of the otra is for a tea colua as show inne following Howe - METAL REINFORCEMENT SOLUTION 4. Determine the spacing dstence ofthe ler es, 8) 16x20mm = 320 mm or32 on. 1) 48x 10 mm = 420 rm or om, 1) The hast side ofthe column = 30 0m, 2. The lowest value is 30. Therefore, adopt 80 centers spacing ofthe ltr tes avsseenunea nal envel eae ILLUSTRATION 3-9 ‘A buena has 25 square eolurs 7.0 igh wth cross saconal mansions of 50% 50/m wi 8 pleces 20 mn main Feinorcoment. Find he lateral es roqured using 10 run and Ihe earesponding be we, SOLUTION 1. Determine the spacing of te ateral es 46%20mm, = 220mmor320mSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 48% [Link], = 480 mm or 4 om, The 2 Adopt 32 om. spacing ofthe aterel es being he sma 8 Determine the number of aterl tes in one column. Spacing * 7000, N. = 21.875 sey 22 Son ae eat stn a 5 cimension othe colunn i 69 cm, 4, Tave not that tis 22 isthe spacing dtance between laterals. What we ae trite numberof tes none Calum eight. Aaa ane te get the numberof ater es, No. ofLatorl Tes: 22+1 = 28 peoes, {5 Salvo forthe et! tora tis in the 26 cols Total os: 23x26 cohenns = 588 tes 6. _Detamine the length of one Lateral Te. By Inepecton ‘ees 180 em. oF .80 melee ong, METAL RECFORCEMENT 7. Find how many 1.80 maters could be derved trom, 8 ‘commercial eng of ste! bars ranging fom 6.08, 750 198.00 meters fog. By tal vision we have, 9Q= 389 180-418 00 = 50 130 20 0 8, From the above resus, slot 5 for having oxact value ich means exact plese could be dared from 8 1.00 met ong soe bar ®. Divide the total numberof tes in stop § by the valves found asap 7 toa the numberof tet bas required 598 = 1198 say 120 50 10. Order: 120 ps, 10 mmx 9.00 meters ang see! bas Comments: 1. Step 7s vary important because without thse adv ‘sions, cuting ould be done on 46,00 mo 7.50. ‘ee! ‘bars making 50 many oxa ctsto be caceed ater as surplus or oka 2. Incases whore results ofthe tal dvsons doesnot give an exact austen, lt becomes the estimaters choice to ‘decide wich length to use that wit nol preauce exces. Sve wate 3. In tis example, we nave leamed,how to program the ‘buying snd eating of ste! bas for tral bs mae ‘ng net ttl avding unwed ets Solving for the Tie Wire 1. Find the number of main reinforcement in one calumn ‘multiplied by the umber of intersections wah the ltrs tiesSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. © bare x 29 Ineral os = 104 intersections pe column 2. Fi the total intersections inthe 26 columns: 104 x 26 = 4704 tes 3. This 4786 is he tla numberof Tie Wires, If each Ho is 40 -, tong, mtn get he fla engin meters. 40x 4.704 = 1,914 meters Gi. wire 4. One Kiogram of No, 16 G1. wr is approximately 52 me- ters, die 1.gl4m. = 36.1 say 37 ogres ILLUSTRATION 3-10 From the folowing Riu, fd te nun tie tere are 30 coum at 8 meters igh ti wire i hlograme 30 ator cf Inuaing he zen eee ei mem [seen [le Sect rai Levan secnon cenosssecron METAL REINFORCEMENT SOLUTION 4 Determine the spacing of he lateral ties 16x20mm = 320mm, or 320m 48410 = 480 mm. Or 48 on “The least denencon ofthe column 40 a, 2. Adopt 32 an. spacing, the sms valve fund {Determine the numberof steal tas none colun Spacing = BOOM M = 25peces+1 = 26 32m 4 Find te oa laters es i the 30 coum inner Tes» 26x30 = 780 pcos Bb) Outer Tes: 3830 » TaD pieces 5. By Inspection. the length ofthe tert tes ae 8) tnnerties = £00 am, oF1.09 meter 1) Outertes = 140 em, or #40 meter 8. Find now many 1.00 meter ant 60 meters could be ae rived fo a egret! eng of soa Bar. By tial hy fon we have 8) £60m.= 60pes, theres nas no fraction, 00 28 pes. wih ration, try anne length ») gon m 140 €) 280m = 5.38 ps. ath acta, ry ante nah 140 i 44) 900m = 642 ps5. sl win tacion 0 7. Tho reots dette that we use 6.00 meters sce basSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 4) Forinner Ties: 789 = 430 pieces e 1) ForouterTies: 700. = 105 128 (dregarong 28) 8. Add (a) he) = 825 pes. 10mm x6 m, soe bar, “TAB 24 MOMBE OF LATERAL EW ne STEEL RAR [METAL REINFORCEMENT [Link] Tie: 8x 25x30 ookemne = 6240 es 2 Using Adm. Jong Te Wr, the tla lent of the we 406.240 m= 2.488 meters 3. Convento Klograms. 2488. = 47 Klograms cy “Table 38 was propared to simply futher the estimate of conan lor! es and stops fr beam and gee. The x= en ‘Tas |lmatees| Sane | amipercnome try spy meen that such lengh of steel oars, net recom. oa ae cas ae aero cafet eal ra ea ayers ws aces Reva e, Tai aaa a eee eater a eee Seite (EU aIn) s 1 Hoe (ee ae) elem, ‘A baling has 20 columns wtn oss sectional emensons ee ee oe ta) eed bok bd lhe 180, x}xfal sfx FL semm tse BEAGLE a Solving for the Tie Wire 4. Find the numberof intersections between the main rela: forcement and the lateral ts. TeSIMPLIFIED CONSIRUCTION ESTIMATE SOLUTION 1. By Inspection, thee are iypes of tral Hos. 8) Ouerties = 125 em, with hook bb) Innertles. = 80cm. wih nook 2 Find the ttl length ofthe 20 columns 7190 x 20 lama = 140 metas, 2 Re 140m, x34 = 480 pes. outer tes 420 pes, of erties 4. Refer again fo Table 2-8. Under length of tes song 125 centimeters, 4 and 6 paces could be deve fom & 80 and 780 miter see ars respectively. I 6 cus ls cho: 480 = 80 pcs-10 mm x 7.60" steal bars . 5. For the-80 cm. ong lateral tas, 6:11 and 15 cus can be band from 50 m, 9.0 mand 12 mats see ats Fospoatvely If 17 chosen, dvd! 490 = 43.8.9y 44 pes -10mm x 9.00”. see! bas 8. ner: 80 pss. 10 mm x 7.50 m. steel bare 4 pes, 10mm x 9.00 m ste bare 7. ning tho Te Wire we have: 420 lateral tos x 8main eistorcement = 9,040 tes to Table 3-8. Une spacing of leteral tes at 30 on, stance, there are 3.48 places per ster Neigh Mali) [METAL REIVFORCEMENT 8, Whe lena ofeach i is 40 em. find he tll eng 3.840% 40 = 1,596 meter 8. Convert klograms, dive by 58m 1g$om.= 280 say 28 togams Problem Exercise From the following tour, fd the numberof 10 mm ae tis and ie we I tere are 36 conn uth eros secant ‘mensions of 0.80 em. at 1200 meters fong per calua, TA oem HT | ba i om 3-10 STIRRUPS FOR BEAM AND GIRDER ‘Stirup isthe structural reinforcing member that. hols oF binds ogether ine main renarcement of Gea ideo designed poston. The te types of stinup commonly aed ae ‘he open simups andthe cose shins.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘Te procedures adopted in estimating the number of strane ‘forbear ana git the same auth the neal es a planed using Table 8-8. However, tho spacing slstace of he Etrup cequres special consideration beeuse ey ae orc aly ecoraing closer wards the supp. Henoe, tis important to get te average number of simupe per span oF by cet ‘courting rom tho dota pan ei Lf Beam sieves LI NCE Hee serine i Mey (We ILLUSTRATION 3.12 A renforcad concrete beam wah a ass-sction!dinen- slons es show! aLove spony te we of 10 mn open stimups 124 METAL REINFORCEMENT Spaced as shown in Figure 3-10, H tore are 18 beams ofthe ‘Same design nd the materia required or he sirup, SOLUTION 1. Bydct ountg, hr ar 17 sips at 9 6 ‘say 1.00 moter. os bans 2. Fin the toa numba of stirs 1716 beams 272 places 3. Refer to Table 3-8, Fora 1.00m, lng simupthe choosis eins 6.0 m.; 810 mor 12 meters lng tee! Bar For ‘285/nancing use 6.0 meters ong, Dvd 22 = 453 say x —10 mm x6.00meter ioe te“SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 3-13 From Figue 3-20, compute he numberof 12 mm stp ‘equiva ter ao 12 gor ofthe sae design. SOLUTION 4. By direct counting, there ae 15 stimups pe span, ihore ‘are 12 gers; muy 18x 12ainders = 180 stirups 2. By inspection he length of ene sirup is 150 em. Refer to Tatle 38, along 180 on. length of es 4,56 and 8 ‘cus could a dave from & 007.50: 8.00 and 12 me- tors ste! bars respectively Itwe chose 6.00 og, 45 place [Link] x6.00 m, sos bare 4. we cose 7.60 meters long ste! bars we get 480 = 28 paces 12mm «750. 5 3-11 SPIRAL AND COLUMN TIES “The pial cenforcamont consist of evenly spaced continue cous spirisRola firmly Ia piace by atleast three veal Dar Spacers under the folowing consderatons 4, That ne centro canter spacing of the spiral shoud not txceod 6th pat of tha dlametar core. 2, That. th clear spacing between te spirals should no exgeed 75 commas poles han 5.0 carat. 3 Tate clear spacing between te spas be ess han ‘17 tims the beget! size o he couse agoropate v8 META REINFORCEMENT ILLUSTRATION 3-14 ‘A spiral column with a ross sectional ameter of 0 em. re- guites 10 mm spiral relnforeement as shown the fotowing ‘gure. there ar 16 columns a 700 mater high, tnd Ine umber o 1 mm ses ars needed foram pct spat. He Hera Hl i 1 SOLUTION ‘A, Solving the Spiral Relaforcement 1. Total ong of 14 colurns: 7.00.m. 14 = 98 meters, 2. in he number 010 mm be spirals Refer to Table 3: 8, Fora $0 em, colurm damete, 50cm itch using © 8.00 mater tet bors, muliy 98 m.x 4918 = 482.1 say 489 10 mm x8.00m, 3. 19.00 meters willbe used as spa, fro Table 3.9, song 0 om eolum diameter. § om, pc unde 9 ee bars the ant ie 3223, Mp 98 mx 322 316 pieces. 10mm x9.00m,SIMPLIFUEB CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ES. a eee Bel mae elie] is 2 | is 4 Total eng of he wire [METAL REINFORCEMENT Finding the Te Wire Fin the numberof verti bars per column = 12 pooas 2. Referto Tobe 3-0, Unger SO em. colrmn dame, Sem fit, the numberof tum per mat neght 2 Mampi 42x21 = 252 Tes pr met hegtt 3. Total Tes for 14 cpr at 7.60 m, hgh is 282 x 7.00 x 14 26.006 tes 30-m. ong per 24890 x 30 71408 meter 5, Convert Klograms. Divi by 53 1409 = 1308 say 140 elograms ‘SSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 3-12 ONE WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB (One of the most commonly ustd cones oor systems the sold la that i continuous over aril! supports The sup. ‘ots may consis of Bearing was of masonry oF set of eventy Spaced conerete berms. The prnapal enercement rns Ih ‘one aracon perl othe slab span and perpendicular tothe ‘Supports. One method used fei tha numberof sel bars for'a oneway reforced concrete slab ltr by te oreet METAL REINFORCEMENT ILLUSTRATION 3-15 From Figure 222 of a one-way relfored concrete sib, do- termine te numer ot 12 mm, ste bars including the ie wie roquled ‘A, SOLUTION (By Given Data rect Counting ) ‘Spacing of main reinercement = 18 em. “Temperature bar spacing 30cm. ‘Size tte reinfreoment 2mm ameter “Type of reinforcement = One way 1. Find he pumer of main enforcement at.18-m, spacing 5,10 = 38 paces e 2. This 38 isthe spacing between bars, an to get the ‘hunter of steel bars 8341 88 +1 = 38 places x 6.00 m, main enforcement ‘This 88 bars are he alternate salah and bend bars 8. Find he numberof cut bar In between the bent bars S001 = (20 x 2des) = 40 pes. at 140m. 2 4. Using a 8.00 meters soe! ar cide by 1.40 to get the ‘numba fei none see er 800m. = 4.26 cus (use 4 dsrgerting 28) 140 5, Divide the result of step 9 by tis 4 cus 40. = 10 ploces at 6.00 soe bars 4SUMPLAFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 6. Find the main enforcement add stp 2 and step 6 38+ 10 = 49 pieces 12 mm x8.00m, Finding the Shrinkage and Témperacure Bars 4 Across te main einfrcament, divide by 30 spacing $50 + 1 = 1929-00720 places 6.00, 30 Alona the 1.40. span top bars. 140 + | = 54 say pleces at 8.00 meters 30 3. Since hare ae 2 ses a 140., multiply 8x2 kos = 12peoes at 8.00 meter: ong 4 Ad ne resute of ten | ena tap 2 20+ 12 = 32 ploces 5, Summary Mam reinforcement 20 +10 = 48 pce 2 mmx8.00™. Temperature bars 20+ 1232 pes_'2'nm x8.00%: “ola BY poss #2 8.00, ew be noted thatthe presedng sluton by Direct Count- ing Method is sora whet campleated considering Ia hee a6 {tee diferent toms of eintorcement volves 9) The main reinforcement camposed of sight and bend tars 1) The cu alerate bare between te bend bars end ©) Thesivnkage ar tomserstre bas “Table 3-10 was prepared for a mote imped solaion in feng the reinforcement of a ove way slab by the 30 called ‘Square Moor Area Meth. 12 [METAL REINFORCEMENT IM KONEWAY REAPORE=D CONCRETE SLAB so gaa eens cS a cereal eres acl coe Eas oes ee Sues eel ee puathnnetmethe obec Caen erg of Sts Bar eC TO ‘att | oz] aoa] exe ja SUES pels) its 250 [09 | tis | om] tra B. SOLATTION (By the Area Method ) 4. Determine the oor ares. ‘Aa: 5.70 x 6.50 = 31,35 square meters 22 Refer to Table 310, Using 6.00 mater long stel bars C18 em, spacing distance, mati.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 31.38 x 2504 = ples 12 mm x 8.00 meters Solving the Tie Wires at 30 em. long Refer to Tele 2-1, slong bar spacing at 18cm. sing 20cm te wit, mii 3135 x 228 = 748 say 8g. #186. wie. ILLUSTRATION 3-16 From the folowing for plan, find te quantity of ste! bars and thei wre route using 12 run x 750 mers tal bars SOLUTION 4. Solve forthe Area of the Nove: 7207.00 = 50.4039, 2. Roer to Table 3-10 along 125 spacing, ender 7.60 m. ‘ool ba, muy 8040 x 2381 = 120 pleces 12mm x 7.80", ‘8. Fore wre, refer to Table 311, sing 8 30m, ong mutipy ‘5040 x £207 = 155 klograms METAL REINFORCEMENT 3:13 TWO-WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB 2 two-way reinforced concrete sab consists of @ mutipie bays of sal twp slab supporied by beams oe avg of so away soe by bea‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 3.17 From Figure 3:24, deteoine the numbot of 12 mm stel bars spaced at 10 on. on corer incuing te Go wre rule, SOLUTION ( By Direct Counting Method ) 1. Solve forthe umber of min retorcemant 350+ | = 27 pecss 2. There ate to cross un of mala renfrcement, mip 7x2 = Tapes 3. For additonal cit brea .80 m. long, 4 ets be ab- fain rom a 750 mse Bere ide 2 18.5 soy 10,08 12 mx7.50m. steal bas 44 Find tho Temperature bars across the 1.80 m. span soso 2 layer an at te etm atone ute 324) atthe bana & 10 8 #60 lees bars at7.50 mong ary of sel bers fem stp 2.9 end 74+19 80 = 179 pices 12mmx7.50-, ‘SOLUTION ( By the Area Method ) 4. Fed the aoa of oor las ‘METAL REINFORCEMENT. Foor soa 20x 720 = §1.865q m. 2. Referto table 312. Using a 750m: ste! tars at 10 em. ‘Sang of man reoreamert, mull ‘1.84 x 8997 = 473 places 12mm x7.50 meters TRENFERGED CONCRETE SLAB Pe SQUARE METER Bar Spacing] Nomber of Ste cee per Squat Meter ms | a0 | ite ts ‘sa cence tae ae ete sort rw SLAIN NLOOTAMS PER COUARE METERSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Solvieg forthe Tie Wire 4. Refer to Table 2-13, long 10cm bar specng and 30cm. ong te wi, mit by the area 5194 x 048 = 996 2, Order 37 kograms of No.18 Gi. wie 3-14 CONCRETE PIPE REINFORCEMENT ILLUSTRATION 3.18. From th folowing Figure, detenine the quanti of 10 mm ‘eel bas and thee wre equ SOLUTION 1. Solve forthe creumference of tho dle a mipoint ofthe ‘onsreletheknase"t” come = 3.416 (90+.10) » 2.1410 METAL REINFORCEMENT 2. Toll eng fone ring pus 15 m. spe, ani 15 = 329 meters 3. Find the total number of ing a 15 em, Spacing dance. 100m. 6:7 number of spacing distance "9 4. ck one to get the numberof ng: 87+ 1= 7.7 say 8 Plecas at 3.20 meters |. Find he numter of shrinkage an temperature bars et ‘sty 207, on oeter. 8.28 = 18.45 say 17 pisces 20 8. Summary of the Relforerens 8 pos. 10 mm. x3.280. tong 17 pos. 10 mm.x 4.00". ong Solve forthe The Wire 1. Total numboro ing mutpted ny the umber of shrinkage tnd temperature bar. 8X17 = 130 iesx.80.m. long porte = 41 metes 2. Convert this length to grams. Divide by 53. 41 = TT say 10 blograms# 186.1 wre 8 ‘Problem Exercise 1. A oad constuction requires 76 pcos conte pipe 0 centimeters sameter. Comput the umber of rn see! bar te wires andthe coneoe requled using cass A mir,SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 2) A food contol projet requires @0 and 50 pieces con- ‘ote pipes with 120 and 60 contmetors dato respectively ‘Compute for he flowing: 28) [Link] reieforemert fer he 120 0m, pipe ) 81mm relatorcement forthe 60 cm. po ©) Teewire 4) Conree sing cass A mbure 3) From the fotowing gure, te main ana lateral os «toa entorcement or 20 columns enc wh a height of 15 me. Main Reistrcanents 18cm Maio Renxcenen= 20mm este term ea Tee on ‘Meaht = 1Bmeters ——Helght = 24 meters ‘Suggested Estimating Procesures 4. For acccaey of the aera es cut engin make fl ale ‘rowing then measur the sea lengh, '. Chesk the loath of your te wie fom the ect! sie of ‘main sce ars andthe lateral is. 1. Remombo the ational ng for ook and bend [METAL REINFORCEMENT 3, From the following creer column, detemine the spiral reinforcement and thee wes requred unde te owing Specteatons: 4 Spiral onfrcement «0m D.-Paan of seal = Som, © Number of eolumna = 12 4 Helgi ofeach column = 6.00 m. Diameter of ie column = 58 coninetors Numer of mais enforcement 1616 mm 4. Determine ie required reinforcoment and ie wie of « one way reinforced eoneete slab using 12 om steel bars det Stoned as foows ‘4) Mam lnorcoment 12 mm at 5 aches an ean, 1) Temperate bars 12 mum t 10 ienos on conte.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, 5. A two way reinforced coer sab wil be reinforced by ‘12mm steel bare space a Inches an he terneratrs bas at {V4 Inches on center, List down the mets reinforcement equred Inctging the te wr. CHAPTER, LUMBER 441 WooD Wood i that forouscubstance which composes the trunk and the brarches ‘of ree at les betwoen the pn and the Dark, The versal OF Using wood in every constuction as ited ito ts present impotence and high mand in almost i "ypes of canst, Even wih the introduction of new mates and methods of ‘onsruton, wood is evigenty mc n use, Wood, because of serena, fn weight, cura and ease of fastening be- ome one ofthe most impetantblldng mates, 4-2 DEFINITION OF TERMS Lumber - i the term appled to wood alter hes boon sawed or tend ino boards, planks, timber et. Rough Lamber - isthe term applied to uroianed or un- ressed umber. n shor oss lumber wih rough sueces. ‘2, and S4,- are dressed umber wherein the number con- nots the smooth sles. Fr instance, 525 means lumber hav Ing two smooth ses and Sts with four ses, Slab - fs ad of rough lumber su tangent to the anual figs running teu the ful fength of te fog containing a Faas ne ft surtce, Surface or Dressed Lumber - ea planed lumber having st east one saa ie, 10.