Production Logging

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Shell Learning
 Production Logging
Objectives:
- Reconciliation of downhole inflow with
surface rates and reservoir model

Complications:
- Flow regime (laminar / turbulent)
- Single phase / Multiphase flow
- Borehole deviation

What do we want to know ?

- Flow rates / Holdups
- Fluid identification
- Flow regime

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 Mechanical Well Problems

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 Production Logging

Well and Completion problems Reservoir flow problems

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 Tools and techniques
Vertical holes:
- Spinner flowmeters
Continuous, Fullbore, Basket, ...
- Density: gradiomanometer / nuclear fluid density
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Noise
- Radioactive tracer logging
- Oxygen activation

Horizontal holes: Flagship (Schlumberger)

- all of the above
- RST: Reservoir Saturation Tool
- DEFT: Digital Entry Fluid Imaging Tool (FloView)
-Fluid markers

Horizontal holes: MCFM (Baker Atlas)

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 Single phase
sensors

•Flowmeters
•Temperature
•Pressure Gauges

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 Single Phase - Overview
Qo (bpd)
To evaluate Single phase producing
or injecting wells only the following
sensors are required
 Flowmeter
 To calculate total flowrate
 Temperature
 Fluid entries, Flow behind pipe
 Pressure
 Well performance

Interpretation
 Q=VxA

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 Spinners

Basic Concept:
Q = Vm x A

We want to know

fluid SPEED !!

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Shell Learning
Spinners

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 • Flow Regimes
Velocity Profile using marker dye

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 Laminar Flow

Vmax
Spinner measurement is centralized
and tends to read the maximum flow
velocity.

Vavg Rate calculations require an average

fluid velocity.
In laminar flow, the relationship
between the two is:
Vmax
Vavg =
2

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 Turbulent Flow

In turbulent flow, the relationship

Vmax between the maximum and average
velocities is not simple

Onset of turbulence is controlled

Vavg by Reynold’s Number, NRe:
Laminar Flow NRe < 2000
Turbulent Flow NRe > 2000

Polyphasic flow is ALWAYS

turbulent

I hate the term polyphasic

– say multiphase flow

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

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 Reynold’s Number

Reynold’s Number is a dimensionless group:

Dvr
NRe = 7.742 x 103
m
where:

D = Pipe Internal Diameter (ins)

v = Fluid Velocity (ft/s)
r = Fluid Density (g/cm3)
m = Fluid Viscosity (cp)

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Shell Learning
 Velocity Profile Correction Factor
( Vavg = Vmax * C )

1.0
Correction
0.9
Factor, C
0.8
Laminar

Transition Region
0.7 Flow
Turbulent Flow
0.6

0.5
In most cases for use in the field,
0.4 a value of: C = 0.83
0.2 will give satisfactory results

0.1
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Reynolds Number, NRe

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Shell Learning
 Example

Given the following parameters, the table shows calculated

Reynold’s Number and velocity profile correction factor

Q (BPD) V (ft/s) NRe C r = 0.7 g/cm3

100 0.031 2088 0.621 m = 0.5 cp
200 0.062 4177 0.748 D = 6.184 ins
500 0.156 10441 0.787
1000 0.312 20883 0.799
1500 0.467 31324 0.806 Turbulent flow is
2000 0.623 41766 0.811 almost always
5000 1.558 104414 0.827 encountered in flowing
10000 3.116 208828 0.839 wells, due to rate or
multiple phases

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 • Spinner response

Flowrate measurement relies on relative fluid to tool

velocity

V
Cable Velocity

Fluid Velocity
V

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 Spinner Response

 Ideal: No fluid viscosity or mechanical friction

Spinner
RPS

Fluid Velocity

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 Spinner Response

 Mechanical friction effect

Spinner
RPS

Ideal

Static friction

Fluid Velocity

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 Spinner Response

 Fluid viscosity effect

Spinner
RPS

Ideal

Viscosity shifts
response curve

Fluid Velocity

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 In-Situ Calibration

Perforations

Flowing region

Cable Speed
ft/min
Spinner
response
rps

Zero flow
region

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 In-Situ Calibration - Zero Flow

