SET-A

(List of experiments is not mentioned in RGPV curriculum)

SET-B

S.NO. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1 Computation of parameters and mdelling of transmission lines

2 Short circuit analysis of power system network.

3 Load – frequency dynamics of single area power systems.

4 Load – frequency dynamics of two area power systems.

5 Transient and small signal stability analysis – single machine

Infinite bus system.

6 Bus elimination of a 4-BUS system using MATLAB

7 To study the Concept of Modifications of an Existing Bus-Impedance Matrix &

Implementing in MATLAB

8 Evaluate the value of voltages for a 4-BUS system using node equations in MATLAB

9 To plot the daily load curve for the given data using MATLAB

10 Introduction to basics of Electrical Transients Analyzer Program (ETAP)

11 Flow of triplen harmonics (zero-sequence harmonics) during 5different schemes of

connection for a 3-phase transformer with presence of large non-linear load using ETAP

12 Three phase short circuit analysis (3-phase faults-device duty)for a given power system
using ETAP

13 Load flow analysis using ETAP Software

14 Study of MIPOWER Software

 EXPERIMENT NO-1
AIM- Computation of parameters and modelling of transmission lines
(i) TodeterminethepositivesequencelineparametersLandCperphaseperkilometreofathree phase
singleand doublecircuittransmissionlinesfor differentconductorarrangements.
(ii) Tounderstand modelingandperformanceof mediumlines.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY
Transmissionlinehasfour parametersnamelyresistance,inductance,capacitanceand
conductance.The inductanceandcapacitanceare duetothe effectofmagneticandelectricfields
aroundthe conductor.Theresistanceofthe conductoris best determinedfrom the manufactures
data,theinductancesand capacitancescanbe evaluatedusingthe formula.

Inductance
Thegeneralformula
L=0.2 ln(Dm /Ds)

Where, Dm =geometricmeandistance(GMD)
Ds =geometricmeanradius(GMR)
I. Single phase 2 wire system
GMD=D

GMR =re-1/4=r
Where,r =radiusof conductor
II. Threephase– symmetricalspacing
GMD=D

GMR =re-1/4=r
Where,r =radiusof conductor
III. Threephase – AsymmetricalTransposed
GMD=geometricmeanof the threedistanceof thesymmetricallyplaced
conductors

=3√DABDBCDCA

GMR =re-1/4=r
Where,r =radiusof conductors

Compositeconductorlines
Theinductanceof compositeconductorX, isgivenby
Lx=0.2 ln(GMD/GMR)
where,
GMD= mn(Daa Dab )…….(Dna…….Dnm )

GMR =n2 (DaaDab…….Dan)…….(DnaDnb…….Dnn)

where, r a=rae(-1/4)

Bundle Conductors
TheGMR of bundledconductorisnormallycalculated

GMR for two sub conductor,c =(Ds*d)1/2

GMR for three sub conductor,Dbs =(Ds*d2)1/3

GMR for four sub conductor,Dbs =1.09 (Ds*d3)1/4

where, DsistheGMR of eachsubconductor d

isbundle spacing

Threephase – Doublecircuittransposed
Theinductanceper phase in millihenriesperkm is
L=0.2 ln(GMD/GMRL) mH/km
where,

GMRLisequivalentgeometricmeanradiusandisgiven by

GMRL=(DSADSBDSC)1/3

where,

DSADSBandDSCareGMR of eachphase group and givenby

)2
DSA=4 (Dsb Da1a2 s
=[DbDa1a2]
 1/2

DSB=4 (Dsb Db1b2 =[DsbDb1b 1/2

)2 2]

DSC=4 (Dsb Dc1c =[DsbDc1c 1/2

2)2 2]
where,

Dsb=GMR of bundle conductorifconductor a1, a2….. arebundled conductor.

Dsb=ra1’=rb1=ra’2=rb’2=rc’2if a1, a2……. are bundledconductor

GMDistheequivalentGMDper phase” &isgiven by

GMD=[DAB* DBC* DCA]1/3

where,

DAB, DBC&DCAare GMDbetweeneachphase group A-B, B-C, C-Awhichare

given by

DAB=[Da1b1* Da1b2* Da2b1* Da2b2]1/4

DBC=[Db1c1* Db1c2* Db2c1* Db2c2]1/4

DCA=[Dc1a1* Dc2a1* Dc2a1* Dc2a2]1/4

Capacitance

Ageneralformulafor evaluatingcapacitanceper phasein microfarad perkmof a

transmissionlineisgiven by
C =0.0556/ ln(GMD/GMR) F/km

Where,
GMDisthe“Geometricmean distance”whichis same asthatdefinedfor inductanceunder
variouscases.

