p R f la ic n i

S€RL D€SIGN
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A Series o f Textbooks and Reference Books

EDITORS

L. L. FAULKNER S. B. MENKES
Department o f Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
The Ohio State University The City College of the
Columbus, Ohio City University of New York
New York, New York

1. Spring Designer’s Handbook, by Harold Carlson

2. Computer-Aided Graphics and Design, by Daniel L. Ryan
3. Lubrication Fundamentals, by J. George Wills
4. Solar Engineering for Domestic Buildings, by William
A. Himmelman
5. Applied Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics,
by G. Boothroyd and C. Poli
6.. Centrifugal Pump Clinic, by Igor J. Karassik
7. Computer-Aided Kinetics for Machine Design, by
Daniel L. Ryan
8. Plastics Products Design Handbook, Part A: Materials
and Components; Part B: Processes and Design for
Processes,edited by Edward Miller
Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, by
Earl Logan, Jr.
10. Vibrations of Shells and Plates,by Werner Soedel
11. Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook, by Mario
Di Giovanni
12. by Alexander Blake
Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design,
13. An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints,by
John H. Bickford
14. Optimal Engineering Design: Principles and Applications,
by James N. Siddall
15. Spring Manufacturing Handbook, by Harold Carlson
16. Industrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications,
by Lewis H. Bell
17. Gears and Their Vibration: A Basic Approach to Understanding
Gear Noise, by J. Derek Smith
18. Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling: Design
and Applications Handbook, by the American Chain Association
19. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook, edited by
Philip A. Schweitzer
20. Gear Drive Systems: Design and Application, by Peter Lynwander
21. Controlling In-Plant Airborne Contaminants: Systems Design and
Calculations, by John D. Constance
22. CAD/CAM Systems Planning and Implementation, by Charles S. Knox
23. Probabilistic Engineering Design: Principles and Applications,
by James N. Siddall
24. Traction Drives: Selection and Application, by Frederick W. Heilich III
and Eugene E. Shube
25. Finite Element Methods: An Introduction, by Ronald L. Huston
and Chris E. Passerello
26. Mechanical Fastening of Plastics: An Engineering Handbook, by
Brayton Lincoln, Kenneth J. Gomes, and James F. Braden
27. Lubrication in Practice, Second Edition, edited by W. S. Robertson
28. Principles of Automated Drafting, by Daniel L. Ryan
29. Practical Seal Design, by Leonard J. Martini

OTHER VOLUMES IN PREPARATION

p R n a ic n i
sen i DESIGN
LEONARD J. MARTINI
Naval Ocean Systems Center
San Diego, California

Taylor Su Francis
Taylor Francis Group

Boca Raton London New York Singapore

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a m em ber of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa pic.
 Dedicated to my Dad and Mom

L ib ra ry of C ongress Cataloging in Publication Data

Martini, Leonard J ., [date]

Practical seal design.

(Mechanical engineering ; 29)

Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Sealing (Technology) 2. Elastomers. I. Title.
II. Series.
TJ246.M37 1984 621.8’85 83-26306
ISBN 0-8247-7166-4

COPYRIGHT © 1984 by MARCEL DEKKER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.

MARCEL DEKKER
270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016

Current printing (last d ig it ):

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Preface

This book was written to help fill a gap in the mechanical engineer­
ing literature on elastomeric seals. Up to this time, designers have
had to depend on 0 -r in g seal handbooks and product sale manuals,
which at best are subjective and limited in theoretical and practical
application. Practical Seal Design provides the designer with a
comprehensive discussion of the theory and practical application of
elastomeric ring seals. The theory is reduced to practical use and
presented in a manner conducive to solving current sealing prob­
lems. Part I of the book is devoted to a general discussion of elas­
tomeric ring seals, including specific topics in elastomeric ring
seal geometry, material-compound capability, and material perform­
ance under various environments. Part II is devoted to the detail
of specific applications of static, reciprocating, and rotary seal
function.
Although the book contains various sections of theoretical dis­
cussion, it has been written with the designer in mind. General
and specific design methods are presented together with solved
engineering problems that elaborate important design considera­
tions. In this regard, the book is helpful to students who want to
understand seal theory and learn to apply it to actual field prob­
lems. The book centers around the use of elastomeric O -rin g s,
but the design methods and practical engineering considerations
are applicable to most other types of elastomeric seal configura­
tions .
The book is full of aids for the seal designer. 0 -r in g specifi­
cations for military and aerospace standards, tube fittings, and
electrical connectors are consolidated for easy access. Property
comparison tables and temperature capability charts for the cur­
rently used elastomeric compounds are presented. To aid the
 Preface

designer in trade-off studies, a series of material performance

charts for selecting the proper elastomeric material based on tem­
perature, environmental, and physical criteria is provided. A list
of some 49 elastomeric ring seal manufacturers and distributors
are presented arranged by location. Detailed design considera­
tions, such as 0 -r in g stretch, swell, shrinkage, and blowout p re ­
vention, are culminated with a designer's quick reference table
for important design criteria factors.
Under specific applications of 0 -r in g seals, a chapter is devo­
ted to clearing up the confusion between military and industrial
specifications for 0 -r in g gland designs, together with design ex­
ample problems. Military and industrial bases for tube fittings
are discussed in Chapter 4, and equation methods and compression
load charts for face-seal glands are also presented. Chapter 5
forwards a theoretical method for determining the effect of side
loads on a piston within a cylinder and the restoring force required
for concentricity. Nomograms for easily determining O -rin g fr ic ­
tion as a function of pressure and cross-sectional squeeze for
cylinder-piston application are presented, together with a discus­
sion on minimizing system hysteresis. Each of these subjects is
followed by design examples. Chapter 6 is devoted to rotary seal
design for shafts using standard elastomeric O -rin gs. A revolu­
tionary method of extending the life of O -rin gs in rotary seal ap­
plications is analyzed in detail. The method results in a seal gland
design that puts the O -rin g in peripheral compression to counter­
act frictional effects produced by the shaft running against the
O -rin g seal. Slanting the O -rin g glands relative to the axis of the
shaft further extends the life of the seal. The chapter concludes
with practical design data for manufacturing such rotary seal
glands and design tables for the practical designer. Although the
design tables cover the entire range of O -rin g sizes, the designer
is cautioned because only a few of the sizes have been verified by
actual hardware. Those rotary shaft seal designs that have been
reduced to practical use have proven successful for many years.
The book attempts to cover the practical applications of elasto­
meric O -rin g seals for the designer who must make responsible en­
gineering decisions. Although most of the theoretical concepts
presented in this book are reduced to practical application and el­
aborated by design example problems, the designer is cautioned to
use discretion when applying the detailed concepts to particular
design problem. The ancient commendation of wisdom by King
Solomon is appropriate:
I, wisdom, dwell with prudence
And I find knowldege and discretion
(P ro v erb s 8:12)
Preface v

The experienced designer has learned to use discretion in all

judgments, and verifies designs through actual testing whenever
possible. This is particularly true in the field of seal design.
The author wishes to express his appreciation to those who
helped in the preparation of this book: secretaries Joan Goddard,
Margret Cole, and Betty Kimberly; engineer in training, Mike
Phillips; and the many publishers and corporations for their
permission in using the various materials and information incor­
porated in the writing of this book. I also wish to thank the
staff of Marcel Dekker, In c ., for their help and encouragement.
This book has grown out of my previously published work
Designing for Elastomeric Ring Seals, a chapter in Plastic Prod­
ucts Design Handbook, edited by E. Miller, Marcel Dekker,
In c ., 1981.

Leonard J. Martini
Contents

Preface 111
Figures, Tables, Charts, and Design Examples ix

I ELASTOMERIC RING SEALS

Basic Configuration of Elastomeric Ring Seals 3
I. Geometry and Application 3
II. Size 7
III, Compounds and Materials 18
IV. Elastomeric Specifications 26
V. Manufacturers and Distributors 30

General Design Method 39

I. Design Method 39
II. Specific Design Considerations 47
III. Material Performance of Elastomers 54

II SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF RING SEALS

Static and Reciprocating Seal Applications: Clearing Up
the Confusion Between the Military and Industrial O -R ing
Gland Specifications 67
I. General Areas of Confusion Between Military and
Industrial Specifications 67
II. Specific Discrepancies 82

Static Seal Applications 91

I. Squeeze 91
II. Stretch 92
VI I I C ontents

III. Backup Rings 95

IV. Surface Finish 95
V. Standard Bosses and Fittings 95
V I. Face-Seal Glands 101
Reciprocating Seals— Pistons and Cylinders 108
I. Design Parameters 108
II. Failure and Causes 109
III. Applied Side Loads and 0 -R in g Restoring Forces 110
IV. Dynamic Friction 116
V . Static Friction 125
V I. System Hysteresis 126
V II. Design for Absolute Minimum Friction 127
Appendix 5A. Total Restoring Forces for Eccentric
Pistons 132

Rotary Seals— Designs for Rotating Shafts 232

I. Theory 232
II. Practical Design Data 257
Appendix 6A. Determination of Relationship Between
Percent of Diametral Reduction of 0 -R in g
and Percent Increase in Cross-Sectional
Width 279

References 283

Index 285
Figures, Tables, Charts, and Design Examples

Figures

Fig. 1 Elastomeric Seal Applications 4

Fig. 2 Temperature Capabilities of Principal Elastomers
Employed in Seals 21
Fig. 3 Methods to Avoid Sharp Installation Corners 40
Fig. 4 Chamfer Piston for Pvod Gland 41
Fig. 5 Maximum Gap Allowable without Extrusion Fail­
ure 42
Fig. 6 Loss of Compression Diameter Due to Stretch 48
Fig. 7 Blowout Prevention 50
Fig. 8 Compression Load per Linear Inch of Seal 87
Fig. 9 Comparison of Tube Fitting Glands 100
Fig. 10 0 -R in g Compression Loads for 0.070-in. Cross
Section 103
Fig. 11 O-Ring Compression Loads for 0.103-in. Cross
Section 104
Fig. 12 O-Ring Compression Loads for 0.139-in. Cross
Section 105
Fig. 13 O-Ring Compression Loads for 0.210-in. Cross
Section 106
Fig. 14 O -Ring Compression Loads for 0.275-in. Cross
Section 107
Fig. 15 Side-Loaded Piston 111
Fig. 16 Piston Gland Cross Section 113
Fig. 17 Nomogram 1. O-Ring Friction Due to D iffer­
ential Pressure 117
Fig. 18 Nomogram 2. O-Ring Friction Due to Cross-
Sectional Squeeze 118

IX
 Figures and Tables

Fig. 19 System Hysteresis for Constant 10% 0 -R in g

Squeeze S^ 127
Fig. 20 System Hysteresis for Constant Differential
Pressure AP of 200 psi 128
Fig. 21 Rotary Shaft Seal 234
Fig. 22 Spindle Design — Rotary 0 -R in g Seals 236
Fig. 23 The Theoretical Relationship of f and I 240
Fig. 24(a) 0 -R in g in Peripheral Compression 241
Fig. 24(b) Rotary 0 -R in g Seal — Design Stresses 243
Fig. 25 0 -R in g Insertion Tool 245
Fig. 26 Extreme PV Values v s. Safe Running Time 247
Fig. 27 Self-Lubricating Gland Seal — Slanted 0 -R in g
Groove 249
Fig. 28 Torque Reduction/Slanted Groove 250
Fig. 29 Self-Lubricating Gland Seal 251
Fig. 30 Extreme PV Values vs. Safe Running Time/
Slanted Groove 256
Fig. 31 Chrome Shaft with Bronze Seal Housing 257
Fig. 32 Chrome Shaft with Slanted Seal Housing 258
Fig. 33 Dimensions for Floating Seal 259
Fig. 34 Oil Filling of Rotary Seal 261
Fig. 35 Rotary 0 -R in g Gland of Peripheral Compression
and Oil Annulus 263

Tables
Table Elastomeric Ring Seals
Table Air Force-Navy Aeronautical Standard, Hydraulic
”0 ” Ring Packings, A N 6227 8
Table Military Standard, Preformed Packings, MS28775 9
Table 0 -R in gs for Tube Fittings 15
Table O-Rings for Electrical Connectors 18
Table Comparison of Properties of Commonly Used
Elastomers 19
Table 7 Elastomeric Specifications:
Military Aerospace Material Specification,
National Aerospace Standard 27
Table 8 Elastomeric Ring Seals:
Manufacturers and Distributors 30
Table 9 Fluid Compatibility 43
Table 10 Designer’s Quick Reference: Specific Design
Considerations 53
Figures and Tables

Table 11 Preferred Material in Descending Order of O ver­

all Performance, Temperature Resistance, Environ­
mental Resistance, and Physical Resistance 63
Table 12 Military Gland Design and 0 -R in g Selection 68
Table 13 Industrial 0 -R in g Static Seal Glands 73
Table 14 Industrial Specification for Reciprocating 0 -R in g
Packing Glands 82
Table 15 Boss, Straight-Thread Tube Fitting
(Industrial-Adopted Specification MS 16142) 96
Table 16 Boss, Internal Straight Thread (MS 33649) 97
Table 17 Flared Tube Fittings (MS 33656) 98
Table 18 Face-Seal Glands 102
Table 19 Relationships Between Dimensions and Environ­
mental Parameters 235
Table 20 Allowable Shaft Speed, Gland Depth, and
Groove Width for 0 -R in g Cross-Sectional Diam­
eter 239
Table 21 Selection of 0 -R in g Cross Section Based on
Shaft Speed 262
Table 22 Rotary Shaft Seal Design Table (Floating
Housing) 264
Table 23 Rotary Shaft Seal Design Table (O -R in g
Squeeze and Peripheral Compression) 271

C harts

Chart lA Material Performance of Elastomers: Most

Common Material First 55
Chart IB Elastomers: Best Resistance to Temperature 57
Chart 1C Elastomers: Best Environmental Resistance 59
Chart ID Elastomers: Best Physical Resistance 61

Design Examples

Design Example 1 Comparison: Military vs. Industrial

Specifications for O -Ring
Size 342 88
Design Example 2 Comparison: Military vs. Industrial
Specifications for O -Ring
Size 116 89
Design Example 3 Static Elastomeric Seal Application:
Male Gland Involving Low Temperature 92
Design Example 4 Maximum Allowable Side Load on Piston 111
XI I Figures and Tables

Design Example 5 Piston Eccentricity 112

Design Example 6 Friction of the Reciprocating Elasto­
meric Seal 2-336 0 -R in g 119
Design Example 7 Friction of Reciprocating Elastomeric
Seal 121
Design Example 8 Friction of Reciprocating Elastomeric
Seal 124
Design Example 9 Minimum Friction for Very Small 0 -R in g 128
Design Example 10 Minimum Friction for Very Large O-
Ring 130
Design Example 11 Rotary Spindle Design 235
Design Example 12 Self-Lubricating Gland Seal — Slanted
0 -R in g Grooves 251
Design Example 13 Design of Rotary 0 -R in g Seal Using
Design Tables 278
PRACTICAL
SEAL DESIGN
I
ELASTO M ERIC RIN G SEALS
Basic Configuration of Elastomeric Ring Seals

Elastomeric ring seals are circular rings of various cross-sectional

configurations installed in a gland to close off a passageway and
prevent escape or loss of a fluid or gas. Designing for elasto­
meric ring seals depends on three major and interrelated variables
the operating conditions or environment the seal will experience,
the gland geometry into which the seal will be installed, and the
seal material and geometry. The various interrelations of these
three variables account for the fact that there are so many d iffer­
ent types of seals and applications.
Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an oil pump incorpor-
porating various common applications of static and dynamic elasto­
meric ring seals. Static seals do not see relative motion between
themselves and the parts they seal. In Fig. 1, O -rin gs are used
on the inlet and outlet tube fittings and top and bottom flange
plates, these being static seal applications. Other static seal ap­
plications include face seals and seals for electrical connectors.
Dynamic seals experience relative motion between themselves and
the parts they seal, typically used on pistons, rotating shafts and
intermittent face seal applications, as in check valves.
This chapter presents for easy reference the various kinds of
elastomeric seals currently available to the designer: that is,
cross-sectional configurations, sizes, and materials. Properties
of the commonly used elastomers are discussed and finally sum­
marized .

I. GEOMETRY AND A P P L IC A T IO N

There are at least 49 American manufacturers of some 20 different

types of elastomeric ring seals. (A list of manufacturers and dis-
 C hap . 1. Basic C on figu ratio n

DYNAMIC SEALS

F ig u re 1. Elastomeric seal applications

tributors appears in Table 8 .) Table 1 presents 12 basic confiura-

tions and their applications, most other types being derivatives of
these. The circular cross-sectioned seal, commonly known as the
0 -r in g , is the most used and the least expensive. It is used in
two general design applications: static and dynamic. Static appli­
cations may range from vacuum to over 60,000 psi for sealing
flanges and O -rin g grooves. One such seal is the Bal-Seal made
for static face seals. Design manuals and catalogs are usually
available free of charge from all estomeric seal manufacturers.
Such information should always be consulted when designing
glands for uncommon types of seals and their application.
Elastomeric seals with lobed cross sections were designed for
both static and dynamic applications. The four- and six-lobed
configurations resist spiral failure and also extrusion failure in
applications with large clearance between parts.
Of the some 20 different types of elastomeric ring seals avail­
able, the common O -rin g type is the most versatile. The conven­
tional type of O -rin g may be used in almost any application if the
gland to contain the O -rin g is designed correctly and the right
size and material is chosen for the O -rin g.
Geometry and A pplication

Table 1. Elastomeric Ring Seals

Configuration /
cross section Application /usage

Static seal for flanges, face seals,

fittings, electrical connectors
Dynamic seal for limited speed and
pressure of reciprocating and
0 -rin g rotary sealing

Static seal for v e ry -h igh -p re ssu re

application which may otherwise
cause 0 -r in g extrusion (fo r p re s­
sure greater than 1000 psi when
0 -rin g with total diametral clearance is greater
straight and than 0.010 i n .)
contoured backup rings Dynamic seal to prevent spiral fail­
ure in reciprocating applications
and extrusion in h igh -pressure
reciprocating and rotary applica­
tions

Static, reciprocating, and rotary

applications where pressures
range from 800 to 60,000 psi; e f­
fective in out-of-round or tapered
Parker Polypak cylinder bores

Reciprocating rod-cylinder applica­

tion to prevent the usual slight
weepage seen in 0 -rin g -ty p e rod-
cylinder applications; normal high
SCL seal pressure limit of 10,000 psi when
used with backup rin gs.

Reciprocating rod and piston-cylin­

der applications; normal high-
pressure limit of 3000 psi with
backup rings.
U- or V-seals
 C hap . 1. Basic C on figu ratio n

Table 1. (continued)

Configuration/
cross section Application /usage

Reciprocating: piston-cylinder and

rod-cylinder seals to a limiting
pressure of 10,000 psi without
rolling or spiral failure; recom­
Piston Rod mended for h igh -pressure long-
stroke cylinder applications;
T-seals clearance between piston or rod
and cylinder wall may be increased
beyond that recommended for con­
ventional 0 -r in g seals.

Reciprocating rod and piston-cylin­

der applications, 0 to above 10,000
psi with less friction than conven­
tional type 0 -r in g s (0.02 coeffi­
cient of friction)
Spring-loaded Rotary applications for reduced
BAL-seal friction; limited to maximum PV
= 75,000 psi-fpm^
Static applications, 0 to 10,000 psi

Static face seal, vacuum to 3000 psi,

-7 0 to 550^F; may be used in
standard 0 -r in g grooves

Spring-loaded
static face se a l-B A L seal

Piston seals for pressures to 10,000

psi, and rough cylinder bore
finishes up to 250 rms, or where
clearance between the piston and
Piston cups bore is wider than recommended
for standard O -rin gs.

Static seal for reliable performance

at pressures beyond 2000 psi
Reciprocating applications to resist
and eliminate spiral failure
Rotary applications for higher
Quad-X ring speeds than conventional 0 -r in g s
Size

Table 1. (continued)

Configuration/
cross section Application/usage

Static and dynamic applications

where large diametral clearances
may otherwise result in extrusion
of conventional O -rin gs
Reciprocating applications to elimin­
Quad elongated ate spiral failure
four-lobed seal

Reciprocating applications where

low breakaway friction is required;
this Teflon cap used in conjunc­
tion with an 0 -r in g ; sizes smaller
Piston Rod than 2-in. diameter require a
Kapseal split-groove housing

^PV is the pressure (p s i) exerted on the O -rin g X the shaft v el­

ocity (f p m ).

This book presents information relative to standard elastomeric

O -rin gs, but most of the design procedures and general design
considerations can be applied to almost any elastomeric seal con­
figuration. The sections on compounds and materials are of
course, independent of cross-sectional configuration and appli­
cable to other cross-sectional types.

II. SIZE
Elastomeric O -rin g seals have been standardized under the basic
industrial standard dimensions of A S 568, Aerospace Standard p u b ­
lished by the Society of Automotive Engineers, and a multitude of
military standards; A N 6227 and MS28775 for general use; M25988,
M83248, MS9020, MS9355, and MS29512 for straight-thread tube
fittings; and MS28900 for electrical connectors. Most of the major
O -rin g manufacturers produce all the sizes specified in industrial
standard AS568, as presented on Tables 13 and 22. Comparisons
between the industrial and military standards are presented and
discussed in Chap. 3.
AN6227 (T able 2) is an Air Force-Navy Aeronautical Standard
that covers 88 sizes of A S 568. MS28775 (Table 3) is the basic
 T able 2. Air Force-Navy Aeronautical Standard, Hydraulic O-
Rings Packings

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i«i © CERTAIN PROVir.IOtiS OF TH IS STANDARD ARE THE SUBJECT OF INTEWIATIONAL STANDAiiDITATIGN AGREE-MENT ASCC AIR STD 17/27
AND ST.ANAG 3U A - WHF.N REVISION OR CANCELLATION OF TH IS STAJJDARD I S PROPOSED, THE DEPARTMENTAL CUSTODIANS ’WILL
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iii THE INTERNAHONAL AGREEMENT CCNCErCiED.

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Source: U. S. Government Printing Office, 251-520/6841 (1967).
T ab le 3. Military Standard, Preformed Packings (MS28775)
 Table 3. (continued)
FCO . SUF CLASS
5330

PART
10 ID T T
IN. (mm) IN. (mm) APPROX MASS
NUMBER
MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN LB/lOO Kg/lOO

MSM77HU 0.419 0.429 10.64 10.90 0.100 0.106 2540 2692

MS2S776-112 0.482 0.492 12.24 12.60 0.100 0.106 2.540 2692
MSMT7S-113 0.544 0.564 13.82 14.07 0.100 0.106 2540 2.692
MS2<r77HU 0.607 0.817 16.42 16.67 0 100 0.106 2 540 2.692
MS28775-11# 0.679 16.99 17,25 0.100 0.106 2.540 2692
MS2«776-m 18.69 1885 0.100 0.106 2.540 2692
MSM775-117 20.14 20.45 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS23775 U8 0 .86« 21.74 22.06 0.100 0.106 2.540 2692
MS2877V119 0.918 23.32 2362 0.100 0.106 3.540 2.692
M828778-120 0.981 24.92 25.33 0.100 0.106 3.540 2.693
MS28778-121 1.048 26.49 26.80 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.693
MS2877M22 1. 10« 1.118 28.09 2840 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS28776-123 1.168 1.180 29.67 29.91 0.100 0.106 3.540 2.692
MS2877V124 1.281 1.243 31.27 31.67 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.693
V4S28775-125 1.298 1.306 32.84 33.15 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS2877&-12« 1.36« 34.44 34,75 0.100 0.106 2.692
MS28776-127 1.418 36.02 36.32 0,100 0.106 2.692
MS2877S-128 1.481 37.62 37 92 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS28778-12« 1.639 39.09 39.60 0.100 0.106 2640 2.692
MS28776-130 1.802 40.69 41.20 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
: II MS28776-131 1.634 42.27 42.77 0.100 2.540 2.892
MS28776-1S2 1.747 43.87 41.37 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS28776-133 1.789 1.809 45.44 46.96 0.100 0.10« 3.540 2.692
34328776-134 1.862 1.872 47.04 41 55 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.693
3IS28776-1S6 1.916 1.936 49.15 0.100 0.106 2540 2.692
MS28776-138 1.977 1.997 50.23 0.100 0.106 2.540 X693
MS28776-137 2.040 2.060 61.83 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS28776-138 X102 2.122 63.39 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS2877V139 2.166 2.186 54 99 0.100 0.106 3.540 2.692
31328776-140 2.227 2.247 66.67 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
M328776-141 2.290 2.310 58.17 0.100 0.106 2540 2.692
34S2877V142 2.362 2.372 69.74 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS28776-143 2.415 2.435 «1.34 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS28776-144 2.477 2.497 62.92 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS28776-146 2.560 64.52 0.100 0.106 3.540 3.693
34328776-14« 2.602 2.622 66.09 66.60 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
34328776-147 2.6«0 2.690 67.6« 68.33 0.100 0 106 2.540 2.692
34328776-148 2.722 2.752 69.14 69,90 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS28776-14» riti
2.847
1816 70.74 71.50 0.100 0.106 3.540 2.693
T1S28776-160 2.877 72.31 73.08 0.100 0.106 3.540 Z693
MS28775-161 2.972 3.002 76.25 0.100 0.106 2.540
5 II I 34328776-162 X222 3.262 82 60 0.100 0.106 2.540
MS28776-16S 3.472 3.602 88.95 0.100 0.106 2.540
MS28776-164 3.722 3.752 96 SO 0.106 2.540
34528776-166 3.972 4.002 101 66 0.106 2.540

i 31328776-16«
34328775- 167
107.24
113.69
108.00
114.36
2.540
2.540
2.692
2.692
34328776- 16« 4.722 119.94 120.70 0.100 0.106 3.540 2.692
s 31328775-169 4.972 126.29 127.06 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
31S3S776-160 6.214 132.44 133 60 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
31328776-181 6.610 138.79 139 96 0.100 0.106 2540 2.693
MS28776-163 6.760 145.14 146.30 0.100 0.106 2.540 3.692
MS2877S-168 6.010 151.49 16266 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
M328776-1»« 6.380 167.84 159.00 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
MS287T6-m 8.610 164.19 165.35 0.100 0.106 2540 2.692
34328776-18« «.714 6.760 170.64 171.70 0.100 2540 3.692
34S28776.187 «.9«4 7.010 176.89 178.0« 0.100 2.540 1692
31328776-l«8 7.207 7.2«7 183.06 164.58 0.100 0.106 2.540 2.692
34S28776-1«« 7.467 7.617 189.41 190.93 0.100 0.106 2.540 1692
34328776-170 7.707 7.767 196.7« 197,28 0.100 0.106 2540 1692
34328776-171 7.967 8.017 203.11 203.83 0.100 0.106 2540 1692
MS28776-17» 8.207 8.267 206.M 200.98 0.100 0.106 2540 1692
3IS2S776-179 8.467 8.617 314.81 216.33 0.100 0.106 2.540 1692
3IS2877V174 8707 8.767 331.16 223.68 0.100 0. 10« 2540 1692
3482877V176 89«7 9.017 227.61 239.08 0.100 0.106 2540 1692
34328776-17« 9.24n 9.267 233.8« 236.38 am 0.10« 2540 1692 1.124
34328776-177 9.467 9.617 240.31 241.73 am 0.106 2540 1692 1.154
14328776-178 9.707 9.767 246.6« 248.08 am 0 10
. « 2540 2.692 1.184

jl!
Isi
pi @ EN TIR E STANDARD R E VISED

INTCNNATIONAL
MIUTAIV STANDAID
ill
INTCRCST
OiWCm* ASCC l 7 / * 7
ARMY-AV U LIC , *f2 7 5 « F ,C 0 * RIR«)

Ì
NAYY'AS
© MS 2 8 7 7 5
fROCUMUMfNt SFCCIFKATIOH
l« IL -F -* » 7 3 t

DD .31672*1

10
 Table 3. (continued)
F e o . SUF CLASS
5 3 3 0

ID ID T T
PART IN. (mm) IN. (mm) APPROX M ASS
NUMBER
MAX M IN MIN LB/tOO K y iO O

MS28775 Í0I 0.186 0 176 0.135 0.143 3.429 3.832

MS:3775 202 0.229 0 239 0.136 0.143 3.429 1832 .082
MS28775-203 0.291 0.301 7.39 0.135 0.143 3.429 3.832 .096
MS28773-204 0.354 0.364 8.99 0.136 0.143 3.429 1632 .109
MS28775-20S 0.416 0.426 10,57 0.135 0.143 3.429 1632 .123
MSI8775 206 0.479 12.17 12 42 0.136 0.143 3.429 1632
MS28775 207 0.541 13.74 14.00 0.135 0.143 3.429 1632
MS2877S 208 0.604 0.614 15.34 15.60 0.135 0.143 3.429 3.632
MS28775-209 0.666 0.676 16.92 17.17 0.135 0.143 3.429 1632
MS28775 210 0.728 0.740 18.49 18.80 0.136 C.143 3.429 3.632

MS28773-211 0.790 20.07 20.37 0.135 C.143 3.429 1633

MS28775-212 0.853 21.67 21.97 0.135 C.143 3.429 1633
M52877&213 0.915 23.24 23.55 0.135 C.143 3.429 1632
MS2877S-214 0.978 24.84 25 15 0.135 C.143 3.429 1632
MS2877S-21& 1.040 26.42 26.72 0.135 C.143 3.429 3.632

MS2877S-216 28.32 0.135 0.143 3.429 3.632

MS28775-217 1.177 29.90 0.135 0.143 3.429 1632
MS28775-218 1.240 31.19 31.50 0.135 0.143 3.429 1632
MS2877S219 1.302 32.77 33.07 0.135 0.143 5.429 1632
MS2877S-220 34.37 34.67 0.135 0.143 1429 1833
f I' MS28775-221 1.415 1.427 35.94 36.25 0.135 0.143 3.633
MÜ2877S-222 1.478 1.490 37.54 37.85 0.135 0.143 1429 1632
~ftS28775-223 1.699 1.619 40.81 41.12 0.135 0.143 3.429 1632 .383
K1S2877S-224 1.724 1 744 43.79 0.135 0.143 1429 1632 .411
MS2877S-225 1.849 46.96 0.135 0.143 1429 1632 .438
MS28775.226 1.974 1.994 50.14 50.65 0.135 0.143 1429 1632 .466
MS28775 227 2.099 2.119 53.31 53.82 0 135 0.143 3.429 3.633 .493
MS28775-228 2.224 2.244 56.49 57.00 0.135 0.143 1429 1632 .529
MS28775-229 2.349 69.66 60.17 0.135 3.429 1633
MS28775-230 2.474 62.84 63.35 0.135 1429 1633
MS28775-231 2 599 66.01 66.52 0.135 0.143 1632 .274
MS28775-232 2 719 2.749 69.06 69.82 0.135 0.143 3.632 .286
MS28775-233 2 844 2.874 72.24 73.00 0.135 0.143 1632 .298
MS28775-234 2.969 2.999 75.41 76.17 0.135 0.143 1632
MS28775-235 3.094 3.124 78.59 79.35 0.135 0.143 1632
MS28775-236 3.219 81.76 82.52 0 135 0,143 1429 1633
MS28775-237 3.344 3.374 84.94 55.70 0.135 0.143 3.429 1632
MS2877S238 3.469 3 499 88.11 88.87 0.135 0.143 1429 3.632
MS28775-239 3.624 91.29 92.05 0.135 0.143 1429 3.632
MS28775 240 3.749 94.46 95 22 0.135 0.143 1429 1632
MS2877S 241 3.844 97.64 98.40 0.136 0.143 1429 3.632
■ II I MS28775 2-12 3.969 100.81 101.57 0.135 0.143 3.42« 1632
MS2877S243 4.094 103.99 104.76 0.135 0.143 1429 1632
MS28775-244 107.16 107.92 0.135 0.143 3.429 3.632
MS28775-245 110.34 111.10 0.135 0143 1429 1632
MS2877S-246 113.51 114.27 0.135 0143 3.429 1632
^_MS2877S-247 116.69 117.45 0.135 0.143 1429 1632
MS28775-248 4.749 119.86 120.62 0.135 0.143 1429 1632
MS2877S-249 4.874 123.04 123.80 0 135 0.143 3.429 3.632
MS2877S-2S0 4.999 126.21 126.97 0 135 0.143 3.429 1632

MS28775-251 5.132 129.16 130.36 0.135 0.143 3.429 3.632 1.161

MS28775-252 5.211 5.257 132.36 133.53 0.136 0.143 1429 3.632 1.179
M
S29775-253 5.336 5.382
5.507
135.53 136.70 0.135
0.135
0.143
0.143
3.429
1429
1632
1632
1.206
MS28775-254 5.461 138.71 139.88 1.233
MS28775-255 5.586 141.88 143.06 0.135 0.143 3.429 1632 1.280

MS28775 256 5.711 5.757 146.23 0.135 0.143

MS28775-257 5.836 5.882 149.40 0.135 0.143
MS28775-258 5.961 6 007 152.58 0.135 0.143 1632
MS28775-259 6.211 6.257 158.93 0.135 0.143 1632
MS28776-260 6.461 6.507 165.28 0.135 ai43 1632

MS28775261 6.711 6.757 170.48 171.63 0.136 0.143 3.429 1632 1.607
MS23775-262 6.961 7.007 176.81 177.98 0.136 0.143 1429 1632 L682 .706
MS2877S-2S3 7.204 7.264 132.98 184.51 0.135 0.143 3.429 1632 1.617 .733
MS28775-264 7.454 7.514 189.33 190.88 0.136 0.143 1429 1632 1.672 .761
MS28775-265 7.704 7.764 196.68 197.21 0.136 0.143 1429 1632 1.726

MS28775-266 7.954 202.03 0.136 0.143 1429 1632

MS28775-267 8.204 208.38 209.91 0.136 0.143 1429 S.632
MS28775-268 8.454 214.73 216.26 0.135 0.143 1429 1632
MS2877S-269 8.704 221.06 222.81 ai36 0.143 3.429 1632
MS28775-270 8.954 227.43 228.96 0.136 0.143 1439 1632

I»
!!i
■a¿ e

èìì
Ì* i @ ENTIRE STANDARD REVISED
III P .K «2 in t e r n a t io n a l
INTEREST
TITLE
MUITAIY STANDAID
111 O iW G a l
a r m y -AV ASCC 17/27 PACKINO, PRCFONMCO, HYDRAULIC. 4 '2 7S *F , ("O* RINO)
n a v y -A S
© MS 2 8 7 7 5
111 FROCUHflieHT SFfCiFXUTlOM SCFCRSeOCSc SHEET OF
Pò à M IL - F - 2 5 7 3 2 M S23744 3 6

DD S72-1

n
 T ab le 3. (continued)
reo. uj^ CLASS
5 330

ID ID T T
PART APPROX MASS
\ n . (m n ) IN. (mm)
NUMBER
MIN MAX MIN MAX MAX MiN LB/lOO Kg/lOO
y«2»77s.rM 9.204 233 78 2,15 ‘A 3 429 3.632 2.056
'•iS M V i- r ji 9.454 9.6l4 240.13 241 M 0U3 3.429 3.632 2.U 0
M a w m -in
¥SM776-r4
9.704 9.754 248.48 248 01 0,143 3 429 3632 2 1S6
9.9(4 10.014 262.83 264 7« 0.143 3 429 3.632 2 220
MSW77H7» 10.4(4 10.614 2S6.63 267.06 0.143 3429 3.632 2.329
MsyrT7tt7« 10.9(4 now 278.23 279.76 Q.U5 0.143 3.429 3632 2.439 1. 10«
KS2»77M77 11.4(4 11.614 290.98 292 4« 0 136 0.143 3.429 3 632 2.649 1.156
MS28776-278 11.9(4 11014 308.(3 306.16 0.135 0.143 3.429 3.632 2658 1.206
MSJr77M7* 12.9(4 13.014 330 5« 0.143 3 429 3.632 2.878 1.305
KS7S7n-380 13.9(4 14.014 J55.96 0.143 3.429 3.632 3.097 1.406
KS3S77S-281 14.9(4 16.014 379.83 581 3« 0.135 0.143 3.429 3.632 3.317
MS38778-283 K.910 16.000 404.11 406.10 0.136 0.143 3.429 3.632 3531 1.602
Km77ft-3è» ie.910 17.000 429.61 4SI 90 0.135 0.143 3.429 3.632 3.751 1.701
MS2Í77J-2M 17.910 18.000 4(4.91 457.20 0.135 0.143 3.429 3.632 3.968 1.800

M SU 77& ^ 0.407 0.417 10.34 10.5» 0.205 0.216 6.46

MS2877M10 0.470 0.480 11.94 12.19 0.205 0.216 Ï.46
MS387764U 0.(32 0.642 13.61 13.77 0.206 0.21$ 6.46
HS3877M1S 0.606 16.11 15.37 0.206 0.215 5.46
US2877M1S 0.««7 16.94 0.206 0.216
III
MS1S776-318 0.85« 21.74 0.215
MS38778417 0.918 23 *2 0 215
MS2877S.S1Í 0,981 24.61 24.92 0.206 0.216
MS7877M1» 1.043 26.19 2«49 0.206 0216
M538776-330 1.10« 27.79 28.0» 0.205 0.215
MS2877&-321 1.16« 29 3« 2967 0.215
MS2877M33 1.219 30 9« 31.27 0215
MS2877MÍJ 1.281 32.54 32.84 0.215
MS2877WJ4 34.14 0.215
MS28776-S3& 37.21 0.216
M52«773^M 1.690 40.39 0.215
MS2877W27 1.7K 43.6« 0.206 0.215
MS2877MÍ8 1.840 46.74 47.24 0.205 0,215
MS3r77$-32* t.9«5 49.91 50.42 0.206 0.Î15
KS38775-330 2.090 53.09 63.59 0.206 0.215
MS7r773^31 1216 2.236 56.2« 56.77 0.206 0.215
US2877t-Mt- 1340 1360 69.44 5994 0,206 0.215
M528773‘3a3 2.466 I486 62.61 63.12 0,206 0.215 5.46
2 11 i M£28776.SS4 1590 2.610 65.79 66.29 0.206 0 215 5.48
MS2877S-3J8 1710 2.740 68.83 69 60 0.205 0.215 5.46
m MS2B77&-33II 1835 72.01
55 MS2877S4â7 2.960 2.990 75.18 75 95 0.205
1.532
1.594
MS287734M 3.086 3 116 7 8 .» 79.12 0.206 0.215 1.657
i MS2877S439 3.210 3.240 81.53 8Z30 0,206 0.215

I MS2877S^

US3877 3-341
3.336 3.365

3.490
84.71

87.88
85.47

88.66
0.206 0215

KS28776^3 3.616 91.0« 91.82 0.20«

MS28773-343 3.740 94.23 95.00 0.20Í 0.215 1.970
KS2877M44 97.41 98.17 0,206 Ó.215 2.032
MS28775-34S 100.68 101.36 0. 20« 0.215 2.095
MS28773444 4.006 103.7« 104 52 0.205 Ó.215 5.46 2.157
MS28773347 4.210 10«.98 107.70 0.206 0.215 6.46
*e2«77344â
MS28773-34«
4.338
4.400
110.11
113.2«
no.n 0.206 0.215 6.46
2.220
2.282
114.06 0.206 0.216 6.46 2.346
MS2S77S-3M 118.4« 117.22 0.206 0.216 6.46 2.412
US3977$-Mt 119.(3 120.40 0.216 2.474
KS2S77S-4U 122.81 113.67 0.216 2.537
US3877MM 4.900 4.990 126 96 136.76 0.316 2.600
6.0T7 6.123 128.9« 1 » .1 2 0316 2.6«2
MS3877MM (.202 6.248 13213 133.» 0.216 1725
MS3T77MM 6.M7 6.373 136.47 0.206 0.215 2.788
WS3«17Mft7 6.462 6.498 139.64 0.206 0.215 2.851
us3rn v3M 6A77 6.623 143.83 0.206 0.216 2.913
KS2<77MM 1.709 6.748 144.00 0.206 0.316 2.978
KS3S77M«« (.827 (.873 141.17 0.306 a316 3.038
M33977S-M1 6.962 6.99« 161.18 162.3« 6.4« 3.101
MS3*77«-38> 6.302 6.248 167.63 158.70 6.4« 3.22«
M83STT(-MI 6.462 6496 1(3.88 163.0« 0.216 6.44 3U 1
Ka3rT73-3«4 6.702 6.748 17023 171.40 0.315 5.4« 3.477
MS2r77V3W 6.962 6.99« 176.56 m.T6 0J16 3.603

@ ENTIRE STANDARD REVISED

¡HTERHATK)HAL
Othar Cm *
MTCnCST MILITAIT STANDAIO
ASCC 17 /2 7 MCKIMt, PACPOftMEO, HYOAAULIC, 27S«F, Co* RIN9)
NAVY-AS
© MS 2 8 7 7 5
W »0 C L»O «K T s r e o f ICAYIOW
M IL -9 -2 9 7 9 2

DD 672-1

12
 Table 3. (continued)
PEO . SUE CLASS
5330

PART
10 10 T T
IN. (mm) IN. (mm) APPROX MASS
NUMBER MIN L8/I 0 0 Kq/lOO

MS2r775-S« 7 256 18276 184.28 0.306 X736

MSî»775-3«7 7 506 189.10 190.63 0.206 8215 3.854
MS2«775-34a 7.895 7.756 195.45 196 98 0.206 0.216 3.979
MS2Tf7S.3«» 7.945 8006 301.80 303.33 8216 8104
MS28775-370 8,195 208.15 209 68 0,215 4.229
MS28775-371 8 506 214.50 316.03 0.215
MS3877S-372 8756 220.36 22238 0.306 0.215 4.480 X033
MS28776-373 8945 9.005 237.20 228.73 0.206 8216 8606 X088
MS2877VS74 9 .m 9.255 235.56 235.06 0.206 0.215 8731 X146
MS28773-S75 9.443 9.506 239.90 241.43 0.206 0.215 866« X30S

MS2877S.376 9.896 9.765 246.35 247.78 0.206 0.215 X358

MS2877S-S77 9.945 10.006 25260 254.13 0.206 0215 8107 XI17
MS2877S.378 1844$ 10 506 366.30 266.83 0.206 8215 83M X490
MS3877S-379 10.945 11.006 273.00 279.53 0.205 0.215 8606 X544
MS2877J.S80 11.445 11.505 290.70 29223 8215 5.8M X658

MS1877S-381 11.94$ 12.006 803.40 304.93 0.206 0.216 5.46 8110 1771
MS28775-382 1Z945 13.006 328.80 380.33 0.206 8215 6.46 8611 X»98
MS2S775-383 13.945 14006 354.20 356 73 0.205 0.215 846 7.111 X338
MS28775-384 14.945 15.006 379.60 381.13 0.206 0.215 846 7.614 6.464
MSa8778-385 15.910 16.000 404.11 406.40 0.206 0.216 846 8106 8676
: I' MS2877i-SM 16.910 17.000 431.80 0.206 0.215 846 8607 8904
S
►«5
MS387T&.387
MS28778^
17.910
18.910
18000
19.000
457.20
48X60
0.205
0.206
8215
8315
846
846
9.106
9.609
8131
8668
MS2S77V389 19.910 30.000 50800 0.206 0.215 846 10.111 86M
I4S2877S-390 30.910 21.000 533.40 0.206 0.216 846 10.613 8614
MS2S775-391 21.910 22.000 566.51 558.80 0.206 0.215 8U 11.114 8041
MS2S778.M2 32.880 23.000 581.2 584.2 0.206 8215 846 11.608 8366
MS28778^3 23.880 24.000 606.6 609.8 0.205 0.216 844 1X109 8493
MS28T7V394 24.880 25.000 6320 635.0 0.306 8215 846 1X610 8730
MS28775-395 25.880 26.000 657.4 660.4 0.206 8215 846 1X112 8946

MS2877S423 113.28 114.06

MS2877V4M 116 46 117.22 0.269 0181 6.63 7.14 4.1B6 xa»6
MS2B77S-42T 119.63 120.40 0.269 0.2*1 6.63 7.14 4.392 1.947
MS2877M28 12281 123.57 0.269 0.281 6.63 7.14 4.999 L »M
MS2877M29 125.98 126.75 7.14 4.506 X044
MS2877M30 128.96 130.12 7.14 4.614 X093
MS28775-431 5.302 132.13 133 30 7.14 X141
MS2877S-432 5.327 135 31 136.47 7.14 X190
MS23775-»33 5.452 138.48 139.65 7.14 4.935 X399
MS2877S-434 5.577 141.66 14283 7.14
ÏM MS28778-43S 5.702 144.83 146.00 7.14
8043
8150
X3S7
X996

^ it MS2877W38 5.873 148.01 149.17 0.269 8281 8357

MS2877M37 5.952 5.998 151.18 153.35 0.289 0.391 5384 X433
• ^ MS28775-438 6.202 6.248 157.53 158.70 0.269 0.281 8579 X531
l
MS28778-439 6.452 6.498 163.88 165.06 8269 0.281 8794 1638
MS2877V440 6.702 6.748 170.23 171.40 0.269 8281 8008 X726
I MS28775-441 6.953 177.75 0.269 7.14 6.233 XB33
MS28775-442 7.195 184.28 0.269 7.14 8438 Xtao
MS28775-443 7.445 190 63 0.369 7.14 8653 8017
MS2877M44 7.695 196.98 0.269 7.14 X116
MS287T3-44S 7.945 303.33 X313
KSM7TI.44« 8445 8506 21450 31803 8381 6.63 7.510 X407
M92S77M47 8.945 9.006 227.30 22878 8381 883 7.940 X603
MS2S773-448 9.445 9.506 239.90 341.43 8381 861 8369 X796
MS2877V449 9.945 10.006 252.60 254.13 8281 8796 8991
MS28775-450 10.445 10.506 365.30 366.83 0.381 9.227 8166
MS2877V4S1 10.945 11.006 278.00 379.53 8381 8990
MS2877M83 11.445 11.506 290.70 29223 8281 7.14 8671
MS2877MM 11.945 12006 303.40 304.93 8381 7.14 10.515 8778
MS2877M84 13.445 12506 316.10 317.63 8281 7.14 18944
MS2877946« 12945 13.006 33880 330.33 7.14 11.373
B4S28775-4U 341.50 34X03 8281 7.14
MS287TS-497 14.006 354 30 366.73 8381 7.14 8548
MS28775-488 14.506 366.90 86843 0.269 8381 7.14 8743
! M528773-459
MS2877S-480 15.445
15.006
18506
379.80
393.30
381.13
39X83
8269
8269
8281
8381
8998
8163

ifj
MS2877W81 16.910 16.000 404.11 406.40 8181 7.14 1X961
3(S28773-i«3 16.410 18.500 416.81 419.10 0.381 7.14 18991
MS38775-tft3 16.910 17.000 429.51 431.80 8281 7.14 18831 8733
MS28775-484 17.410 17.600 44231 444.50 8381 7.14 18361 8918
MS28773-483 17.910 18000 454.91 457.20 8381 7.14 18661 7.111

^si
IJi
iP ( 9 ) ENTIRE STANDARD REVISED
111
5«sl INTCmtATIOMAL
MILITAIT STANDAID
I OWC m *
AAMY-JIV
MAVY-AS
INTCnCST
PACKiM«.f»nCFOMMEO, HTORAULIC. -f 2 7 5 * P ,

MS 2 8 7 7 5
il nroCUM
DO
EMEM
TSPCOPICAT10N SUTEffSCOESi
M IL - P > 2 9 7 9 2

672-1 fCMrtfJMtW)
W 9 X 9 7 t4

13
 Table 3. (continued)
FED. W F C t A S i
5 3 30

O-RINC SIZES -013 THKOUGH -023, -117 THROUGH -149, AKD -223 THROUGH -247 ARE HfTENDED OHLY FXIR USE AS STATIC SEALS, AM) ARB NOT
TO BE USED IN APPLICATIONS INVOLVING RECIPROCATING OR ROTARY IHVOLVQtENT.

