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Uso de Some e Any em Inglês

1. The document discusses various uses of determiners such as some and any in English sentences. It provides examples of how they are used before plural nouns, incontable nouns, and with other determiners or pronouns. 2. Some and any have similar meanings to indefinite articles a/an and refer to an indefinite quantity or number. The document compares example sentences using an, any, some. 3. Generally, some is used in affirmative sentences and any in negative sentences and questions. The document provides additional examples and explanations of usage.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
231 views18 pages

Uso de Some e Any em Inglês

1. The document discusses various uses of determiners such as some and any in English sentences. It provides examples of how they are used before plural nouns, incontable nouns, and with other determiners or pronouns. 2. Some and any have similar meanings to indefinite articles a/an and refer to an indefinite quantity or number. The document compares example sentences using an, any, some. 3. Generally, some is used in affirmative sentences and any in negative sentences and questions. The document provides additional examples and explanations of usage.

Uploaded by

Aryane Malveira
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1. Some e any são determinantes.

Nós os usamos antes de substantivos no plural ou


incontáveis. Antes de outro determinante ou de um pronome, usamos some of e any of.
Compare:

Would you like some ice-cream?


Would you like some of this ice-cream?

I can't find any pencils.


I can't find any of my pencils.

2. Some e any possuem o mesmo significado dos artigos indefinidos a/an. Eles referem-se
a uma quantidade ou número indefinido. Compare:

Have you got an aspirin? (substantivo singular contável)


Have you got any aspirins? (substantivo plural contável)
I need some medicine. (substantivo incontável)

3. Usualmente usa-se some em fraes afirmativas e any em negativas e perguntas.


Compare:

I want some pencils.


Have you got any pencils?
Sorry, I ain't got any pencils.

Usa-se some em perguntas se a resposta desejada e/ou esperada for "yes". Por exemplo,
em oferecimentos ou pedidos:

Would you like some more water?


Could I have some beer, please?
Have you got some glasses that I could use?

Nós usamos any após palavras que possuem sentido negativo como, por exemplo, never,
hardly, without. Normalmente usa any depois de if:

You never give me any support.


We got here without any problems.
There's hardly any coffee justify.
If you want some/any help, just let us know

Adverbs & Adjetives: Too & Enough


Usado para falar sobre adjetivos e advérbios em termos de execesso (too), adequação
(enough), ou inadequação (not enough).
FORMA + SIGNIFICADO
Too + Adjetivo ou Advérbio = excesso

» This restaurante is too expensive. I'm not coming here again!


» I'm too fat; i must lose weight!

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO
Adjetivo ou Advérbio + Enough = Adequação

» I'm strong enough to lift that case.

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO
Not (-n't) + Adjetivo/Advério + Enough = Inadequação

» Don't go skating there; the ice isn't thick enough


» We lost the match because we didn't play well enough

as + adjetivo + as
   + substantivo/pronome/oração
as + advérbio + as

1. Usa-se as ... as quando a idéia a ser expressa é a de que duas coisas são, de alguma
forma, a mesma:

She's as ugly as her mother.


Can you run as fast as me?
That movie isn't as funny as I expected.

2. Podemos usar me, him etc. depois de as, especialmente quando estivermos referindo-
nos a algo informalmente: You can't swin as well as me. Formalmente, utilizamos o sujeito
+ o verbo: You can't swin as well as I do.

3. Após not podemos usar as ... as ou so ... as: She's not as/so ugly as her mother.

4. Devemos notar as estruturas half as ... as; twice as ... as; three times as ... as etc.:

The purple candy isn't half as good as the yellow one.


An imported car is twice as expensive as  a national one.

5. Deve-se notar porém que, dependendo do contexto, as well as pode ter um significado
bastante diverso. Por exemplo:

He's got a book as well as a pen. Nesse caso, a tradução aproximada seria: Ele não só
tem um livro mas também (tem) uma caneta.
As/Like

6. Similaridade

Podemos usar as ou like para dizermos que coisas são similares.

Like é uma preposição, devendo ser usada, portanto, antes de um nome ou pronome:

You look like a friend of mine. (e não ...as a friend...)


It's like a joke.