PROCEDURE

1. Enterthecommandwindowof the MATLAB.

2. CreateanewM– fileby selectingFile - New– M– File

3. Typeand save theprogram inthe editorwindow.

4. Executethe programby pressingTools– Run.

5. Viewtheresults.
EXERCISES
1 Athree-phasetransposedline composed ofoneACSR,1,43,000cmil, 47/7 Bobolink
conductor per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 11mbetween phases a and b and
betweenphasesb andc.Theconductorshaveadiameterof 3.625cmandaGMR of1.439
cm.Thelineistobereplacedbyathree-conductorbundleofACSR477,000-cmil,26/7
Hawk conductorshavingthesamecrosssectionalareaof aluminumasthesingle-conductor
line.Theconductorshaveadiameterof2.1793cm anda GMRof0.8839cm.Thenewline
willalsohavea flathorizontalconfiguration,but itistobeoperatedat ahighervoltageand
thereforethephase spacingisincreasedto14m asmeasuredfrom thecenterofthebundles.
 Spacingbetweenthe conductorsin thebundle is45 cm.
(a) Determinethe inductanceand capacitanceper phase per kilometerof theabove two lines. (b)
Verifythe resultsusing theMATLABprogram.

PROGRAM

[GMD, GMRL, GMRC] =

gmd; L =
0.2*log(GMD/GMRL)
C = 0.0556/log(GMD/GMRC)

2. Athreephase overheadline200km long R =0.16 ohm/kmand Conductordiameterof 2cmwith

spacing4, 5, 6 m transposed. Find A, B, C, Dconstants, sending endvoltage,current,powerfactor
andpower when thelineisdeliveringfullloadof 50MWat132kV, 0.8 pf lagging,transmission
efficiency,receivingendvoltageand regulation.
PROGRAM

ab=input('value of ab'); bc=input('value of bc');

ca=input('value of ca'); pr=input('receving end power in
mw');
vr=input('receving end voltage in kv'); pfr=input('receving end
powerfactor'); l=input('length of the line in km');
r=input('resistance/ph/km'); f=input('frequency');
D=input('diameter in m');
rad=D/2; newrad=(0.7788*rad);
deq=(ab*bc*ca)^(1/3); L=2*10^(-
7)*log(deq/newrad);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^-12)/log(deq/rad);
XL=2*pi*f*L*l*1000;
rnew=r*l; Z=rnew+i*(XL);
Y=i*(2*pi*f*C*l*1000); A=1+((Y*Z)/2);
D=A; B=Z; C=Y*(1+(Y*Z)/4);
vrph=(vr*10^3)/1.732;
irold=(pr*10^6)/(1.732*vr*10^3*.8);
k=sin(acos(pfr));
ir=irold*(pfr-(j*k));
vs=((A*vrph)+(B*ir));
is=((C*vrph)+(D*ir)); angle(vs);
angle(is); f=angle(vs);
u=angle(is); PFS=cos(f-u);
eff=((pr*10^6)/(3*abs(vs)*abs(is)*PFS))*100; reg=(((abs(vs)/abs(A))-
abs(vrph))/abs(vrph))*100; L
C
rnew
A
B C abs(vs) abs(is)
angle(vs)*180/pi angle(is)*180/pi
PFS
eff
reg
RESULT
ThusthepositivesequencelineparametersLandCperphaseperkilometreofathree phase single
anddouble circuittransmissionlinesfordifferent conductorarrangementswere determinedand
verifiedwithMATLABsoftware.
 EXPERIMENT NO-2

AIM- SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM

NETWORK
Tobecomefamiliarwith modellingandanalysis of power systemsunder faultedconditionand
tocomputethe faultlevel,post-faultvoltagesandcurrentsfordifferenttypesoffaults,both symmetricand
unsymmetric.

PROGRAMREQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY
SymmetricalFault
Threephase fault
From thethevenin’sequivalentcircuit
Vth
Faultcurrent,If =
Zth

Where Vth=Thevenin’sVoltage
Zth=Thevenin’sImpedance

UnsymmetricalFault
Singleline to ground fault
Faultcurrent,If=Ia=3Ia1

Ia1= Ea
Z1+Z2+Z
0
 Lineto line fault

Faultcurrent, If=Ia1(a2– a)
Ea
Ia1=
Z1+Z2
DoubleLine to ground fault

Faultcurrent, If=2 Ia0+(Ia1+Ia2) (a2+a)

Ea

Ia1= Z1+ Z0Z2

(Z0+Z2)
(- Ia1) *
Z0
Z0+Z2

Ia0= (Ia1Ia2)

FaultMVA= 3 * If* Vpu

where, Ia1,Ia2andIa0are positive,negativeand zero phasesequencecurrents.

Z1 ,Z2and Zoarepositive,negativeand zerophase sequenceimpedances.

PROCEDURE
 1. Enterthecommandwindowof the MATLAB.

2. CreateanewM– fileby selectingFile - New– M– File

3. Typeand save theprogram.

4. Executethe programby pressingTools– Run.

5. Viewtheresults.

EXERCISE

Theonelinediagramofasimplepowersystemisshowninfigure.Theneutralofeach
generatorisgroundedthroughacurrentlimitingreactorof0.25/3 perunitona100MVAbase.
Thesystemdataexpressedinperunitonacommon100MVAbaseistabulatedbelow.The
generatorsarerunningonnoloadattheirratedvoltageandratedfrequencywiththeiremfin phase.
Determinethe faultcurrentfor thefollowing faults.

(a)Abalancedthreephase faultatbus3 througha faultimpedance,Zf=j0.1per unit. (b)A

 singleline toground faultatbus3through afault impedance,Zf=j0.1 perunit. (c)Alineto
linefaultatbus3througha faultimpedance,Zf=j0.1per unit.

(d)Adoubleline toground faultatbus3through afault impedance,Zf=j0.1 perunit.

Item Base VoltageRating X1 X2 X0

MVA kV
G1 100 20 0.15 0.15 0.05
G2 100 20 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20/220 0.10 0.10 0.10
T2 100 20/220 0.10 0.10 0.10
L12 100 220 0.125 0.125 0.30
L13 100 220 0.15 0.15 0.35
L23 100 220 0.25 0.25 0.7125

Verifythe resultusingMATLAB program.

PROGRAM

zdata1 = [0 1 00.25
0 2 0 0.25
1 2 0 0.125
1 3 0 0.15
2 3 0 0.25];

zdata0 = [0 1 00.40
0 2 0 0.10
1 2 0 0.30
1 3 0 0.35
2 3 0 0.7125];

zdata2 = zdata1;
Zbus1 =zbuild(zdata1) Zbus0 =
zbuild(zdata0) Zbus2 = Zbus1;
symfault(zdata1,Zbus1)
lgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)
llfault(zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)
dlgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)

MANUAL CALCULATIONS

RESULT
 Modelingand analysisof powersystemsunderfaultedconditionwas studied. Faultlevel, post-
faultvoltagesand currentsfor differenttypesof faults,for the givennetwork under symmetric
andunsymmetricalconditionswerecomputedand verifiedusing MATLAB Software.

EXPERIMENT NO-3
AIM- LOAD– FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OFSINGLEAREAPOWERSYSTEMS

To become familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics
of a power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design better controllers
for getting better responses.

THEORY

Activepowercontrolisone oftheimportantcontrolactionstobeperformtobe normal

operationofthesystemtomatchthesystemgenerationwiththecontinuouslychangingsystem
loadinordertomaintainthe constancyof systemfrequencytoafine tolerancelevel.Thisisoneof
theforemostrequirementsinprovingqualitypowersupply.Achangeinsystemloadcasesa
changeinthespeedofallrotatingmasses(Turbine–generatorrotorsystems)ofthesystem
leadingtochangein systemfrequency.The speedchange formsynchronous speed initiatesthe
governorcontrol (primarycontrol)actionresultintheentireparticipatinggenerator–turbineunits
takingup thechangein load, stabilizingsystemfrequency. Restorationof frequencytonominal
valuerequiressecondarycontrol actionwhichadjuststhe load-referenceset pointsof selected
(regulating)generator– turbineunits. Theprimaryobjectivesof automaticgenerationcontrol (AGC)are
toregulatesystemfrequencytotheset nominalvalueandalsotoregulatethenet
interchangeofeachareatothescheduledvaluebyadjustingtheoutputsoftheregulatingunits.
Thisfunctionisreferred toasload – frequencycontrol(LFC).