EXAMPLE OP PART NO. MS28775-211 - PACKING UITH ACTUAL ID DIA .796 IN ., T DIA .139 IN ., OR 20.22 MM ID DIA, 3.530 MM T DLA.

RINGS MAY BE OPF-RECISTER, DUE TO MOLD MISALICNMEViT. NOT TO EXCEED 0.003 INCH, PROVIDED ALL CROSS-SECTIONAL DIAMETERS. INCLUDING
THE PROTRUSIONS (PLASH EXCLUDED) OF BOTH HALVES, WHERE APPLICABLE, SATISFY "T " DIMENSIONS.
CERTAIN PROVISION (DIMENSIONS FOR SIZES -001 THRU -050, -106 THRU -178, -210 THRU -281, -325 THRU -349, -425 THRU -4 60 ) OP THIS
STANDARD ARE THE SUBJECT OF INTER.9ATI0NAL STA.HDARDIZATION .\GREEMENT ASCC AIR STD 17/27 AND NATO STANAC 3444. WHEN REVISION
OR CANCELLATION OP THIS STANDARD IS PROPOSED WHICH WILL LFFECT OR V10L.4TE THE INTERNATIONAL AGREEMEWT CONCERNED, THE PREPARING
ACTIVITY WILL TAKE APPROPRIATE RZCONCILIATICN ACTION -naCUCH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION CHANNELS, INCLUDING DEPARTMENTAL
STANDARDIZATION OFFICES. IP REQUIRED.

In
IH
2
I

II

I
hi

111 © ENTIRE STANDARD REVISED

IMTCNNATIONAL
ilf IHTERtST MILITAIY STAJIOAID
O W Cmi A$CC17/27 MC«IN«,MCF0*MC0, MYOdAULIC, +J7J*F,(V«1»«)
i!
XAVY-AS MS 2 8 7 7 5
» tC X X V fttita 3«CIF)CATJOH SUTCmCDCS;
lu M tL -P -2 S 7 3 2 M 32a7a4

DD 672-1
Source: U. S. Government Printing Office, 703-023/3232 (1981).
 (/)

Table 4. O-Rings for Tube Fittings

PARKER SERIES 3-XX 0 -R IN G SIZE CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE

These O -rin gs are intended for use with internal straight-thread flu id connection
bosses and tube fittings. Ref. AND 10049, AND 10050, MS33656, MS33657, SAE straight-
thread 0 -r in g boss and mating swivel and adjustable style fittin gs.*

O -rin g Compound Parker

series specification compound no.

Sequence A

M25988/l^ MIL-R-25988 Cl. 1, Gr. 70^

M25988/3a MIL-R-25988 Cl. 1, Gr. 60 a L 737-65b
M25988/43 MIL-R-25988 Cl. 1, Gr. 80^ L806-80b
M83248/1 MIL-R-832448 Cl. 1 V747-75
M83248/2 MIL-R-83248 Cl. 2 V709-90

Sequence B

MS9020 AMS7271 N506-65

MS9355 AMS7272 N287-7Qb
MS29512 MIL-P-5315 N602-70
 Table 4. (continued)

O -rin g Compound Parker

series specification compound no.

Sequence C

AN6290(OBS) MIL-P-5510 N 507-90

MS28778 MIL-P-5510 N 507-90
NAS617 MIL-R-7362 47-071
NAS1595 MIL-R-25897, T y . 1, Cl. V747-75
NAS1596 MIL-R-25897, T y . 1, Cl. 2^ V-709-90
NAS1612 NAS1613 E515-80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

0 -r in g size— actual^
Metric O -rin g size (mm) per ARP 568 (i n .)
f
Sequence Tolerance^ Tolerance^
A and Sequence Sequence
3-XXd AS568 B C Tube OD Class I Class II Class I Class II
size no. dash no. dash no. dash no. (r e f.) ID ± ± w ± ID ± ± w ±

3-901 -901 -0 1 3/32 4.70 .13 .15 1.42 .08 .185 .005 .006 .056 .003
3-902 -902 -0 2 -2 1/8 6.07 .13 .18 1.63 .08 .239 .005 .007 .064 .003
3-903 -903 -0 3 -3 3/16 7.65 .13 .18 1.63 .08 .301 .005 .007 .064 .003
3-904 -904 -04 -4 1/4 8.92 .13 .18 1.83 .08 .351 .005 .007 .072 .003
3-905 -905 -05 -5 5/16 10.52 .13 .18 1.83 .08 .414 .005 .007 .072 .003
3-906 -906 -06 -6 3/8 11.89 .13 .18 1.98 .08 .468 .005 .007 .078 .003
3-907 -907 -07 7/16 13.46 .13 .18 2.08 .08 .530 .005 .007 .082 .003
3-908 -908 -08 -8 1/2 16.36 .13 .23 2. 21 .08 .644 .005 .009 .087 .003
3-909 -909 -09 9/16 17.93 .13 .23 2.46 .08 .706 .005 .009 .097 .003
3-910 -910 -10 -10 5/8 19.18 .13 .23 2.46 .08 .755 .005 .009 .097 .003

3-911 -911 -11 11/16 21.92 .13 .23 2.95 ,10 .863 .005 .009 .116 .004
3-912 -912 -12 -12 3/4 23.47 .15 .23 2.95 ,10 .924 .006 .009 .116 .004
3-913 -913 -13 13/16 25.04 .15 .25 2.95 ,10 .986 .006 .010 .116 .004
3-914 -914 -14 —14^ 7/8 26.59 .15 .25 2.95 10 1.047 .006 .010 .116 .004
3-916 -916 -16 -1 6 29.74 .15 .25 2.95 10 1.171 .006 .010 .116 .004

3-918 -918 -18 1- 1/8 34.42 .15 .30 2.95 ,10 1.355 .006 .012 .116 .004
3-920 -920 -20 -20 1-1/4 37.47 .25 .36 3.00 1.475
,10 .010 .014 .118 .004
3-924 -924 -24 -2 4 1- 1/2 43.69 .25 .36 3.00 1.720
10 0.10 .014 .118 .004
3-928 -928 -28 -2 8 1-3/4 53.09 .25 .46 3.00 10 2.090 0.10 .018 .118 .004
3-932 -932 -32 -3 2 2 59.36 .25 .46 3.00 2.337
10 0.10 .018 .118 .004

*AND 10049 and AND 10050 were canceled Dec. 14, 1966.
^Specification M IL -R -25988 requires special documentation.
^Nonstandard compound. Made to order only.
^Specification inactive for new design.
^The ru b b e r compound must be added when ordering by the 3- size number ( i . e . , 3-910 N552-90).
^Material with unusual shrinkage during molding will give slightly different dimensions.
^Class II tolerances apply to columns 13 and 14 (M83248/1 and M83248/2) and to M25988/1, M25988/3, NAS1593,
NAS1594, NAS1595, and NAS1596. However, AS568 A , revision A, established a single set of ID tolerances.
This was agreed on by the Air Standardization Committee (membership b y the United States, Australia,
Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom).
™S28778 only.
Source: 0 - R i n g Handbook OR5700, Parker Seal C o ., Lexington, K y ., January 1977.
18 C hap . 1. Basic C o n figu ratio n

T ab le 5. O-Rings for Electrical Connectors

Parker
a
MS28900 Size No. ID W

- 8 5-133 0.332 0.005 0.031 0.003

-10 5-134 0.410 0.005 0.031 0.003
-12 5-135 0.526 0.005 0.031 0.003
-14 5-136 0.643 0.005 0.031 0.003
-16 5-137 0.775 0.006 0.031 0.003
-18 5-138 0.898 0.006 0.031 0.003
-20 5-139 0.987 0.006 0.031 0.003
-22 5-140 1.112 0.006 0.031 0.003
-24 5-141 1.226 0.006 0.031 0.003
-28 5-142 1.450 0. 010 0.047 0.003
-32 5-143 1.670 0.010 0.047 0.003
-36 5-144 1.891 0.010 0.047 0.003

^Rubber material for MS28900 0 -r in g s — Parker Compound C 557-70

(Specification AMS3209).
Source: 0 -R i n g Handbook OR5700, Parker Seal C o ., Lexington,
K y ., January 1977.

standard on which AS568 was developed. M25988, M83248,

MS9020, MS9355, and MS29512 cover 31 0 -rin g s of slightly larger
diameter cross sections to be used for sealing straight-thread tube
fittings. These O -rin gs are usually referred to as "3 dash 9” O-
rin gs, as shown in Table 4, and are equivalent to dash numbers
901 through 932 of A S 568. They are used in gland designs speci­
fied by military standards MS 16142, MS 33649, and MS33656 for tube
fittings. Table 5 presents the usual seals used in gland designs
for electrical connectors under MS28900. The specific dimensions
for the glands required by these 0 -r in g sizes are presented under
the Specific Applications of Static and Dynamic Seals.
Most 0 -r in g sizes have been specified such that the dimensions
of the gland in which they will be installed meet standard machine
tooling. Therefore, a female gland seal will have a standard bore
diameter, requiring common tooling so as not to increase machin­
ing costs.

111. COMPOUNDS AND M A T E R IA L S

Elastomeric 0 -r in g seals are generally composed of at least two

monomers linked end to end to form long-chain molecules. The
Table 6. Comparison of Properties of Commonly Used Elastomers^ n
o
Parker Compound 3
■D
Number Prefix: N G D B C H E V L I R A T P S Y O
c
3
a
Z U)
n
cC in 0) u c £U
CD 'u D
C cC ta c o Si o a
c d o o c Si 0) xs
CQ ^ (U -Q o 3 CD ccd
o 0) o XJ £
u CQ c o 0» £ Q}
o io: CD 2 r+
u c 3COj:; co oC CD
coc 3'co
0) c Id U o a>
o '5 u o i S o O
U
OJ
u
0cd 3CO 3 C
cs cx in >> a , 3 O
O
so
't i cli o o a >>
CQ 0) -C 'o 5 2 § 3 "S
C
oO o o a
s in CQ CQ z O a . w cx s E z 1 Ph CU 'in w

Ozone resistance p P P GE GE E E E E p p E E E E E
Weather resistance F F F GE E E E E E F F E E E E E
Heat resistance G FG F GE G G E E E F F E P F E FG
Chemical resistance FG FG FG E FG E E E E FG FG P G F GE G
Oil resistance E P P P FG F P E G P P E E G PG E
Impermeability G F F E G G G G P F F E E G P GE
Cold resistance G G G G FG FG GE FP GE G G P G G E GE
Tear resistance FG FG GE G FG G GE F P GE GE FG P GE P G
Abrasion resistance G G E FG G G GE G P E E G P E P G
Set resistance GE G G FG F F GE GE GE G G F P F GE PF
Dynamic properties GE G F F F F GE GE P F E F F E P G
Acid resistance F F FG G FG G G E FG FG FG P P P FG FG
Tensile strength GE GE E G G F GE GE F E E F F E P G
Electrical properties F G G G F F G F E G G F F FG E F
Water/steam
resistance FG FG FG G F F E FG F FG FG P F P F F
Flame resistance P P P P G G P E G P P P P P F FG
Key: P , poor; F, fair; G, good; E, excellent
^See C harts lA -lD and Table 11 (p p . 55-63) for additional information.
Source: 0 -R in g Handbook OR5700, Parker Seal C o ., Lexington, K y ., January 1977.
20 C hap . 1. Basic C on figu ratio n

molecules are in turn linked together by the vulcanization process.

Vulcanization determines the number of molecules to be linked to­
gether: this determines the strength and elasticity of the seal ma­
terial. The chemical structure of the monomer in the molecular
chain determines the material’s resistance to deteriorating influ­
ences such as heat, cold, oils, solvents, and other chemicals.
Many catalysts and compounds may be added to the basic monomers
to affect either the strength or chemical characteristics of the
final material. Such additives as curing agents, accelerators,
fillers, reinforcing carbon blacks, process aids, antioxidants, and
plasticizers are introduced into the mixing and vulcanization pro­
cess at specific times and temperatures to influence the finished
product.
Table 6 presents a comparison of properties of the most used
elastomeric materials. This table gives a good indication of the
various limitations of each material, but applications involving
combinations of chemical, oil, and heat resistance require further
investigation. For example, ethylene propylene has an excellent
rating under chemical resistance, while nitrile or Buna-N has a
fiar to good rating. But if the particular application calls for
sealing a chemical fluid that also contains a mineral oil ingredient,
the ethylene propylene seal will fail (d isso lv e ), while the nitrile
seal would be acceptable. Of course, in this case, a fluorocarbon
seal would be the first choice, if available. Many seal sizes and
configurations are not readily available in all estomeric materials.
The most common elastomeric materials are nitrile or B u n a -N ,
butyl, neoprene, and ethylene propylene. These, and each of
the other materials shown in Table 6, are discussed below.
1, Nitrile or Buna-N Rubber: More nitrile seals are used than
all the other elastomers combined, since nitrile is the most v ersa­
tile material. Nitriles are a copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadi­
ene [1, p. 60] . As the acrylonitrile content of nitriles increases,
the oil and fuel resistance increases while the low-temperature
flexibility decreases. Nitrile-base elastomers are usually specified
by military MS and AN O -rin gs when used in oil and fuel applica­
tions, but because nitrile compounds vary widely within such a
large overall temperature range, particular attention should be
paid to specifying physical properties. Materials can be formulated
to perform satisfactorily over the temperature range —65 to +300°F,
so it is necessary to make sure that the particular nitrile chosen
meets the temperature requirements of the application (see Fig. 2).
The nitrile materials are recommended for general-purpose
sealing of alkaline and salt solutions, petroleum oils and fluids,
vegetable and diester oils, silicone greases and oils, ethylene
°F 150 -1 0 0 -8 0 -6 5 -5 5 -4 0 -2 0 0 180 225 250 275 300 350 3 75 400 450
-10

° C -102 -7 3 -6 2 -4 8 -4 0 -2 9 -18 82 107 121 135 149 177 188 204 232
-54 -23

G E N E R A L L Y S U IT A B L E FO R A T LE A S T S P E C IA L S IT U A T IO N C A P A B IL T IY ; V A R IE S W IT H M E D IU M
1 00 0 H O U R S E X P O S U R E A T H IG H E S T T E M P E R A T U R E A N D E N V IR O N M E N T A L C O N D IT IO N S
(1) T R A D E M A R K E. I. D u P O N T
DE N E M O U R S & CO., IN C .

F ig u r e 2. Temperature capabilities of principal elastomers employed in seals (From 0 -R in g Handbook, OR5700,

Parker Seal C o ., Lexington, K y ., January 1977)
22 C hap. 1. Basic C o n figu ratio n

glycol-base fluids, alcohols, gasolines, and water. They are not

suited for use with strong oxidizing agents; chlorinated solvents
such as carbon tetrachloride or trichlorethylene, nitrated hydro­
carbons such as nitrobenzene or aniline; phosphate esters such as
Skydrol, Fyrquel, or Pydraul; acetates; keytones such as methyl
ethyl ketone (MEK) and acetone; and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Ozone will usually attack nitrile materials, but resistance can be
greatly improved by the addition of antiozonant compounds.
2. SBR or Buna-S : Although styrene-butadiene ru b b er (S B R )
and natural ru bber account for approximately 90% of the w orld’s
total ru bbe r consumption, very little of these two materials is used
in seals. SBR is a copolymer of styrene and butadiene and has
been referred to as government ru b b er styrene (G R S ) since it
was developed during World War II. The butadiene/styrene ratio
determines the low-temperature characteristics of the material.
SBR seals have been used in automotive brake systems, in
systems employing alcohols and water, and to a limited extent in
systems exposed to nitroglycerides. The material functions within
a temperature range common to other natural and early synthetic
ru bber products such as butadiene and polysulfide: —65 to
+255°F. SBR is not recommended for petroleum oils, or in sy s­
tems exposed to sunlight.
3. Butadiene Rubber: Polybutadiene is an elastomer with
physical properties slightly less than those of natural ru b b e r.
Its low-temeprature characterists have been improved over natural
ru bbe r by special compound additives. Butadiene is used prima­
rily by the tire industry.
4. Butyl Rubber: Butyl ru b b er is a petroleum material made
by compounding isobutylene and isoprene. Brominated and chlor­
inated butyl ru b b er are also available and are prepared by
select replacement of hydrogen with bromine or chlorine [2 , p.
A3-31 . These materials have very good resistance to ozone, v ege­
table oils, some mineral acids, ketones, phosphate ester hydraulic
fluids such as Skydrol, Fryquel, and Pydraul, and silicone fluids
and greases. Butyl is not recommended for petroleum oils or
diester-base lubricants. The elastomeric industry is currently
recommending the use of ethylene propylene ru bber instead of
butyl for phosphate ester application.
Butyl ru bber has excellent resistance to gas permeation and is
extensively used in vacuum chambers and gas containers. Its
ability to absorb energy in vibration-damping applications has led
to its use in isolation mounts and dynamic stop systems.
5. Neoprene Ru bber of Chloroprene: Neoprene rubber is one
of the earliest synthetic materials used by the seal manufacturers.
Compounds and M aterials 23

It is a homopolymer of chloroprene possessing resistance to

weather elements of ozone, oxygen, and sunlight. Unlike most
elastomers that either resist weather or petroleum products, neo­
prene has limited resistance to both. Because of this and its
rather broad temperature range, it is the usual choice in comprom­
ising applications.
Neoprene materials are used to seal dilute acids, bases and
salts, straight-chain hydrocarbons, high-aniline-point petroleum
oils, vegetable oils, alcohols, and silicate ester lubricants. Neo­
prene is used extensively with refrigerants of Freon and ammonia,
but is unsatisfactory for service in aromatic hydrocarbons, chlor­
inated solvents, esters, and ketones.
6. Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (C S M ) : As the name implies,
this polymer is produced by compounding polyethylene with
chlorine and sulfur dioxide. The chemical reaction of chlorine and
sulfur dioxide transforms the thermoplastic polyethylene into a
synthetic ru b b e r. The addition of curing agents and accelerators
in the vulcanization process produces elastomers that have excel­
lent resistance to ozone, weather, and oxidizing chemicals.
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (trade name Hypalon) has only fair
set-resistance qualities and is therefore not recommended for
dynamic seal applications.
7. Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPM, EPDM, E P R ): This
elastomer is a copolymer of ethylene and propylene and is some­
times compounded with a third monomer (E P T ). Good to excellent
compression set resistance is obtained by the addition of peroxide
cures during vulcanization. Ethylene propylene materials have
excellent resistance to phosphate esters such as Skydrol, Fyrquel,
Pydraul, water and steam, acids, alkali, salt solutions, ketones,
alcohols, glycols, and silicone oils and greases. EPR has very
poor resistance to petroleum oils and diester-base lubricants.
Ethylene propylene is a close contender to Buna-N and butyl in
the important sealing properties, except that it does not have the
petroleum oil and fuel resistance of B u n a-N , nor the low -gas-
permeability quality of butyl [1, p. 61].
8. Fluorocarbon Rubber ( FKM) : Fluorocarbon elastomers have
been compounded to meet a wide range of chemical and physical
requirements. Under the trade names Viton, Fluorel, and Kel-F,
fluorocarbon seals have been employed where other materials can­
not survive severe chemical conditions. The working temperature
range of FKM is between -2 0 and +400®F (- 2 9 and +204°C) and
limited temperature spikes of 600°F have been incurred. New com­
poundings have greatly improved the compression set of fluoro­
carbon 0 -r in g seals.
24 C hap . 1. Basic C on figu ratio n

Fluorocarbon elastomers have good resistance to the swelling

and deteriorating effects of aromatic solvents, aliphatic hydro­
carbons, halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride,
trichloroethylene, diester oils, silicate ester oils, petroleum oils,
and many mineral acids. They are also highly recommended in
applications involving ozone combined with heat, as in electric
motors and electrical equipment. Fluorocarbons are not recom­
mended for use with highly polar fluids such as hydrazine, ke­
tones, phosphate esters like Skydrol, and anhydrous ammonia,
and are also not recommended with low-molecular-weight esters
and hot hydrofluoric or chlorosulfonic acids.
9, Fluorosilicone (FSi, SLS) : Fluorosilicone polymers are
made by replacing the methyl side groups on the silicone polymer
chain with fluorinated side groups. This produces a material
risistant to hydrocarbon fuels and oils at both high and low tem­
peratures. The primary uses of fluorosilicones are in fuel systems
at temperatures up to 350^F (1 77 °C ), and in applications where
the dry-heat resistance of silicone is required, but the seal may
be exposed to petroleum oils and/or hydrocarbon fuels [2, p.
A 3 -5 ]. Because of fluorosilicone’s poor dynamic properties,
fluorosilicone seals are used only for static seal applications.
There is a current effort in the seal industry to color-code fluoro­
silicone seals blue to distinguish them from the normally colored
red silicone seals.
10, Isoprene Synthetic Rubber ( I R, SN) : Polyisoprene ma­
terials are equivalent in chemical and physical properties to
natural ru bbe r, except for some limitations when used in dynamic
applications. Isoprene seals have excellent tensile strength and
abrasion resistance, but because isoprene has only fair dynamic
properties, it is not recommended for rotary or reciprocating seal
applications.
11, Natural Rubber ( N R ) : The majority of natural rubber
used today is produced by the Hevea brasiliensis tree found in the
Far East and Brazil. Nautral ru b b e r has excellent physical resis­
tance to abrasion, tension, dynamic distortion, and cold flow.
Natural ru bber seals are currently being replaced by synthetics
that can be compounded to better resist sunlight, oxygen, ozone,
solvents, and oils. Natural ru bber seals are still used for sealing
many automobile hydraulic brake systems.
12, Polyacrylate ( A C M) : There are several polymer products
of acrylic acid esters, common trade names being Hycar, Krynac,
Thiacril, and Cyanacryl. These materials maintain excellent resis­
tance to the weathering elements of sunlight, oxygen, and ozone,
even under severe flexual distortion. These materials also possess
Compounds and M aterials 25

high resistance to petroleum fuels and oils, but very poor chemi­
cal resistance. Polyacrylate seals are used primarily in automobile
engines and transmissions where hot oils are incurred, temperature
capability ranging from 0 to 350°F (- 1 8 to +177°C).
13. Polysulfide Rubber (Thiokol): This material is not nor­
mally recommended for 0 -r in g seals because it has very poor ph y­
sical characteristics. It is only recommended when the special
case of low-temperature flexibility and crack resistance is required
in the presence of solvents or weathering elements of ozone, ox y ­
gen, and sunlight. These solvents may include ketones, ethers,
and petroleums.
14. Polyurethane ( A U , E U ) : Polyurethane elastomers are
compounds of polyethers and diisocyanates. These materials have
excellent physical properties of abrasion resistance and tensile
strength, which make them outstanding for dynamic applications.
They have excellent resistance to weather, ozone, and oxygen,
good resistance to hydrocarbon fuels, petroleum oils, and alipha­
tic solvents, and fair resistance to aromatic hydrocarbons. A cids,
ketones, and chlorinated hydrocarbons attack and deteriorate poly­
urethane. Because polyurethane is available in castable liquids,
injection-moldable pellets, and millable gums, it is a very useful
material for unique and specialized sealing problems.
15. Silicone Rubber ( Si ) : Silicone elastomers are compounded
from dimethyl silicone polymers, and thus will deteriorate if used
with silicone oils or greases. Various additives have extended
the functional temperature range of silicone rubber beyond any
other elastomer. Flexibility below —175°F ( —114°C) and service
above 700°F (371°C) for short periods of time have been demon­
strated [2, p. A 3 -5 ]. High production costs have normally limited
the use of silicone seals to applications requiring extreme tempera­
ture resistance. Production molding of silicone seals involves
high-temperature secondary cure which results in greater than
normal shrinkage. The finished 0 -r in g seal is usually undersized
when produced in standard molds. The designer should be
aware of this size difference when designing glands for silicone
O -rin gs.
Silicone elastomers have poor resistance to ketone solvents such
as MEK and acetone, and poor resistance to most petroleum fluids.
They have very poor physical properties that make them unattrac­
tive for dynamic applications. Silicone seals are recommended
for extreme temperature use with ozone, oxygen, high-aniline point
oils, and chlorinated diphenyls.
16. Epichlorogydrin Rubber ( C O , E C O ) : These chloroaliphatic
polymers are oil-resistant materials compounded in two distinct
26 C hap . 1. Basic C on figu ratio n

forms, homopolymers and copolymers. The functional tempera­

ture range of homopolymers is —40°F to +275°F ( —40°C to 135°C),
while that of copolymers is —65°F to +275°F ( —54°C to 135°C).
Both have excellent resistance to ozone, weather, and hydrocar­
bon oils and fuels. The corrosive and poor set-resistance prop er­
ties of epichlorogydrin have limited its use in some seal applica­
tions.
Figure 2 presents the temperature capabilities of the principal
elastomeric materials discussed above. The temperature limits
given include a realistic safety margin dependent on the most
common compounding of the specific material. The maximum-tem­
perature recommendation for a material is based on reliable func­
tional service for 1000 h r. Time at less than maximum temperature
will extend life, while higher temperature will reduce life. The
low-temperature service limit is based on the TR-10 value per
ASTM D1414 minus a nominal 15°F. This method ensures reliable
low-temperature service, provided that sufficient squeeze is de­
signed into the gland geometry. It has been determined that
elastomeric materials which can withstand extreme compressive
forces are good for low-temperature seal applications. The e x ­
treme compressive forces required are those encountered when
the material can be compressed to less than 20% of its original
thickness without damage [1, p. 5 .].
The actual seal environment may extend beyond the tempera­
ture limits specified in Fig. 2 for short periods of time. For e x ­
ample, a fluorocarbon seal which is limited to 400°F for prolonged
service can tolerate 2000°F for 20 to 40 sec withoiut damage. It is
also important to note that no permanent damage is done to any
elastomeric material by cryogenic temperatures. A frozen 0 -r in g
will regain its service characteristics when returned to normal
operating temperatures.

IV . ELASTOMERIC S P E C IF IC A T IO N S

Table 7 presents the commonly referenced military and aerospace

specifications for the most popular elastomeric materials. The
common name of the material is given together with a b rief des-
cripetion of its featured characteristic and/or use. This table
should be useful in categorizing and cross-referencing the prom­
inent military and aerospace specifications. The designer should
be careful not to select one of these military or aerospace specifi­
cations without being sure that it is broad enough to cover the in­
tended use of the material capabilities, and on the other hand.
Table 7. Elastomeric Specifications: Military Aerospace Material Specification: National Aerospace Standard

Common name Specification Description

Nitrile (B u n a -N ) MIL-G-1149: Type 1 and 2 Class 5 Gasket materials, synthetic ru b b e r

MIL-R-3533 R u b b e r, synthetic; sheet, strip, and molded
MIL-P-5315 O -r in g packing, hydrocarbon fuel resistant
MIL-P-5510 G asket, straight-thread tube fitting boss
MIL-P-5516: Class B Gasket and packing, hydraulic, aircraft
MIL-R-6855: Class 1, Grade 60; Class Synthetic sheets, strips, molded, extruded
2, Types A and B shapes
MIL-R-7362: Types 1 and 2 Synthetic sheet, molded and extruded shapes
MIL-G-21569: Class 1 Gasket cylinder linear seal, synthetic rubber
MIL-G-21610: Type 1 Gasket, heat exchanger, synthetic rubber
MIL-G-23983 Gasket, packing material, oil resistant
MIL-P-25732 Preformed packing, petroleum fluid resistant
MIL-P-83461 Preformed packing, petroleum fluid resistant
AMS3201, AMS3202 D ry heat resistance
AMS3205 Low temperature resistance
AMS3212, AMS3215 Aromatic fuel resistant
AMS3220 General purpose; fuel, oil, glycol
AMS3226, AMS3227, AMS3228 Hot oil and coolant resistant, low swell
AMS3229 Hot oil resistant, low swell
AMS7260, AMS7271 Fuel and low temperature resistant
AMS 7270 Fuel resistant
AMS7272 Synthetic lubricant resistant
AMS7274 Oil resistant
N
co

Table 7. (continued)

Common name Specification Description

SBR or Buna-S MIL-G-1149: Type 2, Class 2 Gasket material, synthetic rubber

Butyl AMS3238 Phosphate ester resistant, butyl type
AMS7277 Phosphate ester, hydraulic fluid resistant
Neoprene MIL-G-1149: Types 1 and 2, Class 1 Gasket material, synthetic rubber
AMS3208, AMS3209, AMS3240, Weather resistant, chloroprene type
AMS3241, AMS3242
AMS3222 Hot oil resistant, high swell
Ethylene MIL-G- 22050 Synthetic rubber, nonflammable hydraulic fluid
MIL-R-83285 General purpose, ozone resistant
NAS1613 Packing, 0-ring, phosphate ester resistant
Fluorocarbon MIL-G-23652: Types 1 and 2 Gasket and packing material, petroleum and
phosphate ester fluid resistant
MIL-R-25897: Type 1, Classes 1 and 2 Rubber, high temperature fluid resistant
MIL-R-83248: Type 1, Classes 1 and 2 Rubber, fluorocarbon, high temperature fluid
and compression set resistant
 MIL-R-83485: Type 1 Rubber, fluorocarbon, low temperature per-
formance
AMS7276 High temperature fluid resistant, very low
compression set fluorocarbon
AMS7278, AMS7279 High temperature fluid resistant fluorocarbon
AMS7280 Low compression set fluorocarbon
Fl uorosilicone MIL-R-25988: Type 1, Class1 Rubber, fluorosilicone, oil, and fuel resistant
AMS3326 Silicone, fuel, and oil resistant
Silicone MIL-R-5847 (superseded by Rubber silicone
ZZ-R-7658)
MIL-G-21569: Class 2 Gasket cylinder linear seal, synthetic rubber
AMS3301, AMS3302, AMS3303, Silicone, general purpose
AMS3304, AMS3305, AMS3307
AMS3335, AMS3337 Silicone, extreme low temperature resistant
AMS3345, AMS3349 Silicone rubber
AMS3357 Silicone rubber, lubricating oil, compression
set resistant
AMS7267 Silicone, heat resistant, low compression set

N
1.0
30 C hap. 1. Basic C on figu ratio n

that it is not so broad that it allows variations in material com­

pound that may not be acceptable.

V. M A NU F A C TU R ER S AND D IS T R IB U T O R S

Table 8 lists 49 manufacturers and/or distributors of elastomeric

ring seals according to location within the United States. This
list is included to aid the designer in obtained additional informa­
tion directly from a local manufacturer or distributor. This is
not an all-inclusive list.