Usamos like para darmos exemplos:

She's good at some sports, like basketball. (e não as basketball)

As é uma conjunção, devendo, desse modo, ser usado antes de uma frase ou de uma
expressão iniciada com preposição:

Nobody swins as I do.


We play soccer, as they do in Brazil.
On Friday, as on Thursday, I met her.

Porém, informalmente, like é usado, ao invés de as: Nobody swins like I do.

7. Função

Usamos as, e nunca like, para expressarmos a função que algo/alguém exerce: 

He worked as a teacher before moving to England. (e não like a teacher)


Don't use your front yard as a waste basket. (e não like a waste basket)

1. Na construção de períodos condicionais em inglês, usamos os "Modal Auxiliary Verbs"


would e should. A estrutura básica das sentenças condicionais em inglês é:

I would/should
You would
He/She/It would
We would/should
You would
They would
(+ infinitivo sem ‘to' para todas)

Exemplos:
I would go to the movies. (Eu iria ao cinema)
He would say something wrong. (Ele diria algo errado)
We should buy those socks. (Nós compraríamos aquelas meias)

Existe uma forma contraída de would, ‘d: I'd go to the movies.

Nota: ‘Should' só possui valor de condicional quando usado com I e We. Seu significado
depende do contexto em que está empregado.

2. Outras estruturas que utilizam o condicional são:

a) Progressive Conditional

If I were a millionaire I would be spending all my money in silly things. (se eu fosse um
milionário eu estaria gastando todo o meu dinheiro em coisas bobas)

b) Perfect Conditional

If it hadn't happened they would have sung better. (se isso não tivesse acontecido eles
teriam cantado melhor)

c) Passive Conditional

I thought that you would be called to come with us. (eu achei que você seria chamado a
vir conosco)

d) ‘Future in the Past'

She was tired. She would have to rest before running 25 kilometers. (Ela estava cansada.
Ela teria que descansar antes de correr 25 quilômetros

Vamos trabalhar os tempos verbais da língua inglesa. Lembre-se de que não há


possibilidade de se ter uma sentença sem verbo e sem sujeito, mesmo que inexistente.
Exemplo: There is one song that says it never rains in Southern California.
Lembre-se: não basta apenas saber a forma das estruturas gramaticais, mas o significado
e ouso delas também.

Simple Present

É usado para:

 expressar ações habituais, frequentemente (ou não) repetidas

Exemplos:
One of my sister's chores is to feed the cat. She feeds the cat every day.
Do you ever do your shopping here?
My father hardly ever goes to a soccer stadium.
I don't often travel by bus. How about you?
If you pay, the story rolls. If you don't, the story folds. (Stephen King, best-selling author)
Do politicians mean what they say?

Frequency words: ever = always, never, often = frequently, seldom = rarely, hardly ever =
almost never, sometimes, every day (month, year)

 expressar presente histórico, muito usado em textos de jornal / revista

Exemplos da TIME Magazine - 7 de agosto, 2000:

The Concorde, an aviation icon, crashes as the pilots wage a desperate struggle
The White House plays a risky game at Camp David -. and loses. Yet peace hopes to stay
alive.

· expressar ações futuras previstas em horário estabelecido

Exemplo:

A: What time does your bus leave?


B: It leaves at 9. There.s time for a cup of coffee.

 expressar verdades universais.

Exemplos:

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.


Bees make honey.
Chickens lay eggs.
Ice melts if left in the sun.

 deve ser usado também em .clauses. com if, when, as soon as, before, after (a
forma será presente, mas o sentido será futuro.)

Exemplos:

I'll give the director your message as soon as he arrives.


I know Justin can do it. If he tries hard, he will succeed.

Present Progressive (Continuous)


É usado para expressar uma ação momentânea. Para formá-lo, use o presente do verbo to
be + -ing do verbo principal.

Exemplos:

A: What are you doing here? Aren't you supposed to be at home now?
B: I am working on the financial report for tomorrow.s meeting.

Look! The flowers are dying.


Don't disturb your brother. He's studying for the History test.
If your little sister is sleeping, don't wake her up.

Também pode ser usado para expressar a idéia de que alguma coisa está sempre
acontecendo.

Exemplo:

I avoid talking to my neighbor. She is always complaining about life.

Também pode ser usado para expressar ações futuras, devidamente planejadas.