PROCEDURE

1. Enterthecommandwindowof the MATLAB.

2. CreateanewModel byselectingFile- New– Model.

3. Pickup the blocksfromthe simulinklibrarybrowser and formablock diagram.

4. Afterforming theblock diagram,savethe blockdiagram.

5. Doubleclickthe scope andviewtheresult.

EXERCISE

1. An isolatedpower stationhasthe followingparameters

 Turbinetimeconstant, T=0.5sec
Governor timeconstant, g=0.2sec
Generatorinertiaconstant,H=5sec

Governor speed regulation=R per unit

Theload variesby 0.8 percentfor a 1 percentchangein frequency,i.e,D=0.8

(a)Use the Routh– Hurwitzarrayto find therange of R for control systemstability. (b)Use MATLABto
obtainthe rootlocusplot.
(c)Thegovernor speed regulationis set to R =0.05 per unit.Theturbine ratedoutputis250MW
atnominalfrequencyof 60Hz. Asudden loadchangeof 50 MW (ΔPL=0.2 per unit)occurs. (i) Find
the steady statefrequencydeviationin Hz.
(ii) Use MATLABto obtainthe timedomainperformance specificationsand the frequency
deviationstep response.

MANUAL CALCULATIONS
RESULT
Modelingand analysisof the frequencyand tie-lineflowdynamicsof a singlearea power
system withoutand withload frequencycontrollers(LFC) was studiedand responsesare simulated
using simulationsoftware.
EXPERIMENT NO-4

AIM- LOAD– FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OFTWOAREAPOWERSYSTEMS

Tobecomefamiliarwith modellingandanalysisof thefrequencyand tie-lineflowdynamicsof a two
areapower system withoutand withload frequencycontrollers(LFC) and to designbettercontrollersfor
gettingbetterresponses.

THEORY

Activepowercontrolisone oftheimportantcontrolactionstobeperformtobe normal

operationofthesystemtomatchthesystemgenerationwiththecontinuouslychangingsystem
loadinordertomaintainthe constancyof systemfrequencytoafine tolerancelevel.Thisisoneof
theforemostrequirementsinprovingqualitypowersupply.Achangeinsystemloadcasesa
changeinthespeedofallrotatingmasses(Turbine–generatorrotorsystems)ofthesystem leadingtochangein
systemfrequency.The speedchange formsynchronous speed initiatesthe governorcontrol
(primarycontrol)actionresultintheentireparticipatinggenerator–turbineunits takingup thechangein load,
stabilizingsystemfrequency. Restorationof frequencytonominal valuerequiressecondarycontrol
actionwhichadjuststhe load-referenceset pointsof selected (regulating)generator– turbineunits.
Theprimaryobjectivesof automaticgenerationcontrol (AGC)are toregulatesystemfrequencytotheset
nominalvalueandalsotoregulatethenet
interchangeofeachareatothescheduledvaluebyadjustingtheoutputsoftheregulatingunits.
Thisfunctionisreferred toasload – frequencycontrol(LFC).

PROCEDURE:

1. Enterthecommandwindowof the MATLAB.

2. CreateanewModel byselectingFile- New– Model.

3. Pickup the blocksfromthe simulinklibrarybrowser and formablock diagram.

4. Afterforming theblock diagram,savethe blockdiagram.

5. Doubleclickthe scope andviewtheresult.

EXERCISE

1. Atwo areasystemconnectedby atie linehasthefollowingparameterson a 1000MVA

commonbase

Area 1 2
Speed Regulation R1=0.05 R2=0.0625
Frequency –sens.loadcoeff. D1=0.6 D2=0.9
InertiaConstant H1=5 H2=4
Base Power 1000MVA 1000MVA

GovernorTimeConstant g1=0.2sec g1=0.3sec

TurbineTimeConstant T1=0.5sec T1=0.6sec

Theunitsareoperatingin parallelatthe nominalfrequencyof 60Hz. Thesynchronizingpower

coefficientiscomputedfromthe initialoperatingconditionand isgivento be Ps=2 p.u. Aload
changeof 187.5 MW occursin area1.
(a)Determinethe new steadystatefrequency andthe changein thetie-lineflow.

