ISSN 2348-3156 (Print)

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online)
Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp: (122-132), Month: January - March 2019, Available at: www.researchpublish.com

EFFECTIVENESS OF ROTC PROGRAM OF

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC
UNIT
Dr. Marvin R. Tullao
Bulacan State University, City of Malolos ,Bulacan, Philippines,3000
[email protected]

Abstract: The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is an educational program which combines practical and
unmatched leadership training. Military science courses are designed to prepare college students to develop their
leadership, discipline and community awareness in response to the disaster risk reduction program of the
community. To determine the effectiveness of the program of Bulacan State University ROTC unit and the result
will be utilized as a basis for program enhancement. The study was conducted during the school year 2017-2018.
The respondents of the study were the NSTP Director, Commandant and Staff, and Corps of Cadets . Descriptive
statistics such as weighted mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage and rank were used in the study. The
Commandant and Staff, the Basic and Advance Cadets are predictors of the ROTC Program. Findings from this
study revealed that among the factors age and course of the Corps of Cadets is the only predictors in the
effectiveness of ROTC Program in RAATI. Thus, the null hypothesis of the study stating that the variables
respondents related profile, ROTC administration, ROTC components, ROTC scholarship program, Disaster Risk
Reduction Management, Knowledge, attitudes and practices on disaster mitigation and preventionof BulSU ROTC
unit do not predict the effectiveness of the ROTC program is partially sustained.
Keywords: Education, Effectiveness, Reserve Officer Training Corps, Descriptive Research.

1. INTRODUCTION
The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is an educational program which combines practical and unmatched
leadership training. Military science courses are designed to prepare college students to develop their leadership,
discipline and community awareness in response to the disaster risk reduction program of the community. ROTC program
also helps the students to succeed in their chosen field in the college and be one of the aspiring officers of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines (AFP). Other country offers Junior ROTC in the high school and ROTC in college as
prerequisite requirements in finishing their degree program , which is typically a requirement of all college students,
especially military related course both in private and public Higher Education Institutions (HEI’s) .
The government several years ago abolished the mandatory ROTC program for a voluntary one as a reaction to protests
from indolent students, budget-strapped parents and leery leftists and to address poor management of the program in some
schools. In its place, the government created an inchoate National Service Training Program (NSTP) Republic Act 9163
that, according to its critics, has many loopholes, is difficult to evaluate, has not improved civics and citizenship and does
not comply with the constitutional rule that the state shall maintain a citizen army, which shall undergo military training.

2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual paradigm of the study composed of two (2) frames representing the independent, and dependent. The first
frame represents the independent variables composed of the training staff and the corps of cadets profile (age, sex,
educational attainment, trainings/ seminar related to ROTC and the course pursued); training aspects of the ROTC units
in the selected private and public HEI’s in region III . It includes the following aspects of the ROTC Annual Evaluation:
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these are ROTC Administration, Tactical Aspect, Theoretical Examination for Basic cadets and Advance cadets,
Military Stakes, and Physical and Mental Capabilities. The last frame which represents the dependent variables is about
the effectiveness of ROTC Program in terms of ROTC Annual Administrative, Tactical Inspection (RAATI) of Bulacan
State University. The lines connecting the independent to the dependent frame signifies the hypothesized factors on the
significant influence in the profile of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) NSTP Director/Coordinator,
Commandant and training staff , Corps of cadets and ROTC components to the effectiveness of the ROTC program in
RAATI of Bulacan State University.

3. HYPOTHESIS
The following variables do not predict the effectiveness of the ROTC program in Regional Annual Administrative,
Tactical Inspection (RAATI) to the respondents related profile , ROTC administration , ROTC components , ROTC
scholarship program , Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM) , Knowledge, attitudes and practices on disaster
mitigation and prevention and Flooding of Bulacan State University ROTC unit.

4. RESEARCH DESIGN
To be able to draw pertinent data and information needed to determine the Effectiveness of Reserve Officer Training
Corps Program of Bulacan State University, this study utilized the descriptive method of research, which refers to the
description, recording analysis and interpretation of the present condition of research. This requires a more detailed
analysis of the various aspects of phenomena and their interrelationship. Questionnaires and documentary analysis were
employed as tools in order to have baseline information of the variables under study.

5. POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY

The respondents of this study were identified through purposive sampling, The group of respondents was composed of
National Service Training Program (NSTP) Director/Coordinator , Commandant and training staff, and the Basic and
Advance Cadets of Bulacan State University Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) unit.
Table 1: Distribution of Respondents Related Profile.

Table 1 presents the distribution of the respondent NSTP Director/ Coordinator according to age. The study revealed that
the respondents are dominantly middle-aged NSTP Director/Coordinator. The subject of the study are middle-aged NSTP
Director/Coordinator could already be expected of good performance and with positive aspect, such as experience,
judgment, a strong work ethics and commitment to quality are among the qualities of the older workforce.

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As seen in Table 1 that the NSTP director/coordinator respondent indicate that the profession is male dominance. It is a
fact that military or other programs related to it such as ROTC are a male dominated field. The distribution of the NSTP
Director / Coordinator is presented in Table 1 in terms of Educational qualification. The table indicated that 100 percent
of the respondent or an equivalent is Doctorate Degree .
In Table 1 presents the distribution of NSTP Director/Coordinator respondents according to their academic rank. The
study revealed that the respondent is with a rank of Assistant Professor Rank.
Table 2: Distribution of Respondents Related Profile.

Table 2 presents the distribution of the respondent Commandant and Staff according to age. As illustrated, 41.66 percent
of the total respondents belong to the age bracket of 21-25 or a total of 5 respondents, age brackets 16-20 ,31-35 and 36-
40, 41-45 and 46+ (above) with a total percentage of 41.66 percent or 5 of the total respondents respectively. 16.67
percent or 2 respondents are from the age bracket 26-30.. The distribution involves various age groups representing young
and middle-aged groups of commandant and staff. The study revealed that the respondents are dominantly young.
The majority of the NSTP commandant and staff respondents are male, with a total of 8 or 66.67 percent, while the 33.33
percent or 4 respondents are female. The data indicate that the profession has male dominance. While it is true that there
are skills where male workers are more adept, there are also areas of work where women are likely not feasible. In case of
military training it is a normal occurrence that this area is male dominated.
In terms of educational qualification of the Commandant and Staff majority of the respondents comprising 66.67 percent
or 8 were graduate of the bachelors degree, 16.67 percent or 2 of the respondents are graduates of Technical or
Technicians courses. While other NSTP commandant with masteral degree and doctorate units comprises 16.66 percent or
2 of the total respondents.

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Table 3: Distribution of Respondents Related Profile.

The profile of the respondent cadets grouped according to age is shown in Table 3. As depicted in the table, there are
thirty six (36) or an equivalent of 33.33 percent of the total respondents are sixteen (16) years old. 22.22 percent or an
equivalent of 24 are seventeen years old while 13.88 percent or 15 respondents are fifteen (15) years old. A smaller
percentage of the respondents are 18 and 19 years old with 9.26 and 8.33 percent respectively while 21+ and 20 years old
with 5.56 and 7.41 percent respectively.
The profile of the cadet respondents according to sex is shown in Table 3. The figure reveals that the majority of the
respondents equivalent to 42 or 38.89 percent are male, while 66 or an equivalent of 61.11 percent are female cadets.
Nowadays, however, there are female college students who were attracted to join male dominated activities such as
ROTC.
Based on the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) # 8 of Philippine Army Headquarters, it is stated that ROTC Program
is for all male students taking the initial baccalaureate degree in colleges and universities, as shown in this study however,
it’s almost a balance between male and female cadets.
Table 3 shows the distribution of cadet respondents in terms of course taken. It is gleaned from the study, that the majority
of the cadets are taking up Bachelor of Science in Criminology with a total of 61 respondents or an equivalent to 56.48
percent of the total respondents. Next bigger numbers of respondents are other courses with 33 respondents or 30.55
percent while cadets who are taking up Bachelor in Secondary Education are with 9 respondents or 8.33 percent of the
total respondents. The Bachelor of industrial Technology has 5 respondents with 4.63 percent.