T able 8. Elastomeric Ring Seals: Manufacturers and Distributors^ *

Alabama
Sepco C o rp ., Birmingham
Tenn-Val In c ., Decatur

California
Satori Seal C o rp ., Alhambra
Gasket Specialties In c ., Brisbane
*Kyowa Metriseal C o ., Brisbane
General Connectors C o rp ., Burbank
Standard Polymer, In c ., Camarillo
A r v a n , In c ., El Monte
Bozung, J. A . C o ., El Monte
Allmetal Screw Products Company, In c ., El Segundo
Tetrafluor, Inc. , El Segundo
Bobber Products, In c ., Fullerton
Aero-Stat Co. , Gardena
Porter Seal Mfg. , Glendale
*Advantec, Inglewood
Service Rubber & Gasket C o ., La Puente
Holz Rubber Co. , Lodi
Fluorocarbon C o ., Los Alamitos
Airsco, Los Angeles
*Burly Seal Products Co. , Los Angeles
Calnevar Sea C o ., GSC C o rp ., Los Angeles
Local C o ., Los Angeles
Majestic Fasteners Co, , Los Angeles
Material Fabricators, In c ., Los Angeles
0 -R in g s In c ., Los Angeles
Plastic and Rubber Engineering, I n c ., Los Angeles
Alatec Products, North Hollywood
M an u factu rers and D is trib u to rs 31

T able 8. (continued)

*Parco, Ontario
Dodge-Wasmund Mfg. , I n c ., Pico Rivera
Diesel Energy Products, In c ., Pleasanton
Vibration Isolation Products, In c ., San Fernando
American Asbestos C o ., San Francisco
Western R ubber & Supply, San Francisco
Burke Industries, San Jose
Boyd Industries, San Leandro
Bal-Seal Engineering C o ., Santa Ana
International Seal Company, In c ., Santa Ana
Allmetal Screw Products Company, In c ., Santa Clara
Qualified Air Components, Santa Fe Springs
Sealtec Inc. , Santa Fe Springs
Allied Airparts & Supply Company, Inc. , South El Monte
♦Houston R ubber Company, In c ., Sylmar
*Da/Pro R ubber, In c ., Van Nuys

Connecticut
Agi Rubber Company, Bridgeport
Enflow Corp. , Bristol
♦Connecticut R ubber Molding Corporation, Danielson
Magnatec, East Ganby
Parts In c ., East Hartford
American Seal & Engineering Company, In c ., Hamden
Age In c ., Meriden
Auburn Mfg. Company, Middletown
Advance Products Company, In c ., North Haven
Orcomatic Inc. , Norwich
Florida
Hoose, Robert E ., In c ., Miami
Veri-Tech Inc. , Pompano Beach
Century Fasteners C o rp ., Tampa
Allmetal Screw Products Company, In c ., Winter Park

Georgia
AAA Seals & Packing Company, In c ., Atlanta
Allmetal Screws Products Company, In c ., Atlanta
Dixie Bearings, In c ., Atlanta
Dixie Packing Company, Atlanta
General R ubber & Plastics C o rp ., Atlanta
32 C hap. 1. Basic C on figu ratio n

Table 8. (continued)

Illinois
TF E -O -S IL C o rp ., Addison
N o k -In c ., BensenvUle
Woods Mfg. Company, In c ., Bensenville
Aero R ubber Company, In c ., Bridgeview
Bostik/Stalok, Broadview
Acadia, Chicago
Accurate Products Inc. , Chicago
Atlantic India Rubber Company, Chicago
Chicago Gasket Company, Chicago
Flow Products I n c ., Chicago
Simrit Corporation, Des Plaines
Hologen Insulator & Seal C o rp ., Elk Grove
Lutz Sales Company, In c ., Elk Grove Village
Quality Rubber Mfg. Company, In c ., Elk Grove Village
Allmetal Screw Products Company, In c ., Elmhurst
Anchor Bolt & Screw, Melrose Park
Crane Packing Company, Morton Grove
*G il-B ar R ubber Products Company, Oak Park
SBI Incorporated, Tool Division, Peoria
Amtrex Corporation, Rockford
♦Excelsior Incorporated, Rockford

Indiana
♦Continental Seal Corporation, Fort Wayne
Hallite Seals Inc. , Fort Wayne
Press-Seal Gasket C o rp ., Fort Wayne
Seals Division, W. S. Shamban & Company, Fort Wayne
♦Goshen Rubber Company, Goshen
T & M Rubber Incorporated, Goshen
♦Tri-Seals Incorporated, Goshen
Triangle Rubber Company, Goshen
♦Ligonier Rubber Company Inc. , Ligonier
New Castle Engineering In c ., New Castle

Iowa
Octa-Ring Seal Company, Beaman

Kentucky
♦Gayle, Geo. W ., & Son, Frankfort
Parker Seals 0 -R in g Division, Lexington
Moore I. B . Corporation, Lexington
M an u factu rers and D is trib u to rs 33

T able 8. (continued)

Maryland
Paramount Packing & Rubber In c ., Baltimore
Phelps Packing & Rubber C o ., I n c ., Baltimore
*Pressure Science In c ., Beltsville
Allmetal Screw Products Company, In c ., Ellicott City
Maryland Metrics, Owings Mills

Massachusetts
Metrics For Industry, Avon
*Orion Industries, In c ., Bolton
*Moore, Irvin B . Corporation, Cambridge
*Paul-Martin Rubber Company, Holyoke
Allmetal Screw Products Company, In c ., Waltham
Shelly, John G. Company, In c ., Wellesley Hills
Rush Industries In c ., Winchester

Michigan
*Hoover Universal, In c ., Foam Division, Ann A rbor
^Hoover Universal In c ., Plastic Components Division, Ann A rbor
*Seal Comp In c ., Brighton
Federal-Mogul Corporation, Detroit
Federal-Mogul Corporation, Industrial Sales, Detroit
*Industrial Plastics & Mfg. Company, Detroit
*Mold-Ex R ubber Company, Inc. , Farmington
*Uracast Products In c ., Fenton
*Zefflamb Industries loc. , Fenton
Allmetal Screw Products Company, In c., Ferndale
*Jackson Flexible Products In c ., Jackson
Shurclose Seal Company, Lake Orion
Mather Company, The, Fluorotec Division, Milan
March, C. W. Company, Muskegon
*Galap R ubber Incorporated, Plymouth
L & L Products Incorporated, Romeo
*Way Wipers Incorporated, Royal Oak
Accro-Seal Incorporated, Vicksburg
*Uniflex Incorporated, Wixom

Minnesota
Circle R ubber Company, Eden Prairie
Minnesota R ubber Company, Minneapolis
^Molding Technical Systems Incorporated, Minneapolis
Precision Associates In c ., Minneapolis
*Robinson R ubber Products, Minneapolis
34 C hap . 1. Basic C on figu ratio n

T ab le 8. (continued)

Interchange Incorporated, St. Louis Park

R ubber Industries Incorporated, Shakopee
Missouri
Hanna R ubber Company, Kansas City
Gasket & Seal Fabricators, St. Louis

New Hampshire
Frederickseal Incorporated, Bedford
Disogrin Industries Corporation, Manchester
New Jersey
Eastern Molding Company, Belleville
Jet Engine Supply Company, Bellmawr
Abesto Corporation, Bloomfield
*Minor R ubber Company, Inc. , Bloomfield
*Helicoflex Company, Boonton
*Star-glow Industries Incorporated, East Rutherford
Industrial R ubber Company, Elizabeth
Stevens Associates Incorporated, Emerson
APM-Hexseal, Englewood
Conover, C. E. & Company, In c ., Fairfield
*Multi“Flex Seals, Incorporated, Hackensack
Hawthorne Rubber Mfg. Corporation, Hawthorne
AME Corporation, Little Falls
Princeton R ubber Company, In c ., Monmouth Junction
Federal Carbine Company, Moonachie
Janos Industrial Insulation Corporation, Moonachie
Goodyear Rubber Products Corporation, Newark
Astro Molding Incorporated, Old Bridge
Unette Corporation, Parsippany
Alatec Products, Pine Brook
Seals Eastern Incorporated, Red Bank
Sterling Plastics & R ubber Products Incorporated, South Amboy
Chemplast, Incorporated, Wayne
Miller, Franklin, West Orange
Sea-Ro Packing Company, Incorporated, Wood-Ridge

New York
Hercules Products, Alden
Balfor Industries Incorporated, Bronx
Emerson Plastronics Incorporated, Bronx
Tri-Component Products Corporation, Bronx
Patterson Machine Company, Brooklyn
M an u factu rers and D is trib u to rs 35

T able 8. (continued)

Great Lakes Plastic, Buffalo

Sevatronics Incorporated, Buffalo
B e rg , Winfred M. Incorporated, East Rockaway
Century Fasteners Corporation, Elmhurst
Enbee Mfg. Company, Incorporated, Elmont
Girard Rubber Corporation, Elmsford
♦Northeast International Corporation, Elmsford
Technical Specialties Company, Incorporated, Elmsford
S. A . S. Gasket and Supply Company, Incorporated,
Farmingdale
Allmetal Screw Products Company, In c ., Garden City
Millimeter Industrial Supply Corporation, Hauppauge
Metric & Multistandard Components Corporation, Hawthorne
Fluorglas Division, Oak Materials Group, Incorporated, Housick
Falls
Nationwide Metric Supply Corporation, Huntington Station
Apple R ubber Products Incorporated, Lancaster
♦Sealing Devices, Lancaster
U. S. Rubber Supply Company, Long Island City
Product Components Corporation, Mount Vernon
♦Columbia Nut & Bolt Corporation, New York
Presray Sub of Pawling Rubber Corporation, Pawling
Gaddis Engineering Company, Port Washington
Allmetal Screw Machine Products Company, In c ., Rochester
Smith Rubber Company, In c ., Rochester
Action Associates, Roslyn Heights
♦Minisink Rubber Company, In c ., Unionville
Northeast International Corporation, White Plains
North Carolina
Allmetal Screw Products Company, In c ., Charlotte
Century Fasteners Corporation, Charlotte
Blue Ridge Division, Lavren Mfg. Company, Fletcher
CGR Products, Greensboro

Ohio
Ohio Gasket & Shim Company, In c ., Akron
Qualiform Incorporated, Barkerton
Allmetal Screw Products Company, Incorporated, Cincinnati
Sur-Seal Gasket & Pasking Incorporated, Cincinnati
Alan International Incorporated, Cleveland
Allmetal Screw Products Company, Incorporated, Cleveland
Bearings Incorporated, Cleveland
36 C hap . 1. Basic C on figu ratio n

Table 8. (continued)

Bruening Bearings Incorporated, Cleveland

Durox Equipment Company, Cleveland
Flex Incorporated, Cleveland
Merkel-Forsheda Corporation, Cleveland
Grotenrath R ubber Products, Cleveland
Parker-Hannifin Corporation, Cleveland
Universal Grinding Corporation, Cleveland
C & M R ubber Company, Dayton
Continental Tool & R ubber Products Incorporated, Dayton
R ubbercraft Incorporated, Dayton
R ubber-Tech Incorporated, Dayton
*Fluorocarbon-Sparta, Dover
High Quality Plastics, Findlay
*Hoover Universal Incorporated, Mansfield
Merg, Mantua
EGC Enterprises Inc. , Mentor
Forest City Products, Incorporated, Mentor
Polymer/Raymond Industries Incorporated, Middlefield
AMG Industries Incorporated, Mount Vernon
*Profile Rubber Corporation, Sharon Center
Standard Carbon Company, Steubenville
Urethane Products Industries Incorporated, Stow
*Industrial Electronics R ubber Company, Tw insburg
Industrial Packing & Seals Incorporated, Uniontown
Forest City Foam Products Incorporated, Wellington
Flite Hardware, Westlake
Vernay Laboratories Incorporated, Yellow Springs

Oregon
Huntington Rubber Company, Portland

Pennsylvania
Pars Mfg. Company, Ambler
*^Dooley, James E. Company, Broomall
Castle Rubber Company, Butler
*Clifton Plastic Incorporated, Clifton Heights
Allegheny Plastics Incorporated, Coraopolis
♦Weaver Industries Incorporated, Denver
Drummond Rubber Products, Doylestown
Reliable R ubber Products Company, Eddington
Beemer Engineering Company, Fort Washington
Industrial Gasket & Shim Company, In c ., Meadowlands
Lehigh Rubber Works Incorporated, Morrisville
M an u factu rers and D is trib u to rs 37

T able 8. (continued)

Greene, Tweed & Company, North Wales

Anchor Packing Company, Philadelphia
*Apex Molded Products Company
Allen Stevens Electrical Fittings Company, Scranton
Atlas Technology Incorporated, Scranton
Louis H, Hein Company, West Conshohocken
Allmetal Screw Products Company, Willow Grove
*DBR Industries Incorporated, Yardley
B & D Supply Incorporated, Yeadon
Allegheny-York Company, York

Rhode Island
Dixon Industries Corporation, Bristol
EG & G Sealol Incorporated, Providence

South Carolina
UAP Components Incorporated, Columbia
J -B -L Division of Parker Seals, Spartanburg
Reeves Brothers Incorporated, Spartanburg
Hartwell Plastics Incorporated, Starr

Tennessee
Mountain Empire Rubber & Specialty Company, In c ., Johnson
City
Century Fasteners Corporation, Knoxville
Precision Rubber Products Corporation, Lebanon

Texas
Allmetal Screw Products Company, Incorporated, Dallas
Oriental Gasket & Packing Company, Dallas
Gorman Company Incorporated, Duncanville
Butler Professional Services Group Incorporated, Highlands
A ll'S e a l-T ex a s Incorporated, Houston
K & W Incorporated, Houston
Maloney, F. H. Company, Houston
Murray R ubber, Houston

Utah
Microdot/Polyseal, Salt Lake City

Virginia
Century Fasteners Corporation, Richmond
♦Cardinal R ubber & Seal Incorporated, Roanoke
Dowty Corporation, Sterling
38 C hap . 1. Basic C o n figu ratio n

Table 8. (continued)

Wisconsin
Trostel, Albert Packings, Lake Geneva
Grover/Universal Seal, Milwaukee
Wisconsin Gasket & Mfg. Company, Milwaukee
Farnam, F. D. Gasket Systems, Nedah

Canada
Allmetal Screw Products of Canada L td ., Toronto, Ontario

^An asterisk indicates that the company is a product manufacturer

General Design M ethod

Designers should utilize a systematic method for solving sealing

problems. The best method is one the designer has developed
personally, has gained confidence in by repeated use, and is
versatile enough to be applied to a large variety of seal problems.
This chapter presents a general design method that can be modi­
fied by designers to meet individual needs. The chapter is divided
into three sections, proceeding from general considerations to the
more specific. Section 1 presents the general aspects of a useful
design method involving gland application, 0 -r in g size, gland di­
mensions, diametral clearance, and 0 -r in g material. Section II
goes into greater detail, discussing such parameters as tempera­
ture variations, differential pressu re, swell and shrinkage, and
so on, and ending with a quick reference table that summarizes
the most important design criteria. Section III presents helpful
performance charts for the elastomeric materials used for 0 -r in g
seals. These charts arrange the elastomeric materials in order of
best resistance to temperature, environmental, and physical c ri­
teria. This section also ends with a quick summary reference
table to aid designers in trade-off studies.
The information presented in this chapter is applicable to both
static and dynamic seal problems and should be consulted in addi­
tion to information presented in Part II, Specific Applications of
Ring Seals.

I. DESIGN METHOD

The following method is a practical approach to designing an O-

ring gland and selecting the appropriate seal. Although this

39
40 C h ap . 2. General Design Method

method is presented in the usual design sequence, designers may

begin at any step.
1. Gland Application and Possible Alternatives: To design an
effective 0 -r in g seal, one must first determine if the parts to be
sealed can be assembled and the seal itself can be installed with­
out difficulty or damage. Much of the responsibility for proper
assembly falls on the designer as he or she provides a safe route
for the 0 -r in g on its way to the groove. Choosing the incorrect
type of gland often leads to assembly problems and sometimes
functional in-service problems.
For example, consider a piston containing the conventional
male gland and 0 -r in g seal which must slide past a valving port
upon assembly. To prevent the seal from being cut, the port
must be either chamfered or undercut, as shown in Fig. 3. But
the preferred design is to incorporate a female gland in the bore
of the cylinder (a rod seal) so the 0 -r in g seal does not have to
pass over the port, and chamfer the leading edge of the piston,
as in Fig. 4. Additional considerations are presented in Sec. I I .
2. 0 -R i n g Size and Gland Dimensions: The dimensions of an
0 -r in g and gland are directly dependent on the specific applica-

DIRECTION OF INSTALLATION

SEE PREFERRED INSTALLATION TO

ELIMINATE THIS SHARP EDGE

PREFERRED INSTALLATION

UNDERCUT BORE AS INDICATED

F ig u re 3. Methods to avoid sharp installation corners

Design Method 41

Figure 4. Chamfer piston for rod gland

tion. Static glands are dimensioned to provide the 0 -r in g seal

with an ideal 25% squeeze. The glands for reciprocating seals
are dimensioned for minimum 0 -r in g squeeze to minimize static and
dynamic friction. Rotary seal applications incorporate female glands
dimensioned to provide peripheral compression for the 0 -r in g seal.
Each of these cases is discussed fully under the specific applica­
tion of static and dynamic seals (C hap s. 4 to 6). Such physical
parameters as 0 -r in g size and the temperature and pressure in­
curred by the 0 -r in g will help to determine the gland dimensions;
these parameters are discussed in Sec. II.
3. Diametral Clearance: An 0 -r in g seals the leak path between
two concentric parts (i.e . , a piston within a cylinder b o re ). The
0 -r in g must block the maximum gap between the two parts without
extruding. The maximum gap is the difference between the diam­
eters of the p a rts— the diametral clearance between the pistons
and the bore. It is based on the fact that the piston may be
forced to one side of the cylinder bore, producing a gap twice that
of the radial difference. If the piston is held concentric in the
bore by bearings or other means, the radial clearance may be
used as the maximum gap. The differential pressure across the
0 -r in g seal and the hardness of the 0 -r in g seal limit the maximum
diametral clearance allowable. Figure 5 presents the maximum gap
allowed given the 0 -r in g hardness and the fluid pressure across
the 0 -r in g seal. These extrusion curves are v ery conservative
for most 0 -r in g applications, since they are based on 100,000
pressure cycles, each cycle increasing from zero to the indicated
pressure at the rate of one cycle per second at a test temperature
of 160°F. Because the extrusion curves are conservative and
machining costs are greater for closer tolerances and smaller-
diameter clearances, the maximum gap is usually recommended for
H2 C hap . 2. G eneral Design Method

- ECCENTRICITY MAX. GAP IF CONCENTRICITY

IS MAINTAINED BY BEARINGS

Maximum gap refers to the worst condition the

0-R in g may be called upon to seal. Unless the
concentricity of the piston or rod with the bore Is
assured by the design, maximum gap is equal to
the difference between piston/rod diam eter and
bore diameter.
0 - R I N G E X T R U D IN G

EXTRUSION FAILURE

Extrusion failure of the

0 -R in g is a consequence
of a pressure/gap inter­
section above the hard­
ness curve.
Such failure usually
is evidenced by slow but
increasing leakage as
tearing of the 0-R ing
surface progresses.

Figure 5. Maximum gap allowable without extrusion failure (From

The National 0 -R i n g Engineering Manual, Seven Steps to 0 -R in g
Design, National 0 -R in g Division, Federal-M ogul Corporation,
Downey, California, 1975.)
 Design Method 43

T ab le 9. Fluid Compatibility

National National National

Elastomer Elastomer Elastomer
(In order of (In order of (In order of
Fluid Recommendation) Fluid Recommandation) Fluid Recommendation)

Acetaldehyde E Anderol L-774 B. V, F Butter (Food) C

Acetamide B, E, N Aniline E Butyl Acetate E
Acetic Acid (Glacial) E Aniline Dyes E Butyl Acrylate K
Acetic Acid (30%) E Aniline Hydrochloride E Butyl Alcohol B. N, V
Acetic Anhydride N. E Animal Oil (Lard) B, V, F Butyl Amine S, E
Acetone E Aqua Regia E. F Butyl Benzoate E. V
Acetophenone E Aroclor V Butyl Carbitol E
Acetyl Acetone E Arsenic Acid F. E Butylene V, F. B
Acetyl Chloride V. F Askarel V. B. F Butyl Ether K
Acetylene E. B Asphalt V. K Butyl Butyrate E. V
Acetylene Tetrabromide V. E Butyl Oleate V, E
Aerozine 50 E Barium Chloride B. E Butyl Stearate V, F. B
Air (Below 300 °F.) E. B Barium Hydroxide B. E Butyraldéhyde E. K
Air (Above 300 “V.) S.V. F Barium Sulfide B. E Butyric Acid V. E
Alkazene V, F, K Beer(Food) C Calcine Liquors B. E
Alum B,E Beet Sugar Liquors (Food) C Calcium Acetate E
Aluminum Acetate E. B Benzaldehyde E Calcium Bisulfite B, N, V
Aluminum Bromide B. E, N Benzene V, F. K Calcium Chloride B, E. N
Aluminum Chloride B. E. N Benzenesulfonic Acid V, F, N Clacium Hydroxide B. E. N
Aluminum Fluoride B. E. N Benzine V. F. K Calcium Hypochlorite E, V
Aluminum Nitrate B, E, N Benzoic Acid V, F, K Calcium Nitrate B. E. N
Aluminum Sulfate B, E, N Benzochloride V. F, E Calcium Sulfide B, E. N
Amines E Benzophenone V. F, E Cane Sugar Liquors (Food) C
Ammonia (Anhydrous) E, B Benzyl Alcohol V.F.E Carbitol E. B
Ammonia (Liquid) E. B Benzyl Benzoate V, F, E Carbolic Acid E. F
Ammonium Carbonate E, N Benzyl Chloride V, F Carbon Bisulfide V. F
Ammonium Chloride B. E, N Black Sulfate Liquors E Carbonic Acid E, N
Ammonium Hydroxide E. B Blast Furnace Gas V. S Carbon Dioxide B, E
Ammonium Nitrate B. E Bleach Liquor E. V Carbon Disulfide V, F
Ammonium Nitrite B. E Borax B, E Carbon Monoxide B, E
Ammonium Persulfate E Bordeaux Mixture E, V Carbon Tetrachloride V, F
Ammonium Phosphate B, E Boric Acid B. E Castor Oil (Food) C
Ammonium Sulfate B. E Boron Fluids (HEF) V. F Cellosolve E, K
Ammonium Sulfide B. E Brake Fluid (Automotive) E Cellosolve Acetate E. K
Amyl Acetate E Bromine E. V, F Cellulubes E, K
Amyl Alcohol E Bromine Water E, F China Wood Oil B, V
Amyl Borate B. N, K Bromobenzene V. F Chlorinated Solvents V, F
Amyl Chloronaphthalene V, K Bunker Oil B. V, F Chlorine E. F
Amy! Chloride V, F Butadiene V, F. E Chlorine Dioxide E
Amyl Naphthalene V, F Butane B, V, K Chloroacetic Acid E

KEY:

B. C Nitrile J Butyl V Fluorocarbon G Styrene-butadiene

E Ethylene-Propylene K Polysulfide S Silicone L Polyacrylate
N Neoprene H Hypalon* F Fluorosilicone U Polyurethane
 C hap . 2. General Design Method

T a b le 9 (C ó n tin u e d )

National National National

Elastomer Elastomer Elastomer
(In order of (In order of (In order of
Fluid Recommendation) Fluid Recommendation) Fluid Recommendation)

Chloroacetone E Dichlorobutane V, B Ethyl Formate V, F. E

Chlorobenzene V. F Dichloro-lsopropyl Ether K Ethyl Hexanol B, E
Chlorobromomethane V. F, E Dicyclohexylamine B Ethyl Mercaptan V
Chlorobutadiene V, F, E Diesel Oil B. V. F Ethyl Oxalate V. K, F
Chlorododecane V, F. E Diester Syn. Lubricants B. V. F Ethyl Pentachlorobenzene V. F
Chloroform V, F Diethylamine E Ethyl Silicate E, B
Chloronaphthalene V, F Diethyl Ether K Ferric Chloride E, B
Chlorotoluene V, F Diethylene Glycol E.B Ferric Nitrate E, B
Chlorox E, F Diethyl Sebacate V, E Ferric Sulfate E, B
Chlorophenol V Difluorodibromomethane E Fluoboric Acid E. N
Chrome Plating Solutions E Diisobutylene V. B. K Fluorolube E. B
Chromic Acid E Diisooctyl Sebacate V. E Fluorochloroethylene V
Citric Acid (Food) C Diisopropyl Ketone E Formaldehyde E. B
Cobalt Chloride B, E Dimethyl Formamide B. S. E Formic Acid E. N
Coconut Oil (Food) C Dimethyl Phthalate E. V Freon 11 K. V. B
Cod Liver Oil (Food) C Dioctyl Phthalate E. V Freon 12 N. B. K
Coke Oven Gas V, F, S Dioctyl Sebacate V. E Freon 13 N. B. K
Coolanol N. V, F Dioxane E Freon 13B1 N. B. K
Compass Fluid B, E Dioxolane E Freon 14 N, B, K
Copper Acetate E Dipentene V, K. B Freon 21 N
Copper Chloride B, E Diphenyl V. F, K Freon 22 N. K. E
Copper Cyanide B. E Diphenyl Oxides V. F Freon 31 N, E
Copper Sulfate B. E Dowtherm A or E V, F Freon 32 N. E
Corn Oil (Food) C Dry Cleaning Fluids V. F Freon 112 K. B
Cottonseed Oil (Food) C Freon 113 N. B. K
Creosote B, V, F Epichlorohydrin E Freon 114 N, B. E
Cresols F, V Ethanolamine N, E, B Freon 114B2 K, N
Crude Oil V. F Ethers K Freon 115 B, N, E
Cutting Oil B, V, F Ethyl Acetate E, K Freon 142b
Cyclohexane B, V. F Ethyl Acetoacetate E, K Freon 152a N, B. E
Ethyl Acrylate E, K Freon 218 N. B, E
Ethyl Alcohol E, B Freon C316 N. B, K
Decalin V, F.K Ethyl Benzene V F, E Freon C318 N. B, E
Decane B, V, F Ethyl Benzoate V F. K Freon BF K, B, N
Deionized Water E, B Ethyl Cellosolve EK Freon MF K, V. B
Denatured Alcohol E, B Ethyl Cellulose B. N. E Freon TF N, B. E
Detergents E, B Ethyl Chloride E, B. N Fuel Oil B. V. F
Developing Fluids (Photo) E, N Ethyl Chlorocarbonate V. F Fumarie Acid B, V, F
Diacetone E Ethyl Chloroformate V. F Furfural E
Diacetone Alcohol E Ethylene Chloride V Furfuryl Alcohol E
Dibenzyl Ether K. E Ethylene Chlorohydrin V, E
Dibenzyl Sebacate V, E Ethylene Diamine E, B Gallic Acid V. F. E
Dibromoethyl Benzene V, F Ethylene Dibromide V Gasoline (Automotive) B, V, F
Dibutylamine E. N Ethylene Dichloride V Gelatin (Food) C
Dibutyl Ether K Ethylene Glycol E. B Glucose(Food) C
Dibutyl Phthalate E, K Ethylene Oxide E Glue B, E
Dibutyl Sebacate E, K Ethylene Trichloride V Glycerine B. E
Dichlorobenzene V, K Ethyl Ether K Glycols E, B
 Design Method 45

Table 9 (Continued)

National National National

Elastomer Elastomer Elastomer
(In order of (In order of (In order of
Recommendation) Fluid Recommendation) Fluid Recommendation)

Green Sulfate Liquors E Lead Nitrate E, B Monovinyl Acetylene E. B

Lead Sulfamate N, E, V
HEF-2 V Liqroin B, V, F
Helium E Lime Bleach B. E, Naphtha
V V. B, F
Heptane B, V, F Lime Sulfur E, V Naphthalene V. F, K
Hexaldehyde E, N Lindol E, V Napthenic Acid V, F. B
Hexane B, V. Linoleic Acid S, N Natural Gas B. V. E
Hexene V, F, Linseed Oil B, V, F Neatsfoot Oil B, V, F
Hexyl Alcohol B, V. Liquid Oxygen S, V Nickel Acetate E, B
Houghto-Safe 271 B. E, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Nickel Chloride E, B
620 B, E. (LPG) B, V. K Nickel Sulfate E. B
1010 E, V Lubricating Oils B, V, F Nitric Acid (Dilute) E
1055 E.V Lye E Nitrobenzene V
1120 E,V Nitroethane N. E
5040 B. V, F Magnesium Chloride E, B Nitrogen E, B
Hydrolube B, E, V Magnesium Hydroxide E, V Nitromethane K. E
Hydraulic Oil (Petroleum) B, V. F Magnesium Sulfate E, B, Nitropropane K. E
Hydrazine E Magnesium Sulfite E, B Non-Toxic Compound
Hydrobromic Acid E Maleic Acid V, K (Food)
Hydrochloric Acid E Maleic Anhydride V
Hydrocyanic Acid E Malic Acid B, V, F Octadecane B. V.
Hydrofluoric Acid E Mercuric Chloride E, B Octane B, V.
Hydrofluosilicic Acid E Mercury E, B Octyl Alcohol E, V
Hydrogen E Mesityl Oxide E. K Oleic Acid B
Hydrogen Peroxide F, V. E Methyl Acetate E, K Oleum Spirits (Food) C
Hydrogen Sulfide E, B Methyl Acrylate E, K Oleum E
Hydroquinone V. F Methylacrylic Acid E. N Olive Oil (Food) C
Hypochlorous Acid E Methyl Alcohol E, N Oronite 8200 N, B,
Methyl Bromide V, F Oronite 8515 N, B,
Iodine V, E Methyl Cellosolve E Ortho-Dichlorobenzene V. F
Isobutyl Alcohol E, B Methyl Chloride V, F. K OS-45 N. V,
Isobutyl Butyrate E, B Methyl Cyclopentane V. F, K Oxalic Acid E, V
Isododecane B, V, F Methylene Chloride V, F Oxygen(Gaseous) S. E
Iso-Octane B, V, F Methylene Dichloride V, F Ozone E, N
Isophorone E Methyl Ether E, B
Isoproptyl Acetate E, K Methyl Ethyl Ketone E. K
Isopropyl Alcohol E, B Methyl Formate N, E Paint Solvents K
Isopropyl Chloride V. F Methyl Isobutyl Ketone E, K Palmitic Acid B.V.F.K
Isopropyl Ether B, K, N Methyl Isopropyl Ketone E, K Para-Dichlorobenzene V. F
Methyl Methacrylate K Peanut Oil (Food) C
JP-1 Thru JP-6 Fuel B. V, F Methyl Oleate V, E Pentane B. V
Methyl Salicylate E Perchloric Acid F. E
Kerosene B, V, F Milk (Food) C Perchlorethylene V, K.
Mineral Oil (Food) C Petrolatum B. V.
Lacquers K. E Monomethylaniline V Petroleum Oils B, V.
Lactic Acid (Food) C Monobromobenzene V, K Phenol F. V
Lard (Food) C Monochlorobenzene V, F Phenylbenzene V. F,
Lead Acetate E Monoethanolamine E Phenylethyl Ether K
 U6 C hap . 2. General Design Method

T ab le 9 (Continued)

National National National

Elastomer Elastomer Elastomer
(In order of (In order of (In order of
Recommendation) Fluid Recommendation) piyid Recommendation)

Phenylhydrazine V, E Silicone Greases E, B Tertiary Butyl Alcohol V, B. E

Phorone E Silicone Oils E, B Tertiary Butyl Catechol V ,E
Phosphate Esters, Alkyl E Siver Cyanide E, B Tertiary Butyl Mercaptan V
Phosphate Esters, Aryl V, E Silver Nitrate E, B Tetrabromoethane V, F
Phosphoric Acid (45%) E Skydrol E Tetrachloroethane V, F
Phosphorous Trichloride E. V Soap Solutions E, B Tetrachloroethylene V, F
Pickling Solution E Sodium Acetate E. B Tetraethyl Lead V, F, B
Picric Acid E Sodium Bicarbonate E. B Tetrahydrofuran E, K
Pinene V, F, B Sodium Borate E, B Tetralin V ,F
Pine Oil B, V, F Sodium Bisulfate E. B Titanium Tetrachloride V, F
Plating Solutions E Sodium Bisulfite E. B Toluene (Toluol) V, F
Pneumatic Service B, E, N Sodium Carbonate E. B Transformer Oil B. V, F
Polyvinyl Acetate E Sodium Chloride E, B Triacetin E
Potassium Acetate E Sodium Cyanide E. B Tribuioxyethyl Phosphate E. V
Potassium Chloride E, B Sodium Dichromate E, B Tributyl Mercaptan V, E
Potassium Cyanide E, B Sodium Hydroxide E, B Tributyl Phosphate E, K
Potassium Dichromate E. B Sodium Hypochlorite E, N Trichloroethane V, F
Potassium Hydroxide E Sodium Metaphosphate E, B Trichloroacetic Acid E, B
Potassium Nitrate E, B Sodium Nitrate E, B Trichloroethylene V, F
Potassium Sulfate E, B Sodium Perborate E, B Tricresyl Phosphate E
Potassium Sulfite E, B Sodium Peroxide E. V Triethanolamine E
Prestone E. B Sodium Phosphate E, B Trinitrotoluene V, N
Propane B, V Sodium Silicate E. B Trioctyl Phosphate E
Propyl Acetate E, K Sodium Sulfate E, B Trisodium Phosphate E. B
Propyl Acetone E, K Sodium Sulfide E. B Tung Oil B, V, F
Propyl Alcohol E Sodium Sulfite E, B Turbine Oil V, B
Propyl Nitrate E Sodium Thiosulfate E. B Turpentine B, V, F
Propylene V, F, K Soybean Oil (Food) C
Propylene Oxide E Stannic Chloride E, B Unsym. Dimethyl Hydrazine E
Pyranol B, V, F Stannous Chloride E, B
Pydraul 150 E, V Steam E, B Varnish V, K, F
A-200 V, F, K Stearic Acid B.E Vegetable Oil (Food) C
AC E, V Stoddard Solvent B,V, F Versilube F-50 E. B
F-9 E, V Styrene V, F Vinegar(Food) C
625 E, V Sucrose Solutions (Food) C
Pyridine Oil E Sulfur N, E Water (Food) C
Pyrolube V, E Sulfur Chloride V, F Whiskey (Food) C
Sulfur Dioxide E, V Wine(Food) C
Red Oil (MIL-H-5606) B. V, F Sulfur Hexafluoride N, E White Pine Oil V, F. B
RJ-1 B, V. F Sulfur Free Compound N
RP-1 B, V, F Sulfur Trioxide V, E Xylene (Xylol) V, F, B
Rapeseed Oil E, V Sulfuric Acid E Xylidenes B,E
Sulfurous Acid E
Sal Ammoniac E. B Zinc Acetate E. B
Salicylic Acid E, V Zinc Chloride E. B
Sait Water E, B Tannic Acid E, B Zinc Sulfate E, B
Sewage E. B Tar V, B
Silicate Esters N, V, F Tartaric Acid B,V, F

Source: Seven Steps to 0 -R i n g Design, National, Federal-Mogul

The National 0 -R in g Engineering Manual, Seven Steps
to 0 -R in g Design, National 0 -R in g Di^dsion, F e d e ra l-
Mogul Corporation, Downey, California, 1975.
Specific Design C onsiderations 47

the 0 -r in g hardness and pressure incurred. The 70-durometer-

hardness 0 -r in g is the most common for elastomeric materials,
although some materials, such as ethylene propylene, are more
commonly compounded at 80 durometer by some manufacturers.
The 90-durometer curve is equivalent to a 70-durometer 0 -r in g
with backup rin gs. The designer should also realize that the
durometer tolerance is usually ±5 points for common 0 -r in g seal
materials.
4. 0 -R i n g Material: Selecting the correct 0 -r in g material is
usually a compromise between chemical compatibility and physical
capability. The 0 -r in g material must not be attacked by the fluid
it seals and it must not be easily abraded, scored, permanently
compressed, or otherwise physically damaged by the environment.
Table 6 should be consulted for the physical capabilities and com­
parative properties of 0 -r in g materials, and Table 9 should be
consulted for chemical compatibility.

II. S PE C IF IC DESIGN C O N S ID E R A T IO N S

The designer must consider a number of specific design param­

eters relative to the particular'application of the 0 -r in g seal re ­
quired. Such parameters as 0 -r in g size, 0 -r in g stretch, tem­
perature variations, differential p ressu re, swell and shrinkage,
corrosion, and radiation must be considered as applications b e ­
come more complex and sophisticated. These parameters are dis­
cussed in this section and a summary table listing the important
criteria is presented for the désigneras quick reference.

A. 0 - R i n g Size

The dimensions of elastomeric O -rin g s vary because of mold shrink

age during production. Tolerances of O -rin g cross section and
internal diameter are given in AS 568. These tolerances must be
taken into account when calculating minimum and maximum O -rin g
squeeze and minimum and maximum gland dimensions. Most manu­
facturers’ gland design tables provide for these tolerances.

B. 0 - R i n g S tretch

When installing an O -rin g in a groove, the inside diameter (I D )

should not be stretched greater than 100%, except for very small
diameter O -rin g s. Sufficient time should be allowed for the O -rin g
to return to its original diameter before final assembly of parts.
When installed in the groove, the ID of the O -rin g should not ex-
48 C hap . 2. General Design Method

FR E E D IA M E T E R -

FR E E 0 -R IN G S T R E T C H E D 0 -R IN G

PERCENT OF D IA M E TR A L STRETCH ON O-RING

(CENTERLINE DIAM. AT TIME OF ASSEMBLY)

F ig u re 6. Loss of compression diameter due to stretch (From

0 -R i n g Handbook OR5700, Parker Seal C o ., Lexington, K y .,
January 1977)

ceed 5% stretch. Most elastomeric materials deteriorate under e x ­

cessive stretch conditions. Ethylene propylene, fluorocarbon,
polyurethane, and neoprene are best for high-stretch applications,
while nitrile ru bber is poorest [2, p. A 4 -6 ].
The cross section of an 0 -r in g is reduced when its ID is
stretched. (C onversely, the cross section is increased when the
0 -r in g is put into peripheral compression. This is discussed in
Chap. 6 .) This reduction in cross section is presented in Fig. 6.
sp ecific Design C onsiderations i\9

When the diametral stretch is greater than 2 or 3%, the 0 -r in g

cross section is observed to be reduced by 1.8 or 2.5%, and there­
fore the depth of the gland into which the O -rin g is to be in­
stalled must be reduced to maintain the necessary squeeze on the
O -rin g . The percent reduction in cross-section diameter is ap­
proximately one-half the percent of diametral stretch on the
O -rin g . Examples using this relationship are presented in
Chap. 4.

C. Tem p e ra tu re Variation

An O -rin g application involving a temperature variation of several

hundred degrees will experience dimensional differences that re ­
sult in changing O -rin g squeeze and sealing capability. Because
the coefficient of thermal expansion for elastomers (80 to 150 X
10"^ in./in. °F ) is approximately 10 times that of metals (6 to 13 X
10'6 in./in. ° F ) , it is necessary to provide expansion volume for
the O -rin g when designing the gland. If insufficient expansion
volume is not provided, the O -rin g either will extrude or, if
trapped, may fracture the gland. At the other extreme, cryogenic
temperatures wñl cause O -rin g shrinkage, eventual loss of
squeeze, and leakage. The design tables in Chaps. 3, 4, and 6
were devised such that proper O -rin g sealing is ensured for the
temperature ranges listed for the standard elastomeric materials
(F ig . 2). However, the designer may want to modify the gland
dimensions for an application that experiences only high tempera­
ture or low temperature in order to maintain a particular squeeze
on the 0 -r in g . The following coefficients of thermal expansion
will aid the designer:

Material Change (in ./ in . °F )

Nitrile 6.2 X 10-5

Neoprene 7.6 X 10-5
Fluorocarbon 9.0 X 10-5
Ethylene propylene 8.9 X 10-5
Other organic elastomers 8-12 X 10-5
Silicones 12-15 X 10-5

An example in the use of the coefficient of thermal expansion

as applied to gland design is presented in Design Example 3
(C hap. 4).
50 C hap . 2. General Design Method

D. D iffe re n tia l Pressure

Differential pressure is the difference between the pressure acting

on one side of an 0 -r in g cross section and the pressure acting
on the other side of the 0 -r in g cross section. In general, the
differential pressure must be over 50 psi to distort the O -rin g
beyond its initial installation squeeze. Below this differential
pressu re, as in a partial vacuum, the squeeze and resilience of
the O -rin g maintains the seal. At differential pressures greater
than 1500 psi the designer has to consider methods to prevent e x ­
cess O -rin g distortion and extrusion. Maximum diametral clear-

FLOW-
3

(a)

FLOW

(b) (c)

DOVETAIL GROOVE
(d)

F ig u re 7. Blowout prevention
Specific Design C onsiderations 51

ance or gap may be reduced as shown in Fig. 6, backup rings

may be used, or a harder-durom eter material may be chosen.
Elastomers are usually considered to be incompressible, but the
designer may have occasion to use the general compression modu-
lus of 500,000 lb/in.3 [1, p. 6 ].
Differential pressure across an 0 -r in g cross section causes
two additional phenomena in dynamic seal applications. Besides
trying to extrude the 0 -r in g out of the gap, differential p re s­
sure increases 0 -r in g friction and is responsible for 0 -r in g ”blow-
out” in dynamic seal applications. 0 -r in g blowout usually occurs
when the differential pressure is great enough to hold the 0 -r in g
against the face of a face seal while the grooved portion of the seal
moves away. The net result is the 0 -r in g is blown out of the
groove and the face seal cannot reseal. This may occur in straight
face-seal design, as shown in Fig. 7a. The design shown in Fig. 7b
incorporates a central hole that allows the pressure to equalize
around the 0 -r in g as the valve opens. The dovetail goove shown
in Fig. 7c captures the 0 -r in g within the groove. The configura­
tion of the dovetail groove, as specified in Fig. 7d, is expen­
sive to machine and should be used only when absolutely neces­
sary. The cross-sectional diameter W’ is as installed and includes
temperature and fluid swell considerations.

E. Swell and S hrin k a g e

Swell and shrinkage refer to the percentage change in 0 -r in g

volume caused by the O -rin g absorbing or reacting with the fluid
being sealed. O -rin g swell may enhance sealing effectiveness,
although it is usually accompanied by a decrease in hardness
which may promote O -rin g extrusion under high differential
pressure. As a rule of thumb, Parker Seal Company allows up to
50% swell for static O -rin g applications and up to 20% swell for
dynamic applications [2, p. A 3 -7 ]. This author usually designs
for and recommends only 10% maximum swell for dynamic applica­
tions. O -rin g shrinkage always decreases sealing capability.
Shrinkage usually causes increase in hardness and compression
set; the net effect being a smaller, harder, and less resilient O-
ring cross section. Because shrinkage also involves negative
hardness and compression set effects, the percentage shrinkage
must be well below the initial percentage squeeze of the installed
O -rin g cross section. No more than 3% shrinkage is the recom­
mended allowance for dynamic O -rin g applications.
Glands may be designed to accommodate O -rin g swell or shrink­
age. Most O -rin g seals will swell slightly even in compatible fluids.
52 C h ap . 2. General Design Method

but iji cases requiring material compromise, glands and grooves

may be enlarged to provide for greatly swollen seals. Conversely,
glands and grooves may be reduced in cases where the seal will
bq known to shrink in operation. This may make assembly of the
seal more difficult, but the 0 -r in g may be soaked in the fluid to
preshrink it before installation.

F. Corrosion

Corrosion between the fluid and the gland material must be

considered when designing an effective seal. Corrosion of the
metal surfaces of the gland may cause pitting and fretting to the
extent of virtually changing the surface finish— promoting leakage
across the seal. Electrolytic and galvanic effects should always
be considered when designing a system incorporating 0 -r in g
seals. Dissimilar materials such as an aluminum piston in a steel
cylinder involving an electrolytic fluid such as seawater will
guarantee corrosion. Pitting corrosion will usually start at mini-
mum-clearance surfaces that trap oxygen, as under 0 -r in g seals.
It is therefore important to use the same material or equivalents
throughout a system, machine surfaces to smooth finishes,
throughly clean these surfaces before assembly, and maintain them
during operation. Nonoxidizing lubricants are recommended in
both static and dynamic seal applications, but caution must be
taken to ensure that the lubricant itself does not promote corro­
sion. In the case of the seawater hydraulic cylinder, it is best
to use different types of stainless steel materials for the piston
and cylinder, and ethylene propylene or nitrile O -rin g seals lu b ri­
cated with a noncorrosive silicone grease.

G. Radiation

Effects of gamma-wave and neutron-particle radiations must be

considered when selecting the proper O -rin g material for appli­
cations involving radiation. Gamma radiation is the most severe
form of radiation, affecting O -rin g hardness, tensile strength,
compression set, and low-temperature properties. According to
the O -rin g literature, most elastomers will begin to experience
physical and chemical damage between 10^ and 10^0 ergs/g of
gamma radiation. Nuclear reactors have usually incorporated
ethylene propylene and fluorocarbon O -rin g materials, not because
these materials have any exceptional resistance to radiation, but
because of their resistance to water and high temperatures.
sp ecific Design C onsiderations 53

Table 10. D esigner’s Quick Reference: Specific Design Con­

siderations^

Design consideration Important criteria

0 -r in g stretch ID stretch no greater than 100% when

installing 0 -r in g
ID stretch no greater than 5% when
installed in groove
Percent reduction in cross-section diam­
eter is approximately one-half the p e r­
cent diametral stretch

Temperature Coefficient of thermal expansion for

variation elastomers is between 60 and 150 X
10“^ in,/in. °F (10 times that of
metals)

Differential Normal 0 -r in g , use 50 to 1500 psi

pressure Reduction in diametral clearance,
harder-durom eter material, or backup
rings recommended for pressures
greater than 1500 psi
General compression modulus is 500,000
lb/in. 3

Swell and Static applications:

shrinkage 50% maximum allowable swell
3% maximum allowable shrinkage
Dynamic applications:
10% maximum allowable swell
3% maximum allowable shrinkage

Corrosion Minimize electrolytic and galvanic

effects; correct lubricants deter
corrosion
Radiation Elastomeric deterioration starts at 10^
erg/g of gamma radiation

^This table summarizes the important criteria discussed in Sec. II.