(b)Constructthe SIMULINKblockdiagramand obtainthefrequency deviationresponse for

theconditionin part(a).

SIMULINKBLOCKDIAGRAM
MODELCALCULATIONMANUAL
RESULT
Modelingand analysisof the frequencyand tie-lineflowdynamicsof a two areapower system
withoutand withload frequencycontrollers(LFC) was studiedand responsesare simulated using
simulationsoftware.
 EXPERIMENT NO-5
AIM-TRANSIENT ANDSMALL SIGNAL STABILITYANALYSIS –
SINGLEMACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

Tobecomefamiliarwith variousaspectsof the transientandsmallsignal stabilityanalysis

of Single-Machine-InfiniteBus(SMIB) system

PROGRAMREQUIRED:MATLAB 7.6
THEORY

Stability:Stabilityproblemisconcernedwiththebehaviorofpowersystemwhenitissubjected
todisturbanceandisclassifiedintosmallsignal stabilityproblemifthedisturbancesaresmalland transient
stabilityproblem when the disturbancesarelarge.

Transient stability:When apower systemisunder steady state,theload plustransmissionloss

equalstothegenerationinthesystem.Thegeneratingunitsrunat synchronousspeedand system
frequency,voltage,currentand powerflowsaresteady.Whenalargedisturbancesuchasthree phase fault,
loss ofload, lossof generation etc., occurs the power balance is upsetand the
generatingunitsrotorsexperienceeitheraccelerationordeceleration.Thesystemmaycomeback
toasteadystateconditionmaintainingsynchronismoritmaybreakintosubsystemsoroneor more
machinesmaypull out ofsynchronism.Intheformercasethe systemis saidtobe stableand inthe
latercaseit is saidto be unstable.

Smallsignalstability:Whenapowersystemisundersteadystate,normaloperatingcondition, the
systemmaybe subjectedto smalldisturbancessuch as variationin load and generation, changein
fieldvoltage,changeinmechanicaltoqueetc.,thenatureofsystemresponsetosmall disturbancedependson
theoperatingconditions,thetransmissionsystem strength,typesof controllersetc.Instabilitythatmay
resultfromsmalldisturbancemaybe of two forms,
(i) Steadyincreasein rotorangle dueto lackof synchronizingtorque.
(ii) Rotoroscillationsof increasingmagnitudedue to lackof sufficientdampingtorque.

FORMULA

Reactivepower Qe=sin(cos-1(p.f))

S*
StatorCurrentIt=
*
Et
Pe- jQe
=
E
*
t
Voltagebehindtransientcondition

E1 = Et +jXd1It

Voltageof infinitebus
EB= Et- j(X3+ Xtr)It
X1X2
where, X3 =
X1+ X2

Angularseparationbetween E1and EB

o = E1- EB

Prefault Operation:

X=jXd1+jXtr+ X1X2
X1+X2
 E1x EB
Power Pe= sin o
X

Pe* X

o= sin-
1 E1* EB
During FaultCondition:
Pe=PEii=0
Find outXfromthe equivalentcircuitduring faultcondition

Post fault Condition

Find outXfromthe equivalentcircuitduring postfaultcondition

E1x EB
Power Pe= sin o
X

max= - o

Pm

Pe = sinmax

Critical ClearingAngle
Pm(max- o) +P3maxcos max - P2maxcos o
Cos cr=
 P3max-P2max

Critical ClearingTime

2H( cr- o)

tcr= foPm Secs

 PROCEDURE

1. Enterthecommandwindowof the MATLAB.

2. CreateanewM– fileby selectingFile - New– M– File

3. Typeand save theprogram.

4. Executethe programby pressingTools– Run

5. Viewtheresults.

EXERCISE
1.
A60HzsynchronousgeneratorhavinginertiaconstantH=5MJ/MVAandad

irectaxis transientreactanceXd1
=0.3perunitisconnectedtoaninfinitebusthroughapurely
reactivecircuitasshowninfigure.Reactancesaremarkedonthediagramona
common systembase.Thegeneratorisdeliveringrealpower Pe
=0.8perunitandQ=0.074 perunit tothe infinitebusata voltageof V=1 per
unit.

a) Atemporarythree-phase faultoccursatthe sendingendofthe

lineatpointF.Whenthefaultiscleared,bothlinesareintact.Determin
ethecriticalclearingangleand thecriticalfaultclearingtime.
.
b) Verifythe resultusingMATLAB program.