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The distribution of cadet respondents according to cadet course is shown in Table 3. The study shows that the majority of
the cadets is having their basic cadet course with a total of 96 respondents or an equivalent to 88.89 percent of the total
respondents, while 12 are taking their advance cadet course or an equivalent to 11.11 percent of the total respondents.
The study showed that the majority of the respondents who are cadets taking up basic course are just complying the
requirements. A few, 11.11 percent who are in their advance course and most likely these are the officers have taken the
responsibility of leading the cadets in the basic course.
1. ROTC Program:
Table 4: Overall Mean & Standard Deviation of ROTC Administration

Indicator Respondents Mean SD Interpretation

Manning, Management / NSTP Director 4.65 0.33 Highly evident
Organization Commandant & Staff 4.61 0.53 Highly evident
Cadets 4.13 0.83 Very evident
NSTP Director 4.61 0.31 Highly evident
Instruction Commandant & Staff 4.54 0.61 Highly evident
Cadets 4.13 0.88 Very evident
Classroom & Training NSTP Director 4.62 0.57 Highly evident
Facilities Commandant & Staff 4.67 0.49 Highly evident
Cadets 4.10 0.97 Very evident
Instructional & Training NSTP Director 4.40 0.66 Very evident
Materials Commandant & Staff 4.62 0.57 Highly evident
Cadets 4.11 0.98 Very evident
Overall Average 4.43 0.64 Very evident

Table 4 presents the overall mean and standard deviation of ROTC Administration. As to the manning, manning
management / organization, the NSTP Director / Coordinator and Commandant & Staff, they perceived that it was highly
evident with an overall mean of 4.65 and 4.61 respectively. Cadets perceived it to be very evident with an overall mean of
4.13. As to the instruction, likewise the NSTP Director/Coordinator and Commandants & Staff perceived it to be highly
evident with an overall mean of 4.61 and 4.54 respectively, while the cadets perceived it to be very evident with an overall
mean of 4.13. As for the classroom and training facilities, NSTP Director/Coordinator and Commandant & staff perceived
it to be highly evident as well with an overall mean of 4.62 and 4.67 respectively, and the cadets perceived it to be very
evident with an overall mean of 4.10. For the instructional and training materials Commandant and staff perceived it to be
highly evident with an overall mean rating of 4.62 while the NSTP Director/Coordinator and the cadets perceived it to be
very evident with overall mean ratings of 4.40 and 4.11 respectively.
The overall average of the means of ROTC administration is 4.43 interpreted as very evident. This showed that the
administration of the ROTC program of Bulacan State University ROTC unit is very evident or highly observed.
2. NSTP-ROTC Components:
Table 5: Overall Mean & Standard Deviation of ROTC Program

Indicator Respondents Mean SD Interpretation

NSTP – ROTC NSTP Director 4.96 0.10 Highly evident
Component Commandant & Staff 4.89 0.31 Highly evident
Cadets 4.39 0.80 Very evident
ROTC Scholarship NSTP Director 4.74 0.37 Highly evident
Program Commandant & Staff 4.64 0.53 Highly evident
Cadets 4.31 0.88 Very evident
Overall average 4.66 0.49 Highly evident
The overall mean and standard deviation of the ROTC program is presented in Table 5. It can be gleaned from the result
of the study that the NSTP-ROTC components as perceived by the NSTP Director/Coordinator and Commandant & Staff
that is highly evident with an overall mean rating of 4.96 and 4.89 respectively as to the cadets, it is very evident with an
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overall mean of 4.39. As for the ROTC Scholarship Program, the NSTP Director/Coordinator and Commandant & Staff
found it highly evident with an overall mean rating of 4.74 and 4.64 respectively, and the cadet respondents found it very
evident with an overall mean rating of 4.31.
The overall average means of the ROTC program are highly evident with 4.66 mean and a standard deviation of 0.49. The
study resulted that the implementation of the ROTC program was highly evident in the BSU ROTC unit.
3. Disaster Risk Reduction Management:
Table 6: Man-made Disasters most likely to occur as observed by the respondents

Indicator Mean SD Interpretation

1. Water pollution 5.00 0 Very much aware
2. Slash and Burn Farming (kaingin
system) 4.17 0.75 Moderately aware
3. Illegal logging 4.50 0.84 Moderately aware
4. Using aerosols Moderately aware
4.00 1.09
Overall Mean 4.42 0.67 Moderately aware