Spinner
rps

Best fit calibration line

Tool Velocity
ft/min
Threshold velocity, Vt

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 Velocity Calculation

Perforations

Flowing region

Cable Speed
ft/min
Spinner
response
rps

Zero flow
region

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 Velocity Calculation - Flowing
Flowing line
Spinner
(rps)

DR(i) Zero flow line

y-axis
intercept DV(i)
Slope, m(i)= DR(i) (rps/ft/min)
DV(i)
X-axis
intercept
Down

Tool Velocity
Fluid Vt spinner threshold (ft/min)
Velocity

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Vm = mixture velocity = (Xi + Vt) ) x 0.83
Qm = mixture rate = Vm A
Shell Learning
 Velocity Calculation
 Based on Flowing In-Situ Calibration(s)
 Determine X-axis intercept for rate (i)
 or
 Determine Y-axis intercept for rate (i), y(i)
 Determine response slope, m(i)
Vt from Zero-flow
calibration
 Velocity given by:
y(i)
Vmax(i) = x(i) + Vt = + Vt
m(i)
 Why are the response curves not parallel?
 Different fluid type or mixture (holdup)
 Increased efficiency of energy transfer to the spinner at higher speeds

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 Conventions
 POSITIVE cable velocity is going down
 Consider that depth is assumed to be increasing as we go down, so
velocity must be positive

 Spinner is NEGATIVE when tool moves UP

 This follows from the previous convention that the tool velocity is
negative when moving upwards

 Calibration plot axes

Positive Spinner

Up Velocity Down Velocity

Negative Spinner

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Shell Learning
 Flowing & Zero flow zones

Spinner
RPS

Threshold of the
“Positive” line

- Vt + Vt
Up Down

Cable Speed
2 x Vt
1

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Shell Learning
 Frequently asked Questions
 What causes a negative threshold velocity? . . . . . 2

– In deviated wells, flow segregation takes place. Oil flows faster on the
upper side of the casing, displacing water on the lower side.
– Then, if spinner not properly centralized, it sees oil when logging down
and water when logging up, causing the apparent ‘negative threshold’

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 Spinner calibration in detail

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 Log Log
up down RPS
C 5 f
0 RPS 10 0 RPS 10 e
b a
d ft / min
C - 100 100
c -5
VC

RPS
B 5 f
B negative e
- 100 d ft / min
a 100
b
-5
c VB
RPS
A e
f
5 d
no A - 100 ft / min
flow

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

a b c d e f -5 100
40 90 150 50 100 140 a
b
ft / min. ft / min. c VA = 0
Shell Learning
 Log Log
up down
0 RPS 10 0 RPS 10

F
Which perforations
contribute to flow ?
E

D
C

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 Log Log
up down
0 RPS 10 0 RPS 10

E Perforations
contributing
D to flow
C

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 Determining flow rates from spinner
data
0 10 RPS 20

3.6 / 14 = 25.7 %
3.6 RPS

2.1 / 14 = 15.0 % 2.1 RPS

C
8.3 RPS

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

8.3 / 14 = 59.3 %

Shell Learning
 Spinner Log Example
Up CVEL- Down CVEL+ Up & Down SPIN Qo (bpd)

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Perforations
Interpretation zones
Shell Learning
 Temperature Applications
 Tool and fluid corrections
 Electronics & sensors are affected by temperature (VTCO, VFC, etc)
 Fluid conversions require downhole temperature data

 Flow behind pipe

 Temperature surveys are affected by flow inside and outside of pipe

 Fluid entries and type

 Fluid entries cool the flow stream by mixing
 Gas expansion causes additional local cooling

 Quantitative Mass Flowrate

 Under favorable conditions the mass flowrate can be calculated
directly

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 Single Phase

Example

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 Pressure Changes in a well

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 Pressure Applications
 For comparison with surface rates
 well stable ?
 Leaks ?

 Gas – Oil – Water contacts

 Using pressure gradient

 Fluid properties at downhole conditions

 Used to estimate: Oil, Water and Gas densities , therefore
holdup from the gradiomanometer can be computed.