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘Timber -I6 8 place of umber fo Inches oF largo in ts sms denon Planks wide peoe of umber frm 4o 5 inches thik. ‘Board is pe of umber fess then 4 cantimeters thick wat eat 10 ontmeters wide ‘lth ea thik pice of lumber Fine Grained - won he annual ngs ae smal the grin or raring which separates the adjacent Rags ls sald to be foo ‘rained. When large, tis called Coarse Gained, Straight Gained - Is aterm use when the direction ofthe ‘ives are naar paral with the sie and ages of he boar, Crooked oF Crass Grained - Is @lubor taken fom a cooked tee 43 CLASSIF:CATION OF WOOD Wood that are used in bulking oonstuctions are tose ncn grows lenge by acon of ayer on tha outrsurtacs ‘sth year known fo boars as BXOGENS. ‘Wood is Cassifid According to 1, Mode of Grown 4 Indigenous - are those tres that grows from the Inside. Tes tnd of res has @ suf contr oe ‘td ae 81 profored for tumberng, . xogenous- ave those outward growing res pre- ered for wanberng, 2. with Respect to Density - tis ether: 2. Sof bara per 8. With Respect to Leaves i eth: in Nese chops ©, Broad shape 4. th Respect to Shades or Colors = white © Yalow © Red Brown © Black ote With Respect to the Nature of Surtace wen SawedSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE . Pian ©. Grane © Figured or Marked =s, 4-4 METHODS OF LOG SAWING Lumberg i the erm ape to he operations peo in preparing the wood for comma! parposas. Looping ene process oc operations rm cating of toes, Fauing and Sever, {o the sawmil for saving. Sawing onthe ter had the ep- raion of eutng fogs Ino commer sles of lumber. ue unper ‘The Methods and Manner of Log Sawing. 1. Plan or Bastard Sng 2 Quarter or Rit Sawing 3. Radial Tangent © Quarter Tangential 4. Combined ada and Tangetiah, 45 DEFECTS IN WOOD “Te er defect eer to regulates founda weed. And ‘he most common defects n weed ae 1. Caused by Abnormal Growth Such as: 12. Heart shakes are ria! ercks in wood org ating from the Meat of the gs: Heat shales omni foundn of tees Wind shakes or Cup Shakes aro cache or reeks across the ennal rings of he wood di ings grat caused by excessive bonding of te vee do stg wind © Star Shakes are composed of several near shakes radiating from the center of hela in 8 ‘Sarike manner 4. Knots -ceous at the starting point of tint or branch afte Woe. 2 Due To Deterioration 1. Dry Rots causod by funglin a seasoned han bet due tthe presence of moisture Wet Rot takes place sometime inthe growth of Ihe tee cased by water satiation. “‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 4-6 SEASONING OF LUMBER By nature, trees contain moisture In ther cal tyes. This retreat be expeled thorugh fo preserve te wood {fom strinkage or decay, Experiments proved that Wood ie mowed in water mmeaulel ater cating sss sbje sp {ig ano docey, Rroatens warsng ba become bile ae ass ‘laste, Sookng of wood in igus the oot method of sea. ‘oning limber nsoduced and procod oy be enctent Roman bao. “Methods of Seasoning Lumber 4. The Natural Sunol of Ale Seasoning Process is ‘Gansiered es ono of ho est metod used in seasoning ft wood alhough tha pag lnvevod solv longer 2. The Artist Saatonng fe a process where lombers are ‘iachod io dying tn and thon exposed to ster and fot ar. Under tis method, mber undergoes 2 cuick ‘ying process. “The Artif 1. By Forced lr Dying 2 Bykin orying 4 By Radio Frequoncy Detectic Drying Methods of Seasoning Wood are: Good seasoning isthe primary cansieration for success preservation of wood. Woad docs not dcsy natal rough pe, noe wil Itdeony if te Kept sonstany ary or coninuously Submerged in water ‘The Common Causes of Decay in Wood are 4. tomate mist and domes 2 Fungi or molds 3. Insects and wom ‘4 Hest ang conned air Loser ‘The Process of Preserving Wood 4. xteral Process, The wood ls costed wth preserva: tive apled as pain 10 penetrate the Noes of 2. Interal process. & chemical compound is impceg- fale at prescribed pressure to permeate the wood troreushy 4-7 THE UNIT MEASURE OF LUMBER fe es omies o e me eae a ree care ane tae Pain Weg sealer Say ae te Seeiervacsermnotae Sesame oad foot found by dvi the product of Ne thickness ‘he ma a elon by 12. ILLUSTRATION 41 Find toot! boss of § proces 2 x5"x 14° amber, SOLUTION ‘Bears oct, 42x 0x Mn» Tob. A ‘iz Fnaing the board foot ofa commercial sie lumber is np a5 the sbovetlusraton. Bu tho question Now fad {ne nat Boar fool of ound Ing ora standing Wee knoming hs diaetr ss neg? “Thsquesion can be anwered wag th Totoing formu Bd. Ft. Volume = (D-4)? x 16‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘Whore! © = The smalerdiamater of hel LL = Tha length ofthe og 4 Constant as reaieson factor ILLUSTRATION 42 Determine the total board foot unter wich cous be derived ftom a rou log 28 inches dlamelr by 609 maters 29) long as shownin Figure 43, 0m 20) ——__4 SOLUTION 1. Substue given deta in the fora: (28-417 x 208 = 72008. ‘6 In solving board fot of lumber, conve fst al measure: _ments from Met to English. Take nae thatthe thickness aed ‘th aren nts a engi noe ‘Mamner of Payment in Sawing or Slicing Lumber" ‘Thre ae to methods of computing payment for sng or sawing umber 41. By board foot or 2 By metelongth Lome ‘The boars foot met is simpy computing the total board {ool of sawed lumber then mulipied by the agreed price par board foot On the other hand the mete length method ts ma ‘iplyiog the width in inches by the length meter tes the greed unt pico per meter un, LUSTRATION 43 om much wit costo sce a6" x 6" x 9.00 meters wood 'o produce a 28 lumber the ut price ls P2.00 per board SOLUTION ( By Board Foot Method ) 1. Find the ota board fot of aber Sa g'x10N = 20bd.n 2, Mul by the unt ce sav P 2.00 890x200 = Pé0.00 SOLUTION ( By Inch-Meter Method ) 4. Mutpiy te wien by the eng 6 x 3.00SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, 2. mutipy by number of cut 102 = 36inch- Meter 3 Mutpy by the unit ost 28 x 165 = P5940 4-8 WOOD Post In estimating weedon post fr buleg trucure, tore are ony vee things to consis 4, The 529 ofthe pot 2 The quar or number of pests 3. The lngth or Ralgnt fhe posts ‘The sizeof the post aeady intial in the pan. The qunky is crcl counted inthe fan an the length deter fred tough ie falewag conseratons 1. For one story bulaing, very ifthe elevation height ind Cates rem for to oeting the celng Below ne gets Si he depth of te gts icing the baer herd at ‘heaters toto Peg poe 182 ‘LUMBER 2. Fora to story buling, very the eight insists from for fo foot Iso ten consider the ations ‘depth ofthe gtr, the oor ost and the oon. And forte second Nou, ad the dep of tne gis, bot ord o ata ohe height ofthe post, 8. Take note thatthe commercial length of unbe sal ways of even number I the computed feng odd ‘number adjust the. order to he nest oven number feng ILLUSTRATION 4-4 rom Figure 4, detemine te length and boaeroot of he posts requ Where are 8 poss x6" wood posts, SOLUTION 1. Find te toa height ofthe pst rom oor oeting 2704270 = 540m. 2, Determine the depth ofthe pres oor ois. Reoreg and the ors. ‘Gnser_ = 20 Floors = 15 Floomng = 025 ns” = “So S75 m, 3, Ad rsuts ft and 210 gel the talent, t= 5404.57 = S478 meters 4 Convertiofeet 5975. = 208 3 5. Onder 8- 6°6"x20" = 4B Boer 19SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 49 GIRDER Grr is he stctural member of a building tat caries the oor joe andthe flooring. lls determine by Dect Counting ‘Method bssed on the framing olan ofthe bulng. Te length however i subject othe allowing consloeatios 1 the span or cstanoe ofthe post is Incated fom oon tert cone, te eng ofthe peri ual othe span Plus one sid wth of post "gure 42). ‘Span (72a of post 2. ithe span of th pos incates rom outer to outer ide ‘of he bast, the ge enh sequal othe span of te = Span ot ‘3. tine span of he poe nats trom center oot ide ‘ofthe posts, the lng tthe girders equal othe pan ‘plu one ha the wih of one pot 18 LUMBER ee Foe pet or L= span (sede ot fost) 4 ths span or stance ofthe post ndlestes inside meas- treet the length of the ater is equa to the span plus be with Fhe post. (igure +). 5. ifthe secon oor has overang, wna the ise as ‘to cay the Teo ts, the gidertength equa tothe an pls the overnang (Figure). 410 FLOOR JOIST AND WOOD FLOORING Foe doit isthe strata member of a bling tht supe pots he wood fearing, Foor oss esimated by cite: cout fg metnod based on ine Near ing plan Hawever, I fumes of feta pi, eating could sabe one he Spacing and engin of to les koowmSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION RSTIMATE. T&G Js the popular name for Tongue end Grove wood ‘board used fr Neorg, cen, paneling toms el, The thek- ‘ese ofthe Board varies rom 18920 mm, Hs wh algo vanes ftom 1.5 to 48 oantimelers Other sz for Artest pur ses are obained trough spacial ores: ‘hore aro two methods presoned how o deleine ho ro- ‘quis number of plces ahd bow font of TG fo a kun floor area, 4, By Dect Counting mathe or 2. BY Board Foot por squte meter ILLUSTRATION 45 From the Hor taming plan as shown in Figure 4-1, deter mine the number and oar foot of foo lt and tha T&G ‘ring roauted. LUMBER =H EE 4 aes RRHHHH ———s |__ sm soo. SOLUTION ‘A. Finding the Foor Joist, 4. Determine he length of he aide. Divide by ofthe Noor st. 590.= 166 : 2. This numb: represen the spacing of he jis. one {o get the exact numberof hor os, 188+ 178 say 18 pieces 3. Fortwo span, mulipy: 18 x 2 = 38 pieces, 44 Determine te lenath of the Roo it in fot, 350 = 116007 12400, 30 Ondo: 36 oces 2x 6x 12" 432 board fot 8. Solid Bridging 1 Fit the lng of ho girder in fot‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE S00.= 18660. 30 4. Fi the total number an thickness ofthe jos 1022 inches biekness = 38° oF 3 2 Subtract tom step~1 48,68-98,= 1960 oF 14 tect 4 Onter: 2pos. 2x6"x14R. = 2Bbe.M Gzeotboad | Etesveviah | Sear Font ‘nino ine pers tae vers sar ©. Finding T&G Flooring By Direct Count 4. Fina te length ofthe lob it = 3 0 m. 2. Using 4° TAG, vise by he eectve with, 26 = 40 pices x 2spa= 0 pes, 8. Leng of girders $00 [Link] 18 fost. 4. Order 80= 1x4" 18 = 480 boat fot 5. W1B Nino aval: onto 120- 1x4" 12 LUMER D. Finding T&G Flooring by the Area Method 1 Find he or sea, 350x10.00m. = 35.0 square meters 2. Refer to Table 44,Using 10 mm. wood board mulipy: 380 x 13.714 = 48060 Rt 3. Onder 480 boar foot 1"x4° 78.6, orto be spciccon- ‘vat the board fot to numberof boas. $TxA°K 12 = Abd A Divide: 400 = 120 pieces 4 411 SIDING WOOD BOARD “Te common fypes of commensal sing wood boards are 1. Stone out 4 [Link] 2 Double Stone cu 5. Weather cut 5 vou LA LaF LA aes ee oune 42 stow WooD BOARD “The thickness of sing wood board varies fom 16, 0.20 ‘mm. Likewise, the with ranges from 15 me (8) to 20mm) ‘f even length rom 8 to 6 fet The quantity estimated ‘er the folowing considerationsSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 1. The area of he pening such windows, doors andthe lke are subtract rom the gross area ofthe wal 0 ovorad by te sding wood bons 2 Consider the adeonal dopth nat fr the gt, Alor ng, loo lt and te ade. ‘3. Tie length ofthe sng wood board must be spcied {avoid rts in betwoon the Reig. ILLUSTRATION 46 rom the following Figure, fn the numberof 8 nches Dou- bie Stone Cut slang wood beara, ‘awereed | _nbepe [erm aa nau _Conimeee | tan org Ma LuMBER SOLUTION 1 Determine he total eng ofthe wal boar Foro cing 3.18 Depth ofgins 25 Flooring andjoist 17 Dopinot ger _ 30 tom. = 198, Onder length tan 2. Length ofthe wall = 6,002.00 window = 3.00m. 3. Refer to Table 42 fran 8° oF 20cm, wood boar, muti 30x 533 = 16 pieces 4. Omer: 18908 12x84" = 140.3 board 2 SOLUTION - 2 (By Board ot per Square Meter ) 11. Solve forthe wal area: 3.00 x 300m. = 11.739.m, 2, Refer to Table 4-2, Using & wood bord, muti: 147 x 1278 = 403 3. 1 6 wood bart willbe used then from Table 42, smutty 417 x 1740 = 205.58 boat 4. Onder: 206 boaram, 176° 14.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 412 ROOF FRAMING ‘Root framing comprises the gis, botam chor, raters, purtins collar pete, coer peat stn acd blocks are computed by direct counting mete. Shore pas tke cola plates king os, tut and woed Blocks are determined according other Sizes combinod together and adjusted fo the commer length of umber. For accuracy of ectmaig these tems, detatod ‘rawingindeaing ther sizes and length shoud be made bass ning the unt length of very pars re =P 413 STUD Stud 6 the structural menber in bulng_consincon wherein the sidings or pation boars are fastened, some limes rfered to asthe is of woaden was c prons. atm ‘ec intended for studs should be sigh andl une in wh oF either 825 or S4s for unfomy of wal tenes, Advantage of Using 824 and Se Lamber 1. Good quay, straight and uniform in tikes, 2 Ils economical interns of aber cost 3. The work progres Isnt alee o clad, There se two methads presented on howto fd the quan- (ay of sds ata piven vr and Ronee spac. ‘LUMBER 1. By Direct Counting Metis 2. Byte Square Mater Method 8y Direct Counting Methed Is simiy counting tne number of vertical and hrzonal member fom @detied pla. Inthe absonoe of a getales drawing plan, an imagery courting {tvcugh ate” cal clouaten wi do ‘By the Area or Square Metr Method i simply Snag he wall aree multpied by the vales ghen in Table 2 core. ponding othe size an spacing ofthe std, Cine [___ Sean Gen Coa Cor inde | sox0 | 20x00] «oxco | «oxe0] cox tea | 4108 | star | atee | 2eae | 2258 2x2 | aro | 520 | sare | sar | asce 2x2 | rzzo4 | amo | oss | 060 | cose 2x4 | rere | s2se2 | 127se | rare | os ILLUSTRATION 4.7 ‘ wal patton & 80 meters ong and 3.40 meters hgh spac ty the ese 2° x 3° study spacod at 60 canimoters on cater both ways. Fd ho otal bord fot requitedSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. SOLUTION ~1 ( By Direct Counting) 4. Find the numberof Verical Studs $8.80 = 10 (rounded). Number o spacing <0 2. Add to gle number of studs. 1041 = 11a 34omorc2n) 3. Find ie number cf Horzona Studs. 340.41 = 7 at $20, o(208) 0 4. Onder Verial Studs 11 - 2x 9'x 12 = 06 Horizontal Studs 7 = 2° 37x20" = 70 Tote. 198d. SOLUTION -2 (By The Area Method ) 1 Find he area ofthe wal parton ‘Area: 5.80% 940 = 19,7259 m. 2. Refer to Table 4-2 Using 2x3" at 80x60". spacing uly 1072x 6.800 = 126 bd..2°x9" umber Comment 41. Computation by the Area Method give resus in board foot une the dct Counting Method where the nmber of pieces end lergih ofthe Kober wore kiown Out ‘head ofthe boar foot Asto whch method wil bo wsed ‘depends upon the choles and purpose ofthe estimator ‘2 There ao instances where mal dlecepancies arse be- (ween the resus of the two methods, This = ve tthe ‘adjustment of umber frm odo even length 10 ‘LoMBER ILLUSTRATION 4-8 A wall patton of Figure 4-16 measures 5.80 metrs ong by 4.00 meters hin specy x 3 wood ts spacod at 60 car meters far vercal and 40 contmetars or horzonl const ‘canter distance. Find the numb of boar oa eae SOLUTION ~1 (By Direct Counting) 1. Find the numberof verte stds Sa0= 20 17 ay 10 spacing 2. dd got tho suber of vertical suds: 1041 = 1 pos. [Link](14 8) 8. Find the numberof Horzotal sts 400 = 10 40 4. a1 to get the numberof Honzontl studs, 1041 = 41 poces 2°x3"x 580m. 0¢ (208)SIMPLIMED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, 5. Onder taza IK! = 77BE A, Maz x3'x20 = sone 8, 187 bd ft SOLUTION -2 (By the Area Method ) 1. Find te area othe wall partion ‘ee: $804.00 © 22289.m, 2 RefertoTabio 42 Using 2"x at 4060 cm, mp 23.2 x 0.060 = 187 bd 414 CEILING JOIST Cling Jl i tha struct! member in baking constuction wiote the cling tna fe astones Its aherge known seh Nala sp. The coremon sta used for etng Jt atx 2 N4x2; 2x2 and 2 3 lumber spaced to sul he see of he ting bosta n shor, the cong Board dimensions gover the Staci of the doing jst ar soanonseal roman Bg wom 06 LUMBER ILLUSTRATION 4.9 Find the ttn oard feo equ fr 4.0 x 5.80 meters {vig room wsira 2" 2 eating jist space at 4040 contime- terson contr (2 figure 4-1) SOLUTION -1 (By direct counting) 1. Find he number ot joist perpenceuarto§ 80 meters. 580 = 14550915 spacing of jit 0 2. Add 1 to get he exact numberof joists. 1544 + 16 pleas 4.09.0 (14.8) 3. Fid he number oF os perpendicular o 4.0m, span $008 Tospachg «+ = 11 ex at 840208) 4 Onder 16 pes. 2x2 4, = 74.86 M1 pes 2x2 x 208. = 739 Tolan. 14790 ba, 5. 20 oat is nat avaiable, he order cout a 18 pes 2x2 x 14, = 74.88 pes 2x24 I0R = 759 Total... 47.80 SOLUTION - 2 (By the Area Method ) 1. Find the ares ofthe cing, 4.00 x 5.0 20.209, m 2 Refer to Table 4-3 Using 2°x 2" at 40 40 cr. muti: 23.2% 8370 = 14700 be.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 418 CEILING BOARD ‘There are numerous kinds of cling board of diferent brand, quaity and. dimensions avelabe for buldng construction, Fowever, the simplest way offing the numberof boars e- ‘ured isto vide tho total coting area by the effective covering ‘tone oelng Doar chosen ar by tha square mer method yh the ad of Table 43. ILLUSTRATION 10 | bedroom witha general mensions of 4.00 x 5.00 meters specty the uae of 14" 4x8" pywod eang on a2 cal ing jst spac at 40x 60 caramoters led the number of py wood end te ealing jolt Yequred I thro are 5 rooms of he Sime se, kl ‘SOLUTION ( By the effective coverage method ) ‘A. Caling Joie 00 ‘LUMBER 1. Fd the are of te coling: 400 x 5.00 = 20.9. m, 2, See Talle 43 Using 2x2 at 40 x00 spacing, multiply: 0sq.m.x 5379 = 107.40 bd. 3, For § rooms 10748x = 637.3bd. 8. of 2x2" 1. calling Board 1. Find the ars of cling: Ara: 4.003% 5.00 = 2089.1 2, Rafrto Table 44. Using a 1.20 «2.40. Plywood, Baga.m. = Tpeces pr room 2a8 8. ForS rooms, onder 36 - 3° x4'x 8 phyood ieee | Can Sota | tani tps ncemmees | “pond ‘pena re | oe eo aro oe er gore | be 210 eo on a0 Soe 0 $e oat oxo ane O37 ILLUSTRATION 4-11 ‘noc om messrs8.00x 980 nets 2 2 on coun bears, Us con he maa SOLUTION-1 (By Effective Area Coverage Method ) 1. Find ho area o the caing.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. ‘Area: 6.00 x 960 57.82q.m. 2. Reforto Table 43. Using @ 60x 120 colin bos, divide the ateaby its effective -oveing SL. = 80 ploces 60x 120 cong boar 72 SOLUTION. 2 (By Direct Counting Method) 1. Find the numberof boss long the 6.00 mates. 800m = 10>ieces 2 2, Find te number of boar along the 860 meters span, 990m. = pices 12 3. Multis the resus oft and 2 10% 8 = B0 pleces 60. 