54 C hap . 2. General Design Method

Radiation may be considered a genral détériorant, increasing

the negative effects of other environmental conditions, such as
temperature, pressu re, abrasion, and chemical reaction, on the
elastomeric material. Table 10 summarizes the important criteria
discussed in this section.

ill. M A T E R IA L PERFORMANCE OF ELASTOMERS

Any good design method must include function or compatibility

tra d e -o ffs, depending on the specific 0 -r in g seal application.
Most trade-off studies involve a compromise between the various
physical capabilities of elastomeric seal materials and their resis­
tance to environmental conditions. For example, ethylene p rop y­
lene O -rin gs would make excellent piston-ring seals because of
their resistance to physical abuse, but because most pumps use
petroleum-base lubricants (in which ethylene propylene d isso lv e s),
ethylene propylene 0 -r in g s are not normally used for piston seals.
A series of material performance charts have been arranged to
aid the designer in trad e-off studies leading to the selection of
the proper elastomeric material. These charts present tempera­
ture, environmental, and physical criteria. The material’s rela­
tive resistance is rated according to excellent, good, fair, and
poor performance, allowing the designer to compare materials at a
glance. Chart lA lists materials in the same order as in Table 6
and in Sec. Ill of Chap. 1: the most common elastomeric materials
first. Chart IB lists the materials most resistant to temperature
deviations first. Therefore, silicone has an excellent temperature
rating (weighted equivanlent of 8), flurosilicone performs b e ­
tween excellent and good (weighted equivalent of 7 .5 ), nitrile has
a good performance of 6.0, and so on. Chart 1C arranges the
materials in order of most resistance to environmental criteria,
fluorocarbon’s environmental resistance being averaged at 7.6,
close to excellent; ethylene propylene is averaged at 6.0, a good
rating. Chart ID lists the materials in order of best physical re s ­
istance, ethylene propylene being the best at an average rating
across the physical criteria band of 6.7 and nitrile being averaged
at 6.0, a good rating. It must be emphasized that these charts
are presented as an aid to the designer. The order of arran ge­
ment and average weighted equivalent numbers are only indicators
of material performance. The designer must always review the
specific criteria ( e . g . , weather resistance, tear resistance, tensile
strength, e tc .) when making function or compatibility trade-offs.
The average weighted equivalent numbers within each of the
three criteria bands— temperature, environmental, and physical—
 Cü
r+
fl>
4
CD

■D
n>
"S
o'
"5
3
tu
3
n
(D
o
3-
CU
X5

O
fU
3
a>

O
n>
w
i5‘
3

3T
O
a
tn
00
<yv
o
Table 11. P referred Material in Descending O rder of Overall Performance, Temperature Resistance,
Environmental Resistance, and Physical Resistance
■D
Overall Temperature Environmental Physical n>
performance resistance resistance resistance o'
3
Q)
Fluorocarbon Silicone Fluorocarbon Ethylene propylene 3
O
Ethylene propylene Fluorosilicone Fluorosilicone Natural ru b b e r (D
Epichlorohydrin Ethylene propylene Epichlorohydrin Butadiene
Butyl Butyl Chlorosulfonated polyethylene Isoprene
Chlorosulfonated Ep ichlorohy drin Ethylene propylene Nitrile (B u n a N )
polyethylene
Fluorosilicone Nitrile (Buna N) Silicone Fluorocarbon
Neoprene Fluorocarbon Neoprene SBR (B u n a S)
Nitrile (Bun a N ) Chlorosulfonated Butyl Butyl
polyethylene
Natural ru b b e r Neoprene Polysulfide Polyurethane
Silicone SBR (Buna S) Polyurethane Epichlorohydrin
Butadiene Polyacrylate Polyacrylate Neoprene
Polyurethane Nautral rubber Nitrile (Buna N ) Polyacrylate
Polyacrylate Butadiene Nautral rubber Chlorosulfonated
polyethylene
SBR (Buna S) Isoprene Butadiene Fluorosilicone
Isoprene Polyurethane SBR (Buna S) Silicone
Poly sulfide Poly sulfide Isoprene Polysulfide
64 C hap . 2. General Design Method

have been averaged into an overall weighted equivalent number

which appears below the name of the material in the right-hand
column of each chart. Here again the designer must use such
numbers as an aid in selecting the best material for the particular
application. These overall, averaged weighted equivalent num­
bers have been used to arrange the materials in the right-hand
column of Table 11, under overall performance. The materials
are also listed in preference under temperature, environmental,
and physical resistance. Therefore, silicone is rated as having
the best resistance to temperature, while fluorocarbon is most
resistant to environmental parameters. Table 11 is essentially a
summary of Charts lA to ID and may aid the designer in overall
performance selection. For example, ethylene propylene is
ranked in the upper third of each performance column.
Ethylene propylene has the best overall resistance to physical
abuse according to Table 11, but it must be noted that butyl and
poly sulfide are more resistant to permeability, and fluorosilicone
and silicone are more resistant to electrical degradation. Again,
the designer should consult all available information; Tables 6, 9,
and 11, Charts lA to ID , and individual compound and material
descriptions presented in Sec. I ll, Chap. 1.
II
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS O F RING SEALS
static and Reciprocating Seal Applications:
Clearing up the Confusion Between the Military
and Industrial O -Ring Gland Specifications

This chapter discusses the confusion between the military and

industrial specifications of 0 -r in g gland designs relative to
static and reciprocating seal applications. Confusion between the
two specifications is attributed predominantly to the fact that the
military specification covers both static and reciprocating seal
designs without any distinction within the specification. Because
reciprocating seals require less 0 -r in g squeeze than static seals
in order to function, the military specification inherently specifies
less 0 -r in g squeeze than the industrial static 0 -r in g specification.
The material presented in this chapter should be considered
when designing 0 -r in g glands for either static or reciprocating
seal applications. Additional information on static seal applications
is presented in Chap. 4 and additional information on reciprocat­
ing seal applications is presented in Chap. 5.

I. GENERAL AREAS OF CONFUSION BETWEEN M I L I T A R Y AND

IN D U S T R IA L S P E C IF IC A T IO N S
As the use of 0 -r in g seals have become more prevalent in mechan­
ical systems, a growing confusing has developed in the minds of
designers. This confusion centers around the application of
military and industrial specifications in the design of 0 -r in g
glands. Both military and industrial design specifications incor­
porate the same standard-size ru b b er 0 -r in g seals, but in d iffer­
ent ways. For example, a size 116 0 -r in g in a male gland designed
in accordance with the industrial specification will experience a
maximum stretch of 5.9%, compared to a maximum stretch of only
2.0% when used in a gland designed in accordance with the military
specification.

67
 68 C hap . 3. S tatic and Reciprocating Seals

Table 12. Military Gland Design and 0 -R in g Selection

c y l in d e r bore or m a le
G L A N D B O R E ID
FEM A LE G LA N D SLEEVE
O D O R R O D D IA .
C Y L IN D E R O D O R P IS T O N O D
D IA M E T R A L C L E A R A N C E
F E M A L E G L A N D G R O O V E ID
O R R O D G L A N D G R O O V E D IA .
M ALE G LA N D G R O O V E OD
O R P IS T O N G R O O V E D IA .
G L A N D W ID T H
F E M A L E G L A N D H O U S IN G
B O R E O R R O D B O R E D IA .
G LA N D DEPTH

B R EA K EDGE
.0 0 5 R + .0 0 5
- .0 0 0

MAX.
S E C T IO N W -W

Squeeze + .0 1 0
G G roove W id th
w D ' - .0 0 0 R
O -R in g L
Size O -R in g G land D iam etric al No O ne Two G roove E c ce n tricity
A-Serles Cross D ep th Inches % Clearance B ackup Backup Backup Radius M ax .
Section M ax . Ring Ring Rings
.0 4 0 ± .0 0 3 .0 3 1 -.0 3 2 .0 0 5 -.0 1 2 1 3 .5 - .0 028
4 .0 6 3 .0 0 5 -.0 1 5 .0 0 2
001
.0 5 0 ± .0 0 3 .0 4 0 .0 4 1 .0 0 6 -.0 1 3 1 3 -2 4 .5 .0 0 4 .0 7 3 .0 0 5 .0 1 5 .0 0 2
002
003 .0 6 0 ± .0 0 3 .0 4 8 .0 4 9 .0 0 8 -.0 1 5 1 4 -24 .0 0 4 .0 8 3 .0 0 5 -.0 1 5 .0 0 2
004 .0 7 0 ± .0 0 3 .0 5 7 .0 5 8 .0 0 9 -.0 1 6 1 3 .5 - .0 022
4 .0 9 4 .1 4 9 .2 0 7 .0 0 5 -.0 1 5 .0 0 2
005 .0 7 0 ± .0 0 3 .0 5 6 5 .0 5 7 5 .0 0 9 5 -.0 1 6 5 1 4 -2 3 .0 0 4 .0 9 4 .1 4 9 .2 0 7 .0 0 5 -.0 1 5 .0 0 2

006 th ru 012 .0 7 0 ± .0 0 3 .0 5 6 .0 5 7 . 0 1 0 .0 1 7 1 5 -23 .0 0 4 .0 9 4 .1 4 9 .2 0 7 .0 0 5 .0 1 5 .0 0 2

013 th ru 050 .0 7 0 ± .0 0 3 .0 5 6 -.0 5 8 .0 0 9 -.0 1 7 13 .5 -2 3 .0 0 5 .0 9 4 .1 4 9 .2 0 7 .0 0 5 .0 1 5 .0 0 2
110 th ru 129 .1 0 3 ± .0 0 3 .0 8 9 .0 9 1 .0 1 0 -.0 1 7 1 0 -16 .0 0 5 .1 41 .1 8 3 .2 4 5 •0 0 5 -.0 1 5 .0 0 2
130 th ru 178 .1 0 3 ± .0 0 3 .0 8 9 -.0 9 1 .0 1 0 .0 1 7 1 0 -16 .0 0 6 .1 41 .1 8 3 .2 4 5 .0 0 5 .0 1 5 .0 0 2
210 th ru 284 .1 3 9 ± .0 0 4 .1 2 1 5 -.1 2 3 5 .0 1 1 5 -.0 2 1 5 8 .5 -1 5 .0 0 6 .1 8 8 .2 2 5 .3 0 4 .0 1 0 -.0 2 5 .0 0 3

3 2 5 th ru 3 9 5 .2 1 0 ± . 0 0 5 .1 8 6 .1 8 8 .0 1 7 .0 2 9 8 .3 -1 3 .5 .0 0 7 .2 81 .3 3 4 .4 2 4 .0 2 0 -.0 3 0 .0 0 4
4 2 5 th ru 4 7 5 .2 7 5 ± . 0 0 6 .2 3 8 5 -.2 4 1 5 .0 2 8 -.0 4 2 5 1 0 .5 -1 5 .0 1 0 .3 7 5 .4 4 0 .5 7 9 .0 2 0 -.0 3 0 .0 0 5

Even given the discripancy between the military and industrial

specifications, it is up to the designer to determine what specifi­
cation is applicable to the desired intent of the design. Decisions
as to whether a radial gland design is better than a face-seal gland
design, when a backup ring should be used, and what is the mini­
mum surface finish required or the proper squeeze can become
very confusing when the differences between the two design spec­
ifications are not understood. This confusion can be cleared up
by analyzing various discrepancies between the military and in­
dustrial specifications.
The one major discrepancy that leads to all the confusion b e ­
tween the military and industrial specifications is the fact that the
military specification covers dimensions for both static and recipro­
cating seal designs in the same specification, while the industrial
specification is separated into two distinct categories. This re -
 M ilita ry and In d u s tria l Specifications 69

Table 12. (continued)

M S28775 DIMENSIONS c A F B H E
SIZE PISTON DIA BORE D IA PISTON ROD D IA ROD BORE ROD G LA N D
I.D. ± (1 ) O.D. GROOVE D IA D IA GROOVE D IA
ÜÍL
1 i
001 .029 .004 .040 .109 .093 .095 1 .033 II .033 11 .035 n .095 1
002 .042 .004 .050 .142 .126 +.000 .128 +.001 .048 +.000 .048 + .000 .050 + .001 .128 +.001
003 .056 .004 .060 .176 .157 -.0 0 1 .159 - .0 0 0 .063 -.o c )1 .063 - .0 ( )1 .065 - .0 0 0 .159 -.0 0 0
±003
1
004 .070 .004 .210 .188 .190 .076 .076 .078 .190
005 .101 .004 .241 .219 .221 .108 .108 .110 .221
006 .114 .005 .254 .233 .235 .123 .123 .125 .235
007 .145 .005 .285 ,264 .266 .154 .154 .156 .266
008 .176 .005 .070 .316 .295 +.000 .297 +.001 .185 + .000 .185 + .000 .187 + .001 .297 +.001

009 .208 .005 ±.003 .348 .327 -.0 0 1 .329 -.0 0 0 .217 -.0 0 1 .217 -.0 0 1 ,219 - .0 0 0 .329 - .0 0 0
010 .239 .005 .379 .358 .360 .248 .248 .250 .360
011 .301 ,005 ,441 .420 .422 .310 .310 .312 .422
012 .364 .005 .504 .483 .485 .373 .373 .375 .485
1

*013 426 .005 .566 ,548 ' .550 .438 .435 .437 .547
•014 .489 .005 .629 .611 .613 .501 .498 .500 .610
*015 .551 .005 .691 .673 .675 .563 .560 .562 .672
*016 .614 .005 .754 .736 .738 .626 .623 .625 .735
*017 .676 .005 ,816 .798 .800 .688 .685 .687 .797

*018 .739 .005 ,879 .861 .863 .751 .748 .750 .860
*019 .801 .006 .941 .923 .925 .813 .810 .812 .922
*020 .864 .006 .070 1,004 .989 +.000 .991 +.002 .879 +.000 .873 + .000 .875 +.001 .985 +.002
•021 .926 .006 1.006 1.051 -.0 0 1 1.053 -.0 0 0 .941 -.0 0 2 .935 -.0 0 2 .937 - .0 0 0 1.047 -.0 0 0
*022 .989 .006 ±.0(D3 1.129 1.114 1.116 1.004 .998 1,000 1.110

•023 1.051 .006 1.191 1.176 1,178 1.066 1.060 1.062 1.172
•024 1.114 .006 1.254 1.239 1.241 1.129 1.123 1.125 1.235
•025 1,176 .006 1,316 1.301 1.303 1.191 1.185 1.250 1.297
*026 1.239 .006 1.379 1.364 1.366 1.254 1.248 1.259 1.360
*027 1.301 .006 1.441 1.426 1.428 1.316 1.310 1.312 1.422

*028 1.364 .006 1.504 1.489 1.491 1.379 1.373 1.375 1.485

.362 .005 .548 I .550 .372 I .373 .375 .551

,424
.487
.005
.005
.630
,693
.611
.673
¡
+.000
.613
.675 K002
.435
.497
1
+.000
.435
.498 ^000
.437
.500
I
+.001
s
.613
.676 +.002
I
.549 .005 .755 .736 -.0 0 1 .738 -.000 .560 - .0 0 2 .560 -.002 :562 - .000 .738 -.0 0 0
114 .612 .005 ±.0(33 .818 .798 .800 .622 .623 .625 ,801

115 .674 .005 .861 .861 .863 .685 .685 .687 .863
116 .737 .005 .943 ,923 .925 .747 .748 .750 .926

*117 ,799 .006 1.005 .989 .991 .813 ^1 -810 11 -812 11 .988 \
•118 .862 ,006 1.068 1.051 +.000 1.053 +.002 .875 +.000 .873 +.000 .875 +.001 1,051 +.002
,103 1.130 1.114 -.0 0 1 .937 - .0 0 0 1.113
*120 .987 .006 ±.003 1,193 1.176 1.178 1.000 .998 1.000 1.176
*121 1.049 .006 1 1.255 1.239 1.241 1,063 1.060 1.062 1.238

•122 1.112 ,006 T 1.318 1.301 1.303 1.125 1.123 1.125 1.301

suits in the military specification requiring less (possibly one-

half) 0 -r in g squeeze than that specified by the industrial specifi­
cation for static gland designs. Table 12 presents gland design
and 0 -r in g selection according to the military specification,
MIL-G-5514F. Notice that it covers male and female radial glands
and reciprocating piston and rod glands. Table 13 presents male
and female radial gland designs for industrial 0 -r in g static seal
 70 C hap. 3. S tatic and Reiciprocating Seals

T ab le 12. (co n tin u e d )

M S28775 DIMENSIONS C A F B H
SIZE PISTON D IA BORE D IA PISTON ROD BORE ROD D IA ROD G LA N D
l,D . ± (1 ) I W GROOVE D IA D IA GROOVE D IA

*123 1.174 .006

•1 2 4 1.237 .006
1.380 1.364 1.366 1.188 1.185 1.187 1 1.363
1.443 1.426 1.428 1.250 1.248 1.250 +.001 1.426
*125 1.299 .006 1.505 1.489 1.491 1.313 1.310 1.312 - . 0 K) 1.488
*1 2 6 1.362 .006 1.568 1.551 1.553 1.375 1.373 1.375 1.551
*127 1.424 .006 1.630 1.614 1.616 1.438 1.435 1.437 1.613

*128 1.487 .006 1.693 1.676 1.678 1.500 1.498 1.500 1.676
*1 2 9 1.549 .010 1.755 1.739 1.741 1.563 1.560 1.562 1.738
*1 3 0 1.612 .010 1.818 1.802 1.805 1.627 1.623 1.625 1.801
*131 1.674 .010 1.880 1.864 1.867 1.689 1.685 1.687 1.863
*132 1.737 .010 1.943 1.927 1.930 1.752 1.748 1.750 1.926

*133 1.799 .010 2.005 1.989 1.992 1.814 1.810 1.813 1.988
*1 3 4 1.862 .010 2.068 2.052 2.055 1.877 1.873 1.876 2.051
*135 1.925 .010 2.131 2.115 KOOO 2.118 ♦-.002 1.940 -.000 1.936 -.000 1.939 ■^.002 2.114 -^.002
•1 3 6 2.193 2.117 -.001 2.180 -.000 2.002 -.002 1.9 -.0 0 2 2.001 -.0 0 0 2.176 -.0 0 0
*1 3 7 2.050 .010 2.256 2.240 2.243 2.065 2.061 2.064 2.239

*1 3 8 2.112 .010 2.318 2.302 2.305 2.127 2.123 2.126 2.301

•1 3 9 2.175 .010 2.381 2.365 2.368 2.190 2.186 2.189 2.364
*1 4 0 2.237 .010 2.443 2.427_____| ____ 2.430 2.252 2.248 2.251 2.426
*141 2.300 .010 2.506 2.490 2.493 2.315 2.311 2.314 2.489
*1 4 2 2.362 .010 2.568 2.552 2.555 2.377 2.373 2.376 2.551

*1 4 3 2.425 .010 2.631 2.615 +.0()0 2.618 2.440 2.436 2.439 2.614
*1 4 4 2.487 .010 2.693 2.677 - .0 0 2 2.680 2.502 2.498 2.501 2.676
*1 4 5 2.550 .010 2.756 2.740 2.743 2.565 2.561 2.564 2.739
*1 4 6 2.612 .010 2.818 2.802 2.805 2.627 2.623 2.626 2.801
*1 4 7 2.675 .015 2.881 2.865 2.868 2.690 2.686 2.689 2.864

*1 4 8 2.737 .015 2.943 2.927 2.930 2.752 2.748 2.751 2.926

*1 4 9 2.800 .015 3.006 2.990 2.993 2.815 2.811 2.814 2.989

210 .734 .006 1.012 ,989 j1 .991 i I .991 i

1 I1 1
211 .796 .006 1.074 1.051 1.053 .810 .810 .812 1.053
212 .859 .006 1.137 1.114 1 1.116 1 .873 11 .873 .875 1 1.116
213 .921 .006 .139 1.199 1.176 +.000 1.178 +.002 .935 +.000 .935 +000 .937 +.001 1.178 +.002
214 .984 .006 ±.0()4 1.262 1.239 -.OC)1 1.241 -.0130 .998 - .0 ( 32 .998 - 0(32 1.000 -.01 30 1.241 -.01X)

215 1.046 .006 1.324 1.331 1.303 1.063 1.060 1.062 1.303
216 1.109 .006 1.387 1.364 1.366 1.123 1.123 1.145 1.366
217 1.171 .006 1.449 1.426 1.428 1.185 1.185 1.187 1.428
218 1.234 .006 1.512 1.489 1.491 1.248 1.248 1.250 1.491
219 1.296 .006 1.574 1.551 1.553 1.310 1.310 1.312 1.553

220 1.359 .006 1.637 1.614 1.616 1.373 1.373 1.375 1.616
221 1.421 .006 1.699 1.676 1.678 1.435 1.435 1.437 1.678
222 1.484 .006 1.762 1.739 1.741 1.498 ' 1.498 1.500 1.741

*223 1.609 .010 .139 1.887 f.OOO 1 .8 6 7 ^.002. 1.624 -f^.OOO 1.623 -f-000 1.625 +.002 1.866 +.002
•2 2 4 1 734 .010 t.004 2.012 -.001 1.992 -.000 1.749 -.0 0 2 1.748 -.0 0 2 1.750 - .0 0 0 1.991 - .0 0 0
 M ilita ry and In d u s tria l Specifications 71

Table 12. (continued)

MS28775 DIMENSIONS c A F B H
SIZE PISTON D IA BORE D IA PISTON ROD BORE ROD D IA ROD G LA N D
»■D- [±mI w I GROOVE D IA D IA GROOVE D IA

•2 2 5 1.859 .010 2.137 2.115 +.000 2.118 1.875 1.873 1.876 2.116
•2 2 6 1.984 .010 2.262 2.240 -.01 )1 2.243 2.000 1.998 2.001 2.241
•227 2.109 .010 2.387 2.365 2.368 2.125 2.123 2.126 2.366
•228 2.234 .010 2.512 2.490 2.493 2.250 2.248 2.251 2.491
•229 2.359 .010 2.637 2.615 2.618 2.375 2.373 2.376 2.616

•2 3 0 2.484 .010 2.763 2.740 2.743 2.500 2.498 2.501 2.741

•231 2.609 .010 2.887 2.865 2.868 2.625 2.623 2.626 2.866
•2 3 2 2.734 .015 3.012 2.990 2.993 2.750 2.748 2.751 2.991
•2 3 3 2.859 .015 3.137 3.115 3.118 2.875 2.873 2.876 3.116
•2 3 4 2.984 .015 3.262 3.240 3.243 3.000 2.997 3.000 3.240

•235 3.109 .015 3.387 3.365 3.368 3.125 3.122 3.125 3.365
•2 3 6 3.234 .015 .139 3.512 3.490 +.000 3.493 K002 3.250 +.000 3.247 3.250 H.002 3.490 (-.002
•237 3.359 .015 ±004 3.637 3.615 -.0 0 2 3.618 -.000 3.375 -.0 0 2 3.372 - .0 0 2 3.375 .000 3.615 -.000
•2 3 8 3.484 .015 3.762 3.740 3.743 3.500 3.497 3.500 3.740
•2 3 9 3.609 .015 3.887 3.865 3.868 3.625 3.622 3.625 3.865

•2 4 0 3.734 .015 4.012 3.990 3.993 3.750 3.747 3.750 3.990

•241 3.859 .015 4.137 4.115 4.118 3.875 3.872 3.875 4.115
•242 3.984 .015 4.262 4.240 4.243 4.000 3.997 4.000 4.240
•243 4.109 .015 4.387 4.365 4.368 4.125 4.122 4.125 4.365
•244 4.234 .015 4.512 4.489 4.493 4.250 4.247 4.250 4.490

•245 4.359 .015 4.637 4.614 4.618 4.375 4.372 4.375 4.615
•2 4 6 4.484 .015 4.762 4.739 4.743 4.500 4.497 4.501 4.740
•247 4.609 .015 4.887 4.864 4.868 4.625 4.622 4.626 4.865

325 1.475 .010 1.895 1.864 11 1.867 1.495 1.498 1.500 1.870
326 1.600 .010 2.020 1.989 +.000 1.992 1.620 1.623 1.625 1.995
327 1.725 .010 2.145 2.115 -.01D1 2.118 1.746 1.748 1.750 2.120
328 1.850 .010 2.270 2.240 2.243 1.871 1.873 1.876 2.245
329 1.975 .010 2.395 2.365 2.368 2.996 1.998 2.001 2.370

330 2.100 .010 2.520 2.490 2.493 2.121 2.123 2.126 2.495
331 2.225 .010 2.645 2.615 2.618 2.246 2.248 2.251 2.620
332 2.350 .010 2.770 2.740 2.743 2.371 2.373 2.376 2.745
333 2.475 .010 .210 2.895 2.865 +.000 2.868 L002 2.501 K002 2.870 +.002
334 2.600 .010 ±.005 3.020 2.990 -.0 0 2 2.993 kooo 2.621 -.0 0 2 2.623 -.0 0 2 2.626 -.000 2.995 - .0 0 0

335 2.725 .015 3.145 3.115 3.118 2.746 2.748 2.751 3.120
336 2.850 .015 3.270 3.240 3.243 2.871 2.873 2.876 3.245
337 2.975 .015 3.395 3.365 3.368 2.996 2.997 3.000 3.369
338 3.100 .015 3.520 3.490 3.493 3.121 3.122 3.125 3.494
339 3.225 .015 3.645 3.615 3.618 3.246 3.247 3.250 3.619

340 3.350 .015 3.770 3.740 3.743 3.371 3.372 3.375 3.744
341 3.475 .015 3.895 3.865 3.868 3.496 3.497 3.500 3.869
342 3.600 .015 4.020 3.990 3.993 3.621 3.622 3.625 3.994
343 3.725 .015 4.145 4.115 4.118 3.746 3.747 3.750 4.119
 72 C hap . 3. S tatic and R eciprocating Seals

T able 12. (co n tin u e d )

M S28775 DIMENSIONS C A F B H
SIZE PISTON D IA BORE D IA PISTON ROD BORE ROD D IA ROD G LA N D
I.D . ±(1) W O.D. GROOVE D IA D IA GROOVE D IA

344 3.850 .015 4.270 4.240 4.243 I 3.871 3,872

1
1 1 3.875 I 4.244
345 3.975 .015 4.395 4.365 4.368 I 3.996 3.997 4.000 1
1 1 4.369
346 4.1 0 0 .015 .210 4.520 4.489 +.000 4.493 +.002 4.121 + .000 4.122 +.000 4.125 +.002 4.494 +.002
347 4.225 .015 t.005 4.645 4.614 -.0 0 2 4.618 -.0 0 0 4.246 - .0 0 2 4.247 -.0 0 2 4,250 -.0 0 0 4.619 -.000
348 4.350 .015 4.770 4,739 4.743

349 4.475 .015 4,895 4.864 4,868 4.496 4.497 4.500 4.869

425 4.475 .015 5.025 4.970 4.974 4.497 4.497 4.501 4.974
426 4.600 .015 5.150 5.095 5.099 4.622 4.622 4.626 5.099
427 4.725 .015 5.275 5.220 5.224 4.747 4.747 4.751 5.224
428 4.850 .015 5.400 5.345 5.349 4.872 4.872 4.876 5.349
429 4.975 .015 5.525 5.470 5.474 4.997 4.997 5.001 5.474

430 5.100 .023 5.650 5.595 5.599 5.122 5.122 5.126 5.599
431 5.225 .023 5.775 5.720 5.724 5.247 5.247 5.251 5.724
432 5.350 .023 5.900 5.845 5.849 5.372 5.372 5.376 5.849
433 5.475 .023 6.025 5.970 5.974 5.497 5.497 5.501 5.974
434 5.600 .023 6.150 6.095 6.099 5.622 5.622 5.626 6.099

435 5.725 .023 6.275 6.220 6.224 5.747 5.747 5.751 K002 6.224
436 5.850 .023 6.400 6.345 6.349 5.872 5.872 5.867 -.000 6.349
437 5.975 .023 6.525 6.470 6.474 5.997 5.997 5.501 6.474
438 6.225 .023 .275 6.775 6.720 t-.OOO 6.724 +.003 6.247 +.000 6.247 H.OOO 6 .2 5 1 _ _ 6.724 +.003
439 6.475 .023 t.0 0 6 7.025 6.970 -.002 6.974 -.0 0 0 6.497 -.0 0 3 6.497 -.003 6 .5 0 r '6 .9 7 4 -.0 0 0

440 6.725 .023 7.275 7.220 7.224 6.747 6.747 6.751 7.224
441 6.975 .023 7.525 7.470 7.474 6.997 6.997 7.001 7.474
442 7.225 .030 7,775 7.720 7.724 7.247 7.247 7.251 7.724
443 7.475 .030 8.025 7.970 7,974 7.497 7.497 7.501 7.974
444 7.725 .030 8.275 8.220 8.224 7.747 7.747 7.751 8.244

445 7.975 .030 8.525 8.470 8.474 7.997 7.997 8.001 8.474
446 8.475 .030 9.025 8.970 8.974 8.497 8.498 8.501 8.974
447 8.975 .030 9.525 9.470 9.474 ^ 8.997 8.997 9.001 9.474
448 9.475 .030 10,025 9.970 9.974 9.497 9.497 9.501 +.0(33 9.974
449 9.975 .030 10.525 10.470 10.474 9.997 9.997 10.001 - .0 ( 30 10.474

450 10.475 .030 11.025 10.970 10.974 10.497 10.497 10.501 10.974
451 10.975 .030 11.525 11.470 11.474 10.997 10.997 11.001 11.474
452 11.475 .030 12.025 11.970 + .000 11.974 +.004 11.497 11.497 11.501 11.974
453 11.975 .030 12.525 12,470 - .0 0 3 12.474 - .0 0 0 11.997 11.997 12.001 12.474 -.0 0 4
454 12.475 .030 13.025 12,970 12.974 12.497 12.497 12.501 12.974 - . 0 00

455 12.975 .030 13.525 13.470 13.474 12.997 12.997 13.001 13.474
456 13.475 .030 14.025 13.970 13.974 13.497 13.497 13.501 13.974
457 13.975 .030 14.525 14.470 14.474 13,997 13.997 14.001 14.474
458 14,475 .030 15.025 14.970 14.974 14.497 14.497 14.501 14.974
459 14.975 .030 15.525 15.470 15.474 14.997 14.997 15.001 15.474

460 15.475 ,030 16.025 15.970 15.974 , 15.497 15.497 15.501 15.974

*Static applications only.

(1 ) Inside diameter tolerances for 0 -rin g s with inside diameters over
i in. have been increased per AS568A.
Source: 0 -R in g Design and Selection Handbook 110-A, Sargent
Industries, Carlsbad, C a lif., 1976.
 T able 13. Industrial 0-Ring Static Seal Glands

A. Gland Details and Design Chart

Ho D IA . W H E N D I R E C T I O N
O F P R E S S U R E IS O U T W A R D
Ho M A X = 0 - R I N G M E A N O .D .
Ho M I N = 0 - R I N G M E A N 0 . 0 .
M I N U S 1 % U P T O 0 .0 6 0 M A X .

H . D IA . W H E N D I R E C T I O N
O F P R E S S U R E IS IN W A R D
Hi M IN = 0 -R IN G M E A N 1 .0 .
Hi M AX = 0 - fllN G M E A N I. D .
P L U S 1 % U P T O 0 .0 6 0 M A X .

0 °T O 5 ° BREAK CORNERS
(TYP.) appro x.
.005 RAD.

wHh .005
I— MAX.

I^G—I GROOVE
DEPTH
BACK-UP
GLAND DETAIL RING
Refer to design chart (below) and table for dimensions.

w L SQUEEZE E (a) (c) G R

O-RING
CROSS SECTION GROOVE WIDTH
SIZE GLAND DIAMETRAL GROOVE ECCENTRICITY
PARKER Nominal Actual DEPTH ACTUAL % CLEARANCE NO BACK-UP ONE BACK-UP TWO BACK-UP RADIUS MAX. (b)
2- RINGS RING RINGS

004 .050 .015 22 .002 .093 .138 .205 .005

through 1/16 .070 to to to to to to to to .002
050 ±.003 .052 .023 32 .005 .098 .143 .210 .015
102 .081 .017 17 .002 .140 .171 .238 .005
through 3/32 .103 to to to to to to to to .002
178 ±.003 .083 .025 24 .005 .145 .176 .243 .015
201 .111 .022 16 .003 .187 208 .275 .010
through 1/8 .139 to to to to to to to to .003
284 ±.004 .113 .032 23 .006 .192 .213 .280 .025
309 .170 .032 15 .003 .281 .311 .410 .020
through 3/16 .210 to to to to to to to to .004
395 ±.005 .173 .045 21 .006 .286 .316 .415 .035
425 .226 .040 15 .004 .375 .408 .538 .020
through 1/4 .275 to to to to to to to to .005
475 ±.006 .229 .055 20 .007 .380 .413 .543 .035

^Clearance gap must be held to a minimum consistent with design

requirements for temperature range variation.
^Total Indicator reading between groove and adjacent bearing surface.
^Reduce maximum diametral clearance 50% when using silicone O- rin g s .
Source: Reproduced by permission of Parker Seal Company.
©1977 Parker Seal Company, all rights reserved under the Pan-
American Copyright Convention.
 7^ C hap . 3. S tatic and R eciprocating Seals

T ab le 13. (co n tin u e d )

B. Gland Dimensions (1500 psi M ax.)

2- ± ( 1)
ÍÍ
H
i!
11
+
I
+ .000 -
il ii I
-.000
- -.001 ±:S S +
..l!
IIU
.000 -
ill

5-051 .070 005 040 .150 .146 .142 I .081 085 .144 .083 .055 .150 .002 .0305 + .002
2-001 .029 004 .040 .109 .105 .101 I .040 044 .103 .042 .055 .109 .002 .0305 + .0 0 2
002 .042 004 .050 .142 .138 .132 .002 .053 059 .002 .136 .055 .070 .142 .002 0395 + .002
003 .056 004 .060 .176 .172 .162 .067 077 ,170 .069 .083 .176 002 .0475 + .002
004 .070 004 .210 .206 .181 .081 106 .204 .083 .210 .002
005 .101 004 .241 .237 .212 .112 137 .235 .114 .241 .002
006 .114 005 .254 .250 .225 .125 150 .248 .127 .254 .003
007 .145 005 .285 .281 .256 ,156 181 ,279 .158 .285 .003
0^8_ .176 005 .316 .312 .287 .187 212^ .310 .189 .316 .003
009 208 005 .348 .343 .318 .218 243 .341 .220 .348 .003
010 .239 005 .379 .375 .350 250 275 .373 ,252 .379 .004
011 .301 005 .441 .437 .412 312 337 .435 .314 .441 .004
012 364 005 .504 .500 .475 .375 400 .498 .377 .504 005
013 .426 005 .566 .562 .537 .437 462 ,560 .439 566 006
014 .489 .005 .629 .625 .600 i1 .500 .525 .623 ,502 629 006
015 .551 .005 .691 .687 .662 1 .562 .587 .685 .564 .691 .007
016 .614 .005 .754 .750 ,725 . .625 650 .748 .627 .754 .008
017 .676 .005 .816 .812 .787 1 ,687 .712 .810 .689 .816 .008
018 .739 .005 .879 .875 .850 ,750 ,775 .873 .752 .879 .009
019 .801 005 .941 .937 .912 812 .837 ,935 814 .941 .009
020 .864 .006 1.004 1.000 .975 .875 .900 .998 .877 1.004 .010
021 .926 ,006 1.066 1.062 1.037 '' .937 ,962 1r 1,060 .939 .093 1.066 .011 050
022 ,989 .006 ,070 1.129 1.125 1.100 .002 1 000 1 025 002 1.123 1.002 + .005 1.129 .011 + .002
023 1.051 .006 ±003 1.191 1.187 1.162 1.062 1.087 1 185 1.064 - .0 0 0 1.191 .012 - .0 0 0
024 1.114 .006 1.254 1.250 1.225 1.125 1.150 1.248 1.127 1.254 .013
025 1.176 006 1.316 1.312 1,287 1.187 1.212 1.310 1.189 1 316 .013
026 1.239 006 1 379 1.375 1.350 1.250 1 275 1,373 1.252 1 379 .014
027 1.301 006 1.441 1.437 1.412 1.312 1.337 1,435 1.314 1.441 .014
028 1 364 ,006 1,504 1.500 1,475 1.375 1.400 1.498 1.377 1.504 .015
029 1.489 .010 1.629 1.625 1.600 1.500 1 525 1.623 1.502 1.629 .016
030 1 614 010 1.754 1.750 1.725 1.625 1 650 1.748 1.627 1.754 .018
031 1.739 .010 1.879 1.875 1.850 1.750 1 775 1.873 1,752 1.879 .019
032 1.864 .010 2.004 2.000 1.975 1.875 1.900 1.998 1.877 2004 .020
033 1 989 010 2.129 2.125 2.100 2.000 2 025 2.123 2 002 2.129 .021
034 2 114 010 2.254 2.250 2.225 2 125 2 150 2 248 2,127 2.254 .023
035 2 239 .010 2,379 2.375 2.350 2 250 2.275 2.373 2252 2.379 .024
036 2 364 .010 2.504 2.500 2.475 2375 2.400 2.498 2.377 2.504 .025
037 2 489 010 2.629 2.625 2.600 2,500 2 525 2.623 2 502 2.629 .026
038 2.614 .010 2.754 2.750 2.725 2 625 2.650 2.748 2.627 2.754 .028
039 2.739 .015 2.879 2.875 2.850 2.750 2.775 2.873 2.752 2.879 .029
040 2.864 .015 3.004 3.000 2.975 2 875 2.900 2.998 2.877 3.004 .030
041 2.989 .015 3.129 3.125 3.100 3.000 3.025 3.123 3.002 3.129 .031
042 3.239 .015 3.379 3.375 3,350 3.250 3 275 3.373 3.252 3.379 .034
043 3.489 .015 3.629 3.625 3,600 1r 3.500 3,525 ^f 3.623 3.502 3.629 .036
 M ilita ry and In d u s tria l Specifications 75

Table 13. (continued)

2- .0 ± ( i) w OD (Ref)
A
11
iio o o -...0
i!
II
4
s!
11
+ .000
I
+ .00, -
n
+ .000
-.0 0 1
I ll
+ .001
-
¡1
044 3 739 .015 3.879 3 .875 3.850 1 3 .750 3,775 1 3.873 3 .752 3.8 7 9 .039 1
045 3 989 015 .0 ^0 4.129 4.125 4.100 0()2 4 000 4.025 0()2 4 123 4.002 c i3 4.129 .041 050
046 4.2 3 9 .015 ± .0 0 3 4.379 4 .375 4.3 5 0 4.250 4.275 4.37;3 4 252 + .005 4 .379 .044 + .002
047 4 ,489 .015 4.629 4 .625 4.6 0 0 4.500 4 525 4.623 4.502 -.0 0 0 4.629 046 - . 0 )0
048 4 .7 3 9 .015 4 .879 4.875 4.8 5 0 4.7 5 0 4.775 4.873 4 ,752 4 .8 7 9 .049

049 4 .9 8 9 .023 5.129 5.125 5.100 5 .000 5.025 5.123 5.002 5 .129 .051
050 5 239 .023 5.379 5.375 5,350 5,2 5 0 5.275 1r 5,373 5.252 5.379 .054

102 049 .004 .255 .247 .224 .062 .085 * ,245 .064 .255 .003
103 .081 .005 .287 .278 .256 .094 .116 * ,276 .095 .287 .003
104 .112 .005 .318 .310 .287 .125 .148 * .308 .127 ,318 .003
105 .143 ,005 .349 .342 .318 .156 180 * .340 .158 .349 .003
106 .174 005 .380 .374 .349 .187 .212 * 372 .189 .380 .004

107 .206 .005 .412 .405 .381 .219 .243 * ,403 .221 .412 .004
108 .237 .005 .443 .437 .412 .250 .275 * ,435 ,252 .443 .004
109 .299 .005 .505 .500 .474 .312 .338 * .498 .314 .505 .005
110 .362 .005 .568 .562 .537 .375 400 * .560 .377 ,568 .006
111 .424 .005 .630 .625 .599 .437 463 * 623 .439 ,630 .006

112 487 .005 .693 .687 .662 .500 525 * .685 .502 ,693 .007
113 .549 .005 .755 .750 .724 ,562 .588 • .748 .564 ,755 .008
114 .612 .005 .818 .812 .787 .625 .650 .810 ,627 .818 .008
115 .674 .005 .880 .875 .849 .687 .713 ,873 ,689 .880 .009
116 .737 .005 .943 .937 .912 .750 .775 .935 ,752 .943 ,009

117 ,799 .006 1.005 1.000 ,974 .812 838 .998 .814 1.005 .010
118 .862 .006 1.068 1.062 1,037 .875 .900 1' 1.060 .877 ,140 1.068 .011 .081
119 .924 .006 .103 1.130 1.125 1.099 .002 .937 .963 .002 1.123 .939 + .005 1.130 .011 + .002
120 987 .006 ±003 1,193 1.187 1.162 1,000 1.025 1 185 1.002 - .0 0 0 1.193 ,012 -.0 0 0
121 1,049 .006 1.255 1,250 1.224 1,062 1 088 1.248 1.064 1.255 ,013

122 1.112 .006 1.318 1,312 1.287 1.125 1.150 1 310 1 127 1.318 .013
123 1 174 .006 1.380 1.375 1,349 1.187 1.213 1 373 1.189 1,380 .014
124 1 237 .006 1.443 1.437 1.412 1.250 1 275 1 435 1.252 1.443 .014
125 1,299 .006 1.505 1.500 1.474 1.312 1.338 1 498 1.314 1.505 .015
126 1.362 .006 1,568 1.562 1.537 1.375 1 400 1.560 1.377 1.568 .016

127 1 424 006 1.630 1.625 1.599 1.437 1 463 1.623 1,439 1.630 .016
128 1 487 .010 1.693 1,687 1.662 1.500 1.525 1,685 1.502 1.693 .017
129 1 549 .010 1.755 1.750 1.724 1.562 1.588 1.748 1.564 1.755 .017
130 1 612 .010 1.818 1.812 1.787 1.625 1,650 1.810 1.627 1.818 .018
131 1.674 .010 1.880 1.875 1.849 1.687 1.713 1.873 1,689 1,880 ,019

132 1.737 .010 1,943 1.937 1.912 1.750 1.775 1.935 1.752 1,943 .019
133 1,799 .010 2.005 2.000 1.974 1.812 1.838 1.998 1.814 2,005 .020
134 1.862 .010 2.068 2.062 2.037 1.875 1.900 2.060 1.877 2.068 .021
135 1,925 .010 2.131 2.125 2.099 1.937 1.963 2.123 1.939 2,131 .021
136 1.987 ,010 2.193 2.187 2.162 2.000 2 025 2.185 2.002 2,193 .022

137 2.0 5 0 ,010 2.256 2.250 2.224 2.062 2.088 1' 2 248 2 064 2.256 .023
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T able 13. (co n tin u e d )

