Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations
Lecture 2.
Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
What is regression analysis?
A technique for modeling and analyzing the relationship
between 2 or more variables. Usually, 1 variable is
designated as the independent variable.
Purpose: Establish a mathematical relation between the
variables.
C(t) = e t
2 a f(x)sin nπxdx sin nx sinh ny
u(x,y) = 0
n=1 a sinh (nπb/a) a a a
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
2
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Linear Regression
An equation of a line is used to establish the relationship
between 2 variables x and y.
y = mx + b
where
y,x = dependent and independent variables, respectively.
m, b = slope and intercept, respectively.
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
3
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting a Straight Line to a Set of Data Points
Consider a rotameter calibration data:
Rotameter Reading Flow Rate (mL/min)
(independent variable) (dependent variable)
10 20.0
30 52.1
50 84.6
70 118.3
90 151.0
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
4
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting a Straight Line to a Set of Data Points
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
5
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting a Straight Line to a Set of Data Points
Calculating the slope and intercept using the method of
least squares:
Δy Sxy - Sx Sy
slope : m= =
Δx Sxx - Sx 2
SxxSy - SxySx
intercept : b= 2
Sxx - Sx
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
6
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting a Straight Line to a Set of Data Points
Calculating the S-values:
1 n
S x (average of x values) = xi
n i 1
1 n
S y (average of y values) = y i
n i 1
2 1 n 2
S xx (average of x values) = xi
n i 1
1 n
S xy (average of xy values) = xi y i
n i 1
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
7
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting a Straight Line to a Set of Data Points
For the previous data set:
1
Sx = 10 30 50 70 90 = 50
5
1
Sy = 20.0 52.1 84.6 118.3 151.0 85.2
5
1 2
S xx =
5
10 302 502 702 902 = 3300
1 10 20 30 52.1 50 84.6
S xy = 5572.8
5 70 118.3 90 151.0
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
8
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting a Straight Line to a Set of Data Points
Calculating the slope and intercept:
5572.8 - 50 85.2
m 2
= 1.641
3300 - 50
b
3300 85.2 - 5572.8 50
3.15
2
3300 - 50
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
9
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting a Straight Line to a Set of Data Points
Therefore, the mathematical relation for flow rate in terms
of the rotameter reading is:
y = 1.641x + 3.15
At any given value of x, a corresponding value for y can
easily be calculated using this equation.
For x = 25, y = 1.641(25) + 3.15 = 44.175
for x = 250, y = 1.641(250) + 3.15 = 413.40
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
10
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Two-Point Linear Interpolation
Given the following set of data:
x 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
y 0.3 0.7 1.2 1.8
Supposed we want to know two values of y when:
1. x = 2.5
(x is between the range of data points: interpolation)
2. x = 5.0
(x is outside the range of data points: extrapolation)
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
11
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Two-Point Linear Interpolation
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
12
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Two-Point Linear Interpolation
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
13
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Two-Point Linear Interpolation
If points 1, 2, and A lie on the same line, then
Slope (1-A) = Slope (1-2)
If slope is defined as y/x, then,
y - y 1 y 2 - y1
=
x - x1 x 2 - x1
Rearranging the equation,
x - x1
y = y1 + y 2 - y1
x 2 - x1
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
14
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Two-Point Linear Interpolation
Two-point interpolation can be used when extracting values
from a tabular data.
Consider the following tabular data:
x 1 2 3
y 1 4 8
Find the value of y when x = 1.3.
1.3 - 1
y=1+ 4 - 1 = 1.9
2- 1
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
15
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting Nonlinear Data
For simple non-linear equations, linearization can be done
by manipulating or plotting the data so that it can be
expressed analogously as a linear equation.
Original equation: y = mx2 + b
Linearized Form: y = mw + b (with w = x2)
Original equation: sin y = m(x2 – 4) + b
Linearized Form: u = aw + b
(with w = x2 – 4 and u = sin y)
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
16
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting Nonlinear Data
A mass flow rate M(g/s) is measured as a function of
temperature T(0C).
T(0C) 10.0 20.0 40.0 80.0
M 14.76 20.14 27.73 38.47
There is reason to believe that m varies linearly with the
square root of T:
M = aT1/2 + b
Determine the values and units of a and b.
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
17
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting Nonlinear Data
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
18
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting Nonlinear Data
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
19
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting Nonlinear Data
Linearizing the data set:
T 10.0 20.0 40.0 80.0
T1/2 3.162 4.472 6.325 8.944
M 14.76 20.14 27.73 38.47
The values of a (slope) and b (intercept) can be determined
using the method of least squares as discussed previously.
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
20
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting Nonlinear Data
Calculate for SX, SY, SXX, and SXY:
X (T1/2) Y (M) X2 XY
3.162 14.76 10.00 46.68
4.472 20.14 20.00 90.07
6.325 27.73 40.00 175.38
8.944 38.47 80.00 344.09
SX = 5.726 SY = 25.275 SXX = 37.50 SXY = 164.05
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
21
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Fitting a Straight Line to a Set of Data Points
Calculate the slope (a) and intercept (b):
(164.05) - (5.726)(25.275)
slope : a= 2
4.100
(37.50) - 5.726
(37.50)(25.275) - (164.05)(5.726)
intercept : b= 2
1.798
(37.50) - 5.726
Apply dimensional consistency to get the units of a and b:
a = 4.100 g/(s-0C1/2) and b = 1.798 g/s
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
22
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Nonlinear Axes: The Logarithmic Coordinates
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
23
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Nonlinear Axes: The Logarithmic Coordinates
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
24
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Nonlinear Axes: The Logarithmic Coordinates
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
25
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Nonlinear Axes: The Logarithmic Coordinates
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
26
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Nonlinear Axes: The Logarithmic Coordinates
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
27
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Nonlinear Axes: The Logarithmic Coordinates
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
28
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Nonlinear Axes: The Logarithmic Coordinates
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
29
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Nonlinear Axes: The Logarithmic Coordinates
1. If y versus x data appear linear on a semilog plot, then
ln(y) versus x would be linear on a rectangular plot, and
the data can therefore be correlated by an exponential
function:
y = aebx
2. If y versus x data appear linear on a log plot, then ln(y)
versus ln(x) would be linear on a rectangular plot, and
the data can therefore be correlated by a power
function:
y = axb
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
30
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Nonlinear Axes: The Logarithmic Coordinates
A plot of F versus t yields a straight line that passes
through the points (t1 = 15, F1 = 0.298) and (t2 = 30, F2 = 0.0527)
on a log plot. Determine the mathematical equation that
relates F and t.
If linear on a logarithmic plot, then,
F = atb
Linearizing the equation,
ln (F) = ln (a) + b ln(t)
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
31
2 Regression and Nonlinear Axes
Nonlinear Axes: The Logarithmic Coordinates
Determine a and b:
Δ ln(F) ln(F2 /F1 ) ln(0.0527/.298)
b= = = = -2.50
Δ ln(t) ln(t 2 /t1 ) ln(30/15)
To determine a:
ln (a) = ln (F1) – b ln(t1) or ln (a) = ln (F2) – b ln(t2)
Using the first data point,
ln (a) = ln (0.298) – b ln(15) = 5.559
a = exp (5.559) = 260
SLIDE
Prof. Manolito E Bambase Jr. Department of Chemical Engineering. University of the Philippines Los Baños
32