 Well operating parameters

 Bubble point pressure compared to flowing pressure indicates
if gas-liquid flow is expected

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Single Phase
Shell Learning
 Slip velocity:
difference between
oil and water velocities

Hold up:
Voil Vwater fraction of total volume
filled by the fluid

Ywater = fraction of water

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Two / Three Phases
Shell Learning
 Production Logging

Hydrocarbon
Water

Fluid Profile

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Flow in vertical wells
Fluid flow profile in the casing cross-section
Shell Learning as a function of Well Deviation and Water Hold-up
 Fluid Phases in the Wellbore

FLOW REGIMES
102
LIQUID VELOCITY

10
REGION I

REGION II REGION III

N
TIO
I
NS
DIMENSIONLESS

A
TR
1
BUBBLE FLOW

MIST FLOW
SLUG FLOW

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

PLUG FLOW
10-1 1 10 102 103
DIMENSIONLESS GAS VELOCITY
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 Multiphase Interpretation
 More Sensors required
 Gradiomanometer
 Fluid mixture density from pressure
 Capacitance (HUM)
 Water holdup from mixture electrical properties
 Nuclear Fluid Density (NFD)
 Fluid mixture density from electron density
 Electrical Probes: (PFCS or DEFT)
 Water Hold-up from electrical properties
 Optical Probes: (GHOST)
 Gas Hold-up from fluid optical properties

 Fluid Conversions: PVT

 Downhole rates to Surface ?

 Interpretation Techniques
 2-phase only (bubble flow model)
 2 & 3 phase Single pass interpretation

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 Gradiomanometer

Gradio Effects

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 Hold-up determination
Water
Holdup 100% water
100% point

•Based on 2 KNOWN points, the

gradio can be used to determine
the Holdup of one phase
In this example

Hw = 40% •For the Holdup calculation we have 2

equations and 2 unknowns

rtool = roil x Hoil + rwater x Hwater

100% = Hoil + Hwater

100% oil
point
0%
roil rtool rwater Gradio Density

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

Error In Expected Error In Uncertainty in Water
Downhole Oil Density Measurement Origin and Salinity

Shell Learning
 Gradio Applications
Fluid Identification
 Each Type of Fluid has a distinct density
Fluid entries
 If a fluid of different density enters the wellbore, it will change the
mixture density
 However, if fluid density is the same, the final mixture density will
remain the same
Holdup Calculation
 In a 2 phase mixture, knowing the individual densities, hold up can
be determined.

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Interpretation
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 NFD - Nuclear Fluid Densitometer

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 GHOST Optical Probe

 0.1-mm-diameter sensing area not influenced by

wetting effects
 No maximum phase velocity limitation
 Gas holdup accurate to within 7%
 Bubble count accurate to within 1%

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 GHOST Measurement Principle

GHOST Probe Response

Reflected light depends on refractive index of medium (n).

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 Local Probe Principle

Probe output is binary.

 Gas holdup
Yg = Red time
Total time

 Gas bubble count

Number of events
Bc =
Total time

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 GHOST Log Output

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 Flowmeters may read Two Different Types of Flow
in Deviated Wells

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 Flow restrictions in undulating boreholes

Trapped
gas

Trapped
water

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 Multi Capacitor Flow Meter (MCFM)
Pulsed Neutron Holdup Imager (PNHI)
POS MCFM

• Orientation • Liquid Level • Acoustic • Pressure • Spinner

• Inclination • 3 Phase Holdups
• Velocity
• Temperature
• Caliper

PNHI

GR LS SS Source
Detectors
• 3 Phase Holdups
• Formation Water Saturation
• Oxygen Activation (Water Flow)

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 Pulsed Neutron Hold-up Indicator
(PNHI) Baker Atlas
Borehole

RIN (N/F) CO

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 Multi-Capacitance Flow Meter
(MCFM)
Capacitance sensors Baker Atlas

Gas
Oil with gas

Oil Oil with water

Water with oil

Water

Circumferential
MCFM wing
Capacitance

Copyright 2001 SIEP B.V.

in segregated fluids
in segregated fluids
Shell Learning
 MCFM - Measurement
Concept

Flow Direction

 Level and holdup determined from sensors at 8 levels across

wellbore (12 bit)
 Velocity determined from correlation of adjacent sensors on 4
rows (1 bit)

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