120 cling board Comment: “The resul ofthe two methods es presoted ar cored ithe cating are al under te folowng eonatons- ‘LoMnER 1. Tha he quent in veg th are ofthe cating by ne eflecvo are oven o one tarts exes fom, 2, morale fate he celng design i pan and nt interpted ‘beams, girders, rafters and the like, ore 4 Tal th cling hes no inate dsign or decorations tat feces mor ating of ne cling ted 4. ie eating ote Boat eal fol be vole, wastage i la inevitable bat cou be rptshe by a less anc actor of about 210 5% depehng upon te aenoe ILLUSTRATION 4-12 {An elementary cssroom buling has a geneal dimensions 9f 5.80 x8 00 meters spony the use ofa 80 160 centimeters Seling Board Find the numb feeling Beecsrequod fora SOLUTION -1 (By the Effective Area Coverage Method) 1, Fi the ara ote cating, 6.80 8.00 = 54.40 square motorSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 2, Referto Table 44, Ung 220x180 om, ceng boar ‘vise 54.40 = 906 pieces 162 2. Fort2-lassioons: 38.612 © 499 pieces SOLUTION -2 ( By Direct Counting Method) 1. Fits the number of boar slang the 6.80 meters se (90 = 7.585 neces 0 2. Find te number of board aang the &.00 meters side. 00 = 4.44 ples 480 8. Muti t and 2: 188 x 446 © 3357 4. For 2 etassrooms, mtpy- 535712 = 400 pieces. 416 DOOR FRAME Estimating he mete for fabretian of dor frame simply ‘termining the 20 along ofthe lamber tat wal accom todate the door panel wnose width varies fo €0 to £09 can= Iietes wide, Deor panel on fame bigger than one mater wat i considered specal design and order In ordering lumber fr door fame, the esimator has to Op 1, Ordering 1 fee na foreach door jamb and header oc 2. combinaion of an 10 fet orb and head, ‘Lomper ILLUSTRATION 4-13, ‘A 20 sem blag th 2 doo ech spec #6 door jamb, List down the materials needed for fabrication, . SOLUTION ‘A. Ordering one lenath fr ach jamb. 1 Daten the ca nat of th emt, dmb = (T+3)x2 = 1458 2. Length of Header: 31+ 6" = 3.5, Tolaltengh = 180 3. Onder: 40 pes. 3°x8"x 18 = 1,060 toad B. Combination of Jane and Heaters (One headers 3-8" ofa 35 ota eng of4 headers is 140 For 40 headers, orer 10 pce. 3°x8°x 148 Forjambs = 7.3" +3"x2 edee= 14-8" or 188. a 1SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Lumet length sa even numbers, for 40 jams order Ao pes, 91x 6 x18 = 960 bat Spee ox Gute 220 ban “ola. ATO bE. Comment Comparing the resus of the two methods, thro I 3 der ence of 80. Board et the second meiod is use. However, onsderng the scary of Lumber, length fom 18 Tee and Sova may ot be evaiabl he markt sna ony holes {o onder shorter lng ftom 8to 12 fet ‘The price of lamber vais aesrting fo ts erat an with ‘The longer he ned the figher isthe pice 417 WINDOW FRAME, “The aiferent pas ofa window frame tobe considered in estimating ae: Jab, il Header, Transom sha Mullons oe [caesan | SUMBER ILLUSTRATION 4-14 4 low cost nosing projet requires 60 pieces window frame 5 shown in figura #-22 Lis own the matte needed or aD- SOLUTION Ae Jamb: (1504545) x 2pes, = 206m. or 128, Onder: Sopes 2x 672121. = 600 bd. 2 2. Hesse ang si: (220+ 10) x2 = 480° or 1811 (Order: 50 p68. 2x 6° X16. oF Wms ZK ex eR = B00 bd. 17 3. Mullon 100-2" x 4° x 1.50m, oF 8. 2x «x 300% Order, 0+ 2° x 4" x 408, 4. Transom, 400- 2°x6°x(220+ 10) Onler:109- 2" 6"x aba.n, = 800 Prablem Bxercise 4. From the folowing Fou, st down the foo faming ma teva equ: (2) Siren, (8) Flor joiet (©) [Link] (9 x4 TE wood footingSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Power cece Pet ie |asom 2, R10 door apartment 40 meters long by 10 meters wide requires 26 fools and "<8" TAG wood footing Find he ‘umber of board fat reqused for eros and T&G feocg 2x6 & ann! Lupe, ‘3. From the follwing ceiing plan, fst down the requied aera ( a 4) 1.20240 m. marino plywood 1) 2x2 cong jolts 40x60. on contr 4. Twanty one rot framing of asso blllng speci the ve of wood tusses ana cones beam as shown on Pgur & 24 List down the flowing raters requred (make an Sealed ‘raving st 1200 get he accurate engin of every pars), 12) Boom chor ) Top chow @) Ponting 2 4 13) Kang post 2) Verical sine f) Blagonal sit 9) Colla plate ana blocks.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Bree enti Fie brace ssree mr CHAPTER FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING 51 FORMS ‘The struct members ofa baling are buitup ilo de- ‘red shapes and dimansions trough the se of form. Form temporary boating, sheathing or pan used to preduce the Seed shape ard sz of concrete Concrete misture is generally sem-fud that epreduces the shape of anying nto wc ls poured. This, concrete forms ‘hal be watertight rg ad sveng. enough fo sustain the wight orn conte Fors must be simple and economically designe in such 2 ‘manner tha they are seal Yemoved and feaseembled without damage to themseves or othe concrete 4, Costor the mates 2. Consucton ang assembling cost 5. The number of tes leauld be used 4. Strength and esitance wo presere nd ear and wear (Casiticaton of Forms: ‘A. Asto Matenals 1. Wood 3. Paste 2 Metal 4, Composite‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 8. Astoshape 1 Seaigne 2 Crear, ate ©. Sold o Hollow cast 1 shale 2 Double . Asto Methods of Construction +. Orinary 2 Un E. Ato Uses 4) "Foundation 4. Beam and giniers 2 wal Sab 3 Stops 8. Sidewalk, et F, Construction of forms conciet of: 4 Relaning board 4. Spacer 2 Supporters orstoss 5. Te wre 5 braces 6, ‘Bots end nas (©. Types of Post ana Wall fom "y comlauous, 2. Fuunt 3 Layer Continous ®, Secon Greasing of Forms Fors are constantly reas before ts use. The purpose of ‘greesng tho form ls 19 maka the wood waterproof preventing the aboorplon of water inthe conte which causes sweling fad warping. Gresin af forms sao preven the adherence of ‘eancrete ino the pores ofthe wood. ‘Cruse as the mest economlal and selstactory materials {or this purpose. The endo olism with No. 40 motor ol 16 proportion of 1:3 mbcues or wie varying viscosity depending {pon to temperature eondon ‘FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING [A ticker mitre Is recommended on warm weather cond tion, However greasing o ems should notte lowed afer the ‘tol bars have boen seo as poston Ml ‘t aptcaton to prevent it formation, 5-2 PLYWOOD AS CONSTRUCTION FORM Pywood is @ versal consiructon material used a5 wall partons, catinas and future, Phwood i azo ued ih Boat bung aswel as forms for reinforced concrete ensue: ons, Plywood as Form has the following advantages, 4s economical in ams of labor cost. 2 {te tgttwaight and heney 43 as smeathsurace which may nt req plastering 4 Less consumption ofa 55 ase af assembung and seassemtng 8 Avsiane Plywood is marafacturd in venous thickness ranging fom 4, 12,20 and 25 nm with 2 land commen Seas Sox 180and 120x240 mates 5-3 FORMS POR SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR ‘COLUMN tn teeming the materials fr square ant-rectangular ol “am fers, one has to consi the alowing: 4, The mcknes ofthe bead tobe used. 2. The se ofthe me 5) Types ot framework fo be adopted 2) Continuous nb type 5) suatype‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, lJ E Formula in Finding the Materials for Square and tangular Colurnn Forms, a P= 2(a+b)+.20 Where: P= lateral perimeter of te column fs = stoner side othe cote 1 = tne longer io ofthe arma 20 = cansant value forthe ppg of form oles (2) Mapty Poy the Neigh of one column nes the umber of columns fo pt het! area of he foms. (8) ivi ne ttl area touna by 2.88 0 get tne number ‘ot lywoed forms (4) Muti the numberof pyroad found by 297 to get the boar foo of frame reared, ILLUSTRATION $1 ‘ix concrete poss at 4.00 meters igh wih uniform ces social dimensions of 30 x 20m. speaty the se af 6mm (G14) marine plywoad on a 2°32" wood frame. List down the Ialeralsrequred using @cordnuous ib ype forms. 102 FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING. laereerontt SOLUTION | Solving forthe Plywood form 1. Fin te lateral perimeter of ene cok wsing te tore rule P= 2(asbys20 P= 2(90+ 00) +20 PE t4om 2. MutilyP bythe elim neaht andthe aumber of co. lms ire a res ofthe forms. ‘rea © 1404.00 x6 columas, ‘A = 228 square meters. 2. Divide this are by 288, the area of one plywood form to 921 the number fpywood rule, [Link] Phwood: 33.6 = 11.7say 12 pleces oe 16SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. B, Solve forthe 2" x2" wood fame by direct counting 1 From Figur 52, by ect counting ofthe frame [Link] x16 = shin tp. 2x2 x10 = 33bd.A Tole einsin ® 956 Bd ©. Solving the 2" 2" fame with the Aid of Table 8:2 1. Refer to Table 61. Far 2x 2 frame unger Post € mm, (QI) lee, mutiiy the nomber ot plywood found by 2o6r, 12 Pywood x 2967 = 366 board foot, 2. Order 12s, 120%240 (x8) phd 380 boa fat 2° 2" ember emma) | emmy ILLUSTRATION 52 en sinforced concrete column vith a general cross s60- tional simensions of 40x80 m, by 5.00 mong eas requires Plywood form one 2°x 2" frame. Onlr the mater ieqared. FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING ae SOLUTION 4. Solve forthe steal peimotr of one coun sing the Torna Pa 2iasb)s.20 P = 2(.40+.80)+ 20 P= 220metes, 2 Mutt by the height and nomber of columas o get he ‘oa tera surtace area, ‘Area = Px Height [Link] columns. A= 220x500%10 = 110.94. meters 3. Divte area by 288 fo get the numberof od, 41a = 98.2 say 30 places x4'x2' lyn 4. Solving tne 2x2" wood fame, multiply by 2887 bd. A. 39 plywood » 2:57 = 1,157 board oot.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. Comment 1. Take noe, 2" x 2" wood frame wi be used, the muti. ples 2.67 board fot. On the ether hana I 2% 3° lumber wil be usod, te mutts 4480 board fot 2. {thicker pwood board wit be used 28 fom, he spac: Jing ofthe fame could be neroased rediong board {ty 209610 30% 5-4 FORMS FOR CIRCULAR COLUMN ‘The pln gslvanized ron sheet and tack sheets ar con monly used a5 sheeting for col, oval litical and otter "Slr fypes conserng te versatity Informing any shape ot ‘geomet design Metal sheet form is supported by real fame of ihr pain bars, angular, te or rousrn arose action or whatever spec + Estimating Procedures: 4, Fina te aourverene ree o the cela cole using © = 5.1646 x diameter x Haight x [Link] columns 2. Divide the area found ty the elective area covering ot fone meta shes. 3. Count ne numberof rs o support clasied ast ther kr en length en convert to cammeraal se of soe! bas 4. Imestinating males or any particu wor, «dete Plan is imperative. Without a detalod pln, expect a alt azar esut von rom your ghost estnatr. 08 FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING ILLUSTRATION 5-3 From Figure 54, detemine the quad meta black sheet {om for 8 eciar columns 4.09 meters high each wth Uni- ‘om efossseciora ciameter of 60. centimeters a soLuTioN; 1. So} er the craumterence of ane alu, Ge 5416.60. 2. Mult by ctumn Hela of he surtace ares, ‘ea: 1.88 x 400 © 752 eq. 3. Find me area of th @ caus, nlp Toll surace Area: 7.82 x 8 = 60.1854 1, 4 Find ihe Number of Sheet required Refer ta Table 52 Using a 1-20'x 2.40 m lack shel, tipSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Nncof sheet: 60.18 x 247 = 21 paces '5, Find the numberof Vartical Suppor (rib) at 18 om, ‘spacing dntance: Refer again to Table 52. Mulipy: Vert Suppor: 6018 x 25 = 1,504 meters ©. Conver to commerce longth of steal bars say 600 meters ong: Divide {L504 = 251 ploces (consultho plan what kind 800 of sil bars used) 7. Solve fr the Circumferential Ts, Agal,referto Table 52. Muti ‘les: 018 x 052 = 5727 say 673 mete {8 Convert to the commercial length of see bars sey 8.00, rete, De 55 sy 06 lees (contin plan Sag” O47 i rar eed) ‘Tatas [We oabew [Umah ovo Reem | Lmahot ‘hea [Mfr | ‘Siagecenmaue |ceestera ses | 6 Sr | PSC |" woxaao | ae | 250 | veo | om tara | se | 0 | 190 | an Comment: 4. The kid of set bars fr vera support sof the fxm) ‘depends upon the design. Te Mustatd slusons showed now to find the quaity of matoals such as the plaln shoo, the ‘Vero! Suppont andthe creumretl es. ORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING 2. in adation to he materials 8 computed, the estimator has to conser the locking devices and th welding rod neoas- an for assomblng the forme. Te numberof loetng bolts de. nds upon the spacing as indeed nthe san whch ould be Sstermined by cect counting, 8. Te aaveniage of using met! forms masdmizes the tia on of psn host ands support by welding of obs 55 FORMS FOR BEAM AND GIRDER Fm forbear and ger are made of ony thee pats; one ono ae ad wo efor They are mae er ata oF pyood materials supported by galvanzed pipe taping oF ‘wooden limber of varying sz Wom 2° 2"to 2x ames. ‘When coconut tumbar Is used a bigger wa trom 2°x 30 2 pated Wooden foms ae Hay supported wih sticent vertical ‘and agonal racing to cary to heavy load of concrete wah ing approximately 6 Klograms per ea fot. “Te ease of dsmanting isthe primary consideration inthe -ssembing of fom. The freedom ftom pan and icy ‘emeving te frm depands on how twas fastened. ‘Formula in Finding the Materials for Ream and Girder Forms w Ps 2(asb)+10- Where: P = Posieter of wo sides form {4 = metwo sida forme = shebotom form 0 = constant value forthe lapping of form (2), Muitioly Pty the length and number of beams to oet {he oa are of the forme,SIMPLIFIED CONS‘ RUCTION ESTIMATE (3) Olvde tn ota area foune by 2.881 gt te number ‘of plywood frm, (4) Mutipiy the suber of pywoed found by 22 get he board foto fame raqled ILLUSTRATION 5-4 ‘Ten conerete beams wih cross sesonal dimensions 2¢ 30 by 80 meter has aun coer span of 4.50 meters. Using 7° 458 py form on 2 2 uma ama, lst down tho me tel requ Pred om a2 f © SOLUTION |[Link] the Plywood Form 4, Find he lateral perimeter ofthe beam P= 2(d)+b¥.10 90 FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING 2 Substtute daa in he formu: P= 2060) * 30+ 10 = 160m, 3, MutyPby he lath and numberof beams te gt the ‘raz othe forms, ‘Area: 4.80 x 4.507m.x 10 columns A= T2e5.m, 4. Divide by 2.8 to gat he numberof plywood aquired, No of Pywood : 72. = 25 pleces 238 B. Solving forthe 2°x 2" Wood Frame 1. Rotor Table 5, Under column beam using 6 mm {et plywood on 2° 2 fame, mse 25x 2508 = 626d. 2 Onder 28 pleces 4x 8 plywood form 28boar 2° x2 lumber ILLUSTRATION 5-5 Ten conczete gier wih 9 general gimensions of 35 x_ 50 meter nasa unvarm cleat spn of €.00 meters. #2 mm. Ge) ‘acne pywood wi be usod on & 2°%3" kmber find the mater als requed SOLUTION 4. Find of tho form using the formu P= 2(a)+b+.10 P= 2(50) +95 +10 =SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 12 Tole tea of 10 forme a 6.00 m. ng. ‘Ara = 145 x 6 x 10 = 8759.1, 3. Divide by he area of one ryweod (2.8) 2, 302 sey Biplces. 4. Refer to Table 5-1. Under eam 12 mm (") hiek boars on2 x3" weed fame, mupy 11 plywood x 28.00 = 868 boss foot x3" 5. Onder: 31 pos, 4° x4" x" plywood ane 2x2" umber orm 56. SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING Scaffolding is a temporary sructue of wooden poles and planks providing platform for workers fe standon wile erecting 12. FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING oF repaing of ting, 1 is futher defined a8 & temporary ‘tamewrk for other purposes. ‘Staging onthe other han is 2 more substantial ramework progressively bull up as tl bling rises up. The ter staging ‘Sappled because bul up in stags one sory ata tne CConsretion cords rovesid tht numorais acidents in ‘onsinuaon happened because of nglet and ful construc. ‘ion math such a insult supports, hangers and braces. ‘Gna example of ane cient happened inthe consrvton of {he Fam Palace in Matto Mania where saveral ves inuaing {he Supenisig Engineer were buried ave in cement and ub. ‘es whan the form and Sagng swayed and rammed down in {otal colapse. ‘taping isnot simples hors may tink oft requires special sil and experienced men to da the werk nidetally ‘he primary causes of acedens and Yaar of he ramenark ‘to use of Inferior qual Tuner, Inadequate supports and traces, na and eer for economy or negligence. Dorit. poor qualty umber has no plece in horizontal members of scaffolding wor he bur aware fe value trifle and propery Involved in busing cancion, Lumber intended for temporery siete lo support avy toed such ae foncreta shoud bo selected ‘fom sigh grain of wood fee ftom stakes or knots end ether defects, Coconut mbar Was extensively eed due to the scarey of wood pis the prombiive poe of ume. “The use of metal pipe scaffolding and aging is now dom rating the matket of constuction igus consserng is dur bit, mule ure and ease of ascamblng end dismantling, ‘The different parte of eafflding to consider are: 1. Versa suppor 2. Base ofverieal support (as needed)SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Horizontal member Diagonal braces Bock ard wedges Nail orbote. oune 6 ‘Cot isthe primary conslgra in selecting the kind of raters fo be ured ss orm, Cos of fom rele 4. Inia cost of mates 2 Assembling cast 43. The numberof ines # cou be sed 4 Durabity 1 resist pressure, ante and wear ‘Te commen mlerials used as fos for al ybes of ean sirucon curing the 1950 and 1960 decades was te TAG lum ber coating on a bout #5 catavae por boo oo. Teal was the time wen lumber was 20 abunant and no One aver tank {hat tis natural resources of our couny wil vanish $9 S00n because of mans inaible good for money FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING Today, th fomery Philippines number one expt lumber In ne word is importing umber from the neighboring sountes in Asia ors domestic usa Under the prosot contin where ‘he pice of wood ls Mahlyprotbiive Ike gold. using lumber as {orm i 8 Very cost untraking unles fs ise is extremely ‘scessary, The common materia now beng used ae fom ‘itr plywood yale board or meta host. “The uso of plastic as frm fs the next altmative after wood and metal considering ts weight, curebilty and reeyeing prop. ries However, tho problem tobe eacaunered isthe cast Of fabrication: Ordering te des size and form m fw quanta ght tum out te more exzenche than the pywood and etal shoot which coud be fabricated on site wou ly. 5-7 ESTIMATING SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING. Estimating the masters or sstoding and tain requies time and Wier eagnationconsicenng the eileen parts of he Sclure invlvea suc ashe vetical and zontal suport the dagonal braces pus the blocks and Wedges which are nol Shown a setae plan of the building. The cortonpracoe of most estimtors to make a estimate ofthe tom ty ether by Guantiy ofthe materia o by lamp sum smount be Bi ot matonals and cost estate “Table 8 wes prepared to simply the prceoss of estimating seaflang nd staging a ae ewe | eos ee‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 5-6 | reinforced conerte bung has 9 columns with clear eit of 4.00 meters as shown on Figure £8, Determined the ted safoling under the folowing specfetons: 2x 3 ‘Varta support 2°% 2 Horaoral and Diagonal races, SOLUTION A. Scaffolding for Columns FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING 4. Find the total engi ofthe columns: “4.00% 9 columns = 36 meters 2 Referto Table 8, Using 2x 3" voricl suppor, util 98x 7.00 = 2624. 