Man-made disasters, most likely to occur as observed by the respondents are presented in Table 6.. The study revealed
that the respondents were very much aware that water pollution may occur in their area with an obtained mean with 5.00
while they were moderately aware that slash and burn, illegal logging and using aerosol may occur in their area with
obtaining mean ratings of 4.17, 4.50 and 4.00 respectively.
Overall, the NSTP directors, commandant and staff and corps of cadets are moderately aware that man-made disasters
may occur in their area with an overall mean rating of 4.42 and a standard deviation of 0.67.
Environmental degradation, including illegal logging, mining, kaingin and the use of aerosols also exposes communities
to higher risks to the effects of man-made disasters. It is very important that everybody is aware of these and good thing
is that cadets are moderately aware of these kind of disaster that may occur in their locality.
4. Natural Disaster:
Table 7: Natural Disasters most likely to occur as observed by respondents

Indicator Mean SD Interpretation

1. Flood 5.00 0 Very much aware
2. Earthquakes 4.67 0.52 Very much aware
3. Drought 4.50 0.84 Moderately aware
4. Volcanic eruption 3.83 1.60 Moderately aware
5. Landslide 4.00 1.26 Moderately aware
Overall Mean 4.40 0.91 Moderately aware

Table 7 presents the natural disasters, most likely to occur as perceived by the respondents of BSU ROTC unit. As
revealed in the study, the respondents are very much aware that flood and earthquake may occur in the area with an
obtained mean of 5.00 and 4.67 respectively, while they are moderately aware that drought, volcanic eruption and
landslide may also occur in the area with an obtained mean of 4.50, 3.83 and 4.00 respectively.
Overall, the NSTP director, Commandant and training staff and Corps of cadets are moderately aware that natural
disasters may occur in the area with an overall mean rating of 4.40 and a standard deviation of 0.91.
Everybody is affected by disasters, whether it is natural or man-made but most are affected by the natural disasters are the
farmers and the fishermen. With most of the population in the rural areas, working in agriculture, natural disasters also
threaten food security and major sources of livelihood. With this, it is important that our cadets are aware of possible
natural disasters that might occur in their locality. With their moderate awareness, it could help them prepare for it.

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Table 8: Overall Mean & Standard Deviation of Level Awareness of Disaster Mitigation & Preparedness

Indicator Respondents Mean SD Interpretation

Disaster Type: Natural NSTP Director 4.40 0.91 Moderately aware
Disaster Commandant & Staff 4.47 0.95 Moderately aware
Cadets 3.54 1.13 Moderately aware
Disaster Type: NSTP Director 4.42 0.67 Moderately aware
Man-made Disaster Commandant & Staff 4.47 0.70 Moderately aware
Cadets 3.54 1.46 Moderately aware
Knowledge, Attitude & NSTP Director 4.69 0.48 Strongly agree
Practices regarding Commandant & Staff 4.78 0.49 Strongly agree
Disaster Mitigation & Cadets 4.15 1.89 Moderately agree
Prevention
NSTP Director 4.46 0.73 Moderately aware
Flooding Commandant & Staff 4.60 0.70 Very much aware
Cadets 4.20 0.77 Moderately aware
Overall average 4.35 1.02 Moderately aware
Table 8 shows the overall awareness of disaster mitigation and prevention of BSU ROTC unit. The study showed that all
the respondents are moderately aware with regards to the possibility that natural disasters will occur in their locality with
an overall mean ratings of 4.40, 4.47 and 3.53 respectively. Likewise, the respondents found that man-made disasters
would be possibly occur in their locality and that they are moderately aware of it with an obtained overall mean rating of
4.42, 4.47 and 3.54 respectively. With regards to the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding disaster mitigation and
prevention, NSTP Director/Coordinator as well as the Commandant & Staff have strongly agreement to it with an overall
mean of 4.69 and 4.78 respectively while the cadets moderately agree to it with an overall mean of 4.15. AS to the
possibility that flooding may occur in their locality, NSTP Director/Coordinator and cadets are moderately aware with an
overall mean of 4.46 and 4.20 respectively while the Commandants & Staff are very much aware with an overall mean of
4.60.
Overall mean average of Awareness of Disaster Mitigation and Prevention is 4.35 interpreted as moderately aware with an
obtained standard deviation of 1.02.
Table 9: Regression Analysis of Respondent’s Related Profile to ROTC Program