Exemplo:

A: When are you leaving for Seoul, South Korea?


B: I'm leaving tonight.

Present Perfect Tense

Para formá-lo, use a forma presente de .have. como auxiliar (has, have) + o particípio
passado do verbo principal (has written, have done, hasn.t eaten, haven.t checked)

Basicamente, este importante tempo verbal na língua inglesa descreve um fato passado
com conexão com o presente. É geralmente associado aos seguintes advérbios: already,
yet, just, ever, never, lately = recently, so far = up to now, many times, e às preposições
since (marca o início da ação) e for (indica a duração da ação).

Exemplos:

I have already finished doing my Chemistry homework. I can now surf on the net.
Have you had dinner yet?
The (telephone) operator has not arrived yet. There.s no one to answer the phone.

I've never traveled by ship. It must be exciting!


A: Have you ever had an arm broken?
B: No, never. Thank God!

Have you seen the mayor lately?


I have not heard from my friends who are studying abroad recently.
Up to now I have replied three e-mail messages only.
Believe it or not, a friend of mine has seen "Ghost" five times.
I arrived at school at 7. It's 9 o'clock now. I have been here for two hours.
I have been here since 7 o'clock.

Quando se quer enfatizar a continuidade da ação, o Present Perfect Progressive


(Continuous) é usado. Para formá-lo, você deve usar have (has) been + ing form do verbo
principal.

Exemplos:

A: Your English is very good. How long have you been studying?
B: I've been studying English since I was 7 (years old).

I need to stand up and stretch a bit. I've been sitting for two hours.

Simple Past

O simple past é usado para indicar uma ação terminada, sem ligação com o presente, num
tempo determinado. As mais frequentes expressões de tempo passado usadas são:
yesterday, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday, two days ago, last night, last
week, a week ago, in 1999, last summer, etc.

Quando se estuda o passado dos verbos em inglês, é necessário lembrar que há dois
grupos de verbos: os regulares e os irregulares. Para formar o passado e o particípio
passado dos verbos regulares, é preciso acrescentar .ed ao infinitivo.

Exemplos:

to finish - finished / to enrich - enriched / to like -. liked / to stop - stopped


to copy - copied / to relieve - relieved / to ignore - ignored / to stay - stayed

Os verbos irregulares têm formas próprias para o passado e particípio passado e há


necessidade de prática para seu domínio. É importante lembrar também que essas
formas, tanto do passado e particípio dos verbos regulares quanto irregulares nunca se
alteram.
Alguns exemplos de verbos irregulares frequentemente usados:
to begin - began - begun (começar)
to break - broke -broken (quebrar)
to buy - bought - bought (comprar)
to catch - caught -caught (pegar, agarrar)
to come - came - come (vir)
to drink - drank - drunk (beber)
to eat - ate - eaten (comer)
to find - found - found (encontrar)
to go - went - gone (ir)
to know - knew - known (saber, conhecer)
to lose - lost - lost (perder)
to make - made - made (fazer)
to see - saw - seen (ver)
to sing - sang - sung (cantar)
to sleep - slept - slept (dormir)
to speak - spoke - spoken (falar)
to spend - spent - spent (gastar)
to understand - understood - understood (entender)
to write - wrote - written (escrever)

Exemplos:

The singers sang beautifully last night. What a performance!


I spoke to (with) Evelyn yesterday and gave her your message. I'm sure she'll get back to
you as soon as possible.
Did you see the lawyer last week?
Shakespeare wrote "Hamlet".(active voice) "Hamlet" was written by Shakespeare.
(passive voice)
On Fathers' Day we had lunch out and ate grilled fish.
Six people were killed and dozens injured after protests against President Alberto
Fujimori of Peru turned violent. (TIME . August 7, 2000)
I didn't understand what the teacher explained last class.

Past Progressive (Continuous)

Para formá-lo, use was (I, he, she, it), were (you, we, they) + a forma de ing do verbo
principal (was doing, were sleeping).

O uso mais frequente do past continuous é descrever um fato que estava acontecendo
quando um outro fato ocorreu.
Exemplos:

The phone was ringing when I came into the office.


I was having dinner out when I got the good news of my promotion.
The workers were digging the ground when the explosion happened.