2x3" 148 ‘3. Find he hotzona supports. Refer to Table 3, using ez" lumber may 98 x 21.00 +786 bs, 22 bor 4. Find the agonal races. From Table 5, mutipy M6147 = 421 bd. 2x2" bmber B, Scaffolding forthe Beam 4 Fin total tength of the 6 beams. Length: (480 x 8)+ (400%6) = 51 meters 2 Rotor spain to Table 6:3 8) For vertical support using 2" 3" lmber, mutiny 51 x 600 = 306 bd. b) Foroizortal support sing 2x2" hmber, matipy 51 x 470 = 240b4 ©. Scaffolding fr Concrete Slab 1. Find the are of the coneret Nor sab ‘ea 450 x 400 x Aunts = 7260. 2. Referto Table §3. Using 2x3" suppot, mato ‘97SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 72x 940 = e550 A '. Floor Sib Foxe 4. Find he for ace: ‘Area = (450%4.00x4 units) = 72 s4.m, 2. Divide ty 2.88 etectve covering a one plywood 12, = 25p¢5, 4x 8 marine plywood 288 Summary ofthe Materias |A) ForColimns..... 22 bean feet 2"x3" ATT board feet 2" B) ForBeams.... 308 boardfeet 2x3" 240 oad feet "2" ©) For ste. 655 board eet" x3° 1) Foor tab Foam “26.4% 8 rhywned Comment: ne constston of rantstray baba, ener of fom 1 serotn from aa aur tthe ant an abla no ‘mal operation wists wastage of matenaecannct vo avelded Adponting upon he atowng teers 1. The diforence helt between lors may requre asjesinnt oF he fom sna veel support. 2 ‘he dtference In sizes of beams and giners aso ‘suiesscjosents ofthe forms. ‘3, Thommaior causes of forms and sctfoing tear and wear ae the csmarting, Wansening and reassembling °p- rations. 4. Reckless wee and handing of the materia inudes the FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING ‘5. The used of lterioe quelty lumber conabite fo the high ‘pereenage of waste and sk othe workers. 5-8 STEEL PIPE SCAFFOLDINGS ‘Stet Pipe Scaring can be used feay 10 prefabriate ‘eight ane wih according tothe places and ferme to nal Galvanzes Sea pipe wih good strength mates durabity and nomial delivery and sage, Slander eral. ing frames have 4" (120m) wath avaiable I's cero telghts arging from 90 o 170m They are useful for sccoee ‘ators snd concrete sappen work, pened 170m 1200 mes sou.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ase tent Stang ene Numata pon aguarct tint ‘tocbeet aguanetsp em ADJUSTABLE BASE ROK pomsrms uHeAD nen Pe ag -28 25,22 818m, ADWSTABLEDOUBLEPROP _ADAISTARLE STRICT PROP ‘a wept nim neh Siete Sedatucg io bear see GUE 644 ADNSTABLE STEEL SCAFFOLDING FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING ae ees Problem Exercise 1. A buling nas 24 rectangular columns and ciclar columns & 80 meters nigh wan a cess seca! men sens of 15 inches by 22 Inches and 20 inches rads ‘eapectivly Find ne numberof rome of 1 29 x 240 m, plywood fot and te coresponingfam= sing (@) 25x" lamer: @) 23" umber, ati a oma StemSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 2 From the following figure, prepare the bi of materials for) zeman pwd) Sates ‘Sper and’ 3 ume fer agonal end horzortl braces the posts 50 meters high EEL 6 ROOFING MATERIALS 6-1 GALVANIZED IRON SHEET ‘The inost common roofing materials the galvanized ron sheet popularly known as GI shoot Gl sheet ether plain oF orugated, Pin sheet 1s used Tor raotng. gutter Nashne ‘downspout, tie, hp and valley rok Plan sheet tendons commercial sizes 80x 240 cere ong CComigatd galvanized ion sheet on the other hands widely used or oofng a Stings having stndcd wi of 0 ‘enimeters wth vanang leat fom 180 fo 360 Setimetrs st Consecutive inarvals 30 pentimeters, Long span coated Shoots are also avaiable on spel oer ‘Comigted | Rat Sst “The thickness of galvanzea ion ‘of Gauge Number fam 141630. The anset Becomes ther as gauge, number becomes lemme. Gauge 26. is the. most extensively used for ooing and various tn werks and gauge 24 te specified for gutors ar val rl, 's measured in termeq@ e ¢ ¢ ie SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE How to dstngush he erence i tans betacn the conesutve gauges tom ito 301 2 cat evan wh he Sidora caper ‘Gauge means thickness expressed in terms of hundreth of ‘an ncn nd tho only way by whieh one coud be cata that he ‘buying the mont heknesgo he see Is by weight measure. ‘Taa Ont wap prepared to present the various weight of Gl ‘heel according ots length and gauge number, “aa. 1 STANOARD wT ALANZED ROU SET TENET NETERE MN FT conn | rex[ TH] Ta] BO] 208] 79] SO] Be te | te | 303] s0|vo24| aoe] an [anc |onzr te | ere | 742 | ten | 990 |.) 1255 |1aat fe | os | 528 | eat | ras [20s 050 | 10981276 ROOFING MATERIALS. Comment: Before estimating the required number of comugated rooting sheets, the folowing infomation shouldbe conse frst 4. Vanity the plan if the de lapping ls 1-% or 2% omugatons 2. Ifis 1-172 comugations. the fective width covering per shoots 70 meters or 80 meer or 2-1/2 comugabons, 3. The stindardenlapeing joint is fom 25.10. 30 centimeters tong. Ths is mportant in determining the Tengt of te heat to be use. 4. Spang oF te puns shoud ve proportionally ated fo to long of iho Gl. shoots fo evold unnecoesary tating of excessive ovetaping In shor the length of {he oot sheet governs te spacing distance ofthe purins For this purposo, refer o Tale 6-2. 5. Agiod footy design ‘sninizes end teprng joint Longer engin of rooting shoei preted fr economical ae ttic ie Ic SIMPLIFUED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE pi Me Spacing | Naleor Rivets v-270 ey 2 ww- 200 o 2 wae | 7 | oo | 2 ROOT-NG MATERIALS 1 Find the numberof plln Gl. shoes required for anchot Sra with he ai of Fable 5-4, otele Number ee Agron 62 ESTIMATING G.L ROOF AND ITS ACCESSORIES Determine the lonth ofthe putin slong the guter ine This sen is perpenclcuar wih in root Greton Divide this length by the effective with covering of one sheet using elt 70 for 14 conupatins o 60 m. {or 2% comvgatons. The rest isthe numba of sheets Ter one ro ‘Determine the length of th rater or op chert. choose ‘he fahteombnaton erating sheets that wl st this ‘engin considering the 251030 contmeters stander end ‘app. [Mutipty the recut found In step = 2 by each lenin of reat combination a ound in stop 3 Determine the numberof Gnas orivets end washers inkiograme using Table 6-2 and 2, Toke note tat the number ot pain anchor sr ad ead washer sth same athe quay of ves Suectpuina | Senora. seee | Number ot Snap Bae mae 3 ILLUSTRATION 61 From figure €9 tnd the number of comugates Gi rest heels and ts scoessolesrequled Ihe te laging spec 3 ‘comugations wi 80m. end ping on a 2» 3" puns.a C ¢ © SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. SOLUTION A. Conupated G1. Shoot 1. Divide the feng ofthe guiter by the fecve wth covering of ene shot Rafer to Table 6-2 under 1% farapations ihe value is 70m, divi: 14.00 = 20 shoes none raw 7 2. The length a he raters 6.0 mete, a combination of $.60‘and 2.70 meters long Gi sheet or 12% and 9 3, Onder: 20- 82°. 12 comgaed Gi sheet Romy ee ee B. Rivets 4 Refer to Table 62, For a 12 feet and 9 fet long root ee, mul For 121 long: 20%28 = 520 paces For ‘9M long: 20x22 = 440 Daces Toll ves. 80 pees 2. Converio khograms. Refrto Table €3; ve! 980 = 5.3sey5.5 klograms 480 ©... Washer 4. Double he number o evets 00 x 2 = 1,920 peces, 2 Convert ta’ Kloprams, Reler to Table 69, for Gi, washers, vise! 41.90 = 18.24 nlogras, ize ROOFING MATERIALS , Plain 64, Strap on 2" 3 Purtins 41. Total numberof vets» 960 pees 2, Referto Table 6-4 Using 22° 3" putin, Dvd $80. 25 pieces plain G1. sets ee 1 Number of rivets sth same asthe lest washer = 950 2. Refer to Table 63. For nas washers, ve 860 © 125 sy 13 Rlonrans F, Summary of the materiale 20 pes, 37x12. comgtod G1. shoet 205.32 x9" comgsed Gi, sheet 55k, Sitives 155g, Gl washers 130g. Load washers 25 pes Phan Gi sheets ILLUSTRATION 62 From the folowing feu, fi the Gl. oof sheets and the umibrela nas requied adopting 2% side comugatons and 30 ‘animeters end tapsing ona 2" purine. SOLUTION ‘AL Corrugated G1, sheets 0ic ic Ic SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 1. Find the numberof rot shea. Rete to Table 62. Using 2% comgalions, avd 1890. = 20 ieoe 2. The lena of alters 6.00 meters 20) «continaion of 360 m. (12) and 270m. (0) reat shee. Reforta Table 65, multiply ach sew fength by he ros of sap 30 pes, 32°12 and 80 ps. 52°9' comugated root sheets Take note that tise only one side ofthe rot Fo the sane sise, double he quantity ofthe oot sheet 2x30 » 60plecos at 3.607. 12) ong and 2x20 =60peces at 270m, (@) long B, Umbreta Nate 4 Determine the number of unbrela nals fr the 12 fost 089 feet oo seat, Retort Table 6-2, mp ROOVING MATERIALS 60 pes of 12. 28 = 1,580 plese Opes. of @ x22 = 1.520 nieces Fala. 2.880 pieces 2. Convert to kloprams. Refer o Table 63, avd: 2,800 = 24 Wagram ILLUSTRATION 63 From Figure 65, fa the numberof oof shoots nals, and lead washer i te pian spety 2% side lp comgatons, SOLUTION ‘A. Comugsted G1 Sheet 1. Determine the number of roof sheet in one row along: {he 12.00 m. gut Roferto Table 6-2, de 12.60m, = 31.8 say 22 pieces 0 ‘This numbers ony fr onesie ofthe roo.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 2 Leng of the rat ‘combination of ether, 8) 10 and 7 Gi. sheet, B) and gt oF 2) 12 and 8 ong fe 490 moter (18 8) o© fs combination of 40° end is preferred, then, the oer wil be 2x 22 = 44 ploces 2x 10'and 2x 2s MW plecessrx7 Roof Halls and Lead Washers. 2 4. Salve fF he numberof oof nal, Refer to Table 6-2; For 309m. (10) long oot set. 44x22 = 908 For 210m.(7) longrootsheot 44x18 = 792 pe Total ot nate... 1780 2, Conver to kgrams, Ref lo Tae €-3. vie: 4,700 © 16:7 say 18 ograms oot nls = E Sgu's scale pas Ss i a ILLUSTRATION 6-4 : From Figure €-8, find he numbet of corse rot shoes, sively washers, lead washers, indudng the plan GI. saps ‘equ the plan seecly 2-12 side lap comupeons and 20 ‘mend lapping ona >” puts a © SOLUTION c ‘ ae ROVING MATERIALS ‘A Roofing Sheets 1. Find the numberof reef sheets slong the 16.00 meters luler Psfrto Tale 2, for 2 Se lanping, dl 18.90 = s0peces ‘so 2 Deerine the ing ofthe ater. For 86.00 meters ong ‘afer, ya carbinaton of 60m (12) and 270m. (9) [ong G1 shoot, Referto Table 5, 30 pleces of 227% 12 feat and 80 plocas of 32"x 0! feet ng ‘3. Take nol that the above quantiles ave ony for one sido ofthe root To include the othe sie, douse the quany 20SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 2x30 = 60pos. 127. end 2x30= 60pcs, 9M. long 4. Considenng het the oot 8 hipped ype, wastage on uting ean rot be aided, hence, prove 2) adatoal allowance of 5% ifthe ange of th hip Is 4S" and 10% i the anges not 45° Get longer sheet io avold excessive wast cating. Thu 60 +60 = thu pos x 8% = 6 places of 12 5. Onier 68 pes, 32° x 12 feotand copes. 32" x 9 fect long B. Gu. Rivets 1. Find the umber of veo, Refer lo Tae 6:2; musi: For 128, sheet: 60x26 = 1.960 places For @n, sheet 60x22 = 1320 sieces “Tota 2.800 pleces 2 Conver wo klograms. Refer to Tale 3. 2.890 = 16 kiograms {00 ©. Gi. and Lead Washers 1. For. washers, doublet number of vets 23880 x2 = 5,780 pleces, Retorto Table 6 divide: -B.160 = 45:7 say 46 elograms ‘te 2. Lead Washer isthe same number athe rvs. Reero Table 63; divide! [ROOFING MATERIALS 2880 = 38.5 sy 39 klograme 76 . Plain G4. Anchor strap 1. Refer fo Table 6-4. The sie of Gi, step on a 2° x 4° purins is 17 10 2 Number of strap is 2.880 equal tothe numberof aves Find the numberof plan stoet needed to produce the 2.880 anchor stap. Refer io Table 64, Dice ‘2.880 = 842 eay9 piecos 36°x8 pin G1. shoot. 2 3. Find the common wr nails o fasten the anchor tap 2.80 x Sais perstap = 2.640 pooes 4. Conver to Klograms, One Ko of 4, 22 mm ow, nails approximately 695 pooes Divide 2540 = 12.43 sey 12540, 4d ew nail 008 ‘Summary ofthe Materials (8 pieces 52°x 12. comugstad sheet 80 pieces Sz°x 9 comgated G short 9 pieces 36°% 81 pian Gi sheet 18 Klograms G1. .veis 239 klegrams Gl washers 125 blograme 41-1729 common wie nals Comment: ‘The estinatng procedure for a nipped rot isthe same as ‘hat of the lean oF gable tye rooting considering the eve covering ef one sheet as constant cvsar. a8SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. However, ite vation might cur in actual sma work suchas 4. rors might be commited in euting and ot lapping of the ool sects 2. the hipped isnot patiemed at 45 degres, entra cut of ‘he Gi roaig sects neviable OFS ta 10m atfatoy, Fe | Sin eh ag] 38/4 el a rao | 3 | sm | |e 200 |e 20] ls leiisl eimai) eS] 2/10 (i [as 3] | a ae ¢ om | 5 [38 [2 |S ie) |e 38) SB [5 [38 | [Ms ie] | 28] & ROOFING MATERIALS. 63 GUTTER, FLASHING, RIDGE, HIPPED ‘AND VALLEY ROLL, In bing consti, these tems are categorized as root scoetsores under inamin wor Estimating these ype of ‘ocesseres is simply determining the number of plan. ‘heat nebded to fabicae the gute, fashng andthe diferent ‘ols aozorting tothe orm and shape as shown on the pan. “The peimary consideration in tnamith work & economy, whieh simply mean, to utlze every inc of th tn sheet. As ‘mush ae poeta, eny unwteecuting often sheet must Me ‘vores. Cuting should stan tom te widest fo the narowest Pat ofthe rot accessories. Experenced iemth werer do start outing fom the quite, ‘en fo the fushing down to the smalest plain Gi sap Wo ‘old was ofthe meters Estimating Procedures 4. Determine the total enath of he guiter in meters, 2. Die tis engin by 2:38 mest fd the number of (puter requrad (238 ie the effective length sf one ‘ter 4. Find the foal wet of one guter based from the cass Scion of the dead plan 4. The wath of one plan Gi sheets. 80 meters. Divide 80 m. by the result ef sop 8 to ind out Dow many ‘tar coud be mage oi rm one pain. shee, 5 The factonat value as extra cut wl be reserved for choc smalor pats Divide the resul of step 2 by the result of sep 4 The ‘eau the requires numberof G1 sheeSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 6-5 Flom Figue 6-7, fod the number of plan), sheets roquredt abicate the open guar a usted ' umes SOLUTION, 1 Fd th tea eat of te 00 ter Lenin = 2(18.00)+2 (10.00) = $6.00 meters 2 Dive length by 235 [Link] elective length f gute. ($8.90 = 22.82 say 24 places 238 os ‘ROOFING MATERIALS The total wath of he guter is 52.5 centimeters (eee ross. ston of gut) Sublres 525 from 00 ‘onimeters the standard with ef oe plan Genet, 906m = 525 = a7 Sentacut ‘This 37.5 centimeters excess cut fom one pain sieetcould be set site momentary to Be consseed in Taking ther foot sccessores such ae fleshing. Alomnspou. anchor strap ferreting ee. Ths ony one ‘itr at 240 meer (2) long coud be made out rom ‘ne plain shee. 4. Onder 24- 90 em (98) x 240m, (8) plan sheet Comment I wil be noted that the standard comme wlth of one pian Gl sheet Is 90 contmeters of 38 inches, The ‘ott wath of one quler is 525 centimeter. Subtracting ‘This simply mean hat only one gtr cond be made out from’ ane pla |. sheet wih an oxcese cut OF 275, ‘novessarily mesn to be considered as wasle because there [Fe covert parts nthe ith work tat requios soar i orators suche efi, an! anc ass, Pc plastic materials are now i used ae guitar enc omspot sien of the pain G! shots, However thie fey sage the use of Fe plate gute Nave nt aed Satiacory result are sceaptance fort ass" ron warping cause by Temperature changes. ILLUSTRATION 6-6 From Figure 6-8 find he numberof plain Gi shoe equied to faricat he gure ol and Mashing a skateSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE pee de Je. SOLUTION A, Gunter 1. ind ne fta length f the root guter = 20 meters. (see fue), 2. Dive by he effective lena of one gute (Table 6) 2000, = 8.5 sey 9 paces guitar 238 4 Toll width of gutler 48 coftimeters. Divide with of 80.0n.= Zpioces derived from one G|. sheet, oe [ROOFING MATERIALS, 4. Divide he rest of sep 2 by stop 3 9 = 45 say 5 pecos pain Gs sheet 2 Fushing 4. ind te total length oF fasting: 43480. = 18m 2 Divide bythe length of ane lashing. See Table 6-8 7.8 say places 3. We of lan 6. see vides by width of Mashing soem 2peces 4. Dive sto 2by step 310 find he numberof plain sheet B= 4 pi0es 2 nace Langa Faget a Vale Be poe Re 2a ‘aang Less 74,28 ba pe alder ont Neriose Ace ‘cepa seeing aud ©. Ridge Rott 1. Total engh of he nig rod is 10 meters. Divide bythe Iongth ofan ge rl soe Tbe 6.ae SIMPLIFIED CONSIRUCTION ESTIMATE a3" 5 pleoes ide ol 2 Determine how many eda rol ean be made out rom fone plan Gi shact With of plan shot divided by swt of tage cl en aon pes 4. Find he number of sans Dv stp 1 by stop 2 45 = 225 pices Summary ForGuiter § pea. Sem. x 240 om plan she Flashing: pes. 90." x 2éDem plain sheet. lage Rol) 2 bos 90° x 240 em in Gl. shock Total. pes. plan Gi sheets. ., Vall and Mj; ped Rott “The estimating procedure for valley se goed ro isthe samo aca ofthe gute, lashing snd nage raw thea of Tanege. Commerc See Stee ih Going gee | x20] 4m | atm dere | fasn20 | Sm | Sem 6-4 ASBESTOS ROOFING Unite galvanized kon foetng sheet wnere accessories A. Stan ROOFING MATERIALS ‘tom guter down tho smallest anchor straps are made an ste ‘ut fom the standers se of plan Gi sheet estimating ‘asbesis roofing materia s much sper becatse a No root Scaessoies and pas fo bo used suchas gute ie, hp and ‘lyr area Tetory mede ready for inctallaton. Different Kinds of Asbestos Roofing ‘Standars conten sh Conus sree, Placa Romar Kenaleas Tencor comgsted sheet ‘odex igtwelgt eorugated sheet 2. Standard Arde 1h Super ardox Estimating Procedures: ') The umber of corugaed asbestos roofing requied is determined by svaing the gute length bythe elective width sovenng fone sheet, ») In finding the number of acessories such a8 fashin, ter, 2cp0, hp a vale fl, vide each fla ional bythe etscive eng of te acoesotes ©) Other pats such es nae end cap, acon ashing, guar omer, down spout and tings are found by rect counting, They are al Teedy made according te facto Standard zee ILLUSTRATION 6-7 From figure 6-9, fin the standard asbestos roti sheet Inctuaing ts secossonesroqulred 1rd Corrugated Asbestos SheetSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE souvnon sand i ? 