Respondents Factors B T Sig. Interpretation

NSTP Director / Age 0.158 0.233 0.854 Not significant
Coordinator Sex -0.411 -0.592 0.660 Not significant
2
R = 0.552 Academic Rank -0.507 -0.731 0.598 Not significant
F = 0.308 Seminar / Training -0.470 -0.698 0.612 Not significant
Sig. = 0.854
ROTC Age 0.262 1.321 0.193 Not significant
Commandant & Sex -0.102 -0.631 0.531 Not significant
Staff Educational -0.158 -0.903 0.371 Not significant
2
R = 0.11 Qualification
F = 1.165 Seminar Training -0.230 -1.401 0.168 Not significant
Sig. = 0.342
Basic & Advance Age -0.122 -3.092 0.002 Significant
Cadets Sex 0.068 1.775 0.076 Not Significant
2
R = 0.079 Cadet Course 0.270 6.843 0.000 Significant
F = 13.846 Seminar Training -0.013 -0.329 0.742 Not Significant
Sig. = 0.000
Table 9 presents the regression of respondent’s profile to student’s performance in terms of RAATI. It can be gleaned
from the result of the study that the profile of the NSTP Director and ROTC Commandant & Staff are not predictors in
the performance of cadets in RAATI. The age and cadet course however of the cadets are predictors in the RAATI result
as shown in the regression result. Age obtained a Beta coefficient of -0.122 and t ratio of -3.092 at significant level of
0.002. While corps of cadet course obtained a Beta coefficient of 0.270 and t ratio of 6.843 at significant level of 0.000.
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Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is one of three components of the National Service Training Program (NSTP),
the civic education and defense preparedness program for Filipino college students. Reserve Officers' Training Corps
(ROTC) aims to provide military education and training for students to mobilize them for national defense
preparedness. Its specific objectives include preparation of college students for service in the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP) in the event of an emergency and their training to become reservists and potential
commissioned officers of the AFP. The students participate in regular ROTC instruction during the school year (one
school year for Basic ROTC cadets MS 1 & 2 . The ROTC cadets who finished their Basic Course can continue enrolling
to Advance Course after they finished the ROTC Summer Camp Training (RSCT) for their MS 31 & MS 32 for their
second year in college. While before the ROTC cadet will continue they should have to finish another summer camp
training for MS 41 & 42 the Advance ROTC Academic Phase Training (ARAPT).
Table 10: Regression Analysis of ROTC Administration to ROTC program

Respondents Factors B T Sig. Interpretation

Manning, and
ROTC Director / Management / 0.296 0.530 0.649 Not significant
Coordinator Organization
2
R = 0.552 Instruction 1.620 0.12 0.993 Not significant
F = 0.822 Classroom and -1.159
Sig. = 0.590 Training Facilities -0.590 0.366 Not significant
Instructional and Training
Materials 0.506 0.867 0.478 Not significant
Manning, and
ROTC Management / 0.013 0.083 0.934 Not significant
Commandant & Organization
Staff Instruction 0.073 0.422 0.675 Not significant
2
R = 0.095 Classroom and
F = 4.933 Training Facilities 0.099 0.565 0.083 Not significant
Sig. = 0.031 Instructional and Training -0.308 -2.221 0.03 Significant
Materials
Manning, and
Basic & Advance Management / 0.057 0.995 0.320 Not Significant
Cadets Organization
Instruction 0.029 0.497 0.619 Not Significant
2
R = 0.021 Classroom and
F = 13.968 Training Facilities 0.146 3.737 0.000 Significant
Sig. = 0.000 Instructional and Training -0.046 -0.808 0.419 Not Significant
Materials
Instructional and training materials with -0.308 Beta coefficient is negatively significant as predictor in the student
performance in Regional Annual Administrative Tactical Inspection (RAATI) on the part of ROTC commandant & staff
at 99% confidence level with an obtained significant value of 0.003. As for the Cadets, classroom and training facilities is
significant as predictor in the student performance in Regional Annual Administrative Tactical Inspection (RAATI) with
0.146 Beta coefficient at 100% confidence level with an obtained significant value of 0.000. Other factors both for the
ROTC commandant & Staff and Cadets are not predictors in the student performance in Regional Annual Administrative
Tactical Inspection (RAATI). Likewise, all the factors are not predictors in the student performance in Regional Annual
Administrative, Tactical Inspection (RAATI) for the ROTC Director/Coordinator.
The quality of the classroom environment in schools is a significant determinant of student learning; students learn better
when they perceive the classroom environment more positively. Obtaining “feedback” from students about the design and
implementation of the learning environment provided is an essential part of identifying what has worked, and where
improvements could be made in the future (Pearson & Trinidad,2005).