«
<s is
OB o• S» OB <•
tu•
si <9 • O5 <0<s|
“■o • 5
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OE
ai. OoSas o2o
M«an + .002
OD(Ref) -.0 0 0 -.000 + .000 +.000
2 48 4.73 4 .015 5.012 5 000 4 972 4.750 4 778 4 997 4.753 5.012 ,050
249 4 ,8 5 9 ,015 5.1 3 7 5.125 5 097 4.875 4.903 5.122 4.878 5.137 051
250 4 .98 4 .015 5 .262 5,250 5.222 5 .000 5.028 5 247 5.003 5.262 .053
251 5 .1 0 9 .023 5.3 87 5375 5 .347 5.125 5.153 5,372 5.128 5.387 .054
252 5.234 023 5.512 5.500 5.472 5.250 5 278 5 497 5.253 5.512 .055
253 5 ,35 9 ,023 5.637 5.625 5 597 5.375 5 403 5.622 5 378 5 637 056 .
254 5 ,484 ,023 5.762 5.7 5 0 5.722 5 500 5 528 5.747 5.503 5.762 057
2 55 5 .60 9 .023 5 .887 5.875 5.847 5 625 5,653 5.872 5 628 5,887 .059
2 56 5 .7 3 4 .023 6,012 6.000 5972 5 750 5 .778 5 997 5.753 6.012 060
2 57 5.859 .023 6.1 37 6.125 6 097 5.875 5,903 6122 5,878 6 137 .060
258 5.984 .023 6 .262 6.250 6,222 6.000 6 028 6.247 6 003 6.262 .060
2 59 6.234 .023 6.5 12 6,500 6,472 6.250 6 278 6.497 6.253 6 512 060
260 6 484 .023 6 .7 62 6 .750 6.7 2 2 6,5 0 0 6 528 6 .747 6.503 6 762 060
261 6.7 3 4 .023 7.012 7 000 6 972 6.7 5 0 6 ,778 6.997 6.753 7.012 060
262 6.984 030 7.262 7.250 7.222 7.000 7.028 7.247 7 003 7.262 .060
263 7 234 .030 7.512 7.500 7.472 7.250 7.278 7,497 7,253 7 512 .060
264 7.484 .030 7.762 7.750 7,722 7.500 7 528 7 747 7 503 7.762 .060
.030 8012 8.000 7 972 7 .750 7.778 7 997 7.753 8,012 060
266 7.984 .030 ± .0 ( 34 8 .262 8 250 8,222 8,000 8 028 8 247 8 003 + .005 8 262 060 + 002
267 8.23 4 .030 8.5 12 8 500 8.472 8 250 8 278 8,497 8 253 000 8 512 060 - 000
268 8 .484 .030 8 .762 8 .750 8.722 8 500 8 528 8 .747 8.503 8.762 .060
269 8.73 4 ,030 9.0 12 9 .000 8.972 8.750 8 .778 8 997 8 753 9.012 060
270 8 ,984 .030 9 .262 9.250 9.222 9,000 9.028 9 247 9.003 9.262 060
271 9.23 4 .030 9 .512 9.500 9 472 9 .250 9.278 9.497 9 253 9 512 060
272 9.48 4 ,030 9 762 9.750 9.722 9 500 9.528 9,7 4 7 9.503 9.762 .060
273 9 .73 4 0 30 10 012 10 000 9.972 9 .750 9 778 9 997 9.753 10.012 .060
274 9.9 8 4 0 30 10 262 10 250 10.222 10 000 10 028 10 247 10 003 10 262 060
275 10.484 030 10.762 10.750 10.722 10 500 10 528 10.747 10.503 10.762 .060
276 10-984 030 11 262 11 250 11.222 11.000 11 028 11,247 11.003 11.262 060
277 11 484 .030 11 762 11.750 11 722 11 500 11 528 1 1.74,7 11 503 11.762 ,060
278 11.984 .030 12,262 12,250 12.222 12 000 12,028 12.247 12 003 12 262 .060
279 12.984 .030 13.262 13,250 13 222 13 000 13 028 13 247 12 003 13 262 .060
2 80 13.984 .030 14.262 14 250 14.222 14,000 14 028 14 247 14.003 14 262 060
281 14.984 .030 15 262 15 250 15.222 15 000 15 028 15 247 15 003 15.262 .060
282 1 5.955 ,045 16,233 16 250 16.222 16 000 16 028 16 247 16 003 16 233 060
283 16.955 045 17 233 17.250 17.222 17 000 17.028 17,247 16 003 17.233 060
284 17 955 .045 18 233 18 250 18.222 1r 18 000 18 028 18 247 1a 003 18 233 060

3 09 412 ,005 .832 812 .777 t .437 472 * 809 440 .832 .008
3 10 .475 .005 210 .895 875 840 .500 535 * .872 .503 ,281 .895 .009 .170
311 ,537 ,005 ±005 .957 .937 .902 .004 .562 .597 .004 * .934 565 + .005 .957 ,010 + .003
312 .600 .005 1.020 1,000 .965 i ,625 660 997 628 -.0 0 0 1 020 .010 - 000
313 6 62 .005 1.082 1.062 1,027 ,687 .722 1 059 690 1.082 .011 1
314 .725 .005 1.145 1.125 1.090 \\ .750 .785 1 122 .753 1,145 ,011
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 80 C hap . 3. S tatic and R eciprocating Seals

Table 13. (continued)

O l
o E mE S «> 05 <0- 2
o «>"
S¿ II of Qo: « 2 Síí®
OilO
Mean + .0 0 2
OD(Re0 -.000 -.000 + .000
- .0 0 1
+ .0 0 1
-.0 0 0

359 5.7 2 5 ,023 6.145 6.125 6.090 5 750 5.785 6.122 5 753 6 145 060
3 60 5 .8 5 0 .023 6.270 6.250 6.215 5.875 5.910 6 247 5 878 6 270 .060
361 5.9 7 5 .023 6 395 6.375 6.340 6 000 6 035 6 372 6.003 6 395 .060
362 6 225 .023 6.645 6.625 6 .590 6.250 6 285 6,622 6.253 6.645 060
363 6 .4 7 5 .023 6.895 6875 6 .840 6.500 6 535 6 872 6 503 6 895 .060
364 6.7 2 5 .023 7.145 7.125 7.090 6.750 6.785 7.122 6.753 7.145 .060
365 6.9 7 5 .023 7.395 7 375 7 340 7.000 7.035 7,372 7.003 7 395 060
3 66 7 .225 .030 7.645 7.625 7.590 7 250 7,285 7.622 7,253 7 645 .060
367 7.4 7 5 .030 7.895 7.875 7,840 7 500 7.535 7 872 7 503 7 895 060
3 68 7.725 .030 8.145 8.125 8.090 7.750 7.785 8 122 7 753 8 145 .060
3 69 7.9 7 5 ,030 8 .395 8 375 8 340 8.000 8 035 8,372 8.003 8 395 060
3 70 8 .2 2 5 .030 8 645 8.625 8.590 8 250 8.285 8.622 8 253 8.645 060
371 8 .4 7 5 ,030 8 895 8,875 8 .840 8.500 8 535 8.872 8.503 8.895 .060
372 8 725 .030 9.145 9.125 9 .090 8.750 8.785 9 122 8.753 9.145 060
373 8 .9 7 5 .030 9 ,395 9.375 9 .340 9.000 9 035 9.372 9 003 9.395 .060
374 9 .225 ,030 1 9.645 9.625 9.590 9,250 9 285 9 622 9.253 9 645 .060
37 5 9.4 7 5 .030 9.895 9,875 9.840 9.500 9,535 9.872 9 503 9 895 .060
37 6 9 .7 2 5 .030 10.145 10.125 10,090 9.750 9.785 10.122 9.753 281 10.145 060 .170
377 9 .9 7 5 .030 .210 10.395 13.375 10,340 .004 10.000 13.035 .004 10 372 10,003 + .005 10.395 060 + .003
378 1 0 .475 .030 ±005 10.895 10.875 10.840 10.500 10.535 10,872 10 503 -.0 1 00 10.895 060 - 000
379 10.975 .030 11 395 11,375 11.340 11.000 11.035 11,372 11.003 11.395 060
3 80 11,475 ,030 11.895 11 875 11,840 11.500 11 535 11.872 11.503 11 895 060
381 11,975 ,030 12.395 12 375 12 340 12.000 12 035 12 372 12 003 12395 ,060
3 82 12,975 .030 13.395 13.375 13.340 13.000 13.035 13,372 13.003 13.395 .060
383 13.975 .030 14.395 14.375 14 340 14.000 14 035 14 372 14 003 14,395 .060
384 14.975 ,030 15.395 15 375 15 340 15.000 15.035 15 372 15 003 15 395 060
3 85 15.955 045 16 375 16.375 16 340 16 000 16 035 16 372 16 003 16.375 .060
386 16 9 55 .045 17 375 17.375 17.340 17 000 17.035 17 372 17.003 17,375 .060
3 87 17.955 .045 18.375 18.375 18.340 18,000 18,035 18 372 18.003 18.375 ,060
388 18.953 .047 19.373 19.375 19.340 19 000 19 035 19.372 19 003 19.373 .060
3 8 9 19.953 .047 2 0 ,373 20,375 20 340 20 000 20.035 20 372 20 003 20.373 .060
3 9 0 2 0 .9 5 3 .047 2 1.373 21.375 21.340 2 1.000 21 035 21 372 21.003 21.373 .060
391 2 1 .9 5 3 .047 2 2 .373 22.375 22 340 2 2.000 22,035 22 372 22,003 2 2,373 .060
392 2 2 .9 4 0 .060 2 3 .360 23.375 23 340 2 3.000 23 035 23.372 23.003 2 3.360 ,060
393 2 3 .9 4 0 .060 2 4 .360 24.375 24 340 24 000 24 035 24 372 24 003 2 4.360 .060
394 24 9 4 0 .060 2 5 ,360 25.375 2 5.340 25 000 25 035 25 372 25 003 2 5,360 ,060
3 95 2 5 .9 4 0 .060 r 26 360 2 6,375 26.340 26 0 00 26 035 26.372 26 003 26.360 .060

4 25 4.4 7 5 015 i 5.025 5.000 4 952 4 500 4 548 4 996 4,504 5,025 050
426 4 ,6 0 0 .015 5 .150 5.125 5.077 4 625 4 673 5,121 4.629 5 150 .052
427 4,7 2 5 .015 ,275 5.275 5.250 5 202 4.750 4.798 5.246 4.754 375 5 275 053 226
42 8 4 .8 5 0 .015 ± .0 ( 36 5 .400 5 ,375 5,327 ,004 4.875 4.923 ,004 5,371 4 879 + 005 5 400 .054 + .003
4 29 4 .9 7 5 .015 5.525 5.500 5.452 5.000 5.048 5,496 5,004 - 000 5 525 .055 -.0 1 30
430 5 .1 0 0 .023 5,650 5.625 5.577 5.125 5.173 5 621 5.129 r 5 650 057
431 5 .2 2 5 .023 5.775 5.750 5.702 5 250 5 298 5,746 5 254 .........i 5 775 .058
L .
 T able 13. (co n tin u e d )

Ü
if I I II il If ii III
4 32 5.3 5 0 .023 5.900 5.875 5.827 5.375 5.423 5.871 5.379 5 .900 .059
433 5.475 .023 6 .025 6.000 5.952 5.500 5.548 5.996 5.504 6 025 .060
434 5.600 .023 6 .1 5 0 6.125 6.077 5.625 5.673 6.121 5.629 6.150 .060
435 5 .725 .023 6.275 6.2 5 0 6.202 5 .750 5.798 6.246 5.754 6.275 .060
436 5.8 5 0 .023 6 .400 6 .375 6.327 5.875 5.923 6.371 5.879 6.400 .060

437 5.975 .023 6.525 6.5 0 0 6.452 6.000 6.048 6.496 6.004 6.525 ,060
438 6.225 .023 6.775 6.7 5 0 6.702 6.250 6 298 6.746 6.254 6.775 .060
439 6.475 .023 7.025 7.000 6.952 6 .500 6,548 6.996 6.504 7.025 .060
4 40 6.725 .023 7.275 7.250 7.202 6.750 6.798 7.246 6,754 7.275 .060
441 6.9 7 5 .023 7 .525 7.500 7.452 7.000 7.048 7.496 7.004 7.525 .060

442 7,225 .030 7.775 7.750 7.702 7.250 7,298 7.746 7.254 7.775
443 7.475 ,030 8.025 8.0 0 0 7.952 7.500 7.548 7.996 7.504 8.025
444 7.725 030 8.275 8.250 8.202 7 .750 7.798 8.246 7.754 8.275 .060
445 7,975 0 30 8,525 8 .500 8.452 8.000 8,048 8.496 8.004 8.525 .060
4 46 8.475 .030 9.025 9 ,0 0 0 8,952 8 .500 8.548 8.996 8.504 9.025 .060

447 8 .975 .030 9 .525 9,5 0 0 9.452 9.000 9 .048 9.496 9.004 9.525 .060
44 8 9,475 .030 1 0.025 10,000 9.952 9.500 9,548 9.996 9.504 10.025 .060
4 49 9,975 .030 10.525 10.500 10,452 10.000 10.048 10.496 10.000 10.525 ,060
4 50 10.475 .030 11.025 11.000 10.952 10.500 10.548 10.996 10.504 11.025 .060
451 10,975 ,030 11.525 11.500 11.452 11.000 11.048 11.496 11.004 11.525 .060

452 11.475 .030 12.025 12.000 11.952 11.500 11,548 11.996 11.504 ,375 12.025 .060 .226
453 11,975 .030 12.525 12,500 12,452 .004 12.000 12,048 .004 12.496 12.004 + .005 12.525 060 + .0 0 3
454 12.475 .030 ± .0 0 6 13.025 13.000 12.952 12.500 12.548 12.996 12,504 - .0 0 0 13.025 .060 000*
455 12,975 .030 13.525 13,500 13,452 13.000 13,048 13.496 13.004 13.525 .060
456 13.475 .030 14,025 14.000 13.952 13.500 13.548 13.996 13.504 14,025 ,060

457 13.975 .030 14.525 14.500 14.452 14.000 14.048 14.496 14.004 14.525 .060
458 14.475 .030 15 025 15.000 14.952 14,500 14.§48 14.996 14 504 15.025 .060
459 14.975 ,030 15,525 15.500 15.452 15,000 15,048 15.496 15.004 15.525 .060
460 15.475 .030 16.025 16.000 15.952 15.500 15.548 15.996 15.504 16 025 .060
461 15,955 .045 16.505 16.500 16.452 16.000 16,048 16.496 16,004 16.505 .060

462 16.455 ,045 17.005 17.000 16.952 16.500 16.548 16 996 16.504 17.005 .060
463 16.955 .045 17.505 17.500 17.452 17.000 17,048 17,496 17.004 17.505 .060
464 17.455 .045 18.005 18.000 17.952 17.500 17.548 17.996 17.504 18.005 .060
465 17.955 .045 18.505 18.500 18.452 18.000 18 048 18.496 18.004 18,505 .060
466 18,455 .045 13:005 19.000 18,952 18.500 18.548 18.996 18.504 19,005 .060

467 18 955 .045 19.505 19.500 19.452 19.000 19.048 19,496 19.004 19,505 .060
468 19.455 .045 2 0 .005 20 .0 0 0 19.952 19.500 19.548 19.996 19.504 20.005 .060
469 19.955 .045 2 0 .505 20.500 20.452 2 0.000 20,048 20.496 20.004 20.505 .060
470 20.9 5 5 .045 2 1 .505 2 1 ,500 21.452 2 1.000 21 048 21.496 21.004 21,505 .060
471 2 1 .955 .045 2 2 .505 2 2 .500 22.452 2 2.000 22.048 22.496 22.004 22.505 .060

472 2 2 ,9 4 0 .060 2 3 .490 2 3.500 23.452 2 3.000 23.048 23.496 23.004 2 3 .490 ,060
473 23.9 4 0 .060 2 4 .490 2 4 .500 24.452 2 4.000 2 4.048 24.496 24.004 2 4.490 .060
474 2 4 .9 4 0 .060 2 5 .490 25 .5 0 0 25.452 2 5.000 25.048 25.496 25.004 2 5,490 .060
475 2 5 .9 4 0 .060 if 2 6 .940 2 6.500 2 6 .452 1r 26 .0 0 0 26,048 1f 26.496 26,004 1r 2 6 .490 ,060

fT h is groove width does not permit the use of back-up rin gs. For
pressures above 1500 psi, consult design chart for groove widths
where back-up must be used.
*These designs require considerable installation stretch. If assem­
bly breakage is incurred, use a compound having higher elonga­
tion or use a two-piece piston.
(1 ) Inside diameter tolerances for O -rin gs with inside diameters
over 1/2 inch have been increased per AS568A. See Table 22, Chap­
ter 6.
Basic Dimensions of "Parker 2-" O -rin gs are equivalent to AS568A.
Source: 0 -R i n g Handbook OR5700, Parker Seal C o ., Lexington,
K y ., 1977.
82 C hap . 3. S tatic and R eciprocating Seals

Table 14. Industrial Specification for Reciprocating 0 -R in g Packing

Glands

glands (see the "Design C h a rt"). Table 14 presents the piston

and rod gland designs for the industrial reciprocating 0 -r in g
specification. The military and industrial specifications can be
analyzed according to the squeeze and stretch they establish for
the 0 -r in g .

11. S PE C IF IC DIS CR E PA NC IE S

A. Squeeze

O -rin g squeeze is the percentage of cross-sectional compression

experienced by an O -rin g when installed in a particular gland de­
sign. The dimensions of the gland establish the O -rin g squeeze.
The military specification (T able 12) establishes an overall average
O -rin g squeeze of 15.5%: 18.25% squeeze for 0.070-in. cross sec­
tions to 12.75% squeeze for 0.275-in. cross sections. The indus-
 Specific Discrepancies 83

T able 14. (c o n tin u e d )

A A-1 B-1 C E G
DIMENSIONS B
O-RingSize BORE D IA GROOVE GROOVE PISTON ROD BORE G LA N D
D IA (ROD) ROD D IA D IA W IDTH
AS568 Mean D IA (PIST.) D IA
+.002 +.000
Dash No. ID + W OD (REF) +.002 + .000 +.000 + .001 +.005
- .0 0 0
- .0 0 0 -.0 0 2
-.0 0 2 -.0 0 1 -.0 0 0 -.000
006 .114 .005 .254 .249 .234 .124 .139 .247 .126
007 .145 .005 .285 .280 .265 .155 .170 .278 .157
008 .176 .005 .316 .311 .296 .186 .201 .309 .188
009 .208 .005 .070 .348 .343 .328 ,218 .233 .341 .220
010 .230 .005 ±.003 .379 .374 .359 .249 .264 .372 .251

.011 .301 .005 .441 .436 .421 .311 .326 .434 .313
012 .364 .005 .504 .499 .484 .374 .389 .497 .376

104 .112 .005 .318 .312 .300 .124 .136 .310 .126
105 .143 .005 .349 .343 .331 .155 .167 .341 .157
106 ,174 .005 .380 .374 .362 .186 .198 .372 .188
107 .206 .005 .412 .406 .394 .218 .230 .404 ,220
108 .237 .005 .443 .437 .425 .249 .261 .435 .251

109 ,299 .005 .505 .499 .487 .311 .323 .497 .313
110 .362 .005 .103 .568 .562 .550 .374 .386 .560 .376
111 ,424 .005 ±.003 .630 .624 .612 .436 .448 .622 .438
112 .487 .005 .693 .687 .675 .499 .511 .685 .501
113 .549 .005 .755 .749 .737 .561 ,573 .747 .563

114 .612 .005 .818 .812 .800 .624 .636 .810 .626
115 ,674 .005 .880 .874 .862 .686 .698 ,872 .688
116 .737 .005 .943 .937 .925 .749 .761 .935 .751

201 .171 .005 .449 .437 .427 .185 .195 .434 .188
202 .234 .005 .512 .500 .490 .248 .258 .497 .251
203 .296 .005 .574 .562 .552 .310 .320 .559 .313
204 .359 .005 .637 .625 .615 .373 .383 .622 .376
205 .421 .005 .699 .687 .677 .435 .445 .684 .438

206 .484 .005 .762 .750 .740 .498 .508 .747 .501
207 .546 .005 .824 .812 .802 .560 .570 .809 .563
208 .609 .005 .887 .875 .865 .623 .633 .872 .626
209 .671 ,005 .949 .937 .927 .685 .695 .934 .688
210 .734 .006 1.012 1.000 .990 .748 .758 .997 .751

211 .796 .006 .139 1.074 1.062 1.052 .810 .820 1.059 .813
212 .859 .006 ±.004 1.137 1.125 1.115 .873 .883 1.122 .876
213 .921 .006 1.199 1.187 1.177 .935 .945 1.184 .938
214 .984 .006 1.262 1.250 1.240 .998 1.008 1.247 1.001
215 1.046 .006 1.324 1.312 1.302 1.060 1.070 1.309 1.063

216 1.109 .006 1.387 1.375 1.365 1.123 1.133 1.372 1.126
217 1.171 .006 1.449 1.437 1.427 1.185 1.195 1.434 1.188
218 1.234 .006 1.512 1.500 1.490 1.248 1.258 1.497 1.251
219 1.296 .006 1.574 1.562 1.552 1.310 1.320 1.559 1.313
220 1.359 .006 1.637 1.625 1.615 1.373 1.383 1.622 1.376

trial specification for static 0 -r in g applications (T able 13) es­

tablishes an overall average 20.5% 0 -r in g squeeze: 27.0% squeeze
for 0.70-in. cross sections to 18.0% squeeze for 0.275-in. cross
sections. Hence the military specification requires less O -rin g
squeeze than that required by the industrial specification. Design
Example 1 (see Sec. I I .C ) shows that this difference can be a
factor of almost 2:1. The industrial specification for reciprocating
gland designs (T able 14) indicates an overall average of 14.5%
0 -r in g squeeze: 20% squeeze for 0.070-in. cross sections to
 84 C hap . 3. S tatic and R eciprocating Seals

T ab le 14. (continued)
A-1 B-1 C E G
A B
DIMENSIONS GROOVE groove PISTON G LA N D
O 'R in g S ixe BORE D IA D on n
nL/U iA
DIM ROD BORE
d i a (ROD) D IA (PIST.) D IA D IA W IDTH
AS568 Mean +.002 + .000
Dash N o. ID ± W 0 0 (REF) +.002 +.000 +.000 +.001 +.005
- .0 0 0 - .0 0 0 - .0 0 2
-.0 0 2 -.0 0 1 - .0 0 0 - .0 0 0

221 1.421 .006 .139 1.699 1.687 1.677 1.435 1.445 1.684 1.438 .187
222 1.484 .006 ±.004 1.762 1.750 1.740 1.498 1.508 1.747 1.501

309 .412 .005 .832 .812 .805 .442 .809 .438

310 .475 .005 .895 .875 .868 .505 .872 .501
311 .537 .005 .957 .937 .930 .560 .567 .934 .563
312 .600 .005 1.020 1.000 .993 .623 ,630 .997 .626
313 .662 .005 1.082 1.062 1.055 .685 .692 1.059

314 .725 .005 1.145 1.125 1.118 .748 .755 1.122 .751
315 .787 .006 1.207 1.187 1.180 .810 .817 1.184 .813
316 .850 .006 1.270 1.250 1.243 .873 .880 1.247 .876
317 .912 .006 1.332 1.312 1.305 .935 .942 1.309 .938
318 .975 .006 1.395 1.375 1.368 .998 1.005 1.372 1.001

319 1.037 .006 1.457 1.437 1.430 1.060 1.067 1.434 1.063
320 1.100 .006 1.520 1.500 1.493 1.123 1.1130 1.497 1.126
321 1.162 .006 1.582 1.562 1.555 1.185 1.192 1.559 1.188
322 1.225 .006 1.645 1.625 1.618 1.248 1.255 1.622 1.251
323 1.287 .006 1.707 1.687 1.680 1.310 1.317 1.684 1.313

1.350 1.770 1.750 1.743 1.373 1.380 1.376

+ .004 +.000
-.000 -.0 0 4
325 1.475 .010 1.895 1.875 1,868 1.496 1.505 1.872 1.501
326 1.600 .010 2.020 2.000 1.993 1.623 1.630 1.997 1.626

327 1.725 .010 .210 2.145 2.125 2.118 1.748 1.755 2.122 1.751
328 1.850 .010 ±.005 2.270 2.250 2.243 1.873 1.880 2.247 1.876
329 1.975 .010 2.395 2.375 2.368 1.998 2.005 2.372 2.001
330 2.100 .010 2.520 2.500 2.493 2.123 2.130 2.497 2.126
331 2.225 .010 2.645 2.625 2.618 2.248 2.255 2.622 2.251

332 2.350 .010 2.770 2.750 2.743 2.373 2.380 2.747 2.376
333 2.475 .010 2.895 2.875 2.868 2.498 2.505 2.872 2.501
334 2.600 .010 3.020 3.000 2.993 2.623 2.630 2.997 2.626
335 2.725 .010 3.145 3.125 3.118 2.748 2.755 3.122 2.751
336 2.850 .015 3.270 3.250 3.243 2.873 2.880 3.247 2.876

337 2.975 .015 3.395 3.375 3.368 2.998 3.005 3.372 3.001
338 3.100 .015 3.520 3.500 3.493 3.123 3.130 3.497 3.126
339 3.225 .015 3.645 3.625 3.618 3.248 3.255 3.622 3.251
340 3.350 .015 3.770 3.750 3.743 3.373 3.380 3.747 3.376
341 3.475 .015 3.895 3.875 3.868 3.498 3.505 3.872 3.501

342 3.600 .015 4.020 4.000 3.993 3.623 3.630 3.997 3.626
343 3.725 .015 4.145 4.125 4.118 3.748 3.755 4.122 3.751
344 3.850 .015 4.270 4.250 4.243 3.873 3.880 4.247 3.876

13.8% squeeze for 0.275-in. cross sections. Therefore, for reci­

procating gland applications, the industrial and military specifica­
tions are basically the same, except that the industrial reciprocat­
ing gland specification continues for 26 additional 0 -r in g sizes,
giving more applications for the intermediate sizes of 0.103-,
0,139-, and 0.210-in. cross-sectional diameters.
For static gland design requiring large 0 -r in g squeeze, e s­
pecially in cases involving low temperatures or large temperature
 S pecific Discrepancies 85

T able 14. (c o n tin u e d )

A-1 B-1 C G
DIMENSIONS A
GROOVE
B
GROOVE PISTON ROD BORE G L A N D
O -RingSize BORE D IA ROD D IA
AS568 Mean D IA (ROD) D IA (P IS I. D IA D IA W IDTH
OD (REF) +.002 +.004 +.000 +.000 +.000 +.001 + .005
Dash No.
-.000 -.000 -.002 -.0 0 4 -.001 -.0 00 -.0 0 0

345 3.975 .015 4.395 4.375 4.368 3.998 4.005 4.372 4.001
346 4.100 .015 .210 4.520 4.500 4.493 4.123 4.130 4.497 4.126
347 4.225 .015 ±.005 4.645 4.625 4.618 4.248 4.255 4.622 4.251
348 4.350 .015 4.770 4.750 4.743 4.373 4.380 4.747 4.376
349 4.475 .015 4.895 4.875 4.498 4.505 4.872 4.501

425 4.475 .015 5.025 5.002 4.971 4.497 4.528 4.998 4.501
426 4.600 .015 5.150 5.127 5.096 4.622 4.653 5.123 4.626
427 4.725 .015 5.275 5.252 5.221 4.747 4.778 5.248 4.751
428 4.850 .015 5.400 5.377 5.346 4.872 4.903 5,373 4.876
429 4.975 .015 5.525 5.502 5,471 4.997 5.028 5.498 5.001

430 5.100 .023 5.650 5.627 5.596 5.122 5.153 5.623 5.126
431 5.225 .023 5.775 5.752 5.721 5.247 5.278 5.748 5.251
432 5.350 .023 5.900 5,877 5.846 5.372 5.403 5.873 5.376
433 5.475 .023 6.025 6.002 5.971 5.497 5.528 5.998 5.501
434 5.600 .023 6.150 6.127 6.096 5.622 5.653 6.123 5.626

435 5.725 .023 6.275 6.252 6.221 5.747 5.778 6.248 5.751
436 5.850 .023 6.400 6.377 6.346 5.872 5.903 6.373 5.876
437 5.975 .023 6.525 6.502 6.471 5.997 6.028 6.498 6.001
438 6.225 .023 6.775 6.752 6.721 6.247 6.278 6.748 6.251
439 6.475 .023 7.025 7.002 6.971 6.497 6.528 6.998 6.501

440 6.725 .023 7.275 7.252 7.221 6.747 6.778 7.248 6.751
441 6.975 .023 7.525 7.502 7.471 6.997 7.028 7.498 7.001
442 7.225 .030 .275 7.775 7.752 7.721 7.247 7.278 7.748 7.251
443 7.475 .030 t.0 0 6 8.025 8.002 7.971 7.497 7.528 7.998 7.501
444 7.725 .030 8.275 8.252 8.221 7.747 7.778 8.248 7.751
445 7.975 .030 8.525 8.502 8.471 7.997 8.028 8.498 8.001
446 8.475 .030 9.025 9.002 8.971 8.497 8.528 8.998 8.501
447 8.975 .030 9.525 9.502 9.471 8.997 9.028 9.498 9.001
448 9.475 .030 10.025 10.002 9.971 9.497 9.528 9.998 9.501
449 9.975 .030 10.525 10.502 10.471 9.997 10.028 10.498 10.001

450 10.475 .030 11.025 11.002 10.971 10.497 10.528 10.998 10.501
451 10.975 .030 11.525 11.502 11.471 10.997 11.028 11.498 11.001
452 11.475 .030 12.025 12.002 11.971 11.497 11.528 11.998 11.501
453 11.975 .030 12.525 12.502 12.471 11.997 12.028 12.498 12.001
454 12.475 .030 13.025 13.002 12.971 12.497 12.528 12.998 12.501

455 12.975 .030 13.525 13.502 13.471 12.997 13.028 13.498 13.001
456 13.475 .030 14.025 14.002 13.971 13.497 13.528 13.998 13.501
457 13.975 .030 14.525 14.502 14.471 13.997 14.028 14.498 14.001
458 14.475 .030 15.025 15.002 14.971 14.497 14.528 14.998 14.501
459 14.975 .030 15.525 15.502 15.471 14.997 15.028 15.498 15.001

15.475 16.025 16.002 15.971 15.497 15.528 15,998 15,501

Source: 0 -R i n g Design and Selection Handbook 110-A, Sargent

Industries, Carlsbad, C alif., 1977.

fluctuations, the industrial specification (Table 13) should be

used. Use the military specification (Table 12) when less 0 -r in g
squeeze is desired, that is, when the design incorporates more
than two or three 0 -r in g interfaces on parts that must be as­
sembled with ease and when temperature fluctuations will not be
encountered.
86 C hap . 3. S tatic and R eciprocating Seals

B. S tretch
0 -r in g stretch is the percent increase in inside diameter (ID ) of
an 0 -r in g when installed in a male gland. The dimensions of the
male gland establishes the new, as installed, ID of the 0 -r in g
(B -1 in Table 13). The industrial specification (T able 13) e s­
tablishes more stretch on the inside diameter of the 0 -r in g than
the military specification (T able 12). The 0 -r in g diametral stretch
for the male gland according to the industrial specification varies
from 73 to 0.1%, the larger stretch being for the smaller 0 -r in g
sizes. The military design specifies 14 to 0.15% 0 -r in g diametral
stretch ([(0 .0 3 3 - 0.029)/0.029] X 100% = 14%, for MS28775, size
001 0 -r in g , Table 12).
When diametral stretch is greater than 5%, the stress produced
in the 0 -r in g may cause a reduction in physical capabilities and
general life of the 0 -r in g . The military specification requires a
5% and greater diametral stretch for 0 -r in g sizes 008 and smaller
([(0 .1 2 3 - 0.114)/0.114] X 100%= 18%, for the size 006 0 -r in g ,
Table 12), whereas the industrial specification requires a 5% and
greater diametral stretch for O -rin g sizes 116 and smaller
([0.650 - 0.612) / 0.612] X 100% = 6.2% for the size 114 O -rin g ,
Table 13). The designer should consider the reduction in cross-
sectional diameter of an O -rin g when stretched beyond 5%. This
is important in accurately determing the squeeze for a small O -
rin g, 1.00 in. ID and smaller. For most O -rin g compounds, the
percent reduction in cross-sectional diameter of an O -rin g is ap­
proximately one-half the percent of diametral stretch of the
O -rin g . Hence an O -rin g stretched 5% in a male gland has its
cross-sectional diameter reduced by 2.5%; one stretched 10% has
its cross-sectional diameter reduced by 5% (see Fig. 6 for re fe r­
ence) .

C. Design Examples

Design Examples 1 and 2 show the difference in O -rin g squeeze

and stretch as specified by the military and industrial specifica­
tions. Note that the percent O -rin g stretch required by the in­
dustrial specification (T able 13) is about three times that r e ­
quired by the military specification (Table 12). This results in a
small O -rin g cross section. Also note that the cross-sectional
squeeze may be twice as great for the O -rin g when installed in
the industrial gland. This becomes particularly significant when
assembling parts, since O -rin g squeeze determines compression
load. Figure 8 shows that compression loads are exponentially
dependent on the squeeze of an O -rin g (see Chap. 4). There-
 0.103 CROSS SECTION

60
40% 70
60
50

90^
80
30% 70-
60-
50

90-
80-
20% 70
O 60-
o
50-
LU
o 90’
OC
80
10% 70-
60-
50-

90
80’
5%
70
50

.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7.8.91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8910 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91000

C O M P R E S S IO N L O A D PER L IN E A R IN C H O F S E A L -P O U N D S

Figure 8. Compression load per linear inch of seal; pounds; (From Park er Hannifin C o rp ., Cleveland, Ohio;
reproduced with permission)
88 C hap. 3. S tatic and R eciprocating Seals

fore, in Design Example 2 we find it will take three times the

compression load (hence, the assembly force) to install the 0 -r in g
in the industrial-designed gland than in the military-designed
g lan d .

Design Example 1 Comparison: Military Versus Industrial

Specifications for 0 -R in g Size 342
ID = 3.600 ± 0.015

w = 0.210 ± 0.005

Military specification (M IL -G -5 5 1 4 ), Table 12

o + 0.002 .. ^ \+ 0.000 ..
3-9” ^ 0.000 0. 002

Percent 0 -r in g stretch:

3.621 - 3.600
X 100% = 0.58%
3.600

0 -r in g cross section:

( 0.210 ± 0.005) ^100% - 0.209 ± 0.005 diameter

Nominal percent cross-sectional squeeze:

0.209 - (3.993 - 3.621)/2

X 100% = 11.0%
0.209

Industrial specification, Table 13

LT

°0.°000 -°0.°004

Percent 0 -r in g stretch:

3.660 - 3.600
X 100% = 1.67%
3.600
sp ecific Discrepancies 89

0 -r in g cross section:

(0.210 ± 0.005) |l00% - 0.208 ± 0.005 diameter

Nominal percent cross-sectional squeeze:

0.208 - (4.000 - 3.660)/2

X 100% - 18. 3%
0.208

Design Example 2. Comparison: Military Versus Industrial

Specifications for 0 -R in g Size 116

ID = 0.737 ± 0.005

w = 0.103 ± 0.003
Military specification (M IL -G -5 5 1 4 ), Table 12

0 - 9 2 5 r °o°ooo diam. 0.74? !

Percent 0 -r in g stretch:

SiSS”) - (0-737 ± 0.005)

X 100^ “ 0.003 to 0.005 ^
0.737 ± 0.005 ^ 0.732 to 0.742 ^

0.003
X 100% =0. 4% minimum stretch
0.742

0.005
X 100% = 2.0% maximum stretch
0.732

0 -r in g cross section due to the maximum stretch:

(0.103 ± 0.003) ^100% - = 0.102 ± 0.003 diameter

Percent cross-sectional squeeze:

(0.102 1 0 , 0 0 3 ) - [(a , 925 1 - (o.747

X 100^
0.102 ± 0.003
+ 0.003
0.013
mo 4- ^ “ 12.75% nominal (8.1% minimum,
— U»UUo -irno • \
15.2% maximum)
90 C hap . 3. S tatic and Reciprocating Seals

Compression load on 0 -r in g (according to Fig, 8, for a nominal

12.75% compression and 70 Shore h ardness):

3 lb compression
X 0. 925 7t in .= 8.7 lb
linear inch

Industrial specification, Table 13

Percent 0 -r in g stretch:

0.737 ± 0.005 0.732 to 0.742

Q.Q31
X 100% =4. 2% minimum stretch
0.742

0.043
X 100% = 5.9% maximum stretch
0.732

0 -r in g cross section due to the maximum stretch:

5.9%^
(0.103 ± 0.003) 100% - 100 ± 0.003 diameter

Percent cross-sectional squeeze:

(0.100 t 0.003) - [( q . 937 (» ■ ™ j l " „ ' Z ) ] / ^

X 100%
0.100 ± 0.003

0.019
= ~Q iQo~+ 'o%^ 3^ ^ “ 19.0% nominal (13.6% minimun,

21.4% maximum)

Compression load on 0 -r in g (according to Fig. 8, for a nominal

19.0% compression and 70 Shore h ard n ess):

9 lb compression ^ r
-----r:------ ---— r----- 0. 937tt in = 26. 5 lb
linear inch
static Seal Applications

Static seal applications are by far the major use of elastomeric

0 -r in g seals. Most static seals are employed as face seals, but
male and female radial seals are becoming more common. This
author prefers radial squeeze applications over axial squeeze face-
seal applications for two reasons: (1 ) radial seals depend on the
dimensions of the parts to maintain 0 -r in g squeeze, whereas face
seals depend on external fasteners such as screws and bolts to
maintain 0 -r in g squeeze; and (2 ) radial seals are usually easier
to employ when modifying existing parts, whereas face seals us­
ually require additional radial space and flange protrusions.
These and other design considerations follow, but the information
presented in Chap. 3, especially Tables 13 and 14, should also be
consulted before attempting to design a static seal.

I. SQUEEZE

Industrial specifications are designed for an overall average 20.5%

0 -r in g squeeze: 27% squeeze for 0.070-in. cross sections to 18%
squeeze for 0.275-in. cross sections. The military specification
requires approximately one-half the 0 -r in g squeeze specified by
the industrial specification, because it incorporates dynamic ap­
plications together with static applications. For reciprocating
glands, the industrial and military specifications are basically the
same. Use the industrial specification for gland designs requiring
greater 0 -r in g squeeze, especially in cases involving low tem­
peratures. Use the military specification for easier assembly of
parts that incorporate many 0 -r in g interfaces and where tempera­
ture fluctuations are not encountered.

91
92 C hap. 4. S tatic Seal A pplications

II. STRETCH
The industrial specification requires more stretch on the inside
diameter of the 0 -r in g than that required by the military specifi­
cation. The 0 -r in g diametral stretch for the male gland according
to the industrial specification varies from 73 to Qi.1%, the larger
stretch for the smaller 0 -r in g sizes. The military design specifies
14 to 0.15% 0 -r in g diametral stretch. The designer should con­
sider diametral stretch when dealing with 0 -r in g size A S 568-116
and smaller. The designer may want to consider the reduction in
cross-sectional diameter of an 0 -r in g stretched beyond 5%. This
relationship is given in Fig. 6. For applications requiring high
diametral stretch, ethylene propylene, fluorocarbon, neoprene,
or polyurethane O -rin gs are recommended.
In the male gland applications of 8 in. and la rg er, the design
stretch is so small (0.1% diametral stretch) that the 0 -r in g may
tend to sag out of the groove. This makes it difficult to assemble
the parts so as not to damage the 0 -r in g . The problem can be
solved by using the next size smaller 0 -r in g in the larger male
gland. The reduction in cross-sectional diameter of the 0 -r in g
must then be checked according to Fig. 6, and the gland depth
may need to be reduced to maintain 0 -r in g squeeze. Design E x­
ample 3 considers this case.

Design Example 3 Static Elastomeric Seal Application: Male Gland

Involving Low Temperature
Given:

Male gland of approximately 11.75 in. piston diameter and

nitrile O -rin g to experience temperatures of O^F maximum to —40°F
minimum and an average differential pressure of 1800 psi.

Find:

The groove diameter (B -1 ) such that the ID stretch of the

O -rin g will not exceed 5%, and the bore diameter (A ) will provide
Stretch 93

a nominal 15% 0 -r in g squeeze without O -rin g extrusion.

Solution:

1, Because nitrile is one of the worst materials for maintaining

its physical properties in a stretched condition, the groove diam­
eter (B -1 ) and O -rin g size must be determined such that the ID
stretch will not exceed 5% at the minimum temperature condition
of —40°F. According to the table for industrial static seals (Table
13), an AS568-277 size O -rin g should be used for a piston diam­
eter of 11.75 and a groove width of 0.187 in. Because the nominal
stretch for these larger 0 -r in g s is less than 0.1% and we do not
want the O -rin g to sag out of the groove during installation, we
shall choose the next smaller O -rin g , A S 568-276. The ID of this
O -rin g is 10.984 ± 0.030 in. diameter, and in an environment of
—40°F this diameter will decrease by

(10.984 ± 0.030 i n . ) (6.2 X 10 ^ in./in. °F )[7 0 °F - (- 4 0 ° F ]

= 0.0749 ± 0.0002

or approximately 0.075 in. The O -rin g ID will then be 10.909 in. ,

and for 5% stretch the groove diameter must be

+ 0.000 in.
10.909 in. (1.05) = 11.454
0.002 in.

= groove diam. (B -1 ) (A n sw er)

2. To provide an O -rin g squeeze of 15%, we first refer to

Fig. 6 for 5% ID stretch. The O -rin g cross section will decrease
by 3.5%, or

(0.139 ± 0.004 in .)(0 .0 3 5 ) = 0.0049 in.

At —40°F the O -rin g cross section will have decreased by

(0.139 i n . ) (6. 2 X 10 ® in./in. °F )(1 1 0 °F ) = 0.0009 in.

Therefore, the O -rin g cross section will be

(0.139 ± 0.004 in .) - 0.0049 in. - 0.0009 in. = 0.133 ± 0.004 in

For 15% O -rin g cross-sectional squeeze, the bore diameter (A )

must be

11.454 in. + 2(0.133 in .)(1 .0 0 -0 .1 5 ) = 11.454 + 0.226

= 11.680 in.

Rounding off to a standard bore diameter, we obtain

+ 0.002 in.
11.687 bore diam. (A ) (A n sw er)
— 0.000 in.
94 C hap . 4. S tatic Seal Applications

Check on actual squeeze:

^1+ 0.002
11.687 bore diam.
0.000
-11.454 I _ Q S^oove diam.