1, Find the total length of the gutter: 2x 26 = 52.00 meters i: 2 tri Ti 8, de :200m ete th 3 “20m + 2 poe ated set te 38 Gutter otal eng ofthe ridge rot is = 2600 Referto Table ‘8, civide ti engin by the effecive lena of one ate, ‘ 2x 2600 = 22.26 pieces = 2306 ze ‘Ridge Rol a “otal ng of the ges = 2.00 meters. Rete to Table (8 for tage rl. Drie : 28.00. 31.0 pes ager 238 total langth of the asin (see gre) ROOFING MATERIALS 300m. x4 sidas = 12.00 meters 2. Referto Table 6.8, for ouside fashing, die = 528 say pes, outs Meshing ace Ridge End Cxp 4 From Figure 6-9, 8y actual coun, there ae 2 edge end ip. Onder 2 pices Summary of Materials 62 pes. 1203.0 standard comagatedsheat 23 pes. sianare guter, 51 pe. stansere mag ol (pes Sarita ashing 2 es. anand rlge ond cap ‘Technical Data For Estimating Asbestos Roofing tiaras ecient! | te Aoord 20 copes O15 m Soca) | tae Gite efesre on 233m. ouRE 1 ea CORRUGATED SHEETSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE B) 4V Corrugated Asbestos Sheet oan | ae ©) Tencor ‘Standardiengh fo anseg ee a ROOFING MATERIALS D. Kaneletas ABLE KALE YEOMEAL DATA Leah SESriaty womanyn | seule E. Andes, rial ong 15103%8m, ism mSIMPLIFLED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. E, Placa Romana TABLE 6-19 PLACA ROMANA TECHNICAL DATA ‘ander angd eam, Efi rg 0m Stearn 180m: cave wath 300", Sie op ‘som Figo ro etetveength com tide esing tect eth 2226 ge fas fica ena sree tasting eect ath eae 6-5 COLORBOND KLIP-LOK CColorzond is 2 carosion resistnt zie coated ste! sheet prepainled steel sed ray rooting and wallog wih ho fotowing special features 41, Conceaed astering 2 Lock action sp design 3. trative tea aye 4. Near ft rot slopes 5. Less supposnder 8 strong inhweght ts 7 Custom et ong lengths ROOFING MATERIALS mua es Weg pa et nt paral ‘oi pe covered ren {neh Fale Etecive ath overage 26s tg Banu vehtonmncea renee [pemneg a an ela GBEem imi | Memoriam” | “nae ng hee Beeegsoe Seeaezeme | ra soatcswrwae | yo toatxrer ca 25 Srnec | heasa aig ad | lc hee ot ating OL ismerror"_| Saleem ‘omiseraie | ne inatveerman | am 1o20c70 my Game | fettvetastng | beaten odes ets lorates Sitters 20SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. Marowoc | zxgogoxa76mm | 2%x86 @0x978mm) Eames, | Semen Se te Siingwoececew | qorecenon 6-6 BANAWE HORIZONTAL METAL TILE van, ‘thn ate ROOFING MATERIALS. 6-7 MARCELO ROOFING SYSTEM oath ctv witty cna Efoctve see cosa ‘Steeaseing rene | 10 pee perspec Average ho. cesta per sheet | 12 peo ota m Ji HHAHH AM a 6-8 COLORBOND CUSTOM ORRSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. ongeenath Vie Tecrmande ong teotou she at oe) 6 m ‘poate ‘ret Festning to Wood 69 MILANO LONG SPAN STEEL BRICKS Went par snare Etech sven Recormeted oo oe roel oer {0 mn i ROOFING MATERIALS.SIMPLIFUED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 6-10 COLORBOND TRIMDEX HI-TEN Aral rat apie Annum be se sheet Momus atten Fasteners 1. For hardwood: Use Type 17 set dling wood screw No. 12x 50 mm, Hexagonal head wih neoprene masher 2. Forsoft wood: Aad 12 mmto length of serene 8. There sno be four fasteners pr heel a a support, Forside lap fasteners, use Type pon se ling sew ‘No 10x 46 mm. Hexagonal oad wih necpene neanors, 5. Toks seit ailing screw to tel unt 4% om. They cos No-f2x 45 mm Hexagonal hea wth neoprene washer, © 11 ASPHALT ROOF SHINGLE ‘Asohlt Root shingle is manfactured by Certain Teed, It ‘Sams into two vais clog cantin toed 30 and ex ge 25, Serain Teed 20 caries the UL Wind Resstence ans ered by ASTM io provide High tear resslance, Cole scvated, sel sealing sinps form a tight seal spans Gavin ‘ain, snow sr wind he x7 ™ 25 considered extra resistant to wind stesso ete prevent tearing and blow of cares tne UL O07 ska se ‘il resist win upto 60 mph. Special talent tips eae tag Suns heal for adstional weatherproofing and ex, asphat makes ia heavier, more Guat shingle compared a ee stip shingles 28 ROOFING MATERIALS Four fasteners are required per shingle located £8" above {he top ofeach cufot and 1" in fom each side ef ne sto Fasteners are aiven sal ot be less than 2° and staple legs must never be lass ta ‘n tong. Nais are to be 11" or 12 gauge barbed wack aosion resistant roofing nas wih 38° heads. Use 16 guane ne Soaed stapes witht" nomial crown, Staple own nee ‘e-paralilhozontal tab euge Fiter glass campotiion erin Teed 20 par square XT TM por sqeare Dimensional tolerance wa Length Etocve coverage (One bundle cous ILLUSTRATION 68 A Bultng hs a 500 square meters tot! ncined root area The plan speciy Asphat Roo" Shingles, Find the number of shingles requiredCc c . SOLUTION 1. Find the total ates of he ro, Since the ‘efor fo Tecnica! specfeatons and divide the ‘rea by the effective coverage per shingle root “500. 3,703, places ons 2 Air soon fe o digo te ror rea py 2 square Iotes to et he umber of unas of shingle requiad (500 = 186 say 167 bunds, 7 6-12 Upye ROOFING SHEET ‘Ime Upve rooting. sheet i» callad IMACRoo! sulted to comtonve feettons partner indus estabishents. has Gn intemal thermal conguctvay equal 10 (he. expanded rethane and plyiyrene sling tha use of insulating ils MAG Root sheet ae made up of peiclr blend fof thormopiastc fens and does not shater easy unk ‘rainy plasti, asbestos ad fiberglass roofing The 0! Is shockprost and. hinders the dispersion of ames when Contact win tee. They only carbonize wihou sipping. oF breaking op ROOFING MATERIALS. zie wey + ‘Ue #24 ROFLES OF UE Rona SHEETS Boras || eroemester soot | irene Seat wnan | Bet Reese |e {Chong essence] Encl rertance to acdbsse! sate 6-13 SPANFLEX ‘Spansix ising and cling esto eficiont substi for costly wood panels, I peesons an nerestng ad impressive Intonor ane axteror pote for homes and offices, Spares is vateble In al sive ronge of designs and colors f0 su Your estate requirementsSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. ROOFING MATERIALS. Novant wn ctv coverage bopteaton Cele Pantie 6-14 BRICK TILE ROOFING 1. Number of comugated Goof sheets tes Number of vets, washers and aad washers in cores Opeemm Number of plan G1 sheet or anchor strap Boom! tim Number of plan G.. sheet for aig, sang an aso £. Guter and tushing fry Foret an rand 2. Ria, hp ana va rot ‘Grea is wi ohogey, an 5. Numb o nas to fasten the anchor trap in ei ‘lograme aja pyaar ‘Sto Bees, Water Tec, on PET waste rl Rares ee eee EA 8 Wee ale ‘a: Ae ‘Problem Exercise a 1. From the following figure, using 2 % corrugations and 30 SE: SEL ppt oes a ‘the following: em Eaq c © SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 2. From the folowing Figxe, deternine te number of Asphalt Root Shingle requ, CHAPTER, TILEWORK 7-1 CERAMIC TILES Ceramic Tie is one of man’s okies unique bulding ‘materiais“contnuousty"h se because of ts duabliy fincional and aetieve properties Ii protealy indestructible an offers unimod eheaes not only indesign patter bt also coor thet does nt fade. Decorative coramie te was extensively used ab ey as {be period of Madival Islamic Archtecure from Persia to ‘Spins popular and used was exerded upto the period of ‘contemporary avehtecur. Ceramic Tiles are Classified into: 1. Glazed Thes 2. Ungazod Tos Cclazed tiles - ar pincipay used fr wats and ht dy ‘ors an oping, Unglazed tiles - are homageneous compastion, hard and ‘sons quatyprimariy used forors and walls Various Types of Tiles 4. Porcelain Tiles - are mace out from the pressed cst [rocessed ino ine smooth dence end shepely formed Face 2. Natural Clay Tes - ae made fom othe the pressed or {he plastic method rom dust cay that produces a donee oa wi stintive shy textured appearance.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 8. Ceramic Mosaic Tiles - are mounted on 3! 30 x 30 centimeters paper binder of the las 10 facia He laying or sottg, 4. Quarry Tiles - are made through the paste extraction ‘ees from natural Clay o ah 5, Falonce Mosale Ties ae ies less han 15 square Canimeters in foc frm Special Purpose Ceramic Tiles 8) Non-sip tes) Fes rot tins 5) Shiporgalery —@) Conducive tes > ILLUSTRATION 7-1 From fue 7-1, determine the quanty of the following . raters be 12) 10x20 m glazed wales 1) 20.20 em. unglazod er thes ©) Cement formontar 9) White cement forint lor A foam, a SOLUTION -1 (By Fundamental Method) ‘Ay Selving for 10 20 Glazed Vial Tee q - 20 1. Solve forthe wal area ‘rea = 180%(800+ 300) = 1259.m 2. Solvefrina aes of one tie. 10% 20 02.9. , 3. Divide wal are by the area of one tle 42 = 600 pleces 10% 20 (4"x 8" laze tes) i 18) Solving fr 20 x 20 Ungiazed Floor Tiles 4. SoWve forina Neo rea 500x300 ‘Sam 2. Floor area svied bythe ates of on tie, 15 = s7b pieces oe €) Solving forthe Cement Mortar 1. Find he tte area othe wal and for Total are: 42+ 15 = 2753. 22 Referto Table 741, long coment mortar, mp: Comentmarer= 27 x 085 = 23 say 3 begs ‘waite cement filer: 27 x 50" = 135 say 14g ‘8. For breakage allowance, 6 to 10% is satisfactory SOLUTION -2 (By the Ares Method ) ‘A) Solving forthe 193 20cm, glazed wall tes 1. Deteomine the wall ara: A =12.59.mSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 2. Rolorto Table 7-1. Along 4"x 8" (1020) gizad thes Under numberof pleces per sq.m 6002), muty 1299.m x 5000 = 600 plecs, {ASLET-LQUNETY OF TLEE PER SOUARE FOOT AUD METER. re ET Tir [SEES |g | gs y ex12 18x20 200 RR me | Be | 4g | ae eo exe | fone | ais | too ge | By Be | BS Be | Se Re | S18 See seine A "eee Go de ae Seer | ae ham fea 2. Sgn em nga 1 boi or A= 89300+ 8m c iC 2M TILEWoRK 2, Roterto Table 7-1, Using ‘muti 152500 = 375 pieces 20% 20 em. Roar tes ©) Solving for the Cement Mortar and Joint Filler 4. Total are of wall nc floor: 12+ 15 = 27 sq.m. 2. Referto Tatle 7-1. along coment pase mortar, multi: omen monar 27 x 086 = 23 White cement: 27 x50 = 195 say 14g, 3. For outing and breakage, ada 5 ta 10% allowance, ILLUSTRATION 7-2 From Figure 7-2, determine the auatiy of mossc foo nema and exter ed, capping a ore Dead. paste morar ana wnte cemert fier, 28SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMAE SOLUTION |A) Finding the Mosaic Foor Ties 1. Solve forthe floor aoa ‘Area = 2003.00 = 6.00 square meters 2. See Table 7-1, Using 30330 om, mosaic tes, mutipy (8.0059.m. « 11.11 = 667 say 67 pieces 8.) Finding the 20.20 cm. Wal Glazed Ties, 1. Solve forthe tora eof the wal, We Pecimeter = 2(3.00)+ 200+ (200-60) P 40m, Z| Wa Axa * 9.40%1.590m= 14459 m, 2 2. Referto Table 7-1, Using 2020 x 8) gazed ties mult c 14.1 25 ps J sq.m. = 953 pieces 53. Forculing and broakago ad to 10% depending ‘pon the aray of breakage, (2) Solving for cement Mortar and Joint Filer 1. Find the ota re ofthe val and oor “otal rea; (6.00 +141) 204 94m. 2, Referto Table 7.1, along cement mona andi lr, : ratty ‘Oninary Cement: 20.1 x.088 = 1.73 say 2beps Who coment: 201 x:80° = 10g ‘TLEWoRK ) Intemal Beas 1. Solve forthe ong or penmeter onside corer. 2(300m)+ 2(200m) = 10.00 motors 2 ‘Solve forthe eng of 4 vertical comers 4 450mm, 2.00 meters 2. Add and 2 to get the toa length ofthe nse comers 10,00+6.00 = 16.00 meters 4, Divide by the leat ef oe interna! bea ore 20) ae {0 plecs 20cm. tena Bead ) Capping 1. Solve forthe perimeter athe wal tes, P= 2(300)+(200- 80door) = 720m 2. Ad capping slong dor jamb. 200m.x2 sites “otal 3. Divide by length of ap or tie, 20 = S6pieces 2 F) ternal and External Comer Bead By dect counting, there are 4 intemal comers, and & extemal omer beads aaSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘6, Ordinary and White Cement for Paste and Filer Area: 600+14.4 = 204 69.0. 2. Solve for he ocinary sna white coment Reerto Table smut ‘oninary coment: 20:1 x.086 = 1.73 say 2 bags. ‘White cement: 204% 60 = 10kgs. Summary 67 pes, 3030 (12x 12") mosaics ‘dpee 20x20 (28) gazed wal les > {0 pes. 20 om. internal bea ST pes. 10cm Capping 4 pes neal comor bead . 44 es,Extemal comer bead ‘2ags 40g. canary cement “ohograms wnes erent. - ILLUSTRATION 7-3 An offer iobny messes 10.00 x 20.00 meters spety rll 40 carn fr tet i SOLUTION i [Ay Solving fr the 40 40 Coramie Ties 1. Fin the oer area: (1020) = 200 square meters £2 2, Reterto Table 7-1, Using 40x 40 eerame tes, mute 200 x €25 = 1.250 pices L B.) Solving forthe Tle Adhesive and Joint Filler C ic 28 ‘TILEWORK 1 Koning the toot aoa tobe 200 square meters rte to Table slong Tie Advetve, malig. 20 sq. m.x.11 [Link] the adhesive 2. oro ler, refer Tate 7-1, muta 200 53.m. x 50 = 100.98. Comment: e 1. The quanty of tie adhesive varies depending upon the Imekess ofthe mar spphesand the mau Foe 2 The vals gen in Table 7-4 was computed att mm ‘3. The quenity of whte cement joint filer also vaties depaning Upon the size oF the es sna ts sang fistaneo. The smal the es, the mae jon there a fandimere tris cui, 72 MARBLE TILES Marble i a ard metamorphic imestone ite o colored estas and somotmer sveakod or motied fr eiystaine or ‘onular stato capable of taka hgh polish. W fs used In ‘Soule, fume, oping slab, Noes an the Ke, Mario as constuction materials have been extensively ‘sed fom the ancient time of the’ Gresks to the oman mpi down tote mesem and contemporary Arcee ILLUSTRATION 7-4 From Figure 7-3, solve forthe number of 30 » 60 om. ‘mares required including the cement and sand Yr case Bimortr aaheaiveSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE SOLUTION : 4. Solve forte foor tes A= 7.00%2000 = 14059 m, A2= 700x100 =_T0s9.m. Tata area... 210.55. 2 Refer to Table 7-2 Using 30 x 60 cm, marble tes; ' rin 210.89. m x 6.56 =1,168 paces H 3, Ad6 25. allowance for breakage 4, Sole for coment mortar sing css B [Link] to Table 72: mui ‘Cement: 21059,m.x $0. = 69 bags "Sand 2709 m.x,025 = 5.26 cum. “TILEWORK 5. Soe for Polymer liquid, hardener snd calsomine powder Referto table, Polymer Liquid: 210 x 1035 = 7.25 say 8 gains Hardener 210 x (080 = 630 say Yquers Calsomine powder 710 x (048 = 8.48 say 10 lon See ca | ss a | oda sy are Pe gee els )els more | mt | 45 30 ms | os Eres esis ca ea logs soxeo | 28 | 48 0 zs | os 7-3 VINYL AND RUBBER TILES ‘The standard. specifications for vinyl ad ibber sles provides tha “it tel be nanfading, odaess and nai on hon wet ard shal be srg enough fo thst the ‘tna tear and wear, cleaning and moving of hire ‘ition! damage and sabe se ding, les shalbe Ind to conform wih he manufacturers specications which party states thaSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 1. Aaiesive moment shall be applied othe Noor every ster the tes ar ladon the surtce . Tiles ar pressed wan inleum rt to veld ites © Mle complation all work shal be cleaned of cement, et ‘a oter substances. Apply wo-oat ef wax nd polish to smoot shiny fish aed ‘Number par | Gallons of Adhesive Betmeieis| | ee oa |#| 2 ILLUSTRATION 7-5, Antes room wth a genera mensions of 7.003 2.00 [Link]. ‘ndgomg renavatlon. Betrmine the amber 9f 30 30 om. ‘antes required incucing Is schesive fr istaaion, SOLUTION 4. Salve forthe too ares: 7.00 8.00 = 68 59. 2. Refer to tbe 7-3, Using 23030 on. vin tl, musty 63 eq mxttt1 © 700 pleoes 3. Solve for the adhesive coment. Refer to Table 73 muy 183 x C42 = 265 sey 3 gals TILEWORK. 7-4 GRANOLITHIC FLOOR. ranolthic Noor is marie type mosaic oor fish that uses Pornd comont as taso matali has cheractesie {of dat, beauty an vent stad by eer Monte Monolithic or CastPace means massively, sold, single and uniform Moor nish cast place. Amur of cement end ‘marie chins fo propalen of #3 la easton top os ough ‘oor sab surace to an average ickness of 7.25 cm The fa 's then grinded ater it has atinedsuftcien hardness to aston’ abrasion and ‘wbrsion caused bythe gending machine. Grinding ofthe oor ertace le dene nt srk han ‘Bours ater casting Pra-cast refers to granothc ties in vanous dimensions ‘aydricaly pressed and molded ins faley. The dence ference “between the cast io pace and. the. precast instalation isthe manner and place feacing or foldng. The {omer instaled on ste andthe Inter prased atthe factory, re-castis insted in le form wile as i place inal fon fresh mixed form, Nonny. diving hard bass strips wa ay 2ne aro lesa between esi corr and leave av stages esue cracks, The tv sp hkneas ranges fom 135 2.12 mo even thor pening or the eng ane ILLUSTRATION 7.6 Foran 8.00 m. by 10,00 meters room that speciy cast-in pace gral ay, lt down the ates equte, SOLUTION 1. Delors he for area ‘Awa: 800% 10.00 = £0 53.m.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 2. Determine the quanty of marie chips ques. Refer totale 7, mutiny a0x.0125 = 1001.m 4. Determine he quantity of white erent required. Refer sgainto Table 1-4, muy 80 x 172 = 13.78 say 14 bags soon | nae ro SOLUTION (ay Pre-Cast Installation ) 1. Fine he foe aoe rea: 108 » 8059. 2. Referte Tale 7-4, Using 4040 grate tiles ‘uty 20 59.m.x 6.25 = 500 pieces 2 Using less @ ria, fro Table 7-4, mutphy E cement: 90 x 225 = 18)as 4. Solve forthe bras divider, Refer o Table 7-4; uty “THLEWORK zxm [ao | ae | am | ow | we saxo | im | 3 | aa | oe | 80 ‘ono | ‘oa | aoe | Zs | ow | Se 78 CEMENT TILES Cement Tile is a maura of cement, sind and water hydeaicaly pressed. caly manufsctired in the fling 2mmx20x200n. x 8x 8 2smmx25x28em. 110 AAC 2émmxsoxadon Paz E Estimating the quantity of coment tes include the cement mortar forte iaying at an average theaness of 20 mm. The etheasusea cous be ener 4. By tho unit measure method 2 2. BY the Area methad ving Table 7-4 ILLUSTRATION 7-7 Find the number of 20x 20cm. coment ies required or 2 school cassoom wih a general mension of 1.00 x 800 m. ‘sing lass 8 maar mocureSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. = room | aaatemntine SOLUTION 1. Solve forthe for ara 7.00%9.00, 63 square meters 2. Rear to table 7-4, Using #20 20 coment tes mutt F 63.59. x25 TS neces 8, Referagan to Table 7-4 Using cass 8 mortar muti ‘Cement: 63 x.225 = 1420 ay 15 bags ‘Sond 2 x.018= 43sny 45 cum 7-6 WOOD TILES Wood, te is 2 wall sranged thn small wood pieces i various dimensions wih tekros anglg orn 8m. 8m, E ‘Wood chips are careful lad one ats me ona plane emooth Sorace concrete foo ad appled wit good kind of white ‘iu, -The wood te for Is ten gaded wih No, 300 and 100, {and paper 26 hours eter setin to produce a fine and soo ‘ven aurface, Sandpaper dust brn mixed wih weed gue ‘sod ae lr af rs Estimating Wood Tiles 4. Sate forthe net Noor area to be covered wth woe tes in square mete 2. Woos tes come in sau foot. Thes, multe the floor tre ound by 10.7519 get the number square foot 2. Muttply the Noor area by.195 10 get the number of wood ‘9ue ln gains per square mete. ILLUSTRATION 7. ‘An offco room shearing 12.00 melers wide by 20.00 meters long speaty weed le float. Prepare the bill of SOLUTION 1. Fin the ara othe oor ‘ea: 12.00%2000 = 240 s,m. 2. Convert to squere oo, mliy by 10.78, 240% 10,76 © 2.5885, 2, A 5% allowance fr euting and edging,SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 2589 05 = (20.18 say 1309.8 3. Ae sop 2 ands 2.500+ 120 = 2,719 pieces. 