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"Adequate instructional materials" means a sufficient number of student or site licenses or sets of materials and have
intellectual content that by design serve as the major tool for assisting in the instruction of a subject or course. These items
may be provided in a variety of forms, bound, unbound, kit, or package form and may consist of hard backed or soft
backed textbooks, electronic content, consumables, learning laboratories, electronic media, and computer courseware or
software. Instructional materials including: textbooks, educational media (library media print, non point, and electronic
resources), computer, digital, and videotapes.
Logically, factors identified would have a significant effect in the performance of the students. As Stephens (2000)
opines, training with a purpose is always an instrument to achieve some end. In this study, however, Most of the factors
were not significantly predicts the performance of the students in their respective Regional Annual Administrative
Tactical Inspection (RAATI). For the ROTC commandants, only the training and instructional materials became the
predictor or have a significant effect to the student’s Regional Annual Administrative Tactical Inspection (RAATI) while
for the cadets themselves, only the classroom and training facilities were identified as having an effect to their
performance in Regional Annual Administrative Tactical Inspection (RAATI).
Table 11: Regression Analysis of NSTP-ROTC Program in RAATI

Respondents Factors B t Sig. Interpretation

NSTP-ROTC Component 0.623 0.500 0.705 Not significant
ROTC Director / ROTC Scholarship Program 1.620 0.12 0.993 Not significant
Coordinator Disaster Risk Reduction
2
R = 0.552 Management 0.942 0.583 0.664 Not significant
F = 0.308 Knowledge, attitudes and -0.577 -0.409
Sig. = 0.854 Practices on Disaster 0.753 Not significant
Mitigation & Prevention
Flooding 0.858 0.912 0.529 Not significant
NSTP-ROTC Component -0.149 -0.825 0.414 Not significant
ROTC ROTC Scholarship Program 0.021 0.127 0.900 Not significant
Commandant & Disaster Risk Reduction -0.069 -0.379 0.706 Not significant
Staff Management
Knowledge, attitudes and -0.317 -1.633
2
R = 0.072 Practices on Disaster 0.110 Not Significant
F = 1.741 Mitigation & Prevention
Sig. = 0.146 Flooding 0.232 1.399 0.169 Not Significant

NSTP-ROTC Component 0.024 0.091 0.928 Not Significant

Basic & Advance ROTC Scholarship Program 0.028 1.091 0.281 Not Significant
Cadets Disaster Risk Reduction Not Significant
Management 0.029 0.497 0.619
2
R = 0.155 Knowledge, attitudes and
F = 1.582 Practices on Disaster -0.327 -1.668 0.103 Not Significant
Sig. = 0.186 Mitigation & Prevention
Flooding 0.194 1.091 0.281 Not Significant
Table 11 presents the regression of NSTP-ROTC program to Regional Annual Administrative Tactical Inspection
(RAATI). All the factors are not significantly predictors of the student performance in Regional Annual Administrative
Tactical Inspection (RAATI).

