GARDEN CITY rbot rday The garden city movement is a method of urban planning in which self-contained communities are surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. The idea was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom and aims to capture the primary benefits of a countryside environment and a city environment while avoiding the disadvantages presented by both. The principle of the Garden City was developed to solve the problem of the growing congestion and pollution of the city of London The Garden City was a pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both work and live. Living Wor kirg Che Sui a WELWYN GARDEN? He believed that not only it would bridge the difference between the city and the countryside and solve the housing problem of the poor, but it would also produce better quality citizens. THE THREE MAGNETS DIAGRAM Town - opportunities for work and high nae wages, social opportunities, amusements THREE MAGNETS, | and well - lit streets. or Mansons Os tiger os a Heth Lone Country ~ It offered natural beauty, low rents, ene Lack gt @%. fresh air, meadow but had low wages and HOMAGE: ACK org lack of drainage. % Country has dullness, lack of society, low wages, lack of amusements and general decay. ‘3% 423° Town. Country - It was a combination of 3 both town and countryside with aim of 7 providing benefits of both. Offered beauty of nature, social opportunity, fields if easy access, low rent, high wages and « Thus, the solution was found in a combination of Pe. ge the advantages of Town and Country - the ‘Town se" = Country Magnet - it was proposed a Town in the oer oa 3 Country, and having within it the amenities of reegagt GARDENS BO apie natural beauty, fresh air and healthfulness. Thus . ce advantages of the Town - Country are seed to be THE THREE MAGNETS DIAGRAM free from the disadvantages of either. TOWN PLANNING ASSIGNMENT KOMPALSINHA SHEETNO. GARDEN CITY vasttatascaoeny | OTCONCEPTUAL LAYOUT OF A GARDEN CITY Inspired by the utopian novel Looking Backward and Henry George's work Progress and Poverty, Howard published the book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898. His idealised garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha), planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre. ano ano Sterne | Gaver - Cisy / The main features of Howard's scheme were: + The purchase of a large area of agricultural land within a ring fence. + The planning of a compact town surrounded by a wide rural belt + The accommodation of residents, industry, and agriculture within the town + The limitation of the extent of the town and prevention of encroachment upon the rural belt. + The natural rise in land values to be used for the town's own general welfare. + It would be privately owned by a small group. of individuals; this company, in retaining ownership, would retain control of land use. + Revenue, to pay off the mortgage and to fund city services, would be raised solely by rents + Private industry would be encouraged to rent and to use space in the town. + Only a fraction of the tract's land would be built upon by the town’s 30,000 inhabitants; the rest would be used for agricultural and recreational purposes. At the centre of the city would lay a garden ringed with the civic and cultural complex including the city hall, a concert hall museum, theatre, library, and hospital. * Six broad main avenues would radiate from this centre. * Concentric to this urban core would be a park, a combination shopping centre and conservatory, a residential area, and then, at the outer edge, industry. THE CARDEN cn. e TOWN PLANNING ASSIGNMENT KOMPAL SINHA ‘SHEET NO. GARDEN CITY vastraiaacanewy | 02GARDEN CITY - EXAMPLES Howard organised the Garden City Association in 1899. Two garden cities were built using Howard's ideas: Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, but! in the county of Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom Garden city ideals were employed in the original town planning of Christchurch, New Zealand. Prior to the earthquakes of 2010 and 2011, the city infrastructure and homes were well integrated into green spaces. LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY, UNITED KINGDOM Garden City principles greatly influenced the design of colonial and post-colonial capitals during the early part of the 20th century. This is the case for New Delhi (designed as the new capital of British India after World War 1), of Canberra (capital of Australia established in 1913) and of Quezon City (established in 1939, capital of the Philippines from 1948-76) The garden city model was also applied to many colonial hill stations, such as Da Lat in Vietnam (est. 1907) and Ifrane in Morocco (est. 1929) Developments influenced by the Garden city movement - + Glenrothes, United Kingdom + Bedford Park, London, United Kingdom * Covaresa, Valladolid, Spain * Den-en-chofu, Ota, Tokyo, Japan + Hellerau, Dresden, Germany * Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong * Marino, Dublin, Ireland * milton Keynes, England, United kingdom + Pinelands, Cape Town, South Africa + Village Homes, Davis, California, United States * Reston, Virginia, United States + St Helier, London, United Kingdom * Tapiola, Finland * Telford, United Kingdom + The Garden Village, Kingston upon Hull MARINO, DUBLIN, IRELAND Soap TOWN PLANNING ASSIGNMENT KOMPAL SINHA ‘SHEET NO. Se GARDEN CITY SE olenLETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY, UNTED KINGDOM Letchworth was the world's first Garden City, founded by Ebenezer Howard in 1903. Area - 5,500 acres Population - 33,249 Well connected and biodiversity rich public parks, and a mix of public and private networks of well managed, high-quality gardens, tree-lined streets and open spaces, Distinct separation of the residential, industrial and civic areas and in the use of parks to screen residential neighbourhoods from roads and other undesirable things. Strong local cultural, recreational and shopping facilities in walkable neighbourhoods. Beautifully and imaginatively designed homes with gardens, combining the very best of town and country living to create healthy homes in vibrant communities YN GARDEN CITY, UNTED KINGDOM Welwyn Garden City was the second garden city in England (founded 1920). ‘Area - Aproximately 3,460 acres Population - 46,619 Mixed-tenure homes and housing types that are affordable for ordinary peopleia strong local jobs offer in the Garden City itself, with a variety of employment opportunities within easy commuting distance of homes. Strong local cultural, recreational and shopping facilities in walkable neighbourhood. Integrated and accessible transport systems — with a series of settlements linked by rapid transport providing a full range of employment opportunities Beautifully and imaginatively designed homes with gardens, combining the very best of town and country living to create healthy homes in vibrant communities. iz TOWN PLANNING ASSIGNMENT KOMPAL SINHA ‘SHEET NO. GARDEN CITY vastiraiaacaneny | _O4GARDEN SUBURBS The concept of garden cities is to produce relatively economically independent cities with short commute times and the preservation of the countryside. Garden suburbs arguably do the opposite Garden suburbs are built on the outskirts of large cities with no sections of industry. They are therefore dependent on reliable transport allowing workers to commute into the city. The planned garden suburb emeraed in the late 19th century as @ by-product of new types of transportation were embraced by a newly prosperous merchant class. The first garden villages were built by English estate owners, who wanted to relocate or rebuild villages on their lands. It was in these cases that architects first began designing small houses. HAMPSTEAD GARDEN SUBURR CRITICISM While garden cities were praised for being an alternative to overcrowded and industrial cities, along with greater sustainability, garden cities were often criticized for damaging the economy, being destructive of the beauty of nature, and being inconvenient. According to A. Trystan Edwards, garden cities lead to desecration of the country side by trying to recreate country side houses that could spread themselves, however, this was not a possible feat due to the limited space they had. More recently the environmental movement's embrace of urban density has offered an "implicit critique’ of the garden city movement. In this way the critique of the concept resembles critiques of other suburbanization models. It is often referred to as an urban design experiment which is typified by failure due to the laneways used as common entries and exits to the houses helping ghettoise communities and encourage crime; it has ultimately lead to efforts to 'de-Radburn’ or partially demolish American Radburn designed public housing areas. TOWN PLANNING ASSIGNMENT KOMPAL SINHA ‘SHEET NO. GARDEN CITY vastraiaacaneny | OS