4. Onder: 2.718 square oot wood tes 4. Determine the wood gue at.088 gation pe square mete 240 sq, m.x.085 = 20.4 say 21 gallons 7-7 PEBBLES AND WASHOUT FINISH Poles are small roundish tone use for was ana Foor Sinies caed washout end pebbles respectively Pedtle sone [S mbeed ath pure coment to a proportion of eer 1:2 of 13 ‘mortar mbcure then applied on fe wall oF Moor stab then washed wih watr to. desrod tatu before the conte Tinaly se. Twoly four hous ater, the pebble surtace i then ‘sernbed with seal rsh and soon of water art Melle ‘to obai tbe desired natural stone Eich ILLUSTRATION 7.9 ‘Awa rouphiy plastered has general dimensions of 10.00 rmetrs lng. and 2 metore igh requires stone pebble washout fn List down the meters requred, TILEWORK SOLUTION 1 Solve forthe wal area ‘ea: 2.00% 10.00 = 20 sa,s9,m. Determine te hiekness of the stone pebble finished «ay ‘81mm, oF 016m, mull by the wal rea, 20.x.016 = S2eu.m. Refer to Table 2-1, Using class" mitre, muti Cement: 32 x 120 = 3.84 say 4 bags Pebbles: 32 x 10 = 22 cum. stone petes Pr ise A putic comforaom has Nag aimension of 400 meters ‘wae and10 meer ong, The fore fished with 20% 20 {. unplzed eoramic ts end the wall specifies 10x 20 fn: marble les 200 meters man, Solve for 12) 10% 20cm. marie tes for wal 3) 20% 20m unglazodeoremis lor tos ©) Coment martarusing Sass A iste <4) Polymer iui hardener and calsmine powder. From the flowing gure, fr the wood tes and aahesive ‘eureSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 3. From the towing for plan and slavation of enimming ool, save forthe numbor of tes required sing 10% 10 {n, glaze thes for tha wals and 20 x 20 or. unglazed Aor bes Induding te mat and white comer) Mer 81 BOLTS Bolts «pln od with head atone and and tiveaded atthe cane ond to veclve a rit Different Types of Bott 1. Machine bot 2. Countersunk bok 4. KeyHead bot 4 Sus bot Machine Bott is apn rod wit hess atone and end a shot tread at the cer en ‘Countersunk bolt has 8 beveled heed ting lt a counter- sink hoe ‘Key head bolt has head shape end fed to proave to ‘reve tuming when the ma serwed io the oer end ‘Stud bolt i headless pin bot treaded at both end. 8.2 SIZE AND LENGTH OF BOLTS “Te size or clametrof the bok you noed depends upon the hikes of th aber tobe connected and the fad sess ‘nas fo cany or resis. Tho ffocve length i the ttl org ‘he bt mines the Mead andthe tea EMective Use of Bolts 41. Forlumber up om. tick, use 6 mm (4 diameterua SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. For 75 em. ick (99 humber uso 10mm. 7" ameter, For 10 em, (4) thick ber use 12 mm. 172" ameter. lle noe shal be 1.5 mum, (1/18) lager tan the bot ‘ameter urs snug fs necessary ‘Abways uso washers under head and nut of your mae ‘hie bt For casage bot, use washer unde nut ony se toggle bo for atachng fixture plaster wal Use expansion bot for fastening to mason. erator pone, we bass cam led % [se | x [oe [a [oe 123 | 2 | 443 | 89 | bee | i230 | 00 [2081 2m [ae [7m | om fan |vm [zw Sm | S22 | res |moes | 1450 | 1072 |zaer 34 | Get | a2 [ira | tem | 2000 |aean 60 an [eo [aw [aw [wm [a [me 3a [640 | 934 |r2o4 | rrr | 2250 [aee Ce wean Tay Tecan Hens SponSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE G=ngs C—- ; === / =o ‘aur 4 varus TYPES OF Bott 204 3} Wooden Post Anchored by Post Strap. The length of the boli equal fo the with othe pot pus the two thickness (ofthe post strap pus 20 mm allowance fre read and Length of ott = wath of Post «121mm» 20 mm, ') Post and single Beam is equ tthe wih of he post us the micsness ofthe beam HARDWARE i Estimating the Length of Bolts Length of Bolt = With of post Thicknees of Beem mS‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE @) Post with Two Beams of the Same Thickness. The Length of ot fs equa the wal of post plus tckness of two beam minds ine 29 mm dap. (Tete are wo dap opposte the ‘column sides bi only oe ls sutrectog because the oes 2 ‘mm dap is reserved forthe tread Wat wl rceive het) Length of Blt = With of Post +2 Baum tikes ~ 20 mm ret 14) Post and Two Beams of Diferent Thickness Lenathof Balt = With of poet plas (84 ta) -20 mm re, ©) Length of Bolts on Trusses, Length of Bote # Thickness off, 2,3. #20 mm amie [5 | 6 ent aetna lal: $3 SCREW In Carper wert, screw i sometimes us instead of as ae he flowing advantages Seats oki power Nestin appearance Less chance of ijurng the materials Ease of rerio in aes of repsSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. How to Choose Your Screw 41 Select ane iat long enough wherein a haf of two thie of Tenth wal eter tho Bac in which heads ‘ss embedaed 2, The lang of te sorew should be 48" or3 mm toss than te combined tucknss ofthe boards biog one. 18, Use tne trea! sow for hard wood and coarse ead {or sat woos, How 10 Use the Serew ‘Always di lea ole forthe sow. 2, ele’on top toard shold be sighy larger than the Shank, in socond board sightysmafer than the ‘treaded potion, 43 In'sot wood, Bore to depth na the length ofthe tea 44 In hard wood, bor near 2s doep asthe length ofthe Forlag seam el note Wo thirds ts length then sive Int harmo. and aly ben wit wench How to Buy Screw 1. Sorews are classified by gauge and length in inches Enc gauge has a varty of efron lrg wich ‘may be obtained up 0 Tz, (3 inches) 2. When erdenng screw, spety head shape (9. round hae), Finish (rss), gauge number and engi rom 2 {0 5 centimeters ‘3. Square neaded lag serew comes in darter of 8 mm 1025 ra (401 Ie wh length fo 4 can 1030 fon (1/210 12 Inches) Wood Screw Wood screw is 8 sere nal with handed cou thea! 12 ove aor. 44) Materials Used 1 ton 4. Brass 8. Copper 2 Slee, Bronze 6 Amn bb) As to Shape of Head 1 Fa 4, Heasess 2. Round 8, Slotted (wood screw) 5 Filter 10. Square lag sew) 4 Oval $1. exagona 5. Winged 12. Clove 6 Bung 13, Grooved 7 need 6) As to Shape ofthe point 2 Full Uenatm 3 Come 44) Aste Duy 4 Wood (ant uty) 2. Lag (heavy ay) (8) AstoFinich 1 Bratt 6. Buea 2 Nid Prtes 7" Siver Plated 3 brass 8. Bronzed 4 Coppered 8. Japennod 5 Leccuered 10, Gavancea ‘The Three Shapes of Serew Point are: 1. Gilet Point Ie used on wood and conch screw 2. Diamond Point - Is use when more driving ls done before tring as eve ana lag screw 3. Conical Point - Same asthe damond pont. EySIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 8-4 NAILS, The fist nandrnade nals were uced inthe United States ‘and lasted up tothe end ofthe Caloris Peed. Leis Franoe lt ale were made by bad sd hammer ou f soo! tr gs eat as the days of Napoleon. In 1851, wr nals ‘ast introduced by Wiliam Herero New Yor. Twenty ve Year ater n 1870, Pater Goedel inrosuced the manufacture Eire nasa. And tthe lst part ofthe 80 century. twenty three patents for oa making machine were approved in the United Sete wich wes nroduce ater n England Kinds of Nall as to: 4. cross Sectional shape ‘8. Cut fetangula) b. Wr (cca 2. size a. Tecks b. Spgs Brads 4 Nase Spike iaterile a. Sloe! b. Brass &. Copper 4 Finish 2. Plan Coated © Galvarized Blues 5. Service ‘2 Common b, Floring © Fishing 4. Rooting e. Boat Leet eoe ee HARDWARE ‘asa san) 2810608 - For gonara construction ‘Common na ‘2810 40d - For ight constuction household use... Box 2810404 - Fo ner. Cina 24,9 20d For Cabnatwo fume. isting nal 24. to 204- Foon contucto. cu N6"t03"- For ttt work modngs. os Wie brad 1012" - Forheary construction ‘speSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE HARDWARE ‘Tacks Tacks are small sharp pointed nals with tapering see and fem 24 10 04 bor ‘Win Rat head. Tacks are alls chiefy used in Tasenng care ees ets and nasting of any thin materi 28 16 206... Fishing Nat ae T= Eb Se PIE elses | a | a4 |SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Spries ‘Sprigs are smal neaaless nats sometimes called barbec dowal pn. Tho regular sizeof sprigs ranges from 12m. to ‘Som gauge No.8 wie or 4 mm ete. Brads ‘Brads are smal slender nas wth smal dp heeds, The common vary is made n sizes ffem 2 cm. Go 15 om. {Gan nath Flooring brads ranges rom 5 em. ong HARDWARE ‘There are two kinds of Spike; 4, The ft need, lamnd point 2 The oval head, chisel pon, im [lanza] age [et] doy | eure] He Nae perms mt] Cnet |sage| ere] na| Nl eaeae elo lu le | 2 | 2] wee on sk a al Kin fl ven mest hard be SiS iu 1s |e] 2] see wih acon ease po Ble |e |e | a | a] sew Sle] eB |e | we] RY] Be TAMLEt4 COmMEN WENA TEOHIAL DTA wis | 2 |] |e) is ‘ine [a ana Ble li ti | el els Sie ee ei eee | aa ner! im | a 4.100 Nal pope nae fr a ind of al np ow ix | # 230 ‘ome sizes such as Tacks and Spies. The most generally he ae ‘used nails are called common nails from 2,5 em, to 15 om, 2% 83 3.400 in | 8 1S Spies ie is An ondinary spike is a stout piece of metal from 7.5 om. to 30 aK sae «nin feng, much tikern proportion hens common na e 300 pike much nwa in taster aod al, coscen os 18 ot Sat po ant ober wok ng tbr | ie i areSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE RARDWARE {ABLE COMWOUBHADS TECHNICAL DATA b Length, ae S| es ee ee a TAELE 1. qUUETTY OF SENT CORTED WALSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE TABLE USES AND APPRONIATE QUNATY OF Wa ee Ee aap coemsrate [sm [or [me [om Fagan Seen [ae |g |e eee Bee |S | | eats eae ee em |e eee ane Saas fase [az | | 2 jos x | m | ae fom Ea oe patscerards | ae | oe | a lemma user saocoon| Semmens | a | 2 [rato raggeme me ficm | | me [ow aa esa [ am [me | o lovame STAIRCASE 9-1 INTRODUCTION Carpenters wo have expenienced bang stats nave found Ito be an art n tale Techneaty, bulging sacare requires ‘Sretural earoorty and craftsmanship of cabinet making. fe ‘ke construing an incined bre badween two. posts. on ferent floors wth unforn well propatoal tends andres thal ae sate and comfonadle fo cmb and descend 9-2 DEFINITION OF TERMS To tart th his dy, important te know an amie frat wih th technica tes used in tarng tease Baluster- A smat gos supooding the hana or a coping, Balustrade Is 2 sares of sow of balstrs joned by 3 anda or oping 8 the parapet of baany Bearer «Is a suppor for winders wedged ino the wal secited by ne tanger. ‘carriage - Is that ponian supporting the steps of a wooden stars. Close sing -A starcase without open wel 2s Cocktail tai A tom piven to awindng staessa, ‘circular Staic- A stacase wit stops wintng ins crcl or ovnderSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. Eiptesi Star's Td elptical in pan whore each road assembly is carvetging in an eliptiel tng in a an, Fright of Stars - A sores tps leacing from one tending tothe other Front String - The sting onthe side of stars where andr ts paced, Flyers - Are tensa fight that are parallel wth each oes, ‘Geometrical Stars - A fight of sta supprted by he wall tho end of ine steps Half space - The terval between two flight of steps in Handrail call running para wth the incnaton ofthe tals that holds he balusters Hollow New An opening in the mii of he starcase as isinglsnea rom sol newel wherein the ends of ops are ‘atacne. Housing - The notches inthe sing board of 2 sta forthe ception of sas. ‘knee ithe convex ben atthe back ofthe hana The horzonta floor a esting place na an Newel The cenral coisa where the slens of ceuar siareas wins [Noting -The ont edge of ie stp that projet Beyond the Pitch «The angle of incnaton of the horizontal ofthe sis Ramp A siooe sraoe that ses and twists simultaneously STAIRCASE Riso - The height of a ight of stars fom landing olnding othe Reight betveen successive esd o sta leer - The vertical ace ofa stair stp, Run The horzonal tance from he fst tothe lastriser of startin, SSpandrel- Th anole formed ey 8 stairway Stalrcase- The whole se of sais, the suture containing a nghtora sale ‘Stair Bullders Truss - Crossed beams whieh support “ve landing of asa ‘Stair Head - Te nal star athe topo a glo a stir or ssavease Stair Headroom - The clear vere height measured fom {he nosing af a Sar read to any overead obstruction ‘Stair Well-The vertical sat ven conain a stakease, Step. A star which consi of one read en one ser Stops - Te assembly consisting of reed anda ise: String - The part of Might of tae whieh ferms its cling or sof Sofft The undemeath ofan arch or mono. String Board - The board nex 19 me wall hole which reoaiven the end of the ses. ‘Tread Run - The horizontal distance batveen two consooutve nets, oF the horzonal dance between the owing othe outer edges of succosiv road onan apan sar Sairallmeasure perpendleuarf the fon edges a he nosing oresSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘road - The horizontal part of step ncluing he nosing. Tread length The dimensien of orpendculart the nal in of taval on sere Tread Width - The dimension of Wed plus the projection ill string - The board paced agen tne walt reese we end ofthe step, Wall- The place occupied bythe fight of sts. Will Hote Te opening inthe oor tthe top of «Mgnt or ‘Noll Statease - A wading stexeace encosed by walls rseming a wel ‘Winders ~ taps not paral with each ther ‘ireath- The whole of helical curved hand al 2 STAIRCASE 9-3 STAIRCASE LAYOUT. “Te fundamental principles lying ou a stircase are: AL Determine fst he clear eight ofthe risen meter. ‘Nosmaly, the standard eamfonabie se er sep i fam 1710 18 contmetrs. The maximum height © step ser 20 centimeters eels only alowed on special Considerations where the physical condiions date, However, tis neigh is understood a. be not ‘comfortable for Doth ascending and descending the 2. Determine ne number of stps frm the ft othe next floor by diving the total height of the rise Dy the ‘hoson step ser of ether 17 or 18 centimeters 8. Divdo the run dtance by the tread whien normaly measured foci width of the ‘wat ot esa tc With Sem BemSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. Etfective wiath of he red ste wlan minus the nosing 4. ne rest of step 3 sos than that of step 2. aust the engin af the in ar the wth of to ead fo eotain fan equal cstances and proportional lps 8. The height ofthe rere should bo quel and unform ffom the fst othe as stop ofthe sta, No racial Vale In vcing thei by the ise per sep. 5. fractional valve could not be avoided in diving the fee by the Yor, aust the faconel val in eval froparton to te numberof es, Bu Inno case shall the ager pet step be grestor than 19 centimeters nor lese hen 17 centimeters, Otherwise, the sas wl nt be conadord ar comfortable f asoond and descend Pos tne— era mani haere ILLUSTRATION 9-1 From Sgure 8 determine the number of steps and the eight of the riser i the ttl height of tho Hse 220 meters {sing 229 conimeters th ofthe Ven. SOLUTION. The teght ofthe ise fe 2.20 metas. Assume a 17cm ser De Rise = Number frees Riser 220 = 1284 7 “The answer has a fractional smount of 94, The rue ays. "Thre should bo no fractional value In diving the rise by tho rsor” Thus, ast to have an equal eight priser. From the rut of stop 2, use the whole value of 12 Atsregaring tne decal amgur of 94 220° 183 m 01185 cetimetors 2 ‘Te *83 none hat fhe er pe sop nent oF 47 a3 assumed. Ths value ts wthin the range of 17 nd 19 em considered as comfonat star [Delermine the stance of the cn sing the form. Fun = [Link] Steps 1 x Eective width oth read festvewian = Teas with -Nosng Neston 210 52m Run = 92-1 x 280m. Run = 278 meter “Thor wore instances where te ength ofthe nin and the ‘eignt of the ase re known o¢ given te question Is Dow to Goterine the wth of he es and eight of each rae,SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 9-2 DDelemine the neigh ofthe eer athe wth ofthe read nen tes 268 meters apd the run 278 mee, SOLUTION 4 Assume the riser eight tobe 18 centimeters 2. vide these height by 18 centimeter. 2B8= 14.72 say 18 tens 40 STAIRCASE 3. Assuming that Mere are 18 stops instead of 1472 Determine the al Neigh of he se: 265. = 177 om. This snout betoon ne 6 cepa vie of 17 1 19cm. 4, Assume nat the tread width i 30 centimeters. The ‘tlecive wah of the sop Is 80 minus O5 nosing = 25, ‘emteters 5. If ere ae 15 stops, mutt by the etectve wat of theta Run = Number of steps- 1% 25m. (seeFa 84) Run # (15- 1)x25 © 350 6m. 0r350 meters “Teke note that 3.50 meters is longer than 275. mator ‘distance of the fun as species nthe problem, thereto adjustment of he read widths neceseary 8, From sep 4, assume ead woth = 25 not 30 on . The effective wisn is: 25¢m- Sem, nosing * 200m, Check distance by al mutiplicton: ‘umborof stops x Effective wi +4 x 20 = 200 meters 4. ‘This value is accoptable since the exiting distance of the rans 2.75 mers wth a ciflorenc oF 5c. wich ‘ould Be agus poparonlly ote numberof sep. 9-4 THE STRINGER ‘tinge is he incined plane supzorting the weads and the iors ofa sar. Tha lant ofthe stages determined by he ‘se of the Prinsgorean Formula er by actual meesuement ‘sing a metre or ape,SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘The ‘Slee Square Is very useful and effective toot in siarcase taming. Know Re Yontons and a ststaron esi il be obisinod. Stinger is classi secrding ta the methods Df attaching the fers the end as Hustle in Figure 8, ‘The Ditfereat Type of Stringer are: Cut type stringer » 1s popular used in most modem nd conemporarytouse designs, 2. Cleated type stinger: Is used fra very ough work 3. Bui type stringer Is adopt on wi stars that requis a enter stinger 4 Rabbet type stringers adopted on ne works usualy ‘ade atthe rill Te ners and reads eel nthe ‘abbets by wedges hat ae etn wit gle, [-& CURES TYPE OF sAROER STAIRCASE ILLUSTRATION 9.3 From Figure 98 determine the length of an open Sut type _seingsr wit the folowing data, Findlstance = 3.50 meter Height ortho se = 250 meters ea? SOLUTION - 1. Using the formule: Stringer Length = Run? + Rise? engin = (/'550" + 250 Length = FBR = 430meter oF 4.28, Esv ee, SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Find the numberof steps setuning 18cm. sor hag ise = 250m, = 13.80say 14 tops Reer 48 Tet [tang tate] Ung areun | tte [twee [wan [Tse | wim | fee | Heo fy | tins | 130 | 450 | dae | 108 8 | aoe | a7 | imo | 205 | 15 | te STAIRCASE 3 Risor Height Is, = 2.52 meters. ( Seo under height of Staies Inclination Angle Lee 50" to 90° Ramp 1 to 20" Stare 20" 60 Ides! tehe 20" 0 5° Tat Dageas Ne rise fess to | Bee | See | 200 | 260 | 70 | 190 “ar [gee | 20 | 2 ie | see fe | 315 | 270 | 240 aot [216 sa | 367 | 431 | 200 | 3g | 238 | 22 4s | 850 | Sea | Sao | 338 | 285 | 20 | Sel ceu bese ae [8 B | EE [8 [38 [5 [32 [3s SOLUTION -2 “Tis problern can be slved instantly using Tabe 9-1 1 Length ot Stingers = 4.31 meters. (ee column under ‘wah 30 om long 14 number of sep). 