Um outro uso frequente do past progressive é descrever duas ações que,


simultaneamente, estavam ocorrendo.

Exemplo:

While my mom was fixing breakfast, I was making the beds.

Past Perfect

Para formá-lo, use had como verbo auxiliar + o particípio passado do verbo principal (had
done, had gone, had been, etc...)
O uso mais comum do past perfect é descrever uma ação (passada) que ocorreu antes de
outra ação, também passada.

Exemplos:

When I arrived home, my parents had already had (eaten) dinner.


After I had written the letter, I asked the supervisor to sign it.

Simple Future

Para formá-lo, use will (will + not = won.t) + o verbo principal.

Exemplos:

I'll call Al as soon as possible.


If you do that again, you'll be in trouble.
"I'll be right back with you," said the salesperson.
A: Alma won't come to the party.
B: What a shame!

Future Progressive (Continuous)

Para formá-lo, use will be + forma de ing do verbo principal (will be studying, will be
working, etc...) Basicamente descreve uma ação que estará acontecendo num
determinado ponto futuro.
Exemplos:

A: What will you be doing at 8 tonight?


B: I'll be having dinner.
I won't be at home tonight. I'll be rehearsing for the play.

Future Perfect

Para formá-lo, use will have + particípio passado do verbo principal (will have done, will
have finished, will have written, etc....)

Expressa um fato que, hoje, ainda é futuro, mas que estará terminado num tempo
determinado.

Exemplos:

Today is Monday. By Friday, I will have finished reading this book.


I am leaving school now. By the time I arrive home, my mother will have already cooked
lunch.
Leonardo will graduate in December. I will see him in January. By the time I see him, he
will have graduated from college

WHAT - qual, quais, o que

What is your occupation? 


What is a resumé? 

WHAT ABOUT - que tal

What about going to the theater?

WHAT ... LIKE? - Expressão usada para perguntar, sobre aspectos geográficos, físicos ou
psicológicos.

What is São Paulo like?

WHICH - qual, quais, o que

Usado quando se solicita uma escolha entre dois ou mais elementos.

Which is his favorite sport, tennis, soceer or basketball?

WHO - quem (usado como sujeito da oração).


Who are you?

WHOM - quem (usado como objeto direto ou indireto da oração. É obrigatório após urna
preposição).

With whom were you talking?

Se a preposição vier no final da oração, usa-se tanto Who quanto Whom.

Whom were you talking with?


Who were you talking with?

WHERE - onde

Where were they going to?

WHEN - quando

When was she born?

WHY - por que, por quê

Na resposta, usa-se BECAUSE.

Why do people worry? Because they nced jobs.

WHOSE - de quem, a quem pertence

Whose is this picture? / Whose picture is this?

OBS.:

I. Quando WHAT, WHICH WHO e WHOSE forem o sujeito numa oração interrogativa, o
verbo auxiliar não será usado.

What causes infections? O Wbo came for dinner?


Whose dog barks all the time?
Which computer cost lliàore, mine or yours?

1) Uso do IT para objetos, lugares e animais


My job is interesting, but it can also be boring. (O meu trabalho é interessante, mas ele
também pode ser entediante.)
John's car is not new, but it is pretty. (O carro do John não é novo, mas ele é bonito.)
My parents really like the book. I love it, too. (Os meus pais realmente gostam do livro. Eu
o amo também.)
Did you see Avatar last night? Is it good? (Você viu Avatar ontem à noite? É bom?)
I have a dog. It is black. (Eu tenho um cachorro. Ele é preto.)

2) Uso do IT como sujeito quando este é indefinido.

It is raining. (Está chovendo.)


Is it hot today? (Está quente hoje?)
It is late. (Está tarde.)
Is it true? (É verdade?)
Yes, it is true. (É verdade.)
It is not polite to yawn in public. (Não é educado bocejar em público.)
It is difficult to learn a new language. (É difícil aprender uma nova língua.)

Singular

MYSELF
YOURSELF
HIMSELF
HERSELF
ITSELF

Plural

OURSELVES
YOURSELVES
THEMSELVES

1. Os reflexive pronouns são usados em sentenças nas quais o sujeito faz e sofre uma
ação, ou seja, quando o sujeito e o objeto são a mesma pessoa.
I íntroduced myself at the meeting.
These facts repeated themselves.