6. CONCLUSIONS
The study conducted has led to the conclusions based on the findings that were summarized in the previous section. It is
now possible to derive several conclusions based on the problems presented in the first chapter. These conclusions are the
following:
1. The study revealed that both the NSTP Director/Coordinator and commandant are middle aged while the training staffs
are dominantly young while the cadets are 16-17 years old, female, Bachelor degree with master’s units for the NSTP
Director/Coordinator and bachelor’s degree holders with material units for the Commandant and staff, while the majority
of the cadets were enrolled in basic ROTC course.
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2. The ROTC administration in terms of manning, management/organization was found to be highly evident by the NSTP
Director and Commandant & Staff while the cadets found it very evident.
3. The level of awareness in terms of flooding by the NSTP Director /Coordinator, Commandant and Staff and Corps of
cadets were found to be very much aware.
4. The study revealed that the level of effectiveness of ROTC program in ROTC Annual Administrative and Tactical
Inspection is satisfactory. It can be gleaned that the ROTC cadets of Bulacan State University had gained satisfactory
rating in the ROTC annual administrative and tactical inspection (RAATI).
5. The ROTC Commandant and Staff as well as the Basic and Advance Cadets significantly predicts the ROTC Program.
6. Thus, the null hypothesis of the study stating that the variables such as the respondents related profile , ROTC
administration , ROTC components , ROTC scholarship program , Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM) ,
Knowledge, attitudes and practices on disaster mitigation and prevention and Flooding of Bulacan State University do
not predict the effectiveness of the ROTC program is partially accepted.
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
In the light of the foregoing conclusions, the following recommendations are hereby offered.
1. There should be a proposed enhancement program for Bulacan State University ROTC Unit .
2. Encourage the NSTP Director/Coordinator, Commandant and Staff and the Corps of Cadets both Basic and Advance
to attend seminar, training and workshop to be more capable in delivering the knowledge.
3. The Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM) in coordination with the Commission on Higher Education should
encourage Colleges and Universities in the Region both private and public to have a program for NSTP-ROTC on the
following: scholarship program for ROTC Basic and Advance cadets, standardized ROTC training program and schedule.
4. Schools should include in their annual program the continuous review and improvement of the ROTC Program in
terms of administrative support, i.e., Office, Training Ground, logistics, funds, recording of grades and graduates.
5. Another study along this line is also recommended to determine other parameters not included in this study.
REFERENCES
A. BOOKS:
[1] Alagappa, M. (1998). Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences, Stanford, CA: Stanford University
Press.
[2] Baciles, Rollover M, et. al. (2005), Simplified Approach in Statistics, Valenzuela City: Mutya Publishing House.
[3] Bilbao, Purita P. et. al. (2008), Curriculum Development. Queszon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc. Burchill, S. &
Linklater, A (2005). Theories of International Relations (3rd edition, p. 26). New York City, NY,USA: Palgrave
MacMillen.
[4] Calonzo, Quirino S,(2007), Military Science Workbook 1 & 2, Tarlac City
[5] Office of the Army Chief Historian (2011), History of the Philippine Army, Volume II , Fort Bonifacio , Taguig City
Metro Manila
[6] Pearson, J., & Trinidad, S. (2005).OLES: An Instrument for refining the Design of e-Learning Environments.
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning.
[7] Salandanan, Gloria G. (2012). Methods of Teaching Second Revised Edition. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Co.
[8] Stephens, Michael D. (2000), The Educating of Armies, New York: St. Mrtin’s Press.
[9] Tabije,Andin and De Leon Hector S(1999), Philippine Constitution, Manila. Rex Bookstore.
[10] Toomey, A., Brennan, E. M., & Friesen, B. (2001). Resilience theory as a framework for teaching human
development.
[11] Vargas, Edwin H (1999), Reservist and Retiree Affairs, HPA, ACS G10, Fort Bonifacio , Taguig City Metro Manila.

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International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online)
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B. MAGAZINE ,JOURNAL,DIRECTIVES and MANUALS:

[12] AFPM 9-00 .Armed Forces of the Philippines Manual, Reserve Force (2011)
[13] AFPR G 310-021 dated 27 August 1985
[14] Annual Report of the chief of Staff, Armed forces of the Philippines, to the Secreatary of national Defense, July
11,1949 – June 30,1950 ( Manila Bureau of Printing ,1950), p. 48
[15] Army RRA Handbook (March 2005)
[16] Disaster Management Practices in the Philippines: An Assessment, Commission on Audit Farolan, Ramon ,”The
ROTC program and a Citizen Army, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 16 June 2013
[17] Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for Understanding Healthy Development
in the Face of Risk. Annual Review of Public Health.
[18] HPA Letter Directive dated 12 June 2007, Subject: Revitalizing the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC)
Program
[19] HPA Standing Operating Procedure Number 08 dated 22 September 2000.
[20] HPA Standing Operating Procedure Number 07 dated 22 June 2009. 168
[21] HPA Standing Operating Procedure Number 04 dated 04 June 2010.
[22] HPA Standing Operating Procedure Number 08 dated 28 September 2012.
[23] PAM 10-00. Philippine Army Manual, (2007). Philippine Army Reserve Force Development Manual.
[24] PAM 3-01 Philippine Army Manual, (2007). Philippine Army Infantry Operations Manual.
[25] Reservist and Retiree Affairs, Reference Handbook ,01 December 1999
[26] Republic Act Number 7077.

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