2. Length of Run is = 2.50 meters. (See under column ‘wih 30cm long 14 numba of sops.STAIRCASE SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE Problem Exercise 41. Mako a sketch Plan ofan deal L- Shape stavcase 1. The minimum with of any star slab and the minimum wi the folowing dat ameter mension of any landing should ba at est 10 ‘ontimetors. Wan of star = 2.00 metas fie = 300meten 2. ‘The maximum sso of sas sop shoud be between 17 Tread 30 cantimeters and 19 centimeters Arise toss than 16 cantinetere not Nesing = “Scomtimetrs tore than 19 centimeters snot considored as Wea! sti Rsechegnt =? Rn? ©. 8. Theminimum wlth of ead exctsive ofthe nosing shal bes centimeters 4. The maximum neigh of 2 sealgh ight between endings Is generally 3.60 meters 6 eep those serving sex fom places of assembly ware 2 maximum height of 240 ‘eters Is nrmallyspocted 5. ‘The numb of talway in tuiting depend upon th number of probable occupans per soar the wn of Slaway and the buiing floor area. The detence fom L fny point in an open Too ea to tha nearest stsnway Shall not exceed 30 meters and thatthe corresponding stance slong coridar n'a pause eres shal not ‘coed 38 motes. ©. The combined with of a Accommodate tone time te ol urbe ef percots oy ‘ccapying the largest Noor area usr the condtion that fone person for each 33 square mete or area onthe Tamang and nals thin the ssa encosure 2 saewayn any for shall be 4 7. In bulting of rere than 42. meters high and all 4 ‘[Link] regardless of ig the required ) Slaways must be completely encased by feproot he Denltons and at least ane away shal continue te he uevanen foot 25Te ON SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE From the following Four, make a sketch plan ofan seal U- shape staeare were the riser do not exceed 19 entmeters or ees than 17 conimeters with & 30 conimetars toed and § ‘ontmeters nosing. The ase of the sais 3.808 meters, CHAPTER, ca PAINTING 10-1 PAINT Paints commonly refered to a8 a “Surtace Coating’. ts dened os "2 coating appiad to a curtaco_or suite to ‘decorate, to protect, or to perform some oter specialized fnetons mast everybody knows the word pain, ts uses. coors, Incuding the brand name ated es poor good ana durae There are those wio hava litle knowledge of pant bl aos 8 brand based on how its avarised whe others on cot. {Genera 9908 quality pin sale i costes than tat of ‘poorer ono. However, in tems of surface area coverspe, ase of work and dre, good qaity paint fe neaper than that of poorer one. Thus, never have # sebond thoagi of having the bet pa: for @ repute brand, oltre, 10 ha ‘of saving a fow cents for your paint migh tm ou Ine 0 Be more expensive Ciaiing 2 good qually of paint tom 2 reputable brand however, nla guarantee that you have a long lasing pai There are numerous kinds of pant aster ae various kinds of suriaoe tobe pats, ‘Aviva premium quality paint 1 8 surtace ot suitable for such type of pant considered as leahical fire. aie whieh cannot be guranteed by the cost nether the cand ot Is therefore imperative te know which pant for wt kina ot surface tobe appted wih onSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 10-2 INGREDIENT OF PAINT Paint has the following ingredien 1. Vehicle 2 Solvent 3. Pigment patives Vehicle Vehice i that substance In the paint that gives continuity fim and provides adhesion oe surtaceo¢sbirae, tis caled vehicle Because i cares the ingests fo De subrate nd Femain on the surace ater th pant nas rs, “The veticie contains afm former. A combination of the folowing ingredients: 2 Reans 8. Plasticore Drying al ete Components of Paint Vehicle: 1. Solid Thermoplastic Fim Former. The sold resin is ‘meted Yor appleation and then soes ser appaton, 2. Lacquer Type Film Formers. The vehido ded by solvent evaporation 8. Room Temperature Catalyzed Film Formers. comet agent ended lt the coating before sppcaton cue cross-linking ito sk polymer at room Temperate 4. [Link] Film Former, Heat causes cross nking of the tm former or acsvates a catalyst thats not active ul heat has been applied ‘5. Oxidizing Film Formers. oxygen fom the ar enters he Min an ers to form a 9a gel PAINTING ©, Emulsion-Type Film Formers. The solvent evaporation land the srepts of plete fm former Aoating in ows fogathor to erm a tim. Solvent Solvent are low viscosity volalelqud use in coating to Improve aplication propeies. Pigment Paint Pipments are sold grains or parties of utr and conrled sizes wich ar general mnsouble inthe vert of the coating Paint Pigment contributes tothe fllowing propertis, '2 Forte decoration of funtion - Wconnbutes op, olor ara gloss conto, i. Forpotective function - it corintute spite foperios ‘sch 26 hardness, resistance fe onsson, rap ‘weathenng, acason, and inproved adhesion. © Wake sanding easier, retard Name and serves as Instation against teint, 44. Plomonts fl spaces in gin fis. Additives ‘Aaatives 2° igredons formulated ithe paint to moty {he properties of ear the vice othe pigmetaion or bth ‘They give the wet pat or ered paint fm properties, wich a ‘not present nthe venice and pgmientaton system. ose ire 8 oth properng of vn sch p00 Sy, igment resstance to fading or the ene pala ot ease * ppteation,Pe Ul SIMPLIFIEDCONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, 10-3 ESSENTIAL AND SPECIFIC PROPERTIES ‘OF GOOD QUALITY PAINT Good quay pant must have the follwing essential end spect properties, 4. Aanasion - Coating must stick to te surface or ‘trate fo bring other properties into work. 2. ane of Application - Pale must bo easy apo in ‘Aecoraanoe win the methods as preseated by the ‘manufacturer should go ito the subtle to. 3 Speotied tm ‘hiekness and be dood wihin the ‘peated te wih the desire appearance possessing ‘The necoseary spect properties Film Integy = The credo ded fn of paint must have al the fim proprtes, as aimed. ty: the Imanuactrer Thre shou be no weak spots Inthe fim eased by imperfect fim dying cure 4. Consistent Quality -Paint must be consent in qulty Such a clo, vscosty,appleation and dura frm ‘an to ean, batch by bach, shipment by shipment 45 Specific Properties» Pant shouts be considered for patedlar use uch es ‘2 Konen Enamel Enamel paint must resist grease, Test an repeated leaning , Stucea or Latex Pant must resist water, skal and ‘unit and must alow passage of water vapor. © Swimming. Pool Pain. Ths ‘ype must have @ Spo coine, wate and sunt esletancs 1. Externe Commercial Arr Fishes must resist {va lelst depression, erosion by a loss of ‘aesion at hot speed, roi temperature changes, PAINTING ‘hemical attack by ine hydraulic fui of th rer ana fi spre one ego he by he dra ot 10-4 ELEMENTS OF A GOOD PAINTING JOB Pining is the ns teh inthe consniction werk. 1 hor al the construction detects, ugliness and roughness from Iason, ape, nenih and ers se comet, ‘Snoothoned end beuatfed ‘The elements of a goed painting job are: 1. Correct Surface Preperation - The. primary snd ‘escola propery whieh i necessary for"= Ean 1s ‘Adhesion, Good. adhosion demands good nurlace proparatin 2. Choice of the Proper Paint System - Appy the rot vind ef paint on the nant sutace Fox instance, atvays ppl the High ken of primer before the fina lop coe. Watee baco pat for masonry and coneete. Oi base pant or wood and equlvalem sua, ote 3. Good Application and Right Technique and Tools Maltin uno wet an dry fi thickness 1) Coneetappitetion and number of coauence as Specied by the menuactree ) Use height knot eas vith good quay. 4. Comect Drying Cyc - The final proparies of th dies cating, dovelop during he drying cycle. Unies ndtion are favrabe, corres fim properties wil never, ‘develop 5. Protection Against Water - The primary cause of pint fale ieMosture Moisture le consdered as 8 menace tothe bast of pent jo,— SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE, ‘tis vary stating to 500 your lovely and newly pnt house deteriorating so soon special if you bowght good Pant used good eos an spend at or abo, Wiser he hin enemy of pant. tsa pervasive element ‘of deeroation andi eases te folowing 18) Rasting and over coesion Pain peeting 2) Masoncy efeesesnce and spalig <8) Conosive water solution saning sea wate) 10.5 SURFACE, PREPARATION “The quickest way o achieve paint fare through improper surface preparation, lust as Important to qual a surface preparation es tis to spey a ping system, SPECIFICATIONS ‘A. GENERAL 4, Surface Examination- No exrior pln or intr fis Shall be-done under conden which may jeopardize ihe quay oF appearanes ofthe pasting fishing, 2. Preparation - All Surface {0 receive pal should be ‘loaned and in proper condition. Wood works stall be Sndpapeed and Gusted clean, AY knot ols, ch poset, oF sappy portions. shall be shelacked of ood wih knorsealer Nal Rows, crack, of defects ‘Sat bo cred patie ar the fs oat wth uly ‘leaching eter ofthe sano pit. 3. Inferior Woodwork, Wood frish hal be sandpapered Dotwoen cou. Guest, F poser imperfections PAINTING habe fila with patching plaster and smaotod of to ‘atch sajing surfaces 4 Plaster ot masonry- Masonry or plaster shal be ‘completly dod before any sealer o pit is apnea. ‘Am the pmercsie cost ls cried, a visible suction pots thal be toughed up before the succeeding costs fie ooled. Work shoud nat be continued ut ater all “pots have beon sealed. In tho presence of high alka nine, suracee should be washed fo neutralize the | 5: Metals: Shall be clean, dry and ree from mil sale and fact Remove al grease and-oll fom te surface Unpried gulvanizod mata! shal be washed wih metal ‘tung souton sod alowed to dry before eppying = peimer 16 concrete and Brick Surface The surface shall be Sivebrshod clean Glazed surfaces and those wh Ves of petra compound shal be sandpapered of fb etches betore applying a prime. 2B. CLEANING METHODS, 4. Sandblasting. Tere ae tree general methods sopted In sandblasting 8. Conventional Drying Sancbiasing ~The sand 9 foorad: Power ust esprators and ole safely ‘recaitone shou Ye observed since envronment festiclons on dy blasting are creasingly severe Vacuum Sandtasing - This method reduces heath Aacard because the sand recovered och Mis however cosber and Toss efficlnt cerpared wh the dy basting method but ts eMicieney can be Hnesaaed by holing the vacuum cone at a slight ‘Sstance tem the surtaes Te vacuum retbod IsSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION RSTINATE. sel ini shops and in areas where dust might Gamage machineries © Wot Sandblasting Reduces the hazard of dust ‘and may be reqied by legal resrcions. Tho wet ‘Sand ana pai Fesidves accurate on eoges and finer Tat areas" ‘where. ning “operons acess 2. Wire Brushing and Scraping - Power and hend wir brushing are used on sal Jats in cleeing areas ater sndbasting ana on surtaes whore sandblatng is ot feasible. Hand scraping is used on smal aeas and in laces where access fiat ad oral eaan up. 8. Power Tools: Powor tots sucha rotary wie an ise tools, rtay impact chipers and needle sealers may be used sandblasting fst esse 4, Water Blasting: Water blasting Is n efietive method ia ‘leaning and removing la paint rom large mesonty Ssurtaces is ganeraly used and aceapape for health and environmental requirements, Water sing method |S prefered for undarwatr or marine work. ©. CHEMICAL METHODS 1. Acid Etching —Is te use or ac sain who without elergent to reughon aderseglzoa surface, To cemove ‘he residual soluble feacon of elm and magnesium, ‘chloe which affect the adhesion snd’ tabiy of later paint in parent 2. Paint remover ~ Both ho convetonal solvent base and {he wale seable ype of pal remavers may be ured {0 remove old pai, Moe! pain movers contin wen ‘This wax spl be removed completely tears painting for {estoy athesion and in the dying of pat Steam Cleaning: - steam cleaning with or wthout ‘detergents is tequerty used fod packing plans PAINTING A mildowcide is usualy ded, Low pressure steam ‘bane ae use on home an ofice wah, 4 Aitat cleaning: Alka leaners should not be used on ‘masony surfaces adjacent 1 akaminum, sass sce! ‘Sr galvanized metal Sutaces that are lane wih ala ‘leanors must be thoroughly rinse and clean wth water Residual aa and detogens can cause greater damage {0 pani ey are not removed completely 10-6 KINDS OF PAINT, USES AND AREA COVERAGE seearin [vs [ina comten [coma ‘ooeeae™ | Sat hone ifr | 2 rg Sale seater ee ong be Fn ‘tr anette | ag ee Fre [pietiotorss | Thana scre omrptonr | acamaasm. | spon [town nen | a0 femsonaes | Mase |eSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE eo ae rere ricer i ea signe | crnecelued a same | esse oy Me forgot ze oe ae ee ee tga eos a one "ai asa | cd saci eon Tae ee phe one es fcr mci serra ee meats el a a alco rawwmye Bro auene | ees lea et pei aaa | made nae eaeian | Poos aea sere | ecm | te | See, | Tecan |oeenes, vasa ease ati Lee pias | oe penlomen (nee Perens | Hein nt fecsthond a wo fierce [tte] amt, | At om fe onSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE PAINTING vomame [igeats,. | [eats [ee eee | oleic | ae iets. ewe sean [ane im eles tore rai | eatin | fom faene ae ; tts sas) [ate ares, rac |Hem| [one i ae rl “4 tae Lrccuer | 10minutes | 201030 = eae as os joer jo “ ee | aie ne siesad — | romwiorom | eae onmgen | ned “Eo at ‘him | Shown | "atm Yo esas | Foraronee, | Goner| Alasoma | 0860 ne 7 ae aor een ee ot | Sate hora Pe: e "etme | Sood'tnare || snrecog | “om if 5 aa eae Ce fe tecenlane > state we ecu snus |r| eee ee lepir. upete ge mamma” | mee cane | Tre | betes | ot ae el eet eel sieeees| nee ; om ener alae , ioe cae, vepecin | amie. |e tron, |e a ; leads im nme |e | [gc | min [ Peseta lesa es (ts fai | 00 0SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE dapat ne 5 Sees Site ware 14 epay ue tee [onorsta [sama mg, |e lowe | ey fist ihe cee tocInons | enararnae | 7S" tre forme ages | omni om hac | 10-7 ESTIMATING YOUR PAINT Pint manuiacuet specications ince the estima sea coverage pet gallon having. a net canter of 4 fos Generay the estimated area ceverage is nMe range itetval For instance, one gllon of Quek Crying Enamel covers 32 (o 40 square meters suace area. whieh siply mean a sinamurn of 30 ana a mimi of 40 square meters depenting Upon th texte ihe srt tobe pated “Te problem theretore i, what amount for which surtace {eure wit be used 7 To simply ou ectimate, surface lemure Wwilbe classed nfo three caegeries suchasSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 1 Soa i sta. sn average ae 2. net compe sae, 88 59: m. coverge abo 3. Smoothie te. 4054, m coverage ane ILLUSTRATION 10-1 A concrete firewall measures 30 meters fong and 12 meters igh Determine. the number of gallons (4 Hers contend roguired using Aeris Gloss Latex Pat the walls 2.) Wooden towel ish (oars 0 rough) 1) Paper Fished fie to conse) €} Fine to Soot pty fash) i SOLUTION |A) Coarse te Rough Surtace 1. Solve for newal ers ‘roa = 90312 » 36036. 2,300.4. 1,cvided by 20 sam. sea coverage perlon ‘ot netalierana water stato: 380 = 12 99s ” Irene quart f netaize fo mixed with 2 % gallons of water Side: 22 = 43 say 5 quasnewataer i 4, Solve fore coneeta primer. Rete 10 Sec. 10 under Masonry Water Base Pai, using Ace Goncele Sealer primer, the area coverage er gallon 30 te 40 =m. 6, Fo Coarse to Rough surace; vide: 28051, m.= 12 gallons Acre Latex paint primer 0 6. Solve fer te Acne Gless Latex Paint 30 9, sfeacoveroge per glo, dvd coating, Use 380 = 12 gallos 1B) Solution for Fine to Coarse Surtace 1. Solve fer he nat are of he wal Net rea: 20.12 = 260 9. m, 2, Solve forthe conte neutralize a 3529. per gallon, ago = 103 * 3. one gun of nearaizer s mixed with 2.% gatons of ‘water divide: 103 = 4. quats petratzer 25 4. Solve forthe coneeta Primer Sealer (use 95 5, poe sal) ‘ie 505q,m. = 10.28 gallons 5. Soke fer Acc Goss Latex Paint. Seo step 4 = 1028 ner 1Tgalons. | ©) Solution for Fine t9 Smooth Surtace | 1. Divide the wall area by 409m, caverage per gallonSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 6 = 90 galans surtace primer 2 2. Fortnal oa, the same, 0 gatons 3. ForNeutalzer, 20ga) = 38 say 4iters 25a ILLUSTRATION 10-2 110 cass room olemrtary schoo ulna wh a genera dmensions of 800 meters wide by 800 maar ong equras arin ofthe oot and the plywood cling. The pan species {wo costings of Acryle Roo! Shia and Quick Drying Erarel {or the cling respedtvely. Prepare an order lst oe foowng ‘materi ‘4 Root paint 1. Wood primer forthe cating © Quik ying pant or the cen 4. Paintin PAINTING SOLUTION 8) Root Paint 4. Find ett root nating area, A= 1000x 8200, A B20 39. 2 Roferto See. 108 under root pan, the area coverage ot ‘Acie Roof Shield paint por galon e400 5034, Use 456q.m average sea, 22054 0. “ 18.2 sey 19 gations 3. Forsecond costing: 102 = 28 ga 4. Paint inners nel vue Coan waters used in 8B) Primer and Enamel Paint fr the Ceiling 1. Salve forthe ttl cling area incuing ihe eaves ‘rea 9x 82 = T2859 m 2 Rote to Sec. 10-8. Under Wea primer, the area coverage et alons 30 40 square metors, 3. Forpiywoad celina, use 36 square meters coverage area ber gallon (a) TL» 21 gatons wood primer 5 5 4. Fe lk yng Ena a8 op ot se everage 5. “meters pergalion (4 fiters) ss 8 3 2 galls Quick Dying EnamelSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 5. Solve forthe psint thinner at an average of % Iter por nln of psi emer Pain. 2% oat (ters) Gulek Bry Enema 21g) ers “etal ‘azgalens 6. Mutiods 42 x % Mert » 21 ters or gallos. 