2. Os emphasizing pronouns são usados para enfatizar o sujeito. Neste caso, podem ser
usados  após o sujeito ou no final da oração.
You yourself closed the gate.
You closed the gate yourself .
3. A construção by + reflexive pronoun é sinônima da palavra alone (sozinho).
Do your homework by yourselves.

1. Para construírmos sentenças no tempo futuro em inglês, usamos o ‘Modal Auxiliary


Verb' will. Não existe flexão deste verbo. Exemplos:

I will go to the movies tonight (=eu irei ao cinema esta noite)


He will travel tomorrow (=ele viajará amanhã)
They will watch television all night long (=eles assistirão televisão a noite inteira)

Há uma forma contraída para will, ‘ll: I'll do it tomorrow.

2. Para construírmos sentenças futuras negativas em inglês, acrescentamos ‘not' após will.
Exemplos:

I will not do it (=eu não farei isto)


She will not with us (=ela não virá conosco)

Podemos usar a contração de will not, won't:

We won't sleep together (=nós não dormiremos juntos)

3. Outra forma de indicarmos futuro é usando shall, embora esta seja uma forma bastante
formal:

I shall invite her to dance (=eu a convidarei para dançar)

4. Outros indicadores de tempo futuro são to be about to e to be going to. Veja:

The train is about to depart (=O trem está para partir)


I am going to tell her that I love her (=eu direi a ela que eu a amo

SINGULAR PLURAL

MINE OURS
YOURS YOURS
HIS THEIRS
HERS

OBS:

1. Apesar de existir, o pronome ITS raramente é usado.


2. O possessive pronoun nunca é usado antes de um substantivo, pois sua função é
substituir a construção possessivo adjetivo + substantivo.
Is that book still your book?
Is that book still yours?

3. O possessive pronoun sempre concorda com o possuidor e nunca com o que ele possui

I have my money and you have your.

4. Uma outra forma de indicar posse pode ser feita pela construção one of + possessive
pronoun.

A friend of your (one of your friends) is here

SINGULAR PLURAL

I WE
YOU YOU
HE THEY
SHE
IT

OBS:
1. Os subjective pronouns têm a função de sujeito da oração.
2. I é sempre escrito com letra maiúscula. Quando o sujeito for composto ele virá em
último lugar.

You and I will finish th lesson together

3. You é usado para singular e para o plural quando nos referimos à pessoa ou pessoas
com quem estamos falando.

You are an intelligente boy.


You are excellent actresses.

4. HE e SHE são geralmente usados para pessoas, mas podem também designar animais
ou coisas quando se quer personificá-los ou tratá-los com afeição. SHE também é usado
para substituir os substantivos SHIP(navio) e NATION(nação).

My dog is a poodle. He is very small.

5. IT é um pronome neutro usado para designar animais e coisas no singular. É ainda o


sujeito de verbos que em português são impessoais, em orações que expressam tempo,
distância, condições meteorológicas etc..

It is going to rain.
6. THEY corresponde ao plural de HE, SHE e IT.

My sisters are here and they want to see you.

1. Quando usamos palavras comparativas, não podemos usar very, mas podemos usar
much ou far para enfatizar. Veja: 

My brother is much taller than me. [(e não ...very taller than me)=meu irmão é muito mais
alto do que eu]
Hugh is far more intelligent than Suzy. (=Hugh é muito mais inteligente que Suzy)

2. Além desses, podemos modificar comparativos usando very much, a lot, lots, any,
rather, a little, a bit.

a bit happier, a lot more difficult, a little less painful, very much farther etc.

Os verbos de ligação são assim chamados porque ligam o sujeito a um complemento. Ao


contrário de outros verbos, eles não denotam uma ação, e sim um estado. O principal
verbo de ligação da língua inglesa é o verbo ‘to be'.