0.233
Í+ 0.(004
0.1165
002
Í+ 0.( ^ + 0.002
I - 0. 000 I - 0. 000 - 0.000

Actual squeeze:

O -rin g cross section before installed

004
002
0 -r in g cross section installed
' “■"’ { - “o'.000
004
= 0.010 min. to 0.020 max.
006

0.010 min
X 100% =7. 5% min. squeeze
0.133

0.020 max.
X 100% = 15% max. squeeze
0.133

3. To make sure that the 0 -r in g does not extrude under 1800

psi differential p ressu re, we consult Fig. 5. At 1800 psi, we find
the maximum allowable gap to be about 0.002 in. for a 70-durome-
ter O -rin g . Therefore, the piston diameter should be specified
as
(11.687 + 0.002 in .) - 2(0.002) = 11.685 in. min.

Note that the calculation considers the diametral gap to be 0.004;

thus the piston must be held concentric to the c^dinder bore.

or

1 1 .6 8 6 ^ in. piston diam. (A n sw er)

The actual gap could then range as follows:

.002
bore diam
.000
/+0.0.000
0wv
~ 11.6861 _ ^
0.001
piston diam.

0.001 Í+ 0.(003
I - 0. 000
0,0005 to 0.0020 in.
S tan dard Bosses and F ittin g s 95

III. BACKUP RINGS

Both the industrial and military specifications recommend the use
of backup rings for pressures greater than 1500 psi or when
large pressure fluctuations are encountered. If parts are de­
signed such that clearance gaps are zero or at least less than that
specified in Fig. 5, backup rings need not be used. Pressure
fluctuations or vibration of mating parts may produce a ’’pumping”
phenomenon of the 0 -r in g , causing slight leakage and eventual
O -rin g failure. In these cases, and especially for silicone O-
rin gs, backup rings are recommended. Due to the poor antiex­
trusion capability of silicone, most O -rin g manufacturers recom­
mend reducing the gap clearances given in the design tables by
50% in applications involving silicone O -rin gs.

IV . SURFACE F IN IS H

A surface finish of 63 rms is recommended for static seal applica­

tions. This applies to the surfaces of which the O -rin g will
contact, including the sides of the gland. Some manufacturers
recommend 63 rms finish on just the sides of the gland and 32 rms
finish on the bottom surface of the gland and O -rin g contact su r­
face of the mating part. Parker Seal Company recommends a maxi­
mum 16 rms surface finish for face seals in gas and vacuum appli­
cations. Machining procedures for producing O -rin g sealing su r­
faces must not produce scratches, rid ges, or other discontinuities
across the O -rin g contact line. Such discontinuities parallel to the
O -rin g contact line may be acceptable, but are still undesirable.

V. S T A N D A R D BOSSES AND F IT T IN G S

The design tables for fittings and bosses are presented under
military standards MS16142, MS33649, and MS33656— Tables 15, 16,
and 17, respectively. The two standards for the internal straight-
thread boss (T ables 15 and 16) make up the female portion of a
tube fitting gland. The tube fitting end (Table 17) can be used
with either of the two boss configurations shown in Fig. 9. The
boss configuration according to MS 16142 (Table 15) has been
adopted by general industry and is usually referred to as the
industrial standard for tube fittings. The military usually incor­
porates MS33649 (T able 16), although there has been a recent
trend to use MS 16142 in more military applications. As can be
seen in Fig. 9, the O -rin g is subjected to a more severe mode of
squeeze under the military standard, 38% cross-sectional squeeze
compared to 26% cross-sectional squeeze for the industrial stand­
ard. The military standard is more apt to result in cutting the
Table 15. Boss, Straight-Thread Tube Fitting ( Industrial-
Adopted Specification MS 16142)
•UadAr4 ia appcovad tor hr tb* Naval Baa BrataM
I availabla tor aaa bv a l l Oapartaaata aa4 Aifaaelaa e<
t et Oateaae. Salaetlee tor a l l aa«( a eflM o rla« aa4
I a»4 ter r é p é t it if «ae ahall ba «ada tree tbla

I ®
f ? Ï

f= 8

n
IT
Ù)
i 1 "D
-Î
° 1
?1 Straight thread *7 © © C/)
m ^ r+
TtdM Pitch Minor B C D S r~ 3 B L Q)
: ! out- dl aaa tar dlaaatar
Pull Mini- Mini- Mini-
d ia»- Thread aita Bin. MX. Bin. Bax. thraad BUB ♦0 .005 ♦0.015 BUBI Mini- ♦1 BUB
? ** atar depth diaB- .000 .000 diaa- BUB dagraa diaa-
Bin. atar atar atar
8 (/)
Inehaa Dagraaa o
S 1/1 S/1C-24UMP-2B 0.2154 0.2902 0.2(7 0.277 0.390 0.0(2 358 0.074 0.(72 0.4(8 13 0.438 0.0 12 —
:3 3/l( 3/I-24UMP-2B .3479 .1521 .330 .340 .390 .125 421 .074 .750 .4(8 12 .500 . 0<2
1/4 7/l(-20U4f-2B .4050 .4104 .383 .395 .454 .172 487 .093 .821 • .54T 13 .5(3 . 0(2 >
5/1( 1/2-20UNP-2B .4(75 .4731 ,.44( .457 .454 .234 550 .093 .90( .547 13 .(35 . 0(2
3/1 9/l(-llUMf-2B .52(4 .5323 .502 .515 .500 .297 (1( .097 .9(9 .(09 13 .(((' . 0(2 ■D
1/2 3/4-l(UMr-28 .7094 .7159 .(82 .(9 ( .5(2 .391 811 .100 1.188 .488 15 .875 .094 •D
5/1 7/8-14UNP-2B .I2IS .8354 .791 .114 .(5* .484 942 .100 1.344 .781 15 1.000 .094
3/4 l-l/l(-12tW-2B 1.0014 1.0158 .972 .990 .750 .(09 1 148 .130 1.(35 .901 15 1.350 .094
7/0 1-3/K-12UH-2B 1.1334 1.1409 •1.097 1.115 .750 .719 1 273 .130 1.7(5 .lot 15 1.375 .094
n*
1 1-S/K-12UN-2B 1.2514 1.2(59 1.223 1.340 .750 .844 1 398 .130 1.910 .I0( 15 1.500 .129
Q)
1-1/4 1-5/I-12UN-2B 1.5709 1.5785 1.535 1.553 .750 1.071 1 713 .132 3.270 .908 15 1.875 .125
1-1/2 1-7/B-12UM-2B 1.1209 1.8287 1.785 1.103 .750 1.312 1 9(2 .132 2.5(0 .90( 15 3.125 .125
2 2-1/2-12UM-2B 2.4459 2.4540 2.410 2.428 .750 1.781 2 587 .132 3.480 .90( IS 2.750 .125
5*
D
w
APPROVED 13 XOCUST 19S( REVISED 23 APRIL 19(5 (j. 15 JULY 1974

Source: U.S. Government Printing Office, 603-108/774 (1974).

 Table 16. Boss, Internal Straight Thread (MS33649)
P io j. 4 7 3 0 -0 9 0 7

ttO. sur ClASS

4730

n MUOT m ootKzrrMC w m o tu.

y r m a ,oyo r i t a w vxra t t u
vm za . 00) r i n .

OOlKZKTiaC TO
tV IT H IM .0 0 3 r a u

K n mA roR w n c sn ai j c c u s a su77Aa
fU M or sun j) kat be a w
CX2X OR SSAJT rK IT U K S T m C A t t OfftW RB
OCARAJKZ tS MAin-AUCB TO
j K m ro t r v m m .
E lillA

MSB
TUBE
THREAD T
A
DIA c DU
t
B
DU
0 J
♦ ,015
B IX »
€D
BCM
PER K T L -«-8e79 ♦ .0 1 5
.^ 0 0 0
cBOTE 7
D IA ♦ .00 5
-*0 0 0
- .0 0 0 KIB
K IM

©
B

.3 3 0 .264 .4 7 8
© 01 — .250O -«8 V R jr-3 B .359
• O6 ?
.402 .oo e
ih oe .1 2 5 . 3123 - 2 ^ iB u r . 3 s .k 3 8 .4 8 2 .3 2 8 .063 .602 •3 n
03 .160 .3 75 0.2 L u iu r - 3 B .500 .5 3 8 -12 5 .390 .665 •583 *003
cA .230 .^ 375.20 0TJP-3B .5 6 2
.568 .1 7 2 .454 .728 .656
.075
05 .312 . 5000.20 UHJP-3B .625 .234 .517 .790
o6
07
.3 7 5
.k 3 6
. 5623-18 u iu r -3 fl
. 6250-18 u i j r - 3B
.6 6 8
.750
.596
.614
.2 97
.36 0
.5 8 0
.643
.063 .832
.915
.709 UxA
.054 •725
06 .500 . 7500-16 OHJP-3B .875 .7 14 .391 .769 l.o 4 o .834
09 .5 62 .6 1 2 5 -1 6 UI1J-3B .938 .730 .438 .832 i.io e .850
.107
30 .6 25 .8 7 5 0 -lk IBUP-3B 1 .0 0 0 .602 .484 .896 1.165 •930 .005
11 .6 06 1.0000-12 UHJF-3B 1.156 .54 7 1.023 1.35 2
12 .7 50 1 . 0623-12 UJU-3B 1 . 23^ .609 1 .0 8 6 1 .4 1 5 1.06 4
Xk .0 /5 1.1 8 7 3 -1 2 IDU-3B 1.3 6 2 .734 1.211 1.540
x6 1.000 1 . 3123-12 ÜRJ-3B 1 .W87 .644 1.336 1.665
.e n
IS 1.12 5 1 . 3000-12 IBUP-3B 1.675 • 953 1 .5 2 4 a25 1.790 1.1 1 6
.008
20 1.230 1 . 6230-12 OKJ-3B 1.600 1 .0 7 8 1 .6 4 8 1.978
2« 1.300 1 . 8750-12 DRJ-3B 2 .0 5 0 1 .3 12 i. e $ e 2.226 1.127
Sit 28 1 .75 0 2 . 2300-12 UHJ-3B 2 .4 2 5 1 .547 2 .2 7 3 2 . 60e 1.243 «010
32 2.000 8 . 5000-12 UJU-3B 8 .6 T 5 .907 1.781 2.5 2 4 2 .8 5 2 1 . 36a
'l l
5z Z D im S IO a B ZB ZBCXES.
Ht
i* 8 © •onrACZ T u n n C i absx bV 6 . x >1962.
©
i It ttMtyn ALZ. burrs a j o b l iv x r s a i d wax SaABP X IX X S .
K u a x w DIAWTCR T IA T SURTACZ. CZZARABCX
MUST Bô AIKKD AS fCQUZISD. 0 MIB OXAm SR MAX K
noraiCKS TITIVC, TOR
BCDOCXD BT .O k O
VHERCB, rn T O IC nOTAUAirOR AJID TOOI. r t t U T RADII
WHKB XT K T U C S TBE UXTTS OP A BUSED SURPACS
AXD USES a n g jo na noiriREHeirrs r c m i T .

CXRrAIll PHCIVIS IORS OP TBIS SIAJIÛARD ARE TKE EtOJECT OP UnCRMATIOnAL SIAHDATOIZATIOB AOfCEHEirr ABCC A IR STD 1 7 A 0 *
A) MHER K PIS IO B OR CABCEUATKW CP 1B I8 STAJClAro IS PHOPOŒD, THE ECWUlTMEirEAL CUSTODJAJO WILL IWOPK T Œ IB ItSPECTIVK
1-iZ BSUSABDIZATIOn C m C E SO TBAT ArFHOPiOATE ACTICM MAX BC TAXER RESFECTIBa TBE CfnXRNATlOnAL ACFCX>CNr GORCERRED.
0 <• THRO TXICAD K S IO R SHALL RAVE S lP T IC IX irT THREADS TO MEET STREJKTER jeqUZlCMEBXS CP MA3SR1AL USED.

-ir 0 1. B KIB XB THE PISX TKfCAD K IT H R B qim Sreirr TOR BLIBD TAT K S IC B .

© •• JBW JgJlH CIZARANCX tX V tL O F t fK J V Z V tS H U a M O i CLEAMJCE FOR THE LQNCZfCr tSTAKDATS) T X m jO ,

T l l f l BTABÜAI© WAS DEVELOreD COCaTRATIYEEr WITH THE H T U IA R I SERVICES

1! * BT TBK EAE AEROSPACE fHOTULSIOB DIYIEIOB AHD PART SIARDARDS D IV IB ia S .

tS I THIS IS A K S IC R fftARDAPD. )»or TO K USED AS A PART BUKKR.

A;r F o rt« .n MILITARY STANDARD

O i Lm On»
A) m, . AV
No« f - A*« MS 33649
AND 100l«9« ABD 10030

ÜT u . S- GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEj 1777 703-020/484S

Source: U. S. Government Printing Office, 703-020/4848 (1977).

 98 C hap , 4. S tatic Seal A pplications

Table 17. Flared Tube Fittings (M S33656)

WHEN STYLE G IS SPECIFIED,UNDER­

CUT F MAY BE O M ITTED , IN _________
WHICH CASE FULL THREADS SHALL EXTEND TO
THIS PO INT '
TWO IMPERFECT THREADS MAX

Is
^1

If
CHAMFER RELIEF -no h e x FLA TS I /
SHALL BE W IT H IN THE ANGLE M REQUIRED ONLY WHEN
AND K DIA L IM ITATIO NS | FULL THREADS TO THIS FITTING END IS USED

0 POINT AS GASKET SEAL

THE C E H T « 80% OF THE CONE (SEE DE TA IL A ) HAY CONTAIN SURFACE F U H S (AS DEFINED IN ANSI B 4 6 .1 ) OF 32
M ICROINCHES MAX OERTH. THE CONCAVITY SHALL BE LESS THAN .0 0 0 5 " AND THE CONVEXITY SHALL BE LESS THAN
. 0 0 1 “ . FLAWS IN THE UPPER ANO LOWER 10X ARE ACCEPTABLE TO <3 M ICROINCHES MAX DEPTH.

SQUARENESS BETWEEN THREAD T ( P IT C H D IA ) ANO FACE OF HEX S I ^ L NOT EXCEED H WHEN MEASURED AT O IA K .
11
THE FACE OF THE HEX ANO THE THREAD R E LIE F SHALL BE lOOAA MAX, FREE FROM BURRS, HAVING NO LONG ITUDINAL
OR SPIRAL TOOL M A R « . ANNULAR TOOL M A R « PERMISSABLE TO 32AA MAX.

EXAMPLE OF DESIG N ID E N T IF IC A T IO N NUMBER: MS,

I* I ^ T ' - S I Z E OF F IT T IN G END IN 16THS
| r £ « STYLE E
^ G - STYLE 6
l!l! '------------- BASIC DESIGN HUMBER

CERTAIN PROVISIONS ( SCREW THREADS. HEXAGON. ANO THREAD UNDERCUT 1 OF T H IS STANDARD ARE THE SUBJECT
OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENT ABC A IR STD 1 7 /1 5 , 1 7 /3 3 ANO STANAG 3 3 1 5 , » lE N RE V IS IO N
OR CA N C E LU TIO N o f t h i s s t a n d a r d IS PROPOSED. THE DEPARTM l HTAL CUSTODIANS W ILL INFORM TH E IR RESPECTIVE
DEPARTMENTAL STANDARDIZATION O FFIC ES SO THAT APPROPRIATE ACTION MAY BE TAKEN RESPECTING THE INTER;:.
NATIONAL AGREEMENT CONCERNED.

BREAK ALL SHARP EDGES ANO REMOVE ALL HANGING BURRS AND S LIV E RS .

DIMENSIO NS IN IN CHES. UNLESS OTHERWISE S P E C IF IE D , TOLERANCES: ANGLES ♦ . DECIMALS ♦ .0 1 6 .

©
DIMENSIONS 0 , C , r ANO T (P IT C H O IA ) SHXLL BE CONCENTRIC TO EACH OTHER WITH THE 3 7 “ ANGLE , MEASURED
ANO CALCULATED AS AN INCLUDED ANGLE, W IT H IN .0 0 5 TOTAL INDICATOR READING, OTHER DIAMETERS SHALL BE
CONCENTRIC W ITH IN .0 1 0 T IR .

|!
FOR DESIGN FEATURE PURPOSES, T H IS STANDARD TAKES PRECEDENCE OVER PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS.

SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN ACCORDANCE W ITH A N SI B 4 6 .1 .

REFERENCED DOCUMENTS SHALL BE O f THE IS SUE IN EFFECT ON DATE O f IN V IT A T IO N S FOR: B IO .

p
F IT T IN G S WITH M IL - S -7 7 4 2 THREADS O f THE SAME S IZ E . P ITCH AND TOLERANCE CLASS MXiY BE USED U N TIL STOCKS
ARE EXHAUSTED, BUT ARE NOT TO BE SUPPLIED AFTER 1 JAN 1 9 7 6 .

i ll
li*
©
ENTIRE STANDARD REVISED T H IS IS A DESIGN STANDARD. NOT TO BE USED AS A PART NUMBER.

A IR FORCE - 82
F i n i N G END, STANDARD piM ENSIONS FOR FLARED TUBE
MIIITAIY STANDAID
CONNECTION ANO GASKET SEAL
ARMY - WC
NAVY - AS MS 3 3 6 5 6
iji PKOCUMImCMT IPtCtf ICATION
ANDI0056
NONE

D D .r:, 672-
Table 17. (continued)
10 0 C hap . U. S tatic Seal A pplications

Average Cross-Sectional Squeeze on 0 -R in g = 38%

IN D USTRIAL S T A N D A R D

Specification per
MS 16142
(T A B L E 15)

Average Cross-Sectional Squeeze on 0 -R in g = 26%

F ig u re 9. Comparison of tube fitting glands

0 -r in g , especially 0 -r in g s of abrasion- and tear-susceptible

materials.
The industrial standard is becoming the preferred specification
because it subjects the 0 -r in g to less distortion while maintaining
a reliable seal. 0 -r in g s used in tube fitting glands configured
according to the industrial standard (T able 15) have a successful
history and have been shown to be reusable many times over. If
Face-Seal Glands 101

the military standard (Table 16) must be used, the O -rin g seal
should be replaced prior to each assembly.

V I. F AC E -S EA L GLANDS

Table 18 presents dimensions for face-seal glands for applications

up to 1500 psi. The O -rin g cross-sectional squeeze ranges from
19 to 32%, while the groove width, G, allows, for a minimum volu­
metric clearance to preclude roll or spiral failure of the O -rin g .
The gland depth L, the gland width G, and either the external
or internal diameter of the gland (groove) must be specified. The
external diameter of the gland is specified if the pressure acting
on the O -rin g is applied to the inside diameter of the O -rin g.
The internal diameter of the gland is specified when the pressure
is applied to the outside diameter of the O -rin g . Specifying the
external or internal diameter of the gland, depending on where
the pressure is applied, minimizes movement of the O -rin g within
the gland and prevents spiral failure.
The integrity of a face seal depends on an external method of
maintaining compression on the O -rin g. Methods include fasteners
such as screws, bolts, or retaining mechanisms such as snap rings
and retaining clips. The designer should not forget to consider
the load required to compress the O -rin g when choosing the num­
ber of fasteners or type of retaining mechanism. Figures 10 to 14
present a combination of empirical and theoretical data on compres­
sion loads for the various O -rin g cross sections. The figures
give the force per linear inch of seal circumference as a function
of Shore hardness and percent squeeze. For example, in Fig. 11,
a 0 .103-in.-cross-section O -rin g of 70° Shore hardness experienc­
ing 26% squeeze will produce a compression load of approximately
15 lb per linear inch of seal circumference. Now, if the O -rin g
has a mean diameter of 3.00 in, (size -149 O -r in g ), the total
force required to maintain the 26% squeeze is
F^ = 15 Ib/in. X tt( 3 . 0 0 in .) = 141 lb

or, using the equation form,

= 1.7344e^'‘^'^^°^°‘ ^ ® \(3 .0 0 ) = 148 lb

This force may or may not be significant, depending on the

application of the face seal and the size of the fasteners used.
Forces do become significant when large-diameter 0 -r in g s of 90°
Shore hardness material are involved in large squeeze applications
 102 C hap . a. S tatic Seal A pplications

Ta ble 18. Face-Seal Glands

F O R IN T E R N A L P R E S S U R E
(outward pressure direction)
dimension the groove by its
outside diameter (H q) and width

H o = M e a n O D of 0 -r in g
T o le r a n c e = M in u s 1 % o f M e a n
O D , b u t n o t m o re th a n
- 0 6 0

FOR E X TER N A L PR E SSU R E

( in w a r d p re s s u r e d ir e c tio n )
d i m e n s i o n t h e g r o o v e b y its
i n s id e d i a m e t e r ( H j) a n d w id t h :

H j = M e a n ID o f 0 - r i n g
T o l e r a n c e = P lu s 1 % O f M e a n
ID , b u t n o t m o r e t h a n
+ .0 6 0 .

G R O O V E DEPTH
(= G L A N D D E P T H ) S E C T IO N W - W

BREAK CORNERS .0 0 5 M A X
A P P R O X ,0 0 5 R A D
S U R F A C E F IN IS H X;
3 2 F O R L IQ U ID S
16 FOR V A C U U M
0 ° T O 5 ° (T Y P ) AND GASES

G L A N D D E T A IL

W L G R
0-ring Squeeze Groove Width
oize Cross Section Gland Groove
AS 568 Depth Vacuum Radius
Dash No. Nominal Actual Actual % Liquids and Gases
004 050 013 19 101 .083 005
070
through 1 /1 6 to to to to to to
• 003
050 .054 .023 32 107 088 .015
102 074 020 20 .136 .118 005
.103
throilgh 3 32 to to to to to to
• 003
178 080 032 30 142 123 015
201 101 028 20 177 .157 010
139
through 1 /8 to to to to to to
• 004
284 107 042 30 187 163 025
309 152 043 21 270 236 020
210
through 3 16 to to to to to to
•0 0 5
395 162 063 30 290 241 035
425 201 .058 21 .342 .305 .020
1^4 275
through to to to to to to
• 006
475 211 080 29 362 310 035
276 .082 22 475 419 030
375
Special 3 8 to to to to to to
• 007
286 108 28 485 .424 045
370 112 22 638 560 030
.500
Special 1 2 to to to to to to
• 008
380 138 27 645 .565 045
 Face-Seal Glands 103

SHORE HARDNESS

Ld
N
U
U

I-
h-
2:
U 10
o
ll^
u

12 li. 20 24 23 32 33 40 44

: per LINEfiR INCH OF SEAL

K e^^A
FrL =

Shore Hardness K c

50 0.5835 8.6712
60 0.6800 9.0298
70 1.0137 8.9588
80 1.6355 8.3366
90 3.8816 6.7245

-rin g compression loads for 0,.070-in.

 104 C hap . 4. S tatic Seal A pplications

SHORE HPRD NESS

50 60 70

u
N
u
u
z«
g:
i/>

"Z.
U i 10
W=. 103
o

k
OL
U
CL ,/,
FORCE per LINEAR INCH OF SEAL F^ ’

CS a
F^ = Ke

Shore Hardness K C

50 0.6985 9.2670
60 1.1118 8.6513
70 1.7344 8.4720
80 2.7280 8.2919
90 6.4609 6.8259

Figure 11. O-ring compression loads for 0.103-in. cross section

Face-Seal Glands 105

SHORE HfiRDHESS
80

U= . 139

60 80 100 120 140 160

: per LINEFIR INCH or SEHL lbs

Shore Hardness K c

50 0.6450 9.0658
60 0.9034 9.1890
70 2.4197 8.1145
80 4.7819 7.1872
90 6.5035 8.9641

F ig u re 12. 0-ring: compression loads for 0.139-in. cross section

106 C h ap . H. S tatic Seal A pplications

SHORE HflRD HESS

70 80

CS a
= Ke
L i

Shore Hardness K C

50 2.6697 7.5627
60 3.8873 7.3138
70 5.6705 7.3260
80 7.9310 7.6663
90 12.1540 7.8110

i-ring compression loads for 0.210-in,

 Face-Seal Glands 107

SHORE HHRDNESS
50 60 70

U
N
u
u

I
UJ 10
W= .275
o
ll^
u
Q-

20 40 60 30 100 120 140 160 130 200 ¿40 260 28G

FORCE p er LIN EA R IN CH OF SEAL

K e^SA
^L =

Shore H ardness K c

50 2. 3923 8.6554
60 3.9660 8.0304
70 6.2103 8.0001
80 9.3800 7.6454
90 18.5000 6.8000

Figure 14. 0 -ring compression loads for 0,275-in. cross section

Reciprocating Sèais— Pistons and Cylinders

I. DESIGN PARAMETERS

Extreme differential pressure and corrosion are the most critical

aspects affecting thè design parameters of reciprocating seals.
Extreme pressure requires minimum clearance between the 0 -r in g
housing and piston shaft to ensure against 0 -r in g extrusion.
Side loads on a piston or rod can cause the clearance in the O-
rin g gland to be on one side only. If adequate 0 -r in g squeeze
has not been provided, leakage will result, and if excessive clear
ance is created, extrusion of the O -rin g may result. High side
loading on a piston will cause uneven friction on the seal, and if
high enough, the rod or barrel will be galled or scored. Shock
pressu res, such as created by sudden stopping of a hydraulic
damping cylinder, are many times greater than the actuation pres
sures required for normal use and must be considered as critical
design parameters. In many applications, a mechanical lock or
brake should be provided to reduce and/or take up shock loads,
especially after the final piston position (relative to the cylinder)
has been attained.
Corrosion and related contamination by sand, dirt, and mois­
ture can be very detrimental to the sealing efficiency of O -rin gs
in underwater hydraulic cylinder applications. Equipment having
rods exposed to this hostile environment during operating cycles
should be fitted with scraper and/or wiper rings which prevent
dirt and corrosive products from reaching the O -rin g seal and
seal housing. To reduce galvanic corrosion, the usual type of
bearing materials (b a b b it, bronze, e tc .) that most often are dis­
similar to the major types of structural materials (steel, stainless
steel, aluminum, et c. ) , can be replaced by inert materials, such
as nylon and Teflon. Designers using such polymeric materials

108
Failure and Causes 109

must consider and allow for relatively high coefficients of thermal

expansion and, in the case of Teflon, cold flow.
In most piston/cylinder applications, the 0 -r in g groove is
machined into the male element (p is t o n ), since it is usually an
easier process and the complications involved in design of a
groove in the female part [peripheral compression, as discussed
under the theory of rotary seals (C h ap . 6 )] are eliminated. There
are applications, however, where it is functionally more efficient
to put the groove in the cylindrical part instead of the piston. If
the frictional force of the moving metal surface across the 0 -r in g
is in the same direction as the direction of differential pressu re,
the 0 -r in g will tend to be dragged onto the gap more easily and
thus extrude at a much lower (30 to 40%) than normal pressure
[3, pp. 6 -9 ]. By placing the groove in the opposite metal part,
the friction will work against pressure and reduce the susceptibil­
ity to ’’spiral fa ilu re .”
See Tables 12 and 14 for design data for military and industri­
al reciprocating glands.

II. FAILU R E AND CAUSES

Spiral failure is a unique type that sometimes occurs on reciprocat­

ing O -rin gs. This type of failure appears as a spiral or cork­
screw cut halfway through the 0 -r in g cross section. This seal
has the appearance of being twisted while being cut with a knife.
A properly used 0 -r in g slides during all but a small fraction of
any reciprocating stroke and does not normally tend to twist or
roll. According to general theory, a properly used O -rin g does
not tend to roll or twist because (1 ) the differential pressure
across the O -rin g produces a holding force within the groove due
to friction on a larger area, greater than the pulling force p ro ­
duced by the sliding surface (rod or cylinder wall) opposite the
groove; (2 ) the surface finish of the sliding surface is made
smoother than that of the groove in order to reduce friction at
the sliding surface; (3 ) running friction between moving parts is
always lower than the breakout friction between nonmoving parts;
and (4 ) the torsional resistance of the O -rin g tends to resist
twisting [2, p. A 6 -9 ].
Elastomeric O -rin gs are not recommended for applications
where the cylinder rod has a stroke of more than 12 in. of un­
supported length unless extra precautions are taken. Usually,
the longer the stroke of a cylinder rod, the greater the eccen­
tricity, bending, side load, and in general, the tendency to pro­
duce factors that contribute to wear and/or spiral failure. To
no C hap. 5. R eciprocating Seals

minimize the consequences of eccentricity, bending, and side

loads of a long-stroke cylinder rod, floating glands are used
most often. The object of a floating gland is to allow the piston
or rod bearing (containing the 0 -r in g groove) to pivot, adjust,
or float a small amount, offsetting misalignment. The seal housing
used in the rotary 0 -r in g problem (F ig . 22) is actually a floating
gland or floating seal.
Investigations made by the Parker Seal Company have dis­
closed that spiral failure occurs very often when reciprocating
speeds are less than 1 fpm. The apparent reason for failure at
slow speeds is that the sliding or running seal friction created is
very high and comparable to breakout friction. This high friction
tends to excessively twist the 0 -r in g , especially on low or b a l­
anced pressure components, and thus spiral failure occurs. O-
rin g seals are not recommended, therefore, for speeds less than
1 fpm when the differential pressure is less than 400 psi [2, p .A 6 -
10].
The two main design factors that contribute to spiral failure of
reciprocating seals are lack of lubrication and groove shape.
Lack of lubrication between the 0 -r in g and the sliding rod tends
to increase the relative friction and may result in excessive twist­
ing of the 0 -r in g and eventually, spiral failure. If a V-shaped
groove is used, the hydraulic holding force is reduced because the
area on the side of the V -groo ve is less than at the bottom and
sides of a square groove. Therefore, we can see that when an
unlubricated rod or surface is actuated through a seal contained
in a groove of reduced area, twisting of the seal and spiral failure
has a greater probability of occurring.

III. APPLIED SIDE LOADS AND 0 - R I N C RESTORIN G FORCES

Figure 15 shows a long-stroke piston eccentrically located within a

horizontal cylinder. The weight of the piston acts to increase the
compression of the 0 -r in g at the bottom of the cylinder and de­
crease the compression on the 0 -r in g at the top of the cylinder.
The piston and cylinder should be dimensioned such that there is
always squeeze on the 0 -r in g at the top of the cylinder, even if
the piston is resting on the bottom of the cylinder wall. If the
piston does not rest on the bottom of the cylinder wall, the O-
ring will have provided enough restoring force to support the
weight of the piston. In such a situation, the designer may need
to determine the effective restoring force as a function of 0 -r in g
size and hardness, the initial squeeze and the eccentricity between
A pplied Side Loads 111

the piston and the cylinder. Determination of the total restoring

force provided by the squeeze on the O -rin gs in piston-cylinder
systems becomes very important when combating externally applied
side loads (see Design Examples 4 and 5).

Design Example 4 Maximum Allowable Side Load on Piston

Given:

The piston-cylinder assembly as shown with a 2-329, 70° Shore

hardness 0 -r in g .

ww^www
r
2.371
t
2.005 _
Ft
..i
2.377 DIA
DIA DIA
i __________
_ L
112 C hap . 5. Reciprocating Seals

Find:

The maximum allowable side load that can be applied to the

piston before the piston encounters the cylinder wall.
Solution;

1. The nominal squeeze on the 0 -r in g : a 2-329 0 -r in g has a

cross-sectional diameter of W = 0.210 in. (see Table 14).

Q __ 0.210 -K 2 .3 7 7 - 2.005) _ ,, ,,
0.210 • °

2. The maximum allowable eccentricity before the piston en­

counters the cylinder wall:

6 = i(2 .3 7 7 2.371) = 0.003 in.

max

3. R eferring to Appendix 5A, the graph for W = 0.210 i n . , 70°

Shore hardness and Sj^ = 10%, for a diameter of 2.377 in. and es­
timating that 6 = 0.003 i n . , we find a total restoring force of
approximately
= 5 lb

This is, therefore, the maximum allowable side load.

Design Example 5 Piston Eccentricity

Given:
A cylinder with bore = 8.000 in. diam.
A piston with OD = 7.980 in. diam.
A piston groove diam. = 7.535 in. diam.
An 0 -r in g with W = 0.275 in. and Shore hardness of 60°
A 39-lb side load externally applied to the piston
Find:

The eccentricity between the piston and the cylinder caused by

the 39-lb side load. Also find the minimum clearance between the
piston and the cylinder.
Solution:

1. The nominal squeeze on the O -rin g:

g ^ 0.275 - i(8.000 - 7.535) ^

15.5%
N 0.275

2. R eferring to Appendix 5A, the graphs for W = 0.275 i n . , 60°

Shore hardness, and Sj^ = 15%, for a total force of 39 lb and a
diameter of 8.0 i n . , the eccentricity 6 = 0.008 in.
 A pplied Side Loads 113

3. The minimum clearance between the piston and the cylinder:

C = i(8.000 - 7.980) = 0.010 in.
Minimum clearance = 0.010 — 0.008 = 0.002 in.

In order to determine the restoring force provided by the O -

rin g, a relationship between the squeeze at any point around
the 0 -r in g and the amount of eccentricity 6 between the piston
arid Cylinder must first be derived. Figuré i6 is a cross-sectional
view of the O -rin g of Fig. 15 with r the minimum diameter of the

A - (R - r) -5 COS 0

ACTUAL SQUEEZE A
W-
—— —
A
— ——
^ w

SECTION AA

Fig ure 16. Piston gland cross section

114 C hap . 5. R eciprocating Seals

0 -r in g groove in the piston, R the radius of the cylinder, and A

the gland depth incurred by the 0 -r in g at a specific location 0
degrees. The actual squeeze incurred by the 0 -r in g (percentage
squeeze divided by 100%) is therefore defined by

W - A
( 1)
W

where W is the cross-sectional diameter of the 0 -r in g . From the

geometry shown in Fig. 16.

A + r + 6 cos e = R (2 )

and then

A = (r - r ) - 6 cos 6 ( 3)
Substituting into equation (1 ), we get
W — R + r + 6 cos 6
(4 )
"a = W

Because the nominal squeeze on the 0 -r in g can be defined by

W - (R - r)
(5 )
W

equation (4 ) can be redefined by

r
S A = S , + ^ COS (6 )
A N W

From the empirical and theoretical data presented in Figs. 10 to

14, the general equation for the force F l required to squeeze an
0 -r in g seal is given by

C (S a ) (7 )
F^ = Ke
JLi

where K and C are constants based on the 0 -r in g cross section W

and the Shore hardness. This exponential equation gives the
force per unit length of seal circumference.
Substituting equation (6 ) into equation (7 ) gives
C [ S n + ( 6 / W ) c o s 6]
F^ = Ke ( 8)
Li

From Fig. 16, the vertical component of the force Fj^ as a function
of 0 is
F cos 0 (9 )
V J-j
A pplied Side Loads 115

and then
C[S]^+((S /W)cos0]^Qg
Fy = K e ( 10)

This represents the vertical restoring force at any point on the

0 -r in g tending to support the piston in the cylinder. The sum­
mation of all the vertical restoring forces around the 0 -r in g re p ­
resents the total restoring force tending to make the piston con­
centric within the cylinder. This is usually accomplished by in­
tegration. However, since equation (10) is not directly integrable
using conventional calculus, numerical integration was necessary
for a solution. The numerical integration of equation (10) re ­
quired the summation of all the vertical components around the c ir­
cular 0 -r in g in 1-in. increments because F l in equation (7 ) de­
pends on the unit length being 1-in. increments. (T o increase
the accuracy of the summation, the 1-in. increment was actually
decreased to 1/10 i n . , with the total summation being similarly
compensated for this smaller in terv al.) A computer was incorpor­
ated to calculate the total concentric restoring force Frp by summing
the increments n around the 0 -r in g . For n equal to 1-in. increments,
and because 2 radians equals the circumference of the 0 -r in g , the
tt

incremental angle 6 in radians is

2n
0 = — where D is the diameter of the 0 -r in g

Therefore, the total concentric restoring force is

n
j^eC[SN+(ó /W)cos(2n/D)]^^g ^
=E ( 11)
i = 0

The total concentric restoring force can be determined numerically

for a particular piston-cylinder application, given the 0 -r in g
diameter, its Shore hardness, the cross-sectional squeeze on the
0 -r in g when the piston is concentric within the cylinder, and the
actual eccentricity between the piston and cylinder. The total
restoring forces for various 0 -r in g s up to 18 in. in diameter and
up to an eccentricity 6 = 0.016 in. are presented in graphs in
Appendix 5A. Graphs are given for 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% nomin­
al cross-sectional squeeze for each of the five common 0 -r in g
cross-sectional sizes and for each of the five common Shore h ard­
nesses. Design Examples 4 and 5 describe the use of these
graphs.
116 C hap . 5. R eciprocating Seals

IV. DYNAMIC FRICTION

The surprising feature of elastomeric O -rin gs when used in

dynamic sealing applications is their ability to wear metal part 3 .
Friction between an 0 -r in g and any bearing surface is caused by
the asperities, or microscopic hills and valleys, in the surface
interface. Even though an 0 -r in g is much softer than the metal
surface it slides against, the 0 -r in g will wear away the asperities
of the metal as it ’’flows’’ past its irregu lar surface. The result
is usually a polishing effect on the metal surface, but if the
metal surface is soft, excess wear to the point of leakage may
occur.
To minimize wear and system hysteresis, the designer wants
to reduce dynamic friction between O -rin gs and the surface of
the moving part. Design features that accomplish this are smooth
finishes below 16 rms on moving parts, increasing speed of moving
parts, decreasing cross section of 0 -r in g , decreasing 0 -r in g
cross-sectional squeeze, decreasing hardness of O -rin g , increas­
ing environmental temperature in piston applications, decreasing
environment temperature in rod applications, and lubricating the
moving part. Each feature is easily accomplished, but some have
penalties, especially in reciprocating applications; the smoother
finishes are more costly; decreasing the cross section of the O-
rin g , decreasing the hardness of the O -rin g , and increasing the
environmental temperature in piston applications, and decreasing
the temperature in rod applications may result in spiral failure of
the O -rin g . This type of O -rin g failure was discussed earlier.
As always, the designer must make compromises that ensure pro­
per O -rin g function without excess friction.

A. Nomogram Method

The amount of dynamic friction caused by an elastomeric O -rin g

seal used in a reciprocating application can be approximated using
nomograms (F igs. 17, 18). These were devised from theoretical
modeling and empirical data. The empirical data were obtained
from tests using standard-size elastomeric O -rin gs (other than
Teflon) reciprocating against 15-rms finished chrome-plated su r­
faces at speeds greater than 1 fpm and lubricated with hydraulic
oil MIL-H-5606, at environmental room temperatures [2, p .A 6 -6 ].
Figure 17 gives the O -rin g friction caused by the differential
pressure across the O -rin g sealing surface, while Fig. 18 gives the
O -rin g friction caused by the squeeze incurred by the O -rin g seal.
The total dynamic friction is the sum of the dynamic frictions from
both nomograms. The static friction of the O -rin g seal is usually
 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE, psi
CO cn o
ID -1 fNj CO cn o
no
o o 'o C>
C rvj cn o O O O o o o 8 S -0
o o 0 o o o o 0 o 0 O
(D 1
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1 1— f1 , 1
[—-f—, >
*-1 ‘ 1 1
-i— 1
1
I 1 1 , T1 ' >
' 1.1
ro cn 00 ro / CO ^ cn
o cn o / o o o o o
ro o
Z FRICTION DENSITY, lb /sq in.
O
3
o
crq
p
3

/
S* /
CfQ F R IC T IO N , P R E S S U R E -C A U S E D , lb

o
i-j*
O o
r+ ro CO cn o O 0 0 O o
o’ _J__ L i - L i i i i i - . x -U . 1 iil 1 111-lil ■ i.l
pi
C
O

Lli U O jlD U J d iu ib u A q
 PERCENT CROSS-SECTIONAL SOUEEZE
c (7)

rt>

CO

Z
o
3
o
aq
i-j
PD
3
00 <£>
' o O O

/
g- LINEAR FRICTION, lb /in.
TO ro GO ^ cn p o
/•c b b b b b o r*'
h: ___j___ I
o
O.

P-
C
CD

o
0
CO FRICTION CAUSED BY O-RING SQUEEZE, lb
CO
1 1
NO CO o
CO 1 ro CO CO o O o o
CD o no CO cn ' o o o o o O o o
O

s
r+ ___ Lx L j _____ L _L_ i_L^
U - il— _ J ___^ - ..1 - I..L L i i

3.
(O
C
CD
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0-R IN G RUBBING LENGTH, in.

Ca) (Jy (J) CD O cn o

_ J _____ I____^___ 1 1 L a 1. _ J _____ L _

~1
CO
0)03;^
O O g cn cn W
cn o

0-R IN G DIAMETER^ in.

O
OUTSIDE FOR PISTON APPLICATION O
INSIDE FOR ROD APPLICATION

S|B0 S 6 u!iBDOjdp 0 y *g ’ €10113 8Ll

Dynamic F rictio n 119

between 1.5 and 3 times the total dynamic friction. The dynamic
hysteresis or system hysteresis is defined as the dynamic force
spent in friction divided by the actual force acting on the piston.
Design Example 6 shows how to use the nomograms.
In Design Example 6 the tables recommend an 0 -r in g of 0.210-
in. cross-sectional diameter for a nominal 3 -i-in . piston-cylinder
diameter. This results in a nominal dynamic friction force of 52
lb. Notice that the 0 -r in g stretch is only 1.05% and has little
affect (1.0%) on the actual O -rin g cross-sectional diameter.
The dynamic friction force of 52 lb can be reduced by designing
an equivalent system using a 0 .070-in.-diameter O -rin g cross
section instead of the 0 .210-in.-diameter O -rin g cross section.
Such a system is presented in Design Example 7. The dynamic
friction of this system is only 23 lb, half that calculated for the
0. 210-in. - diameter O -rin g . The piston groove is dimensioned to
produce a nominal 5% O -rin g stretch, compared to 1.05% stretch
for the 0. 210-in.-diameter O -rin g . This is accomplished so that
the O -rin g will hug the piston with greater force to provide
greater resistance to spiral failure. Increasing the O -rin g stretch
to 5% is recommended when designing for an O -rin g cross section
smaller than that normally specified in the industrial tables.
The original O -rin g cross section, 0.070 i n . , is used in deter­
mining the percent cross-sectional squeeze to be approximately
10%. The actual squeeze on the installed O -rin g cross section is
later checked to ensure proper O -rin g squeeze. This piston-
cylinder design results in a minimum squeeze of only 1.54%, while
the maximum squeeze is only 11.0%. This design therefore rep re­
sents a minimum-friction system. Design Example 8 solves the
same problem using the actual worst-case O -rin g squeeze of 11.0%
in the equation method for comparison with the nomogram method.
The difference is usually within normal engineering tolerance.