7. Onder: 28 gallons Aare Root Shiet pant 2 galons Wood primer 21 getone Quek Dy Enamo ‘oalons Pala Tanner Comment: 4. The pant winner of any type considered ss the most abused matenals laa painting jad. HIS Used for weshing of hands, leaning of pat bush and tos, Shmelimes as fue and lorches or amps 2. Frequent washing of painters brush and roller eter use ‘al eonsume lange amount of pact tinier. This could bp avened I the bush is wrapup wih paper ar use then paced inside a gaon confine win wate evar ‘Gearing and harderng af pat ready fords the next ‘iy a anytime as need 3. However, if pat brush, rollers and ether tools were tod on ep paint piers thet were mixed wih ‘Sloish laning aor use fs mandatory because the Frrdontg process ef epony paint mixed wih catalyst Can nt be prevented ato the chemical reacons hat fas ee staiod tke cement mixes wih wae, A Ue 5, 44 Protect your pain brush and rier rom damages by leaning as olows 1) For Epoxy Pat mixed wit Cats ~ Clean your too wth acre nner PAINTING Foc economical reason use lacquer thinner wash wth water and eoap. 'b) For Water Base Paint - Wash thoroughly with ‘wale’ andsoep immediately er use ©) Lacquer Paint oF Vamish = Clean with pain ‘fear then wash wih water and soap. Gloss Pant, flat and quick dry enamel - Ctean ‘wah paint thine or Herosene then wash wth water and soap. ©) Laonuer thier estimate for vamishing work Should oe sufeert enough to. anicpate frequent thinning, multiple rusleg, esning of tools and evaporation. 10-8 PAINT FAILURES AND REMEDY ‘The ferent ypes of pant atures ao bertned as follows: 4, Blstesing or Peeing 6, Posing or Cracking 2 chaling 7. Bleeding 8 Etekng 8 wlaew 4 Fading 9. Staining ‘5. Cmcking & Atigtoiag” 10° Checking & Faking Blisteing or Peeling oosre when the moisture trapped in the wood evaporates wien exposed to sun or oat. The pat push ou ofthe surface. Remedy 1 Locate eiinale he sources of moisture 2, Sega} old paint around the bstered area. Let dry nd ‘apply dpa prime, ten tal pant of good quay,SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ‘Ghalking ~The paint was oo thin forth equred in. Remedy! ‘Be more generous fo your pai. Spend 8 tle more for two costings Flaking = ‘The result of Inadequate or peor surece preparation. The pant flakes off i scales or powdered and Remedy Scraped-off me palnt on affected area than seal all "gas soant masts AEB oad ner en Facing - Is «normal enavior of pant. However, eng is too fat and excessive, that means You apted@ peor id of aint. This is whet usually heppened whe for 8 few cant of Aiterence in costhe quality was sactied Remedy: epaint, Nex tie, be sue to buy the best of aint rand. Remember, good pant contains more end Dtor Pament Cracking and Alligatoring ~ Resulls when paint was ‘applied in several Reavy coats hot eosering the suicent ‘ying te between coals, The primer o undercoat used may ot be compatible withthe fal coat, Far iste, using a ‘gulck eying enamel a inal cost over a fat wal paint OF & {equer or seve paint ove an orinary ol base p, e Remedy: Remove the palit. Clean the surace propety. Aly ‘90d Kind of primer paint then fil cost. oe PAINTING Peeling or Cracking of Paint on Gi. Shoots -inictes te use of improper metal primer oro primer eppled. The alt fm has no eahesion one surece Remedy ‘Sti off he pint Clean wit solvent. Oo, then apy ‘alvaized pat (500 ret patton Se. 1058. lean - se reso f nadguale Seng of the srt atte fst aplication of pant. Remedy ‘Scrape off the surtaco thon Rept. itdew - Mie tives on high humidity and temperate. The fungus are simulated and grows on the paint fm. If covered wil now cost of pal, Jas the same Hil glow ‘rough the new cas. Remedy Wash the surface wih mildew waeh goon uted with Water, Soup th surfaco. nse wih loan weler ar ry {or 48 hours then aply fal coat ‘Staining - sa fect of woe preservative of rs of nails Remedy 4 Romove the paint on atfected fea 2. Remove rust on nal han apply lead primar to metal and wood primer ‘3 -Appy nal oat wi good quatly pain. Checking and Flaking - 5 caused by expansion or ‘contain of weed Remedy: See Remedy for isterng.‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. 10-9 WALL PAPERING “Tho term * Wallpaper eer not only to paper substances (hat ae pasted on walls and cali but als ices ving ‘ok, abies, grass at, fls and many ater siface covering Estimating yout wallpaper requires acitinal or extras In antiaton of he folowing 4. Forreplacement of ruined or damaged materia during the process of woring and handing, 2 Foradditona areas wich ae nat nuded in the plan or overlooked in actual surface measuring 3. For future repay which requ the same pater, coo: textu and dean 4 Trim can be used as 2 decnrative boarder, Wallpaper (Sod by yard or merino Vinyl Wall Paper is Clasified inte Three kinds: 4. Ving aminted to paper 2. Voy laminated In loth 8. impregnated vinyl coh on paper backing, Ths type ie ‘ntemely drab, eas ocean and damage asta, ‘Caution in Buying Vinyl Wall Paper 4. Examine the labo tts pure or vel costed ony, Ving ‘coated snot weer or areaae resistant nor washable pe 2. Never conse them with ving walpaper. 3. In buying vin wallpaper schesive, ahmays use and speaty vinyl mldew resietance achesive ony, 4. Ving wallpaper sechest puted Ha te racks wil 3p- pear at soems as wallpaper shrinks when i cries. Thus, {veld stretching your ving wallpaper Foil Fol is anothe- ype of wallpaper simulated metalic nish or ‘tuninum Taminated paper. Bo not fold or wrinkle the fo ‘ooaue tore no remedy ta ergo ‘Smooth surtace is required to avid retecve sutaces. Fol magnifes any imperfecions on the surface to whieh W'S ttached, Always spectymikew resistant vn! adhesive ony ‘Grass Cloth, Hemp, Burlap, Cork ‘hase mates are mouriod on paper backing whic cous be weakened fom over soaking wih pase: Hore, paste one sinp ata tne Flocks locks are made of nylon or rayon avaiable on paper, vinyl rfl wallpaper, Use patrol of squeegee fer best esl Wallpaper Estimating Procedures 1. Determine the surtace area to acsve wal paper 2. Subiracthe area opening such as dors, windows et 3. ive the net wal area by he effective covering ofthe Wallpaper se as presented in Table 10-110 fd the ‘numberof rl 4. ‘Ad § 0 10 % allowance depending upon the desion pater 5. Mutiply the number of ols by the comesponding fmount of adhesive to get the number of boxes roguied 2‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. wisn | Leng iron. | eecivcovira | Atetva om | Storer" | “parogmt | tox pera | tees 5a % n | ate on 2 Problem Exercise ‘Send paper No, 150 ough, 220 ana No 40 ne) 1. Wood stan 2. Lacquer Sahaing Seater 4 tener dear ges 2 A atonal highway 20 Wleteslong requires centering ite aerate martr 6 eches wae S moter ong. Hom many (aon of road put i required? 3. sold firewall measures 48 meters lng by 18 meters igh i to be pate with Arye Latex goss pan. The plan ‘Specie wo final coat over he primer, Solve forthe fotowing Materia the wal iss coarse, he ana moot.) Primer (0) Gloss Latex and (Neutralizer 4. sch! building nie 20 lass rom medsuing 7.00 x 8.00 meters wit an paves measuring £20 centimeters rom the wall ncing the fais boar. Using Guick Dying Enamel for the coung src Roo! shield pin forthe root soe for (@) Primer pail () Quick ery enamel, () Paint tnner (Root paint for we coatings. c HAPTER = AUXILIARY TOPICS 11-1 ACCORDION DOOR COVER ‘The stadard height of accoeion door caver 2.40 meta 28 fect Job ar however, could be ower than tis eight but omguted at 240 metre standa hagh Estimating the quantiy. of matensls for any_tengin of sccodion door coud be done easly wen the aid of Tate 11-1 “Technical Dat of aocondon doer, roeneen nen Paces | ___ Nitoria 12 | G1 ores Biase 161240 om 4 | Sim x 28 tin x 240m Fiat tel bars 21 | srw x f2'm0m x BO. Ft sel bars 1 | Sram x 32mm x 200¢m Fst ste tar 2. | 38mm ere baring wth hat an bhing 38 | Sram x 38 mmihete mm x 20: waite, 50 em GL. bp 0st sara “To na te required mata fr @ given opening, matey ‘ch tem by the span a the door Speing in motesSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 11-1 For secuflyseeson a 4.00 meters wide door requires ‘apeiron caver. The dori 0 ope atthe cere fled st bth ‘ces drecton Lt down the mater. Pe SOLUTION 4. _Detenine he opening span of te door= 4 meters 2 Retering to Table 11-1, mutipy: m4 AUXILIARY TOPICS Am.x12 = 49 pos 18240 om Gi. sheet blade ‘mata = 62." Gmm¥240 om. soe pin ‘ind = S6 < Smmxc25 mm240 em. fat bars 4mx2k = 98 * Smmy 12mm x60 om fat bas Gime = © Gmmxt2 mmx 200 cm at bars ‘mez = 2 + 3emmda. oer beadng wah busting ‘ings 2140 ¢8mmx39 mm vets Simocee = 208 * 6 mmset6 mm vets Amactize M8 + Smmholex 20mm washes 4met= 4 * 10mmas xS0cm- Gl. pipe bushing 11-2 GLASS JALOUSIE ‘One impadant consideration in estimating glass islouso is Ihe leer Neigh of the window opening. If. wincow is to lconmodata lass alousi, the opening igh must De ‘guste to the numer of Bade to be isiaieg, Table 11-2 ‘vides the standard height of akusle opening corresponding {ee number ot bade wth of the glass Jalouse, doesnot wn asec 1 ta {othe design Ionain. The glass bl Tanger than 80 cotimees. | pirtade [tbls was‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE 11-3 WATER TANK, The size and capacity of § wale tank for bung structure depends upon the vlums of watt ‘be slored in. Te vale ‘of wate on the otter and depends upon the number of persone or aecupants of the buiting, Thus the problem fe how {o determine the volume of water and ize othe water tank tht ‘could serve the cesupant eftenty, ‘oneampton We Gatane peru pt Peson AUXILIARY TOPICS SOLUTION. 4 Determine the hourly watér_ consumption of 800 persors. Reler 10 Table 11-3 for an Al-Condtoned ‘Commerce type bun, muti 20082 7,280 gales perhour 2. The tank must abways haw! 24 hou! euply of water thus 1.0 = S60 gsiors pe pour 3, The pump must teefoe supply 7.360 gal. per hour or Commer - No Ar-Conona 38 2A80aa, = 1227 glen ernie Conmercal—WinAcondionty| Taleo wae : Sor oiied yin conse Taundy ho durconoing 1 [ual (4¥01 waren comin un ah. Commer oruried wt iced eee Saini wh acconitone 00 angie W Taatetege [0 ycemre ‘eg ai [TABLE 11-4 COLD WATER CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS Saeeeaiey, a i. aaa ae ema eee a lc : | Se roan eaten! cage ‘0 Femmes | ® Sparen Lor ent % Reena 4 ‘patent Hh Rot to eee a i Meant Poe ‘fe Bung " Pet eae ec os o peo a 3 ILLustRATION 11-2 ILLUSTRATION [An aiconationed commetia!ofice buling has toa ‘ccupancy of 800 persons, Determine the volume of warn ‘able meter to supply the occupant need. Asaning at ne wate consumption ofa commercial oie alts 1s 7.30 gaan, stn thes hat conta re leSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ILLUSTRATION 11-3 SOLUTION 4. By conversion: 1 cublemetaris = 2842 gatons 2. Conver 7,369 gallon o cube meter, vie 1380 oat 2785 cai Note: Tis volume ithe inside dimension ofthe tank 8. The formula for fining ho sizeof a yin tank is D? x 0786 x Height = Volume 4 Assuring thatthe height of the tanks 2 09 meters: 72 meters siameter ofthe tank 5. The size ofthe tank hereon is £2.00 motrs hgh and 1.72 meters io dameter AUXILIARY TOPICS For more desl ofthis problemi plumbing, refer tothe ‘ook Plumbing Design and Hetimate bythe same author 11-4 WOOD PILES \wood Pie Spesitcatins provides that: “ies shall be pose movi a ug Bar ea 80 of rae Shall Be San wood. No sting of ane Sark maining an ple ‘hal be ever 2 contnetos wee and 20 centimeter lng All ints shai be tammed closed the body fhe pl ancition ‘When the pile: nol exactly round, the average ol 3 ‘The butt dareter forthe same length of ps si De 2s utcrens posse. Al pies stl retain presen ative ot {ho amount ven ithe following abe: “peo Boca sana type | ErpycaProcest | Ful cu Py ara Use 19340 mt ame Use she sakeSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE ~ [wat grams per Suave ype otso Minis tan 2. suconpactes sr a2 4. hy and Sand 1.966 sens AUKILIARY TOPICS 11-5 BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENT Buminous material or Asphalt sa viscous Inuid used as binder for aggregates ia road eonsnucion. AaNOUgN severs ames were affied fo the btuminous pavement. yet, thee ‘ony one thig te remember thal al tuminout roadway Is hing more than a misture of mineral aggregates and sph ‘Mearing, aephaltroed i viualy 8 btumineus read, Lambo shall be trated by pressure method wih creosoted nal olen or consotea pevaloum slwon. of Sai Tin ‘uickeand ang ava sot sae | 1070 | 538 sor ley cor | 3220 | 2150 Chayandandinaterate ners | 1076 | «x04 | 2050 care eer =i [aa eee ee poeree | iteee teres ro ° Stolen oe 2 Somes es ie | i (ex Ahan hype Mopremetey 28 90 em Tk) aleneannal ecge |r yaya tod au | ao | sn wom | Rims] col Conse rare Soe a cortenceravann | say [ata ae os reat sso | ammo [ive aes fi a“TION ESTIMATE et Asa Type ppoumatey sm hee T Primos aaa ‘erator vaopStiaie Fst Operation Jessen Fest Spreaarg 2 Sisond reading ‘Open Graded Plan tix Surace Course The approximate amount of materials pr squer mele ofthe open ded pioneix suacing course andthe sequence of acing hal be afl 4. Pant mixed aggregate. 80g 2. Choker aparenste Seg S. Brumnous materi 5 ters 1 Choker egorenate Stash, 11-6 PILLING MATERIALS any 96 of sol may be west er srt rove that, Gecompaso ar aenvse esos changes after ts pled, Wether the sole sed 2s foundation mater fe support vertical srucres, rads or ahr sutures, # is Import 1 Know if the ivplacematerals. possesses the folowing properties 1. That te sot must nave scequatestength 2. Wtmust be relatively ncompresabe to aval nslgnlicat, fare steer. AUXILIARY TOPICS, The soll must be sable against volume change as water onto or ober actors vary, 4. Tha sol must be durables save agains dterorton, ‘These dosiable fetures could be actioves by. sropar selon of $01 ype and proper placement. Hghy desraole haractorsics fl matenae ie sszccated wih hgh density ‘valves by usng good mates and prope eampcion Estimating procedures: 1. Campute forthe volume to be filed up 2. Determine the kind of ing mates 5 Matty the result by the corresponding percentage of adaitonal velimo gven in Tate 11-13, 4, recut ota the compact volume ILLUSTRATION 11-4 A residential fot a shown in Figure. 11-2 requires fling ‘Compute the material equiod using () earth) Selected oro‘SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE. SOLUTION, A. Using Earth Fa 1. Saive or ne volume of A 18x 20x $0 = 150cu.m, 2. Find the volume of 15 x 20 x 130 ? Total Volume... 348 cum {95 cu.m 3. From Table 1-13 consider 23% compaction allowance 348 x 23 = 7.4 say 80 cable meters 4. Aa result of step 2 and 3 345 + 80 = 425 1.x, compact volume Using Setoctea 1, The volume of is = 160. m, 2. The volume of Bis = 195 eum. 3, Total volume is = 345 eu, m. 4. From Table 1113 consider 18 compaction atowsnee 189% of 245 = 62 cutie motors § Add: 345 +62 = 407 au, m. compact volume 11-7 NIPA SHINGLE ROOFING ipa shingle i¢ 2 nave eal product commonly used a5 roofing mates. The Npa palm fee tha grows on swampy tea isthe souteo of nipa singe. Gne palm sak coaies ppronimatly 174 6180 nips leaves. Nia singles cafes into Clas A ana Cie 8 wth nominal length ef 10 sd 128 AUXILIARY TOPICS ong wth mare oss 82 and 68 leaves per single respectively. gt cea toes aa oom er ome aad Eee lee lietel| fests 4) Ratan Tso sey omnes spt oe Roof Slope The sope of the oo is one important consideration Hf np shingle fs 0 be used. The durable Ife span of he shingle Gepends upen we incnaton of te ret. The Nghe the lope ‘a tonge is fe span ols or about 3 yearsSIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE AUXILIARY TOPICS Soe of ater ass than 4S aegres snot avisable forthe 30 = 1252 say 13 bundles fouowing ress: 2 1. Specing ofthe nip shingle would be relatively far and 3. Solve forthe bamboo splits: RefertaTebo 1-4. muti: ‘he oo yrs onnseray i, 3019. m. x 2 pes. per square meter = 60 pices, 2. Tonsil ipa atingle at eager epacing wit only invite Fain water to flo ack nse he house. 4 Determine the numberof bamboo poles required. Refer to Table 11-46, using Class 8 under overage pr square Moisture the number one enemy of rpa sings Even corse (Galvanized on ot sheet eteorate faster when installed 21 alow pln ot Basan = 23:ay piers ATION 11-5 ILLUSTRATION 11 5. Bamboo pales re alo classi inte thee: @ and © ween a then divided ima spits approximately 4105 ‘a nowse oot raning has a gross ateaot 30 square ters Find the number of ipa shages. required. adoping 75 “entieters nallea o the pur a a intervals of 20 to animeters (2) end lapping Sed on te bamboo Slt ibs at Svar one neva using Class np singles ee i Shuster i Too ffesh oF 100 ded bamboo is rlavay bile. Thus, | easiy cracked when fastened wih pal. Care shou ‘De | oun #14 xe to avo cracks or sping ofthe bamboo gran fr well weaken the suc Cracks ana spting cul be avelded SOLUTION ne folowing prosdures ee observed b 1 Keo GORE tie anes T eae 1. Divs he newt cut fash bamboo int th desi ies ‘dass Am 75 (8) ond lapping, muti tn ater sca fora eat 8 ours ling shou be a.m, x 1027 = 308 paces ane the song day. ES eo 3. For'a well ded bamboo, soak or immer in wer 2. Nia shingle sls in buns of 25 pecs, divide ‘vert he fesened te flowing day.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE AUXILIARY TOPICS 11-8 ANABAW ROOFING ILLUSTRATION 11-6 From the flowing gure 11-6 fd the number of anahaw leaves and rattan sit rqued using 40.0 em. end laping ot the leaves, ‘Enatoopng | Nemberotisaves | Number of m Ratan on persqurenor | “Pareguaelictr Note: 1 Aad 10 pieces anahaw eaves per meter length slong the Soa ‘uterine or lower end portion othe re 4. Solve forthe aes of 0064 and oof 8 5 Sa os i ee rans a ee ‘ge ante hip ne. Ara @ = 50.0 3, Add. 5% allowance of damsged leaves. Dishinest Total area = 60 83, m. ‘supple inset damaged leaves in osch bundle which could not be detected ntl aftr Wis opened for 2, Referto Table 1-16, adopting 10 cm end lapping: Installoton. However, f the supper is deactonest, mati srogara tis 5% alowance, 60x 84 = 5.0040 peoes.SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ¥STIMATE Determine the ong of 28) Ridge Ene = 10.00 mete Tota. © 30.00 meters Refering to notation of abe 118: uty 10>. x20 meters = 200 tare ‘Ak ce of top 2 and tp 4 5.040-+300 » 5,340 pes. anthaw eaves DDetenine th numberof rata required. Refer to Table 1146. may 0x8 = 260 pieces In tho absence of alton splits the best subsite isthe

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