2. Outros verbos de ligação bastante comuns da língua inglesa são: appear, become, feel,
get, grow, look, remain, seem. Veja (note que, em alguns casos, a tradução cede às
nuances da língua inglesa, sendo aproximadas):

The crowd became quiet. (=a multidão ficou quieta)


He appears angry. (=ele parece bravo)
They got nervous because of the delay. (=eles ficaram nervosos em virtude do atraso)
You seem a very sad person. (=você parece ser uma pessoa muito triste)
My brother grew tall. (=meu irmão ficou alto)
Your mother looks pretty young. (=sua mãe parece bastante nova

Usado para comparar dois sujeitos executando a mesma ação. As formas comparativas e
superlativas dos advérbios são feitas da mesma forma adjetivos longos:

COMPARATIVE
FORMA: Suejeito 1 + Verbo + More + Advérbio + Than + Sujeito 2 (+Does/Can etc)...

» I can sing *more beautifully than* you (can).


» Ted writes *more slowly than* Brenda (does).

SUPERLATIVE
FORMA: Sujeito + Verbo + The most + Advérbio (OF ALL)
» Of all the students in her class, Sarah does her homework *the most carefully*
» Jimmy behaves *the most childishly* of anyone in the class.

+ Adverbios que tem a mesma forma base de adjetivos também tem as mesmas formas
comparativas e superlativas. Estas são formadas adicionando-se -er (para o comparativo)
e -est (para o superlativo) á forma base.

» Fred can *run faster than* Martin can, but Sharon *runs the fastest.
» My wife *got up earlier than* i did this morning, but our daughter *got up the earliest*.

IRREGULAR COMPARATIES and SUPERLATIVES FORMS

Também existe um pequeno número de formas comparativas irregulares de advérbios:

Forma Base Comparativo Superlativo

WELL BETTER THE BEST

BADLY WORSE THE WORST

LITTLE LESS THE LEAST

MUCH MORE THE MOST

1. Shall é um "modal auxiliary verb". Pode-se usar shall ao invés de will após I e We:

I'm taking the 2.45 plane. What time shall I be in London? ou ...will I be in London?

As formas em contração são: I'll, we'll e shan't: I'll see you tomorrow, I shan't be late.

2. Quando oferecemos algo (ou sugerimos), e quando pedimos conselhos, podemos usar
shall I/we, mas não will I/we:

Shall I carry your bag?, Shall we go out for lunch?, What shall we do?

Uso: Muitos verbos podem ser seguidos tanto por GERUNDS como por INFINITIVES. Em
alguns casos, como com REMEMBER, FORGET, STOP e USE, isto pode mudar
totalmente o sentido da sentença.

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO:
REMEMBER/FORGET + GERUND - lembranças do passado.
» I *remember seeing* the Beatles in 1970
» *I'll never forget meeting* you in Rome last year.
FORMA + SIGNIFICADO:
REMEMBER/FORGET + INFINITIVE - ações no futuro
» I'll *remember to give* him the message tomorrow.
» Don't *forget to feed* the chickens this evening!

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO:
STOP + GERUND - terminar ou abandonar uma ação
» We *stopped dancing* because we were tired.

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO:
STOP + INFINITIVE - executar uma nova ação
» I *stopped to tie* my shoelace

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO
TRY + GERUND - experimentar; executar uma ação para ver qual será o resultado
» If you want to make perfect tea, *try heating the pot with some boiling water before
putting in the tea.

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO
TRY + INFINITIVE - tentar algo; descobrir se algo é possível
» I *tried to stroke* the cat, but she ran away before i could touch her.

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO
LIKE + GERUND - ter prazer em fazer algo
» I *like eating* chocolate.
» I *like reading* novels.

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO
LIKE + INFINITIVE - pensar que algo é sábio, correto, ou prazeiroso
» I *like to brush my teeth after meals.
» I *like to answer business letters immediately.

Observe a diferença entre USE TO + INFINITIVE e BE/GET USED TO + GERUND:

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO:
USED TO (past) + INFINITIVE - refere-se a um hábito ou estado passado que agora está
encerrado ou mudado.

» I *used to smoke* 50 cigarettes a day, before i stopped.


» We *used to live* in Washington; now we live in Montreal.

FORMA + SIGNIFICADO:
GET USED TO + GERUND - significa considerar algo normal ou acostumar-se a algo
» *I'm used to driving* on the left now, but when I first came to Britain it felt very strange!
» I can't *get used to being* a grandmother; i feel so old!
» Don't worry; you'll *get used to having* grandchildren.