PROGRAM
 Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17;V = 1.0;
X1 = 0.65; X2 = inf;X3 = 0.65;
eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)
For b)
Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17;V = 1.0;
X1 = 0.65; X2 = 1.8;X3 = 0.8;
eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)

MANUAL CALCULATION

RESULT
Transientandsmall signalstabilityanalysisof Single-Machine-
InfiniteBus(SMIB) system was studied andsimulatedusing simulationsoftware.
EXPERIMENT NO-7
AIM-Buselimination ofa4-BUSsystem usingMATLAB

REACTANCE DIAGRAM

Itisgiven thatthe transformer andgenerator atbus-3 are disconnected.

sothe reactance diagram now becomes:

SOURCE TRANSFORM

• After makingthe reactance diagram. weapply source transformation

onthe given network byreplacing the voltage
sources with current sources
• Replace alithe reactance byadmittances using the relation:
• y=1IX
• The resultantdiagram now canbeshown as:
 MATRIX FORM

Yu= Y1O+Y14+Y13
Y22 =Y20+Y23+Y24
 MATLABCODE

»YBUS= [0-9.BOi0 0+4.00i 0+S.OOi;

0 0-8.30i0+2.S0i 0+S.OOi;

0+4.00i0+2.S0i0-14.Si 0+8.00i;

0+S.OOi0+S.OOi0+8.00i 0-1B.00i];

>>K= [0-9.80i0; 00-B.30i];

>>L= [0+4.00i0+S.OOi;0+2.S0i0+S.OOi];

>>M= [O-14.Si0+8.00i; 0+8.00i0-18.00iJ;

»LT= [0+4.00iO+2.S0i; O+S.OOiO+S.OOi];

>>N=inv(M);

»P=L*N*LT;

>>Ybus=K-P

MATLABRESULTS

Ybus=

o-4.8736io +4.0736i

0+ 4.0736i 0- 4.8736i
Part-2: Elimination Bus-4

MATLABCODE:

>>Ybus=[-9_8i 0 4.0i 5i;

0 -8.3i 2.5i 5i;

4i 2.5i -14.5i 8i;

5i 5i 8i -18iJ;

»K= [-9.8i04i;0-8.3i2.5i;4i2.5l-14.5i];

>>L=[5i;5i;8i);

>>M=[-18iJ;

>>P=L';

>>T=lnv(M);

>>A=K-L*T*P

MATLABRESULTS

A=

o -11.1889i o-1.38891 0+ 1.77781

o -1.38891 o-9.68891 o+ 0.27781

0+ 1.77781 0+ 0.27781 o-18.0556.1

Part-3: Elimination Bus-3

MATLABCODE:
>>P=[-11.1889i-1.38891;-1.38891-9.6889i];

>>Q=[1.7778i; 0.2778i];
 EXPERIMENT NO-9
AIM-Evaluatethevalueofvoltagesfora4-BUSsystemusing nodeequations
inMATLAB
GIVEN ONE UNEDIAGRAM

REACTANCE DIAGRAM

In thefirst step, wedraw the reactance diagram ofthe given one-line diagram
asshown below:
 • Applying KCLatnode-2:

h= (V2-O) Y20+ (V2-V3) Y23+ (VZ-V4) Y24

12= OV,+ (Y20+Y23+Y24) V2+ (-Y23) V3+ (-Y24) V4

• Applying KCLatnode-3:

13= (VrO) Y30+ (VrV,) Y3'+ (VrV4) Y34+ (V3-V2) Y32

h= (-Y3') V,+ (-Y3Z) V2+ (Y30+Y31+Y34) V3+ (-Y34) V4

• Applying KCLatnode-4:

0= (V4-VdY'4+ (V4-V3) Y43+ (V4-V2) Y42

0= (-YI4) V,+(-Y41) V1+ (-Y34) V?,+ (Y'4+Y43+Y41) V4

Matrix formofthe node equations is:

Where:
 EXPERIMENT-10

AIM-Toplot the daiJyload curve forthe given data using

MATLAB
Givendata:

Interval from To Load MW

12A.M 2A.M 6
2 6 5
6 9 10
9 12 15
12P.M 2P.M 12
2 4 14
4 6 16
6 8 18
8 10 16
10 11 12
11 12A.M 6

Requirements:

1.Findaverage valueofload

2. Findpeakvalue ofload

3. Findthe loadfactor

4. Plotthe loadcurve
 Theory

Loads:

Loadsofpowersystemsaredividedintothree maincategoriesthat are

givenbelow.

1.Industrial Loads
2. Commercialtoads
3. ResldentlalLoads

Very largeindustrial loadsareserved through the transmission lines. Large

industrialloads are served directly from the sub-transmission level. Andsmall
industrialloadsareserved directly from the primary distribution network. The
industrialloads are composite loads and induction motors from a high
proportion of these loads. These composite loads are functions of voltage and
frequency and form a major partofthesystem load.Commercialandresidential
loadconsist largelyoflighting, heatingandcooling.Theseloadsareindependent of
frequency andconsumenegligiblysmallreactive power.

The real power of loads is expressed in terms of kilowatts or megawatts.

The magnitudeof load varies throughout the day and powermust
beavailable totheconsumerondemand.

Thedaily loadcurve ofautility isacomposite ofdemands made by various classesof

users.The greatestvalue ofload during a twenty fourhoursiscalledthepeak or
maximum demand. Smaller peaking generators may becommissioned to meet
the peak loadthat occurs
foronlyafewhours.Inordertoassestheusefulnessofthegenerating
planttheloadfaetorisdefined.

Theloadfactoristheratioofaverageloadoveradesignated periodof time to the peak

load occurring in that period. Loadfactor maybe givenforaday,amonth oranyear.
Yearlyorannualloadfactoristhe mostusefulsinceayearrepresents afullcycleoftime.
Thedailyload factor Is
 Daily loadfactor = average load Ipeak load

Multiplying thenumerator anddenominator byatime period of24hr wehave

Daily loadfactor= average load*24 hrI(peak load*24 hrs)

= energyconsumed during 24 hrl(peak load*24 hr)

Theannualloadfactoris
Annual load factor=total annual energy I(peak load*8760 hr)

Today's typical system load factors are in range of 55-70%. In

PakistanWAPDAstandard forurbanareasloadfactor is60% andthat
ofruraIareasis65%.

Matlabcode:

data= [026;

265;

6910;

91215
;

121412
;

141614
;

16 1816;

182018
;

20 2216;
22 2312;

23246];

p=data(:,3);

Dt=data(: ,2)-data(: ,1);

w-= p'*Dt;

pavg=w/sum( Dt)

peak=max(p)

LF=pavg/peak*1 00

L=length(data);

tt-= [data(:,1) data(:,2)];

t= sort(reshape(tt, 1,2*L));

forn= 1:L

pp(2*n-1)= p(n): pp(2*n)=

p(n); end
plot(t,pp)

xlabel('TIME, Hr').ylabel('P,MW')

Matlabresults:

pavg=11.5417 peak=18
LF=64.1204
 EXPERIMENT-11
Introduction tobasics ofElectrical Transients Analyzer
Program (ETAP)
What isETAP?
ETAPisthe mostcomprehensive analysis platform for the design, simulation,
operation, control, optimization, and automation of generation,
transmission, distribution, and industrial power systems.
 Project Toolbar

TheProjectToolbarcontainsiconsthatallowyoutoperform shortcutsofmany
commonlyusedfunctionsinPowerStation.