Design Example 6 Friction of the Reciprocating Elastomeric Seal

2-336 0 -R in g

Problem statement:

Select an O -rin g for and dimension the pertinent features of a

nominal 3-i-in .-diam eter piston-cylinder system. Then determine
the nominal dynamic and static frictions and the nominal dynamic
hysteresis of the reciprocating system for a differential pressure
of 500 psi.
120 C hap . 5. R eciprocating Seals

Solution:

1. From the Parker Seal Company 0 -R i n g Handbook for Industrial

Specification for Reciprocating 0 -R i n g Seals (Table 14), the follow
ing dimensions are recommended:

Nominal dynamic friction:

a. Using Fig. 17, where

D = 2.850 + 0.210 = 3.060 in.

m
W = 0.210 in.
AP = 500 psi

we find that A = 2 i n . 2, fj^ = 24 lb / in .2, and Fjj = 45 lb .

b. Using Fig. 18, where

0 -r in g OD = 2.850 + 2(0.210) = 3.270

the percent cross-sectional squeeze is

0.210 - (3.250 - 2.880)/2

X 100% = 11.9%
0.210
and the 0 -r in g Shore hardness is Hg = 70°, we find that
Lq = 10 in. , f^^ = 0. 72 lb / in ., and F^ = 7. 0 lb.

c. Then the total nominal dynamic friction is

F = 45 + 7.0 = 52 lb (A n sw er)

3. The nominal static friction may be approximated as

3 X 52 = 156 lb max. (A n sw er)

Dynamic F rictio n 121

4. The nominal dynamic hysteresis of the system is

Nominal dynamic friction ^ lOO^

Nominal force acting on piston °

52 lb
X 100%
(500 l b / i n . ^ ) ( T T / 4 ) ( 3 . 2 5 0 / i n . ) ^

= 1.25% (A n sw e r)

Check on nominal squeeze:

1. Nominal percentage O -rin g diametral stretch:

2.880 ~ 2.850
X 100% = 1.05%
2.850

2. Actual 0 -r in g cross-sectional diameter: According to Fig. 6,

for 1.05% diametral stretch, the percentage reduction in cross-
sectional diameter is 1.0%, and therefore the actual 0 -r in g cross-
sectional diameter is

W’ = 0.210 X (1 - 0.01) = 0.208 in.

3. Nominal 0 -r in g squeeze:
0.208 - (3.250 - 2.880)/2
X 100% = 11.1%
0.208

Design Example 7 Friction of Reciprocating Elastomeric Seal

Given:

The hydraulic cylinder with an A S 568-041 O -rin g and a maxi­

mum working pressure of 500 psi across the piston:

.093-005

3.137-gOODion^ 3 .2 6 1 - 0 0 2 Diom.

777777/77777777777777777
2.9 891 .0 15 I D
A S 5 6 8 -0 4 I 0-R in g free-state dimensions
,070 i .0 0 3 W
122 C hap. 5. Reciprocating Seals

Find:
The dynamic and static friction of the reciprocating piston and
the dynamic hysteresis of the system.
Solution :

1. Dynamic friction:
a. Using Fig. 17, where

D 2.989 + 0.070 = 3.0 in.

m

W = 0.070 in.

AP = 500 psi
we find A = 0.65 i n . 2, fj^ = 24 Ib/in.^, and = 16 lb .
b . Using Fig. 18, where

0 -r in g OD = 2.989 + 2(0.070) = 3.129 in.

the percent cross-sectional squeeze is

0.070 - (3.261 - 3.137)/2

X 100% = 10%
0.070

and 0 -r in g Shore hardness H 3 = 70°, we find that L q = 9.8

in. , f ^3 = 0.68 lb /in. , and F^ = 6.7 lb.
c. Then the total dynamic friction is

F = 16 + 6.7 = 23 lb
2. The static friction may be approximated as

3 X 23 = 69 lb max.

3. The dynamic hysteresis of the system is

Dynamic friction
X 100%
Force acting on the piston
23 lb
X 100% = 0.55%
(500 lb/in.^)(iT/4)(3.261 in .)^

Check on actual squeeze:

1. Percentage O -rin g diametral stretch:
a. Maximum piston groove, minimum O -rin g ID:

3.137 - 2.974
X 100% = 5.5% max.
2.974
Dynamic F rictio n 123

b. Minimum piston groove, maximum 0 -r in g ID:

3.135 ~ 3.004
X 100% = 4.4% min.
3.004
2. 0 -r in g cross section as stretched on piston: From the plot
of percent reduction in cross-section diameter (F ig . 6 ), we find
for 5.5% diametral stretch a maximum 0 -r in g cross-section reduc­
tion of 4%; therefore,

W = (0.070 ± 0.003K1 - 0.04) = 0.0672 ± 0.0029

= 0.0643 in. m in., 0.0701 in. max.

From the same plot, we find for 4.4% diametral stretch a maximum
0 -r in g cross-section reduction of 3%; therefore,

W’ = (0.070 ± 0.003)(1 - 0.03) = 0.0679 ± 0.0029

= 0.0650 in. min., 0.0708 in. max.

3. Percent cross-sectional squeeze when 0 -r in g is installed:

Maximum squeeze; large 0 -r in g , small cylinder bore, small

piston groove:

0.0708 - (3.261 - 3.135)/2

X 100% = 11.0%
0.0708

Minimum squeeze; small 0 -r in g , large cylinder bore, small

piston groove:

0.0650 - (3.263 - 3.135)/2

X 100% = 1.54%
0.0650
When designing a minimum friction system, one should always
check that the minimum 0 -r in g squeeze is sufficient to maintain
the seal.

B. Equation Method

The dynamic friction caused by an elastomeric 0 -r in g seal used

in a reciprocating application can be calculated using the following
equations:

1. F = F{| + F q , total dynamic friction

2. F h = A fh , friction due to differential pressure across 0 -r in g
cross section; A = irDjnW, projected pressure area of the 0 -r in g ;
= mean diameter and W = original 0 -r in g cross-sectional diam­
eter; fh = 0.545 (A P )O -^ l, friction density; AP = differential p re s­
sure across 0 -r in g cross section.
12 4 C hap . 5. R eciprocating Seals

3. F q = L q^c » friction due to 0 -r in g cross-sectional squeeze;

L q = tt(OD or ID ), 0 -r in g ru bbin g length; OD = outside diameter
for piston application, ID = inside diameter for rod application;
fc = ( —0.884 + 0.0206Hg - 0 .0001Hg2)Sw, linear friction, Hg =
Shore hardness of 0 -r in g , = actual squeeze of 0 -r in g cross
section in percent.
4. Therefore, F = irDn)W[0. 5 45(AP)0-^1] + tt(OD or ID )(-0 .8 8 4 +
0.0206Hg - 0.0001Hs 2)S w .

The equation in 4 determines the total dynamic friction of an O -

rin g seal reciprocating against a 15-rms finished metal surface at
speeds greater than 1 fpm and lubricated with hydraulic oil MIL-
H-5606 at environmental room temperatures. Design Example 8
shows how to use the equation. The equation method 4 may not
be considered reliable for differential pressures AP greater than
4000 psi, or 0 -r in g cross-sectional squeezes greater than 30%.

Design Example 8 Friction of Reciprocating Elastomeric Seal

For the same size 2-041 0 -r in g that was used in Design Example
7, we may substitute the following into the equation in 4:

'D ^ = 0.989 + 0.070 3.059 in.

m
W = 0.070 in.
2-041 0 -r in g
lOD = 2.989 + 2(0.070) 3.129 in.

= 70°

AP = 500 psi
S,., = 11.0% actual squeeze from Design
w
Example 7

Reciprocating piston application; light lubricant, 15-rms surface

finish, speeds beyond 1 fpm.

F = F + F
H C

F „ = tt( 3 .0 5 9 )(0 .0 7 0 )[0 .5 4 5 (A P )“ '®^] = 16.24 lb

n

F^ = tt( 3 .1 29 )[-0.88 4 + 0.0206(70) -0 .0 0 0 1 (7 0 )^]11.0 = 7.35 lb

F = 23.6 lb .

Notice that this answer is only 2.6% different than that determined
by using the nomograms. This is mostly because the actual maxi­
S tatic F rictio n 125

mum 0 -r in g squeeze of 11.0% was used, whereas in the nomogram

example, 10% squeeze was used for reasons of relative comparison.
It is always good design practice to use at least 10% squeeze when
approximating the least maximum squeeze to be incurred by a r e ­
ciprocating 0 -r in g , see the following section.

C. Minimum Friction

If one were to design for the absolute minimum friction for an O-

ring used in a reciprocating application, the tolerances of the
piston groove, cylinder bore, and 0 -r in g itself would result in at
best 0% minimum to 9.6% maximum 0 -r in g cross-sectional squeeze.
Design Examples 9 and 10 present absolute minimum friction de­
signs for the two size extremes: very smallest 0.070 0 -r in g ,
2-006, and the very largest, 2-475. Both examples show a mini­
mum 0 -r in g squeeze of zero. The very small 2-006 0 -r in g results
in a maximum 17.81% 0 -r in g squeeze. This occurs when a large-
tolerance 0.070-in. cross section is installed in a small cylinder
bore and a small piston groove. The very large 2-475 0 -r in g
results in a maximum 7.83% 0 -r in g squeeze when a large-tolerance
0.281-in. cross section is installed in a small cylinder bore and a
small piston groove.
When approximating 0 -r in g friction of even the best minimum
friction 0 -r in g design, it is a good rule of thumb to use no less
than 10% 0 -r in g squeeze. This should be applied in nomogram 2
(F ig . 18) and in calculations when computing worst-case dynamic
friction for the very best minimum-friction 0 -r in g design. Of
course, when the actual percent O -rin g squeeze is known, whether
greater or less than 10%, it should be used to determine the actual
dynamic friction.

V. S T A T IC F R IC T IO N

The static friction of an elastomeric O -rin g system is defined as

the force required to initiate motion. Sometimes called ’’breakout
friction” or ’’holding fo rc e ,” this force is the impetus thrust that
breaks the O -rin g from a static seal into a dynamic seal. This
static friction force is normally between 1,5 and 3 times the force
required to maintain motion, the dynamic friction force. The
static friction of an O -rin g system will increase to a constant
maximum as the delay time between stop and start of motion in­
creases. For example, consider a piston containing an O -rin g
seal moving down a cylinder bore. The piston requires a 3-lb
force to maintain its motion, the dynamic friction of the O -rin g
126 C hap . 5. R eciprocating Seals

seal. Now, assume that the piston is stopped. The piston

stays motionless for 40 min and then is required to move. Because
the ru bbe r 0 -r in g seal has now had time to flow into the microfine
surface irregularities of the cylinder bore, the force required to
start piston motion will be 5 lb . If motion had been delayed for
20 h r, the static friction force would have been 8 lb . The static
friction would increase to an asymptotic limit of 9 lb at about 200 hr
delay time. Any delay time over 200 hr would not increase the
static friction beyond 9 lb , because the rubber would have flowed
into all the available surface grooves and irregularities b y this
time, and additional time could not create any addition holding
force by the ru b b e r 0 -r in g .
The static friction of an elastomeric 0 -r in g system depends
on the same factors that influence dynamic friction. Such factors
as the surface finish on the moving part, the squeeze on the
0 -r in g , the hardness of the 0 -r in g material, the type and amount
of lubrication, and the fluid temperature and pressure affect the
static friction in direct proportion to their effect on the dynamic
friction. A design for minimum static friction would include a su r­
face finish of 8 rms or less on the moving part; the minimum
squeeze on the 0 -r in g without allowing leakage, 1.0%; the softest
available 0 -r in g , 60 durometer; and a lightweight and O -rin g -
compatible lubricant. The environmental conditions should be
controlled when possible such that low temperatures are not in­
curred , differential pressure does not increase, and motion-delay
time (time parts are at rest) is kept to a minimum.

V I. SYSTEM HYSTERESIS

The system hysteresis of an elastomeric 0 -r in g system is defined

as the ratio of the 0 -r in g friction to the motivating force. In the
case of a piston-cylinder system, the system’s dynamic hysteresis
would be the dynamic 0 -r in g friction divided by the force acting
on the piston. This system’s static hysteresis would be the static
0 -r in g friction divided by the force acting on the piston, usually
being 1.5 to 3 times the value of the dynamic hysteresis. Most
reciprocating elastomeric seal applications are designed for mini­
mum system hysteresis. Figure 19 shows that system hysteresis
becomes a problem for small 0 -r in g s in low -pressure applications.
Figure 20 shows that system hysteresis also becomes a problem
for small 0 -r in g s incurring large cross-sectional squeeze. These
figures are presented to give the designer a comparative view as
Design fo r Absolute Minimum Friction 127

\
\
\
\

Figure 19. System hysteresis for constant 10% 0 -r in g squeeze

to the effect of these parameters on system hysteresis. The O-

ring outside diameter appears in parentheses with the 0 -r in g dash
number.

V II. DESIGN FOR ABSOLUTE MINIMUM FRICTION

The following two examples show how to design for the absolute
minimum amount of 0 -r in g squeeze and therefore minimum friction
for an 0 -r in g used in a reciprocating application. The tolerances
used for the O -rin gs are class 1.
128 C hap . 5. Rciciprocating Seals

25.0 --

E 20.0

O
^ y
^ oc 15.0 --
CO P
CO !i;
CK 2
UJ O

CO o 10 0

< 5.0--

10 15 20 25 30

0 -R IN G SQUEEZE, %

Figure 20. System hysteresis for constant differential pressure

AP of 200 psi

Design Example 9 Minimum Friction for Very Small 0 -R in g

For the very small 2-006 0 -r in g :

W ^ 0.070 ± 0.003 in

iO. 075 in. max.

ID = 0.070 ± 0.005
\0. 065 in. min.

The piston groove diameter must be at least 0.075 in. so that the
piston contacts the ID of the largest 0 -r in g . Thus the piston
groove should be dimensioned as

(B -1 ) nomenclature of table = 0*077|^ n (A n sw er)

V u. uuz in .

To determine the dimensions of the cylinder bore A , we must con­

sider the worst-case limits of the piston groove and the 0 -r in g
cross section W and W’ :
Design fo r A bsolute Minimum F rictio n 129

f A Dmm= ( B- l ) + (W) 2 =
I I .075 0 7 0 1.0 0 3 ) 2 =
0-rln g ID = .075 max. .2151.006
1 ( B - l ) = .075min. A D lam .*.209 to .221
t piston I groove

Minimum piston groove and maximum 0 -rin g ID

I A Dlom.* ( B- I ) + ( W‘ ) 2 =
I I .077 4 (.0 6 3 1 .0 0 3 )2 =
0 -rln g ID * .065mln. .2 0 3 1 .0 0 6
I ( B- l ) * .077mox.
A Dlam.= .l97 to .209
T piston I groove

Minimum piston groove and minimum 0 -rin g ID

The reduced 0 -r in g cross-sectional diameter was determined

by calculating the actual percentage diametral stretch of the ID of
the 0 -r in g as

0.077 - 0.065
X 100% = 18.5%
0.065

and finding the corresponding percentage cross-section reduction

of 9.7% from Fig. 6, and then calculating:

W’ = (0.070 ± 0.003)(1 - 0.097) = 0.063 ± 0.003 in.

(W^ = 0.060 to 0.066 in. when the O -rin g is stretched on a maxi­
mum piston g ro o v e .) Thus, since the minimum cylinder bore diam­
eter A equals 0.197 i n . , the cylinder bore should be dimensioned
as

0.002 in.
0.195 = diam. (A n sw er)
0.000 in

To check the actual squeeze:

Maximum squeeze: large O -rin g installed in small piston groove

diameter and minimum cylinder bore:

0.073 - (0.195 - 0.075)/2

X 100% = 17.81%
0.073

Minimum squeeze: small O -rin g installed in large piston groove

diameter and maximum cylinder bore:
130 C hap. 5. R eciprocating Seals

0.060 - (0.197 - Q.Q77)/2

X 100% =
0.060

Design Example 10 Minimum Friction for Very Large 0 -R in g

For the very large 2-475 O -rin g:

W = 0.275 ± O.006 in.

Í26. 000 in. max
ID = 25.940 ± 0.060
(25. 880 i n . min.

The piston groove diameter must be at least 26.000 in. so that

the piston contacts the ID of the largest O -rin g . Thus the piston
groove should be dimensioned as

Í+ 0.000 in.
ir
(B -1 ) = 26.010 = diam. (A n sw er)
I - 0.010 in.
i

To determine the dimensions of the cylinder bore A , we must con­

sider the worst-case limits of the piston groove and the O -rin g
cross sections W and W’ :

A Diam.= ( B - l ) + (W) 2 =
2 6 .0 0 0 + (.275 i .0 0 6 )2 =
O-ring ID = 26.000max.
I ( B- l ) = 26.000mln.
t piston I groove 2 6 .5 5 0 t .012
^ A Dlam.= 2 6 .538 to 26 .562

Minimum piston groove and maximum O-ring ID

////^ /////
— t
A Diam.= ( B - l ) . (W') 2 =
26.010 t ( , 2 6 5 i.0 0 6 ) 2 =
0 -rln g ID = 25.880 min.
1 ( B- l ) = 26.0l0max.
f piston »groove 2 6 .5 4 0 ± .0 1 2
* A Dlam.= 2 6 .5 2 8 to 26.552

Maximum piston groove and minimum O-ring ID

The reduced O -rin g cross-sectional diameter W' v\/as determined by

calculating the actual percentage diametral stretch of the ID of
the O -rin g as
Design fo r A bsolute Minimum F rictio n 131

26.010 - 25.880
X 100% = 5%
25.880
and finding the corresponding percentage cross-section reduction
of 3.5% from Fig. 6, and then calculating:

W’ = (0.275 ± 0.006)(1 - 0.035) = 0.265 ± 0.006 in.

(W^ = 0.259 to 0.271 in. when an 0 -r in g is stretched on a maximum

piston g ro o v e .) Thus, since the minimum cylinder bore diameter
A equals 26.528 i n . , the cylinder bore should be dimensioned as

i+ 0.010 in.
A = 26.518 diam. (A n sw er)
I - 0.000 in.

To check the actual squeeze:

Maximum squeeze: large 0 -r in g installed in small piston groove

diameter and minimum cylinder bore:

0.281 - (26.518 -26.000)/2

X 100% = 7.83%
0.281

Minimum squeeze: small 0 -r in g installed in large piston groove

diameter and maximum cylinder bore:

0.259 - (26.528 - 26. 010)72

X 100% = 0%
0.259

From these last two examples, it should be apparent that for the
very best minimum-friction 0 -r in g design, the maximum 0 -r in g
squeeze can not be less than 7.83%. Therefore, when approximat­
ing O -rin g friction of even the best minimum-friction O -rin g de­
sign, it is a good rule of thumb to use no less than 10% O -rin g
squeeze.
APPENDIX 5A. TO TAL RESTORING FORCES FOR ECCENTRIC
PISTONS

(R efer to Section III, p. 110, for use and derivation.)

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TOTAL RESTORATION FORCE, lb

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TOTAL R E S T O R A T I O N FORCE, lb
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TOTAL RESTORATION FORCE, lb ID
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TOTRL RESTOFsfiTION FORCE, Ib

Rotary Seals— Designs for Rotating Shafts

I. THEORY*

A. T h e o ry o f 0 -R in g R otary Sealing A pplications

Once it was considered impossible to use O -rin gs in a seal for a

rotating shaft except at very low ratational speeds. This inap­
plicability of O -rin gs to rotary motion was blamed on the Gow-
Joule effect. According to this phenomenon, when rubber is
stretched, then heated, it tries to contract, and its modulus of
elasticity and thus stiffness or ability to carry load increases with
rise in temperature. If the ru b b er is under constant load, it will
contract; if under constant strain, it will exert greater stress.
When an O -rin g is used in the usual way, by stretching slight­
ly around the shaft, the friction of the rubber against the rotating
shaft generates heat, which causes the ru bber to contract about
the shaft. As the ru b b e r O -rin g contracts about the shaft, unit
loading at the sh a ft-O -rin g sealing surface increases; thus more
friction and heat are generated, and the Gow-Joule effect intensi­
fies. The cycle of friction, heat, and contraction of the ring is
repeated until rapid failure of the seal occurs.
If the O -rin g has peripheral tensile stresses due to its being
stretched over the shaft, failure will occur in a few minutes at
shaft speeds above 200 fpm [3 ]. The differential pressure across
the O -rin g seal also increases the unit loading at the sealing su r­
face and will cause premature failures at even slower shaft speeds.

*Part of the material in this section has been reprinted from

Leonard J. Martini, Seals for the Ocean Environment, Naval Under­
sea Research and Development Center, San Diego, April 1972,
pp . 7-13 and 10-23.

232
T h eo ry 233

The amount of tensile stress allowable for a ru b b er seal of any

type that ru b s directly on a shaft depends on contact area, differ
ential pressure across the seal, unit loading, surface finish of the
shaft, and the properties of the ru bber material used. A design
formula for the relationship between the peripheral tensile stress
and the environmental conditions would be of the form

a = eE

= f (A , A P ,L ,rm s)E

Notice that the peripheral tensile stress on the ru b b e r 0 -r in g

will be reduced if the contact area and the unit loading caused by
the expansion of the ring on the shaft are reduced. If the r e ­
duction of the two latter factors is great enough, the peripheral
tensile stress can be alleviated to the point of peripheral compres­
sion; that is, the unit load becomes compressive ( - L ) instead of
tensile. If the net forces on an 0 -r in g result in peripheral com­
pression even under the severest environmental loads, the Gow-
Joule effect will not occur. This is because the Gow-Joule effect
occurs only if the ru b b er 0 -r in g is under tensile stress [4 ].
Therefore, a rotary seal will operate if the induced peripheral
compressive stress is always greater than tensile stresses induced
by differential pressure AP and the unit loading L.
Also notice that the peripheral tensile stress a on the ru b b e r
O -rin g will be reduced if the surface finish (rm s) of the shaft is
reduced. Theoretically speaking, the static and dynamic frictions
between the O -rin g and shaft are caused by microscopic asperities
at the sealing interface. Asperities on the shaft can be reduced
by polishing the shaft. Lubricants also reduce friction by mech­
anically separating the asperities between the O -rin g and shaft
(i.e . , effectively reduce the rms surface finish, which in turn
reduces the rate of heat generated, lessening the Gow-Joule
e ffe c t ).
Figure 21 shows how a rotary shaft seal can be designed to
induce peripheral compression on the O -rin g . The dimensions of
the O -rin g groove and seal housing are such that when an over­
sized O -rin g is installed, the O -rin g is forced against the bottom
(maximum depth) of the groove, away from the shaft, as in Fig.
21d. For efficient running conditions, the O -rin g should have
about 5 to 8% peripheral compression [(O D — G )/O D ] X 100%, and
a cross-sectional squeeze usually between 2 and 4% when the shaft
is installed, [(W ’ — D)/W ’] X 100%. When the O -rin g is installed
in the groove (F ig . 2 1d), the cross-sectional area of the O -rin g
increases because its outer diameter is decreased by an amount
OD — G. The O -rin g tends to "snake” in the groove, a phenom-
23U C hap . S, R otary Seals

(b) (c) (d)

Figure 21. Rotary shaft seal

enon opposing the increase in cross-sectional area. If the amount

of ’’snake" is excessive, the cross-sectional area of the 0 -r in g will
not increase sufficiently to produce the desired amount of peri­
pheral compression. Therefore, the groove width w is usually
kept to a minimum. Since the groove width must allow for swell
caused by fluid adsorption and thermal expansion caused by heat­
ing, there is an allowable minimum value of w such that the
volume of the groove is at least 5% greater than the volume of the
0 -r in g seal [5 ].
The environmental parameters on which each of the groove
dimensions depends can best be defined by a relationship table (T able
19) and Fig. 22. Design Example 11 represents an actual design
developed by the Naval Ocean Systems Center. It is given here
to show how the relationships in Table 19 apply to each other.
For instance, the clearance between the shaft and seal housing,
C , should be small enough to ensure against 0 -r in g extrusion by
T h eo ry 235

T able 19. Relationships Between Dimensions and Environmental

Parameters

Interrelationships
Dimension Environmental parameter and functions

Seal
housing

C Differential pressure AP C — ---- (F ig . 5)

(A P )''

H Shaft size S H = S + 2C
Differential pressure AP

D 0 -r in g cross-sectional D = nW
diameter W n N ^, n = 0.90 to 0.95
Shaft speed N

G Shaft size S G = S + 2D
Shaft speed N

w 0 -r in g cross-sectional Table 20, Groove Width for

diameter W 0 -R in g Cross-section
Shaft speed N

0 -r in g
OD Shaft size S OD = fG

„ %diametral reduction
ID Shaft speed N
100%
ID = OD - 2W

W Shaft speed N W « , design chart or minimum W

n ''

W’ Shaft speed N W = IW .
min

%increase in cross section

I
100%
f Shaft speed N and Figure 23, % diametral reduction
Differential pressure vs. %increase in cross section
I AP
236 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

F ig u re 22. Spindle design— rotary 0 -r in g seals

differential pressure but large enough to allow the seal housing to

’’float” and take up eccentricities without contacting the shaft.
The clearance is determined from nonextrusion data such as those
shown in Fig. 5. In the design example, the clearance chosen
was slightly greater than that given in Fig. 5, that is, C = 0.0025
in. instead of 0.0019 i n . , thus increasing the effectiveness of the
floating housing.

Design Example 11 Rotary Spindle Design

Environmental parameters
Given (referring to Fig, 22):

shaft diameter S = 2.0625 ± 0.0005 in.

shaft speed N = 2200 rpm

differential pressure A P = P 2 “ P^ = 2000 psi

Component dimensions
Determine:

1. C, clearance
2. H, housing diameter (± 0.0005 in .)
3. D, gland depth
4. G, groove diameter (± 0.001 in .)
T h eo ry 237

5. 0 -r in g size required, OD and ID

6. 0 -r in g cross-sectional increase in groove
7. Actual squeeze of 0 -r in g
8. w, groove width
9. peripheral compression

Calculations:

1. C, clearance: make maximum allowable that will still ensure

against 0 -r in g extrusion by differential pressure AP (see Fig. 5).

C = 0.0025 in. nominal

2. H, housing diameter = S + 2C :

H = 2.0625 + 2(0.0025) = 2.0675 ± 0.0005 in. diam.

3. D, gland depth: D (0.90 to 0.95)W, where W = 0 -r in g cross-

sectional diameter. Select the smallest W to provide the least seal­
ing area. Use a factor of 0.95 because the shaft speed is high,
1188 fpm (see Table 20). Therefore,
D = (0.95)(0.070 ± 0.003) = 0.0665 in. nominal depth

4. G, groove diameter = S + 2D:

G = 2.0625 + (2 X 0.0665) = 2.196 ± 0.001 in. diam.

5. 0 -r in g size required:
a. OD = f X G, where the factor f is

of diametral reduction
1+
100 %
Usually, f = 1 + 0.08 = 1.08 in. , therefore,

OD = 1.08(2.196) = 2.372 in. diam.

b. ID = OD - 2W

= 2.372 - 2(0.070) = 2.232 in. diam.

Therefore, use the nearest size O -rin g :

ID = 2.239 ± 0.018 in. by W = 0.070 ± 0.003 in. Parker No. 2-35

OD = 2.379 ± 0.024 in.

O -rin g cross-sectional increase in groove:

^min = I X where the factor I is

1= 1+ %increase in cross section

100%
238 C hap . 6. R otary Seals

Usually I = 1.022 in .; therefore,

W . = 1.022(0.070 - 0.003) = 0.0685 in.

min

b . Wfnax = 1.022(0.070 + 0.003) = 0.0746 in.

7. Actual squeeze of 0 -r in g :

G - S .
max min
a. Minimum = . -
min

2.197 - 2.062
= 0.0685 -

= 0.001 in.

G . - S
mm max
b. Maximum = W’
max

2.195 - 2.063
= 0.0746 ~

= 0.0086 in.

8. W, groove width: According to Table 20, the groove width

should be 0.079 in. for an 0 -r in g cross-sectional diameter of W =
0.070 ± 0.003 in. Therefore, specify W = 0.079 ± 0.001 in.
9. Actual peripheral compression:

OD . G
. min max ^
a. Minimum = — -------------- X 100%
min

2.355 - 2.197
X 100%
2.355
= 6.7%

OD - G .
max min
b. Maximum = X 100%
OD
max

2.403 - 2.195
X 100%
2.403

8.7%

The gland depth is a function of the cross-sectional diameter

of the 0 -r in g chosen to provide the least sealing area around the
shaft. The cross-sectional diameter or 0 -r in g width W can be
selected according to shaft speed (see Table 20). As differential
pressure across an O -rin g increases, the O -rin g deforms more
and the sealing area around the shaft increases. Therefore, the
T h eo ry 239

Table 20. Allowable Shaft Speed, Gland Depth, and Groove Width
for 0 -R in g Cross-Sectional Diameter

0 -r in g cross-
sectional Allowable Approximate Approximate
diameter shaft speed gland depth groove width
W (i n .) N (fpm ) D (i n .) w (i n .)

0.139 ± 0.004 Less than 400 0.134 0.155

0.103 1 0.003 Less than 600 0.098 0.115
0.070 1 0.003 Greater than 600 0.066 0.079

minimum O -rin g width should be used for high differential p re s­

sures. The O -rin g width is then multiplied by a compressive
stress factor n to determine the gland depth D. This factor de­
termines the amount of compressive stress induced within the O-
ring and is a function of the shaft speed. The greater the shaft
speed, the greater this factor should be, because high shaft
speeds develop more heat at the sealing surface area, and thus
more heat must be removed by the lubricant. This is discussed
more fully in Sec. I.C .
The smallest O -rin g width, 0.070 in ., should be chosen when­
ever differential pressures are greater than 1000 psi. The
groove depth D is determined by multiplying the O -rin g width
by a compressive stress factor n» usually between 0.90 and 0.95%.
The groove diameter G is determined by adding twice the groove
depth D to the shaft diameter S. After the correct O -rin g width
has been determined, the outside diameter OD can be selected.
According to Table 19, the O -rin g OD is a multiple of the groove
diameter G and based on a desired diametral compression. As
stated earlier, the ideal diametral (o r peripheral) compression is
about 5 to 8%, so the O -rin g OD should be approximately 1.08G.
Parts 5 and 6 of the calculations in Design Example 11 contain
factors f and I that are related to the compressive stress factor
n used in part 3. The theoretical interrelationship of f and I is
depicted in Fig. 23. The equations used to determine this plot
appear in Appendix 6A. Thus, as indicated in Fig. 23, and 8%
reduction in O -rin g diameter would result in a cross-sectional
diameter increase of between 2 and 4%. The factor used in the
problem contains a 2.2% increase in cross-sectional diameter, the
probable minimum O -rin g width when installed in the groove.
Using the minimum percentage increase in cross-sectional diameter
ensures that the O -rin g selected will provide a positive minimum
squeeze even when the shaft is not rotating, although the actual
240 C hap . 6. R otary Seals

F ig u re 23. Theoretical relationship of f and I

squeeze should be checked as calculated in part 7 of Design E x­

ample 11.

B. D etailed T h e o ry — A pplied and Reaction Forces on R otary Seals

The determination of the most efficient I factor (percent increase
in cross-sectional diameter) depends primarily on one environment­
al factor; the amount of heat encountered b y the 0 -r in g seal.
Heat is generated at the sealing surface of the rotating shaft; it
may be transferred from the fluid being sealed, from closely lo­
cated bearings that generate heat, or through the base or seal
housing, depending on the application. The heat generated at
the sealing surface of the rotating shaft is usually the most critical
since it is caused by localized friction produced by relative motion
and intensified by differential pressure forces across the 0 -r in g
seal. The most efficient I factor must result in a seal with the
maximum amount of peripheral compression to oppose tensile
stresses which give rise to the Gow-Joule effect. These relation­
ships are shown in Figs. 24a and 24b, which depict the stresses
applied to the rotary 0 -r in g and the resulting cumulative stresses
within the 0 -r in g . The applied stresses must be balanced by the
resultant stresses within the 0 -r in g . The magnitude and direction
of the stress are depicted by the length and orientation of the vec­
tors, respectively.
 T h eo ry 241

N ote: The internal compressive (peripheral) forces at the plane oppose the external radial forces applied 90 °
fro m the plane shown, i.e., (F (,)3 /2 opposes (F^)3-

Figure 24. (a ) 0 -r in g in peripheral compression;

 1'-.J
-"'"
1'-.J

Applied stresses Resultant stresses

: radial compressive
' - stresses that induce
peripheral increasing cross-
peripheral compressive stresses sectional stress,
compressive sic= f(l)
stress,
spc =f(i)

0-ring installed in groove 0-ring installed in groove

n
:J
Q)

sic= tm "0

sd = t(D) ?'
;;o
0
....
Q)
--.
-<
(/)

Shaft installed m
Shaft installed til
 --i
::r
~
"'I
sic= f(I) "<
sd = f(D)
:.p sP = :.P

Differential pressure applied Differential pressure applied

stress due
Sic =f(I)
to heating
S = OKE sd = f(D)
1} = f( :.P,N,Sd) Sp = AP
Sq = OKE

Gow-joule heating effect Sq

Shaft is rotating

Figure 24. (b) Rotary 0-ring seal-design stresses

"'w"'"
24U C hap, 6. R otary Seals

Figure 24a is a three-dimensional sketch of an O -rin g in peri­

pheral compression. The peripheral compression acts circumfer­
entially within the O -rin g to oppose the externally applied radial
forces caused by the O -rin g groove. Therefore, the internal com­
pressive (periph eral) forces shown acting on the cross-sectional
plane, (F c> 3 / 2 and (F c ) 4 /2 , oppose half of the externally applied
radial forces (F j » ) 3 and (F j.) 4 , respectively. Even though the
cross-sectional plane represents an infinitesimal section of the
O -rin g , the entire O -rin g volume is in peripheral compression.
The peripheral compressive forces, or stress, induce cross-sec­
tional stress in the plane. These induced cross-sectional
stresses actually increase the cross-sectional area of the O -rin g
(phenomenon of Poisson’s ratio).
Figure 24b is an elaboration of the applied and induced stresses
shown in the cross-sectional plane of the O -rin g depicted in Fig.
24a. The first views show the indirectly applied peripheral com­
pressive stress as a function of the percent of diametral reduction
f. Applying this stress causes an increase in cross-sectional area
(shown in the adjacent view) and a corresponding resultant stress
throughout, dependent on I. (The relationship between f and I
was shown in Fig. 23.) The second set of views shows the shaft
installed, cumulative stresses after the addition of the stress r e ­
sulting from the depth of the groove being about 95% of the
original O -rin g width, and the consequent internal stresses ap­
plied by the O -rin g . The third set of views shows the application
and resultant stresses of differential pressure ( i . e . , the function
of the O -rin g to seal a fluid under p re ssu re ). The stresses re ­
sulting from both groove depth and differential pressure are
equally distributed inside the O -rin g .
This equalized distribution follows from the fact that a ru bber
seal is considered to be an incompressible, viscous fluid having a
very high surface tension [4] . Although these tvjo stresses are
distributed evenly within the O -rin g seal, they act to flatten the
O -rin g against the shaft, thereby increasing the contact area of
the seal and the unit loading on the shaft. This increase in unit
loading increases the frictional forces as the shaft rotates and
would produce a Gow-Joule effect if not compensated by the
opposing stress (S ic ) caused by increased cross section.
The Gow-Joule effect is shown in the last set of views only to
depict what the Sic opposes and to indicate that heating effects
Q are a function of the differential pressu re, groove depth, and
shaft speed. It must be remembered that as long as the net
stresses inside the O -rin g are opposed by the initially induced
peripheral compressive stress Sp^^, the Gow-Joule heating effect
T h eo ry 245

cannot occur and the 0 -r in g will not even start to contract around
the rotating shaft.
In the last view, it becomes obvious that the Sjc stresses
should be made maximum to oppose the stresses that would other­
wise give rise to the Gow-Joule effect. To obtain this maximum
cross-sectional stress, the maximum amount of peripheral com­
pression f must be applied to the 0 -r in g .. Theoretically, this can
be accomplished by pushing an 0 -r in g with the largest possible
outside diameter into the groove. The limiting factor is the mech­
anical difficulty in compressing a large 0 -r in g into a small groove
without detrimental effects, such as ’’sn akin g,” scratching, and
so on, although 0 -r in g insertion tools, such as the one shown in
Fig. 25, greatly ease 0 -r in g installation while preventing 0 -r in g
damage. Realistic maximum values of f vary from 1.07 to 1.10 (7
to 10% of diametral reduction). This means that the maximum
possible percentage increase in cross-sectional width is 5% (see
Fig. 23).
This tool, which operates somewhat like a syringe, makes in­
sertion of O -rin gs into rotary glands and deep grooves a simple
job. Thus special assemblies with access ports are not required.
The tool consists of a disklike mandrel, a stem, an inside cavity,
and a plunger. In operation, the 0 -r in g is pulled over the man­
drel and positioned around the stem in the cavity. The tool is
then installed in the bore so that the mandrel is positioned at the
0 -r in g groove. When the plunger is pushed forward it forces the
0 -r in g into the groove [6 ].

Figure 25. 0 -r in g insertion tool (courtesy of U .S . Naval Ocean

Systems Center, San Diego, C a lif.)
246 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

Another type of O -rin g insertion tool consists of a tube with a

conical bore which can be positioned at the edge of the O -rin g
groove within the seal housing. A plunger is then used to push
the O -rin g down the conical bore toward the O -rin g groove. The
conical bore reduces the outside diameter of the O -rin g such that
it slips easily into the O -rin g groove. Lightly greasing the 0 -
rin g usually helps installation and tends to prevent twisting and
excessive distortion of the O -rin g.

C. H eating and Lub rication

The surprising feature of elastomeric O -rin gs when used in rotary

sealing applications is their ability to wear metal parts. Friction
between an O -rin g and any bearing surface is caused by the as­
perities, or microscopic hills and valleys, in the surface inter­
face. Even though an elastomeric O -rin g is much softer than the
metal surface sliding against it, the O -rin g will wear away the
asperities of the metal as it glides past its irregular surface. The
result is usually a polishing effect on the metal surface, but if the
contact pressure and surface speed at the interface is great
enough, excess wear to the point of leakage may occur. We have
already seen how peripheral compression can induce cross-sec­
tional stresses within the O -rin g that combat the Gow-Joule effect.
Lubricants can also combat the Gow-Joule effect by mechanically
separating the surface asperities of the O -rin g and shaft.
As noted, the amount of heat generated at the sealing surface
of the moving shaft and stationary O -rin g is increased by an in­
crease in O -rin g squeeze (i.e . , a decrease in the gland depth D )
(F ig . 22). It was also noted that an increase in differential p re s­
sure applied across the O -rin g increases the amount of heat
generated. This heat must be dissipated to prevent overheating
of the O -rin g and the metal surface of the rotating shaft. This
is accomplished through lubrication. The lubricant shown in the
annulus of the spindle design (F ig . 22) thus provides a heat sink
while reducing that portion of heat generated by normal asperity
interference.
The importance of lubrication, especially in an application of
high shaft speed and high differential pressure, cannot be over­
emphasized. The extreme pressure (E P ) oil used in the rotary
seal shown in Fig. 22 is a special formula of Wynn oil. High-load-
carrying films from EP oils have a ’’cushioning effect” on the nor­
mal stresses of asperities. This is accomplished by the EP oil
T h eo ry 247

maintaining a sufficiently thick solidlike boundary film, which

has a lower elastic modulus than the asperities that this film
separates [ 5].
In addition to mechanically separating asperities between b e a r­
ing surfaces, boundary lubricants function through chemical
phenomena. There are two principal chemical reactions that must
be controlled in order to optimize the benefits from a boundary
lubricant: (1 ) beneficial decrease in fracture properties of
metal surfaces, and (2 ) detrimental increase in corrosive wear.
A properly balanced boundary lubricant contains oxygen, water,
and load-carrying additives that control the amount or rate of
conversion of bearing metals to friable corrosion products. These
friable products will break into smaller wear particles before
causing extensive damage to the confining surfaces. The detri­
mental effect occurs when too much friability leads to corrosive
wear. Therefore, a trade-off of boundary film properties is r e ­
quired [ 5].

Figure 26. Extreme PV values versus safe running time

248 C hap . 6. R otary Seals

D. When to Use T h is R otary 0 -R in g Design

The design for peripheral compression of the 0 -r in g should be

used in every rotary 0 -r in g seal application regardless of shaft
speed or differential pressu re. Remember that 0 -r in g failure will
not occur by the Gow-Joule effect if the net forces on the 0 -r in g
result in peripheral compression even under the severest environ­
mental loads. Therefore, designing all rotary 0 -r in g seals for
peripheral compression increases the safety factor in which the
induced peripheral compression stress is always greater than the
tensile stresses induced by differential pressure and the heat
generated by shaft rotation.
In order to predict service life of O -rin gs used in this peri­
pheral compression rotary seal design, the PV parameter is plotted
against run time. The PV parameter is the product of the p re s­
sure exerted on the 0 -r in g in psi and the shaft velocity in fpm.
Figure 26 shows extreme environmental conditions of PV greater
than 100,000 psi-fpm . As can be seen, safe running time b e ­
comes limited when PV conditions are greater than 150,000 psi-
fpm, while conditions less than this will not produce a Gow-Joule
failure. The ’’failure” curve is based on the same slope as the
’’safe running” curve and intercepts the only test failure that
occurred. The 1500 fpm and 800 psi (P V = 12 X lo'^ psi-fpm )
recommendation of the Parker Seal Company is included in the
figure to show that the area between the ’’safe running” and
’’failure” zones is an acceptable condition if other parameters such
as shaft hardness, surface roughness, lubrication, 0 -r in g ma­
terials, and concentricity between parts are stringently specified.
The designer must realize that although it is always beneficial
from a service life standpoint to use the peripheral compression
design, it does complicate 0 -r in g installation. 0 -r in g installation
is complicated by the fact that the peripheral compression design
incorporates an 0 -r in g which is 5 to 8% larger in outside diameter
than the diameter of the groove into which it must be installed.
In actuality, this only becomes a design consideration for shaft
sizes less than 2 in. in diameter. The use of 0 -r in g insertion
tools, as discussed in Sec. I .B , alleviates installation problems
associated with designs of smaller size where human fingers seem
too large and cumbersome. For shaft sizes larger than 2 in. in
diameter, 0 -r in g s can be eased into place by working the 0 -r in g
around the inside of the groove with the fingers of both hands.
This is discussed under general installation and assembly proce­
dure for the d u a l-0 -rin g peripheral compression design presented
in Sec. II.C .
T h eo ry 249

Figure 27. Self-lubricating gland seal— slanted 0 -r in g groove.