Com alguns verbos (e.g. STAR, BEGIN, CONTINUE) faz muito pouca diferença se forem
seguidos por GERUND ou INFINITIVE, embora uma forma possa ser um pouco mais
comum que a outra. Nos exemplos a segur, a forma mais comum aparece em primeiro
lugar.

» We *started traveling/to travel* at 6 o'clock.


» Pat * began swimming/to swim* when she was six

Common questions

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In English, past tense forms articulate nuanced sequences and overlaps of events: the simple past describes distinct past events ("The singers sang"), the past continuous denotes an ongoing action that a completed action interrupts ("I was having dinner when I got the news"), and the past perfect outlines an action completed before another past action ("When I arrived home, my parents had already had dinner"). These forms create a comprehensive timeline of past events, contextualizing actions relative to others.

The "as...as" structure is used to express equality between two subjects, indicating that they share a similar degree of a certain quality, as in "She’s as ugly as her mother." The comparative structure "more...than" is used to show a higher degree of a particular quality in one subject compared to another, for instance, "Fred can run faster than Martin can" suggests a difference in speed between Fred and Martin. Additionally, "as" can support idiomatic expressions like "half as...as" or "twice as...as," illustrating distinct levels within the comparison domain, unlike "more...than," which lacks such flexibility.

"It" acts as a dummy subject in sentences lacking a clear subject, primarily serving meteorological, time, distance, or existential functions. Examples include "It is raining," "It is late," and "It is difficult to learn a new language." Here, "it" fills the syntactic need for a subject, allowing the sentence to adhere to English grammatical rules.

"Like" is a preposition used before nouns or pronouns to indicate similarity, exemplified in "You look like a friend of mine." Conversely, "as" is a conjunction used to introduce clauses where something functions or occurs in a particular way, such as "Nobody swims as I do." Moreover, in less formal contexts, "like" can substitute "as" in functions where it follows a verb, e.g., "Nobody swims like I do."

"Some" is typically used in affirmative sentences to imply a positive amount or number, for both countable plural and uncountable nouns, like "I need some medicine" for uncountable nouns or "I want some pencils" for countable nouns. It is also used in questions when a 'yes' response is expected or desired, such as "Would you like some more water?" On the other hand, "any" is used in negative sentences and questions, implying an absence or a question of presence, as in "I can't find any pencils" or "Have you got any pencils?" It can also appear after words that have negative meanings like "never" or "hardly," e.g., "You never give me any support."

Reflexive pronouns serve two primary roles: indicating that the subject and object are the same, such as "I introduced myself at the meeting," and emphasizing the subject's role in the action, which can be placed after the subject or at sentence end, e.g., "You yourself closed the gate" or "You closed the gate yourself." They also convey autonomy when used with "by," synonymous with "alone," as in "Do your homework by yourselves."

Gerunds and infinitives lead to semantic shifts depending on the verb they follow, such as "remember." "Remember + gerund" reflects past memories, e.g., "I remember seeing the Beatles," while "remember + infinitive" pertains to future obligations, seen in "I'll remember to give him the message." Similarly, "stop + gerund" signifies ending an action, "We stopped dancing," whereas "stop + infinitive" introduces a new one, "I stopped to tie my shoelace." These contrasts shape each verb's conveyed meaning.

The past progressive tense is employed chiefly to describe a continuous action occurring in the past that either intersects with another action, as in "The phone was ringing when I came into the office," or to illustrate simultaneous actions, exemplified by "While my mom was fixing breakfast, I was making the beds." It helps set a dynamic background to allow other actions or events to take place.

"Would" serves multiple conditional constructions, often to express hypothetical situations, future-in-the-past events, and polite requests. For example, "I would go to the movies" implies a conditional choice. Conversely, "should" is less frequently used conditionally and often suggests advice or obligation when employing "I" or "we," such as "We should buy those socks," indicating a recommendation. "Should" does not carry a hypothetical condition like "would" unless in specific forms like "should have," which critiques past actions.

"Shall" is more formal and chiefly used with "I" and "we" to express future actions, offer suggestions, or solicit advice, such as "Shall we go out for lunch?" In contrast, "will" is the standard future auxiliary for all subjects, used flexibly for predictions or defined plans, like "I'll call Al as soon as possible." While "shall" includes the formal contracted forms like "shan't," "will" appears as "won't" for negatives.

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