Create Createanewprojectfile
Open Openanexisting'projectfile
Save Savetheprojectfile
Print Printtheone-linediagramorU/Gracewaysystem

Cut Cuttheselectedelementsfromtheone-linediagramorU/Graceway
systemtotheDumpster

Copy Copytheselectedelementsfromtheone-linediagramorU/Gra.ceway
systemtotheDumpster

Paste PasteelementsfromaDumpsterCelltotheone-linediagramoru/G
racewa system
y

Magnifytheone-linediagramorU/Gracewaysystem
ZoomOut Reducetheone-linediagramorU/Gracewaysystem

ZoomtoFitPage Re-sizetheone-linediagramtofitthewindow

CheckContinuity Checkthesystemcontinuity fornon-

energtzeoelements
PowerCalculator ActivatePowerStationCalculatorthatrelatesMW,MVAR,MVA,
kv,Amp,andPFtogether witheitherkVAorMVAunits

Help PointtoaspecificareatolearnmoreaboutPowerStation

ModeToolbar

ETAPoffersasuiteoffullyintegratedsoftwaresolutionsincludingarcflash,load flow,
shortcircuit,transientstability,relaycoordination, cableampacity,optimal powerflow,
andmore.Itsmodularfunctionality canbecustomizedtofittheneedsofanycompany,
fromsmalltolargepowersystems.
EditMode

Editmodeenablesyoutobuildyourone-linediagram,changesystemconnections,edit
engineeringproperties,saveyourproject,andgenerateschedulereportsinCrystal Reportsformats.
TheEditToolbarsforbothACandDCelementswillbedisplayedtothe
rightofthescreenwhenthismodeisactive. Thismodeprovidesawidevarietyoftasks including:

Drag&DropElements
ConnectElements ChangeIDs
Cut,Copy,&PasteElements

MovefromDumpster

InsertOLEObjects

Cut,Copy&OLEObjects

MergePowerStationProject

Hide/ShowGroupsofProtectiveDevices

RotateElements SizeElements
ChangeSymbols EditProperties
RunScheduleReportManager
Instrumentation Elements

ACElements
 EXPERlMENT-12
Flowoftriplenharmonics (zero-sequence harmonics) during 5different schemes
ofconnection fora3-phase transformer with presence oflarge non-linear load using ETAP

ONE LINE DIAGRAM

HARMONIC MODEL USED

PCload isused asasource ofharmonics inthis experiment that hasthe following r

angeofTHD'S.

Harmonic No.%THD

91.63

THIRD
 5th86.61
7th 69.87

9th44.76
11th 54.81
th
13 46.44
th
15 46.44
17th 33.05
th
19 24.70

23rd11.74
th
25 7.900

29th5.120

"/0THD178.97

5 DIFFERENT SCHEMESOFTRANSFORMER WINDING

PRIMARY SIDE SECONDARYSIDE

Y–Grounded Y-Ungrounded
2 Y–Grounded Y-Grounded
3
1 Y–Grounded Delta
4 Y–Ungrounded Delta
5 Delta Delta
 HARMONIC ANALYSIS RESULTS

CASE-l :
Transformer primary sideY-Grounded and
SecondaryUngrounded
VOLTAGESPECTRAONHT-SIDE

VOLTAGESPECTRAONHT-SIDE
 EXPERIMENT-13

Three phase shortcircuitanalysis (3-phase faults-device duty) foragiven

power system using ETAP

The power station short circuit analysis program analyzethe effect ofthree phase, line
toground, line to line. and lineto line toground faults onthe electrical distribution
networks. The programcalculates the total short circuit currents as
well asthe contributions ofindividual motors, generators,and utility ties inthe system.
Fault dutiesare incompliancewith the latest editions ofthe ANSI/IEEE standards and IEC
standards.

TheANSIIIEEEShort-Circuit Toolbar and lECShort-Circuit Toolbar sections explain how

you can launch ashort-circuit calculation, open and view anoutput report, orselect display
options. The Short-Circuit Study CaseEditor section
explains how you can create anew study case, what parameters are required tospecify
astudy case, and how to set them. The DisplayOptions section explains what options are
available for displaying some key system parameters
and theoutput results onthe one-line diagram, and how to

set them.

Short-Circuit Toolbar

This toolbar isactive when you are inShort-Circuit mode and the standard isset to ANSI
inthe Short-Circuit Study Case Editor.

Generators and motorsare modeledbytheir positive sequence sub-transient

reactance.

ONE LINE DIAGRAM

 FAULTY POINT

• BUS-1S

There isashort circuit fault onbus-1S.

LOAD FLOW DIAGRAM