Slant angle should be such that the average reciprocation speed
is larger than 20 fpm: 2 (S )(ta n 0 )N > 20 fpm.

E. S e lf-L u b ric a tin g Gland Seal— Slanted 0 -R in g Grooves

An efficient rotary shaft seal may consist of two O -rin gs in

peripheral compression and an annulus of oil between them. This
type of design is presented as Design Example 11. If the 0 -rin g s
are slanted relative to the axis of the shaft, as in Fig. 27, they
will effectively sweep across its length, bringing new lubricant
into the sealing interface (surface of the shaft under the 0 -r in g
seal) with each revolution. The renewal of fresh lubricant will
greatly reduce the amount of heat created at the 0 -r in g , this
heat being the main cause of the Gow-Joule phenomenon.
Test data for O -rin gs up to 2 in. in diameter, indicate that
slanting the O -rin g seal relative to the rotating shaft not only
extends the life of the shaft but usually reduces the frictional
torque at the seal interface. This is expected because less wear
generally means less running torque. This is reflected in the
empirical results presented in Fig. 28. Notice that the torque for
the slanted groove design initially remains constant and then
gradually decreases to one-third of the torque for the vertical
groove design. This is because the O -rin g in the slanted groove
must wear in a la rg er area of the rotating shaft as it apparently
reciprocates back and forth along the shaft’s surface. In so
doing the O -rin g also sweeps in fresh oil that acts to lubricate
and slow down this wearing-in process, the ultimate result being
250 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

F ig u re 28. Torque reduction— slanted groove

a distributed polishing effect along the shaft surface instead of

the deep wear line as caused by the 0 -r in g in the vertical groove
design .
Although a torque-time plot of a rotary seal may seem to p re ­
dict a reduction in shaft wear, it does not tell the whole story.
For as was the case in Fig. 28, one could predict that since the
areas under the curves represent a force history, there should
have been equivalent wear on each of the shafts. The fact is
the wear caused by the vertical 0 -r in g was all at the same point
on the shaft, rendering the design incapable after 1 h r, whereas
the slanted groove design was still functioning after 15 h r. A d di­
tional data also indicate that slanting the 0 -r in g can effectively
extend the wearlife of a rotating shaft without apparently reduc­
ing the torque required to run it. Evidently, the speed at which
the 0 -r in g sweeps back and forth along the shaft's surface is
a factor in reducing the frictional torque required to rotate the
shaft. Although the reciprocating motion of the 0 -r in g across
the surface of the shaft is sinusoidal, consisting of an acceleration
and deceleration for every pass, a sort of average reciprocating
speed can be defined as the distance the 0 -r in g travels axially
along the shaft in one rotation of the shaft; that is, 2(shaft
diameter) X (tangent of slant angle) X (shaft speed). For Design
Example 12 this reciprocation speed is
T h eo ry 251

2(0.563)(tan 5°) X
in. ft
rev 12 in.
X (3000
\ min /
= 24.6 fpm

Design Example 12 presents a method for checking a slanted

O -rin g gland design with peripheral compression. The nominal
peripheral compression on the O -rin g checks out to be 8.4%.
When the O -rin g is installed in a slanted groove, its perimeter
takes on an elliptical shape. The slant angle in such designs
is so small that the perimeter is enlarged by only about 0.2% over
that of a true circle. This results in such a slight deviation in
O -rin g cross section that its effect can be ignored, the deviation
always being within the tolerance range of manufactured 0 -r in g s .
The slant angle is checked by calculating the average reciprocating
speed of the O -rin g on the shaft. In the example, this speed is
greater than the minimum limit of 20 fpm.

Design Example 12 Self-Lubricating Gland Seal-Slanted 0 -R in g

Grooves
G iven :

The design parameters given in Fig. 29.

Determine:

The feasibility of the design by checking the diametral clear­

ance, groove depth, peripheral compression, the actual squeeze
of the O -rin g cross section, the average reciprocating speed of
the O -rin g on the shaft, the frictional torque, and the PV param­
eter.
252 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

Design check:
1. 2C , diametral clearance:

2C = Vo^Oo) - 0.0005)

. /+ .0015
0.0
= 0.0045
n - 0.(
.0005

This diametral clearance (0.0060 m ax.) is well below the maximum

allowable according to Fig. 5 for 500 psi differential pressure.
Therefore, the 0 -r in g will not extrude.
2. D, groove depth:

D> 1 - (0.5625 . 0.0005)]

.0013
= 0.0643-
{ i r ,.0003
This is (0.065/0.070) X 100% = 91.4% of the free-state 0 -r in g width
This is between the recommended range of cross-sectional squeeze
(90 to 95% of W ), and is acceptable since the surface speed of the
shaft is low:

(0.5625 X )(3000 = 442 fpm

\ 12 in ./ ft/ \ min/ ^
3. 0 -r in g dimensions: From 0 -r in g standard AS568A or Parker
No. 2-016, the dimensions are:
W = 0.070 ± 0.003 in.

ID = 0.614 ± 0.005 in.

4. OD of 0 -r in g :

OD = ID + 2W

= (0.614 ± 0.005) + 0.140 ± 0.006

= 0.754 ± 0.011 in.

5. Nominal diametral compression of 0 -r in g when installed in

gro ove:

0.754 - 0.691
X 100% = 8. 4%
0.754

6. 0 -r in g cross section when installed into groove (the elliptical

perimeter of the 0 -r in g when installed in the slanted groove
deviates from that of a circle by only 0.19% and therefore may be
T h e o ry 253

ign ored): According to Fig. 23, the minimum cross-sectional

increase for an 8.4% diametral decrease is about 2.5%, and there­
fore the actual 0 -r in g width when installed in the groove will be

W’ . = 1.025(0.070 0.003) = 0.0687 in.

min
W' = 1.025(0.070 + 0.003) = 0.0748 in.
max

7. w, groove width:

w . = W’ (1.05)
min max

= 0.0748(1.05) = 0.0785 in.

w = 0.079 ± 0.001 in. is satisfactory
8. Actual squeeze of 0 -r in g :
a.
G - S .
max min
Minimum = W’
min 2
0.693 0.562
= 0.0687 -

= 0.0032 in

b.
G . - S
min max
Maximum = W’
max

0.691 - 0.563
= 0.0748

= 0.0108 in.

9. Average reciprocating speed of 0 -r in g on shaft:

Reciprocating speed = 2S(tan0)N

= (2 )
12 in./ft
(3000min
V
\ min>/

= 24.6 fpm

This speed is acceptable because it is greater than 20 fpm.

10. Frictional torque:
a. Friction due to differential pressu re: Referring to Fig. 17
where the 0 -r in g mean diameter is

0.614 + 0.754
= 0.684 in. diam.
254 C hap . 6. R otary Seals

and the differential pressure is 500 psi, we find that

= 3.5 lb

b . Friction due to cross-sectional squeeze: Referring to Fig

18, where the 0 -r in g ID is 0.5625 diameter, and the maximum
percent cross-sectional squeeze is

0.0108
X 100% = 14.4%
0.0748

we find that

F^ = 1.5 lb

c. Total friction:

F = 3.5 + 1.5 = 5.0 lb

d. Frictional torque:

= s . o^0.5625
(i^ )= 1.4 in .-lb

11. PV parameter:

PV = ( A P ) ( ttSN)

= ( 500 p si) ( tt (3000

^ \ 12 in. /ft/ \ min/
= 221,000 psi-fpm

According to Fig. 26, there 0 -r in g seals should function indefin­

itely .

A slanted-groove design that involved a shaft twice the diam­

eter used in Design Example 12, but rotating at half the speed,
incorporated a slant angle of 2.5 degrees instead of the 5 degrees
appearing in Fig. 29. The surface speed of this shaft, N , was
then 441.8 fpm, the same as for the shaft of Design Example 12,
but the reciprocating speed of the 0 -r in g across the shaft surface
was now only half, 12.3 fpm, this being

in. ft
2(1.125)(tan 2 .5 °) - (1500 ^ 12.3 fpm
rev 12 in . \ min/ ^

This design resulted in the same equivalent reduction in shaft

wear as compared to a vertical groove design, but without any
apparent reduction in torque. Evidently, slanting the 0 -r in g by
2.5 degrees was enough to adequately distribute the wear load of
T h eo ry 255

the 0 -r in g and extend the life of the shaft, but not enough
to effectively reduce the running friction at the 0 -r in g seal
interface. The reciprocation speed of the 0 -r in g was probably
slow enough to produce a ’’ striction” type of friction caused by
the constant sweeping of fresh lubrication across the seal area.
The ’’striction” or static friction is caused when the 0 -r in g ac­
celerates too slowly from its end-stroke position. In Design E x­
ample 12 where the slant angle was such as to produce a faster
0 -r in g reciprocation speed (24.6 fpm ), this ’’striction” torque
could not occur and the net result was a reduction in torque re ­
quired to rotate the shaft.
Therefore, it is hypothesized that in addition to reducing
shaft wear, a slanted 0 -r in g groove may be designed to reduce
shaft torque only if the proper slant angle is chosen. This slant
angle should be such that the reciprocation speed across the
shaft surface is greater than 20 fpm. It is theorized that the
minimum reciprocation speed is required so that the ’’striction”
effects of the stop-and-go action of the 0 -r in g , relative to the
axis of the shaft, do not significantly add to the frictional torque
required to rotate the shaft.

F. General Conclusions— Seal Life

The use of peripheral compression and self-lubrication have vastly

extended the applicability of elastomeric O -rin gs as rotary seals.
0 -rin g s in peripheral compression have successfully been used to
prevent the Gow-Joule failure phenomenon, while the additional
design feature of slanting the 0 -r in g has extended the environ­
mental limits of rotational speeds, pressu res, and seal life.
Rotary 0 -r in g glands should always be designed to incorporate
peripheral compression. Such gland designs basically reduce the
standard groove diameter of the 0 -r in g housing by 8% to keep the
O -rin g in compression. 0 -r in g failure will not occur due to the
Gow-Joule effect if the net forces on the O -rin g result in p eri­
pheral compression. Designing all rotary O -rin g seals for p eri­
pheral compression increases the safety factor in which the com­
pressive stresses are always greater than the tensile stresses in­
duced by the differential pressure and the heat generated by
shaft rotation.
Figure 26 predicts the service life of O -rin gs used in peri­
pheral compression for perpendicular glands. Figure 30 presents
the service life for slanted O -rin g glands. Notice that the service
life for slanted O -rin g glands is approximately four times the
service life for O -rin gs in perpendicular glands. This is because
 256 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

2 25
X
?
a
^ 20

>
O 15
O
>
X
LU 10
OC
D
05
05

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
RUN TIME,min

F ig u re 30. Extreme PV values versus safe running time— slanted

groove

the slanted O -rin gs sweep lubricant across the sealing surface

of the shaft, reducing the dynamic friction (F ig. 28). There have
been cases in which slanted 0 -r in g glands have actually extended
service life at PV values of 2.2 X 10^ psi-fpm to 15 times that of
perpendicular glands. This was accomplished by using 70° Shore
hardness Buna-N O -rin gs at these lower PV values instead of the
normally used 80° Shore hardness Buna-N graphite-impregnated
O -rin gs required for the higher PV values, 12 X 10^ psi-fpm .
In general, slanting the 0 -r in g gland extends seal life by four
times that of a perpendicular 0 -r in g gland. The only'disadvantage
of the slanted, peripheral compression gland is its initial manu­
facturing cost, but once production tooling is made, cost becomes
comparable to the perpendicular, peripheral compression gland.
P ractical Design Data 257

11. P R A C T IC A L DESIGN D ATA

A. A ctual R otary Seal H ardw are

Figure 31 shows a typical rotary 0 -r in g gland designed for

peripheral compression and oil lubrication. The gland housing is
designed to ’’float” about the shaft and is made of SAE 660 bronze
to dissipate the heat away from the oil and 0 -r in g seals. The
shaft is actually a stainless steel (A IS I 303) collar that is chrome
plated at the 0 -r in g interface. The chrome plate is approximately
0.005 in. thick and polished to a surface finish of 16 rms. Chrome
plate provides the 0 -r in g s with a hard, smooth surface which
has the optimum microscopic porosity to hold the oil that minimizes
the friction and dissipates the heat.
The rotary 0 -r in g gland design presented in Fig. 31 has been
used in a production undersea vehicle for the last 16 years. The
tough seawater environment has proven this design to be very
reliable in providing a positive seal at extended 0 -r in g life cycles.

F ig u re 31. Chrome shaft with bronze seal housing (Courtesy of

U .S . Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, C a lif.)
258 C hap . 6. R otary Seals

F ig u re 32. Chrome shaft with slanted seal housing (Courtesy of

U .S . Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, C a lif.)

Figure 32 shows the actual seal hardware of Design Example

12. The shaft is chrome plated at the 0 -r in g interface and
shows two wide, polished witness marks corresponding to the
slanted 0 -r in g s of the seal. The seal housing is made of SAE 660
bronze to dissipate heat. A needle bearing supports the shaft
on the chrome surface directly behind the seal housing. The
designer must always provide a bearing or some support mechanism
for the shaft. The seal housing must never be used to support
the shaft, even if the 0 -r in g grooves are machined into the base
housing. Figure 33 shows the seal housing and needle bearing
installed in the base housing. Dimensions are specified such that
the seal housing may "float” about the shaft (not sh ow n ). The
seal housing can move radially 0.0035 ± 0.0010 in. and axially
0.011 ± 0.009 in. The radial clearance must be large enough to
compensate for assembly eccentricities caused by tolerance stack-
up between the needle bearing and base housing and the seal
housing and base housing. Sufficient radial clearance will ensure
proper alignment (floating) of the seal housing without damage
to the rotating shaft.
Practical Design Data 259

F ig u re 33. Dimensions for floating seal (shaft not installed).

B. 0 -R in g M aterial fo r R otary Seal Applications

Various elastomeric materials have been tried in rotary seal appli­
cations to extend the seal life of 0 -r in g s . Materials tried have
included fluorocarbon (P ark er No. V747-75), neoprene (P ark er
No. C 557-70), nitrile (B u n a -N , Parker No. N 532-80), polyurethane
(P ark er No. P642-70), and graphite-impregnated nitrile (B u n a -N ,
Parker No. N256-85). Tests have shown that nitrile N532-80
lasts as long as fluorocarbon V 747-75 and polyurethane P642-70,
but neoprene C 557-70 lasts only one-fourth of the time before
leakage and catastrophic failure of the O -rin gs occurs. The
graphite-impregnated nitrile O -rin gs last at least twice as long as
the neoprene, nitrile, or polyurethane 0 -r in g s , but the graphite-
impregnated nitrile O -rin gs tend to wear the shaft at a greater
rate.
The order of best physical resistance (Chart ID , Chap. 2)
predicts nitrile as having the best physical resistance, while also
being compatible with oil, the oil being required for the d u a l-0 -
ring and oil annulus seal design for rotary seal applications. The
designer should realize that the 0 -r in g material must be compatible
with the fluid being sealed. Such charts as ID can help in the
260 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

selection of the proper elastomeric material, but the various po­

tential materials should actually be tested in order to optimize
seal life and determine the type of material failure,. Type of
failure may become very important when abrupt faiilure cannot be
tolerated. If material deterioration is slow enough to indicate
partial leakage, the 0 -r in g s can be replaced before catastrophic
leakage occurs. Testing potential materials will indicate the type
of failure to be expected. Failures due to extrusion and heat in­
compatibility usually occur quickly, while failures due to wear
and general fatigue tend to progress more slowly.

C . Assembly P rocedure fo r Dual P e rip h e ra lly Compressed 0 -R in g ,

Oil A n n u lu s , R otary Seal Design

The following procedure describes how to assemble the rotary

shaft seal of Fig. 32 and can generally be applied to any rotary
seal design that incorporates 0 -r in g s in peripheral compression
and/or an oil annulus:

1. The 0 -r in g s chosen to induce peripheral compression will

appear to be too large circumferentially for the grooves in the
seal housing but with a little effort they can be worked into
place. First, inspect the two 0 -r in g grooves in the housing to
make sure that they are clean. Lightly coat the inside of the
two grooves with a light lubricant such as Wynn oil 8P-27 (70
parts by volume 1245 neutral oil and 30 parts by volume 594 high-
performance lube supplement; Wynn Oil Company, Azusa, CA
91702) to facilitate installation of the O -rin gs. Warm the O -rin gs
to 135°F prior to installation. To install an O -rin g in its groove,
press the O -rin g between the thumb and forefinger to form an
ellipse. Push the "end" of the ellipse into the O -rin g groove, and
with the forefinger and the thumb, work the O -rin g radially into
the groove. A small loop in the seal which does not slide into
the groove remains. Push this loop gently into the groove with
one finger and with a blunt, very smooth probe force the O -rin g
material from one side of the loop, at the point where it emerges
from the groove, to the other side with a motion that tends to
distribute the O -rin g material around the groove. The O -rin g
material flows slowly. Nevertheless, with steady pressure, the
O -rin g will finally "flow" into place. After all of the O -rin g is
seated in the groove, again use the finger and thumb to make
sure that the O -rin g material is distributed, without twisting,
around the circumference of the groove.
P ractical Design Data 261

F ig u re 34. Oil filling of rotary seal

2. Coat the outer shaft sealing surface with a light coat of Wynn
oil 8P-27 or equivalent. Slip the shaft seal housing onto the shaft
to engage the first O -rin g .
3. Holding the shaft in a vertical position, the annulus between
the two O -rin gs in the seal housing should be filled to 50 to 60%
capacity with Wynn oil 8P-27 or equivalent. This is accomplished
by using a calibrated hypodermic syringe with a blunt needle
(F ig. 34).
4. After the oil is injected into the annulus, the seal housing is
slid farther onto the shaft such that the oil is retained by both
0 -r in g s .

D. P erip h eral Compression R otary Seal Design Tables

Design Tables 21 and 22 give dimensions for rotary shaft seal

designs incorporating 0 -r in g s in peripheral compression for
most current-size O -rin gs. The rotary shaft seal design is
depicted in Fig. 35 and defines the shaft, groove, and housing
diameters presented in Table 22 and the depth and width p re ­
sented in Table 21. Gland dimensions are such that the p e ri­
pheral compression incurred by the O -rin g averages 7% and the
squeeze on the O -rin g cross section ranges from 6 to 16%. The
peripheral compression and cross-sectional squeeze for each
O -rin g size are given in Table 23.
Design Tables 21 and 22 reflect the theoretical criteria p re ­
sented for both perpendicular and slanted O -rin g glands, except
that the O -rin g cross-sectional squeeze is slightly greater than
262 Chap. 6. Rotary Seals

Table 21. Selection of 0 -R in g Cross Section Based on Shaft

Speed

O -rin g Suggested Nominal O -rin g

cross-sectional shaft gland depth groove
diameter (i n .) speed (fpm ) (i n .) width (i n .)

0.070 Less than 1000 0.064 0.079

0.103 Less than 600 0.095 0.115
0.139 Less than 400 0.129 0.155
0.210 Less than 200 0.193 0.233
0.275 Less than 100 0.253 0.304

that calculated in Design Examples 11 and 12. The design tables

are based on the most commonly used 0 -r in g sizes and include the
currently increased tolerances on the inside diameter of the 0 -r in g
per standard AS568A. The larger tolerances for the inside diam­
eter of the O -rin gs accommodate a greater range of shrinkage
rates for the more recent elastomeric materials. These tolerances
are greater than those presented in Table 13, and should gen­
erally be used unless the actual diamensions of the 0 -r in g are
known.
Table 21 should be consulted for selecting the 0 -r in g cross-
sectional diameter. In most cases, the smallest cross-sectional
diameter should be chosen to minimize the amount of elastic mater­
ial contacting the shaft and therefore, minimize the amount of
heat generated at the 0 -rin g/sh aft interface. In Design Example
13, the shaft speed is 485 fpm. According to Table 21, either
the 0.070-in. or 0 .103-in.-cross-section O -rin g can be used. The
smaller-cross-section O -rin g is selected, but if the problem state­
ment had required a shaft larger than that listed for the 0.070-in.-
cross-section O -rin g (4.854 i n . ) , the 0 .103-in.-cross-section
0 -r in g s could be used (2-160 to 2-178 O -r in g s ), depending on the
shaft size and shaft speed.
Tables 21 and 22 specify the dimensions depicted in Fig. 35.
The dimensions are such that the diametral clearance between the
shaft and the seal housing bore is constant throughout the tables,
0.006 i n . , to prevent O -rin g extrusion at 1200 psi. The diametral
clearance between the seal housing and the base should be slight­
ly greater than that between the shaft and the housing, to allow
maximum flotation of the seal housing about the shaft, A diame­
tral clearance of 0.010 in. between the seal housing and the base
is adequate. The use of the design tables is not recommended for
 Practical Design Data 263

O I L - L U B R I C A T I O N & H E A T S IN K ,
BASE

CLEARANCE O R IN G SEAL^

GROOVE

DEPTH

S E A L H O U S IN G

Figure 35. Rotary O-ring* gland of peripheral compression and oil

annulus

pressures greater than 1200 psi or for shaft speeds greater than
1000 fpm. When pressures are greater than this, the designer
may modify the dimensions specified in Table 22 to reduce the
housing bore, but the designer should realize that in so doing the
concentricity between the shaft and the seal housing becomes
more of a factor. The designer may want to slant the O -rin g
grooves as shown in Fig. 27 if shaft speeds are greater than
1000 fpm. Slanting the O -rin g grooves, as specified in Sec. I.E ,
does not significantly effect the shaft and O -rin g groove dimen­
sions specified in Table 22.
Design Example 13 presents the use of Tables 21 to 23. The
size of the O -rin g is chosen according to the shaft speed and
size. Shaft, groove, and housing diameters are selected from
the design Table 22 and the peripheral compression and cross-
sectional squeeze incurrend by the O -rin g are presented in Table
23 for the designer’s information. The designer must specify
surface condition and concentricity together with dimensions.
Generally speaking, shafts should be ground to a finish of 16
rms, while the surfaces of the O -rin g grooves should be 32 to 63
 264 C hap. 6. R o tary Seals

Table 22. Rotary Shaft Seal Design Table (Floating Housing)

(Reference Fig. 35)

MAXI MUM C f i P R B I L I T Y : 1200 p s i , 1000 +pm

Unless s p e c i f i e d a l l dimensi ons are in i ri cf i es

C 3 d e n o t e s t o l e r ' a n c e s , + or -

W ( crOSS-sectiona 1 d i a . ) = .070C.0033

G- RI NG ID OD SHAFT DI f l GROOVE DI R HOUSI NG EOF

1.0005] 1.001] 1.0005]

2-010 0 . 2 3 9 C .0051 0.379 0.224 0.351 0.230

2-01 1 0 . 3 0 1 C. 0 0 5 ] 0.441 0.281 0.408 0.287
2-012 0.364 [ .005] 0.504 0.340 0.467 0.346
2-013 0.426C .005] 0.566 0.397 0.524 0.403
2-014 0 . 4 8 9 C. 0 0 5 ] 0.629 0.455 0.582 0.461
2-015 0 . 5 5 1 C. 0 0 7 ] 0.691 0.513 0.640 0.519
2-016 0.614C .009] 0.754 0.571 0.698 0.577
2-017 0.676C .009] 0.816 0.629 0.756 0.635
2-010 0. 7 39 C .0091 0.879 0.687 0.014 0.693
2-019 0 . 0 0 1 C. 0 0 9 ] 0.941 0.744 0.871 0.750
2-020 0.864 [ .009] 1.004 0.803 0.930 0.809
2-021 0 . 9 2 6 C. 0 0 9 ] 1.066 0.860 0.987 0.866
2-022 0 . 9 8 9 [ .010] 1.129 0.918 1.045 0.924
2-023 . 051 C. 0 1 0 ] 1.191 0.976 1.103 0.982
2 - 024 1 14 C. 0 1 0 ] 1 .254 1.034 1.161 1.040
2-025 176 [ .011] 1.316 1.092 1.219 1.098
2-026 . 2 3 9 C.011] 1 .379 1.150 1 .277 1.156
2-027 . 3 0 1 [ .011] 1.441 1.207 1 . 334 1.213
2-028 .364 [ .013] 1.504 1 . 266 1 .393 1 .272
2-029 . 4 8 9 C. 0 1 3 ] 1 .629 1.381 1.508 1 .387
2-030 .6141 . 0 1 3 ] 1 . 754 1 . 497 1 .624 1.503
. - 031 . 7 3 9 C. 0 1 5 1 1 .879 1.613 1 . 740 1.619
2-032 .864 t .015] 2.004 1 . 729 1 .056 1 . 735
2-033 ,969[ . 0 1 8 ] 2.129 1 .844 1i . 9 7 1 1.850
2-034 , 1 14 C.018] 2.254 1 . 960 2.087 1 . 966
2-035 2 . 2 3 9 [ .0181 2.379 2.076 2.203 2.082
2-036 2.3641 .018] 2.504 2.192 2.319 2.198
2-037 2 . 4 8 9 1. 018] 2.629 2.307 2.434 2.313
2-038 2 . 6 1 4 1 .020] 2.754 2.423 2.550 2.429
2-039 2 . 7 3 9 1. 0 2 0 ] 2.879 2.539 2.666 2.545
2-040 2 . 8 6 4 1. 020] 3.004 2.654 2.781 2.660
2 - 0- 2.9891 .024] 3.129 2.770 2.897 2.776
2-042 3.2391 .024] 3.379 3.002 3.129 3.008
2-043 3 . 4 8 9 1. 0 2 4 ] 3.629 3.23 3 3.360 3.239
2-044 3.7391 .027] 3.879 3.465 3.592 3.471
2-045 3 . 9 8 9 1. 0 2 7 ] 4.129 3.696 3.823 3.702
2-046 4.2391 .030] 4.379 3.928 4.055 3.934
2-047 4.4891 .030] 4.629 4.159 4.286 4.165
2-048 4.7331 .030] 4.879 4.3^1 4.518 4.397
2-049 4.9891 .037] 5.129 4.622 4.749 4.628
2-050 5.2331 .037] 5.379 4.054 4.981 4.860
 Practical Design Data 265

T ab le 22. (C o n tin u e d )

riflXINUN CRP f l BI L l TY : 1200 p s i, 600 fpm

Unless s p e c i f i e d al l dimensions are in inches

C ] d e n o t e s t o l e r ' a n c e s ^ + or' -

N (crOSS-sectiona1 d ia . ) = .103[.003]
sJ4'3t3 3 3'g a 'í ':as
O- RIffG ID OD SHAFT DIR GROOVE DIR HOUSING BORE
C.0005] C.001] [.0005]

2-110 0 . 3 6 2 [ .005] 0. , 5 6 8 0. 336 0. 526 0. 342

2-111 0 . 4 2 4 [ .005] 0. , 6 3 0 0. 394 0. 583 0. 400
2-112 0 . 4 8 7 C. 0 0 5 ] 0. . 6 9 3 0. 452 0. 642 0. 458
2 - 1 13. 0 . 5 4 9 [ .007] 0. , 7 5 5 0. 509 0. 699 0. 515
2-114 0 . 6 1 2 [ .009] 0. , 8 1 8 0. 568 0. 757 0. 574
2-115 0 . 6 7 4 [ .009] 0, . 8 8 0 0. 625 0. 815 0. 631
2 - 1 16 0 . 7 3 7 C. 0 0 9 ] 0, . 9 4 3 0. 683 0. 873 0. 689
2 - 1 17 0.799C . 010] 1,. 0 0 5 0 . 741 0 . 931 0. 747
2-118 0 . 8 6 2 C. 0 1 0 ] 1,. 0 6 8 0. 799 0. 989 0. 805
2-119 0.924 t . 010] 1,. 1 3 0 0. 857 1 . 046 0. 863
2-120 0.987C .010] 1,. 1 9 3 0. 915 1 . 105 0, 921
2- 1 21 049 [ . 010] 1.. 2 5 5 0. 972 1 . 162 0. 978
2-122 1 12 [ . 0 1 0 ] 1,. 3 1 8 1. 031 1 . 220 1. 0 3 7
2-123 1 7 4 C. 0 1 2 1 1,. 3 8 0 1. 0 8 8 1 . 270 1. 0 9 4
2-124 2 3 7 C. 0 1 2 ] 1 .443 1. , 1 4 6 1 ., 3 3 6 1. 1 52
2-125 293 [ . 012] 1 .505 1. 2 0 4 1 . 394 1. 2 1 0
2-126 362 [ . 012] 1,. 5 6 8 1. 2 6 2 1 . 452 1. 2 6 8
2-127 4 2 4 C.0 1 2 1 1 .630 1. 3 2 0 1 . 509 1. 3 2 6
2-128 4 8 7 C. 0 1 2 ] 1,. 6 9 3 1. 3 7 8 1 . 568 1. 3 8 4
2-129 549 [ .015] 1,. 7 5 5 1. 4 3 5 1 ., 6 2 5 1. 441
2-130 6 1 2 C. 0 1 5 ] 1,. 8 1 8 1. 4 9 4 1 . 683 1. 5 0 0
2-131 6 7 4 [ .015] 1,. 8 8 0 1. 551 1 . 741 1. 5 5 7
2-132 7 3 7 C. 0 1 5 ] 1,. 9 4 3 1. 6 0 9 1 . 799 1. 6 1 5
2-133 7 9 9 t .015] 2 .005 1. 6 6 7 1 . 856 1. 6 7 3
2-134 8 6 2 [ .015] 2, . 0 6 8 1. 7 2 5 1 . 915 1. 7 3 1
2-135 9 2 5 [. 0 1 7 ] 2, . 1 3 1 1. 7 8 3 1 . 973 1. 7 8 9
2-136 987 [ .017] 2, . 1 9 3 1. 8 4 1 2 . 031 1. 8 4 7
2-137 050 [ .017] 7 ,. 2 5 6 1. 8 9 9 2. 089 1. 9 0 5
2-138 1 12 C .017] 2, . 3 1 8 1. 9 5 7 2. 146 1. 9 6 3
2-139 1 7 5 C. 0 1 7 ] 2, . 3 8 1 2. 015 2. 205 2 . 021
2-140 2 3 7 C. 0 1 7 ] 2, . 4 4 3 2. 072 2. 262 2. 078
2-141 3 0 0 C. 0 2 0 ] 2 .506 2 . 131 2. 320 2. 137
2-142 2 . 3 6 2 C. 0 2 0 ] 2, . 5 6 8 2. 188 2. 378 2. 194
2-143 2 . 4 2 5 C. 0 2 0 ] 2, . 6 3 1 2. 246 2. 436 2. 25?
2-144 487 [ . 020] 2, . 6 9 3 2. 304 2. 494 2. 310
2-145 550C . 0 2 0 ] 2 ,. 7 5 6 2. 362 2. 552 2. 368
2-146 6 1 2 C. 0 2 0 ] 2, . 8 1 8 2. 420 2. 609 2. 426
2-147 6 7 5 C. 0 2 2 ] 2 ,. 8 8 1 2. 478 2. 668 2. 484
2-148 737 [ . 0 2 2 ] 2, . 9 4 3 2. 535 2. 725 2. 541
2-149 8 0 0 C. 0 2 2 ] 3, . 0 0 6 2. 594 2. 783 2. 600
2-150 8 6 2 C. 0 2 2 1 3, . 0 6 8 2. 651 2 . 841 2. 657
2-151 987 [ .024] 3, . 1 9 3 2. 767 2. 956 2. 773
2-152 2 3 7 [ .024] 3, . 4 4 3 2. 998 3. 188 3. 004
 266 C hap. 6. R o tary Seals

Table 22. (Continued)

MRXIMUM C R P R B I L I T Y : 12 0 0 ps >, 600 fpm

U n l e s s s p e c i f i ed a l l d i mens i on 5 a r e in i rich1e s
C ] d e f To t e s t o l e r ' a n c e 5 ^ or' "

( Cf' O3 s - s e c t i o r i a l di a . ) = .103C.003]
i m m m m m n m
0-RIN*G ID OD SHRFT DIR GROOVE DIR HOUSING BOF
C.0005] C. 0 0 1 ] [.0005]

2-153 3.487C.0241 3.693 3.230 3.419 3.236

2-154 3 . 7 3 7 C. 0 2 0 ] 3.943 3.461 3.651 3.467
2-155 3 . 9 8 7 C. 0 2 0 ] 4.193 3.693 3.082 3.699
2-156 4.237C.030] 4.443 3.924 4.114 3.930
2-157 4.487C.030] 4.693 4.156 4.345 4.162
2-153 4 . 7 3 7 C. 0 3 0 ] 4.943 4.337 4.577 4.393
2-153 4 . 9 8 7 C. 0 3 5 ] 5.193 4.619 4.809 4.625
2-160 5 . 2 3 7 C. 0 3 5 ] 5.443 4.850 5.040 4.856
2-161 5 . 4 d 7 C.035] - 993 5.082 5.271 5.088
2-162 5 . 7 3 7 C. 0 3 5 3 5.943 5.313 5.503 5.319
2-163 5 . 9 8 7 C.035] 6.193 i5 5.734 5.551
2-164 6.237[.0401 6.44 3 5.776 5.966 5.782
2-165 6.487C.040] 6.693 6.008 6.197 6.014
2-166 6.737C.040] 6.943 6.239 6.429 6.245
2i167 6.987E.040] 7.193 6.470 6.660 6.476
2-168 7.237C.045] 7.443 6.702 6.892 6.708
2-169 7.487C.045] 7.693 6.933 7.123 6.939
2-170 7 . 7 3 7 C. 0 4 5 ] 7.943 7.165 7.355 7.171
2-171 7.987C.045] 8.193 7.396 7.586 7.402
2-172 8.237[.050] 8.443 7.628 7.818 7.634
2-173 8.487C.050] 8.693 7.859 8.049 7.865
2-t74 8.737C.050] 8.943 8.091 8.281 8.097
2-175 8 . 9 8 7 C. 0 5 0 ] 9.193 8.322 8.512 8.328
2-176 9.237C.055] 9.443 8.554 8.744 0.560
2-177 9.487C.055] 9.693 8.785 8.975 8.791
2-178 9.737[.055] 9.943 9.017 9.206 9.023

MRXI MUM C R P R B I L I T Y ; 1200 p s i , 400 f pm

Unless s p e c i f i e d a l l dimensions are in inches

I ] d e n o t e s t o I e r a n c e s , + or ~

W (cross-sectional dia.) = . 1 3 9 E. 004]

0-RING ID OD SHRFT DI R GROOVE DI R HOUSI NG BO

C. 0005] C.001] C.0005]

2-210 0.734[.010] 1.012 0.679 0.937 0.685

2-211 0.796C.010] 1.074 0.736 0.994 0.742
2-212 0.859C.010] 1.137 0.795 1.053 0.801
2-213 0 . 9 2 1 C. 010] 1.199 0.852 1.110 0.858
2-214 0 . 9 8 4 C. 0 1 0 ] 1 .262 0.910 1.169 0.916
 Practical Design Data 267

T able 22. (C o n tin u e d )

MRXI MUM C R P R B I L I T Y : 1 2 0 0 ps^ , 400 f pm

Unless s p e c i f i e d a l l dimensions are in i nches

C 3 d e n o t e s t o 1e r a n c e s , t or -

W (cross -s e c t i o n a l dia.) = . 139[.0043

■«••■■aiaaaaa^iaaaaaiafaaasiiaaaaaisaaa
0-RING ID OD SHRFT DI R GROOVE D I R HOUSI NG BO
[.00053 [.0013 [.00053

2-215 1.046 [.0103 1.324 0.968 1 .226 0.974

2-216 1 . 1 0 9 C. 0123 1 .387 1.026 1 .284 1.032
2-217 1 . 1 7 1 C. 0 123 1.449 1.084 1 .342 1.090
2-210 1 . 2 3 4 C. 01 2 3 1.512 1.142 1.400 1.148
2-219 1 . 2 9 6 C. 0 123 1 .574 1.199 1 .457 1.205
2-220 1 . 3 5 9 C. 0 123 1 .637 1 .258 1.516 1.264
2-221 1 . 421 [ . 0 1 2 3 1 .699 1.315 1.573 1.321
2-222 1 .484 [.0153 1.762 1 .373 1 . 631 1.379
2-223 1.609 [.0153 1 .887 1 .489 1 .747 1.495
2-224 1 . 7 3 4 C. 0 153 2.012 1.605 1 .863 1.611
2-225 1 . 0 5 9 C. 0 1 8 ] 2.137 1 . 721 1.979 1.727
2-226 1.904 [.0103 2.262 1.836 2.094 1.842
2-227 2. 109 [.0183 2.387 1 .952 2.210 1.958
2-220 2 .234 [.0203 2.512 2.068 2.326 2.074
2-229 2. 359 [.0203 2.637 2 . 184 2.442 2.190
2-230 2. 404 [.0203 2.762 2.299 2.557 2.305
2-231 2.609[.0203 2.887 2.415 2.673 2.421
2-232 2.734[.0243 3.012 2.531 2.789 2.537
2-233 2.859[.0243 3.137 2.647 2.905 2.653
2-234 2.984[.0243 3.262 2.762 3.020 2.768
2-235 3.109[.0243 3.387 2.878 3.136 2.084
2-236 3.234[.0243 3.512 2.994 3.252 3.000
2-237 3.359[.0243 3.637 3.109 3.360 3.115
2-230 3.484[.0243 3.762 3.225 3.483 3.231
2-239 3.609[.0283 3.887 3.341 3.599 3.347
2-240 3.734[.0283 4.012 3.457 3.715 3.463
2-241 3.859[.0283 4.137 3.572 3.031 3.578
2-242 3.984[.0283 4.262 3.688 3.946 3.694
2-243 4.109[.0283 4.387 3.804 4.062 3.810
2-244 4.234[.0303 4.512 3.920 4.178 3.926
2-245 4.359[.0303 4.637 4.035 4.294 4 ..041
2-246 4.484[.0303 4.762 4.151 4.409 4.157
2-247 4.609[.0303 4.887 4.267 4.525 4.273
2-249 4.734[.0303 5.012 4.383 4.641 4.389
2-249 4.859[.0353 5 . 137 4.498 4.756 4.504
2-250 4.894[.0353 5.172 4.531 4.789 4.537
2-251 5.109[.0353 5.387 4.730 4.988 4.736
2-252 5.234[.0353 5.512 4.846 5.104 4.852
2-253 5.359[.0353 5.637 4.961 5.219 4.967
2-254 5.484[.0353 5.762 5.077 5.335 5.083
2-255 5.609[.0353 5.887 5.193 5.451 5.199
2-256 5.734[.0353 6.012 5.309 5.567 5.315
2-257 5.859[.0353 6.137 5.424 5.682 5.430
2-259 5.984[.0353 6.262 5.540 5.798 5.546
2-259 6.234[.0403 6.512 5.772 6.030 5.778
 268 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

T ab le 22. (C o n tin u e d )

MRXI MUM C R P R B I L I T Y : 1200 p s i , 400 f pm

Unless s p e c i f i e d a l l dimensions are in inches

C 3 d e n o t e s t o l e r a n c e s , + or -

W (cross-sectional dia.) = .139C.0043

O- RI NG ID OD SHRFT D I R GROOVE DI R HOUSI NG BORE

C. 0 0 0 5 3 C. 0013 [.00053

2-260 6 . 4 0 4 C. 0 403 6.762 6.003 6.261 6.009

2-261 6.734C.0403 7.012 6.234 6.493 6.240
2-262 6 . 9 8 4 C. 0403 7.262 6.466 6.724 6.472
2-263 7 . 2 3 4 C. 0453 7.512 6.697 6.956 6.703
2-264 7.484C.0453 7.762 6.929 7.107 6.935
2-265 7.734C.0453 9.012 7.160 7.419 7.166
2-266 7.984C.0453 8.262 7.392 7.650 7.398
2-267 8.234C.0503 8.512 7.623 7.001 7.629
2-268 8.404[.0503 8.762 7.855 8.113 7.861
2-269 0.734(.0503 9.012 8.086 8.344 8.092
2-270 0.984[.0503 9.262 8.318 0.576 8.324
2-271 9 . 2 3 4 C. 0 5 5 3 9.512 0.549 8.007 8.555
2-272 9.484(.0553 9.762 8.781 9.039 0.787
2-273 9.734(.0553 10.012 9.012 9.270 9.018
2-274 9.984(.0553 10.262 9.244 9.502 9.250

MAXI MUM C R P f l B I L I T Y ; 1 2 0 0 ps i , 200 +pm

Unless s p e c i f i e d a l l dimensions are in i nches

[ 3 d e n o t e s t o l e r a n c e s , + or -

W ( c r o s s - s e c t i ona 1 d i a . ) = .210(.0053

O- RI NG ID OD SHRFT DI R GROOVE D I R HOUSI NG BOF

(.00053 (.0013 (.00053

2-315 0.787(.0103 1.207 0.725 1.118 0.731

2-316 0.850[.0103 1 .270 0.783 1 .176 0.789
2-317 0.912(.0103 1.332 0.840 1 .233 0.846
2-310 0.975(.0103 1.395 0.899 1.292 0.905
2-319 1 .037(.0103 1.457 0.956 1 . 349 0.962
2-320 1 . 100(.0123 1.520 1.014 1.407 1.020
2-321 1.162(.0123 1.582 1.072 1.465 1,078
2-322 1.225Í.0123 1.645 1.130 1.523 1.136
2-323 1.287(.0123 1.707 1.188 1. 581 1.194
2-324 1 .350C.0123 1.770 1.246 1.639 1.252
2-325 1.475(.0153 1.895 1.362 1 . 755 1.360
2-326 1 .600C.0153 2.020 1 .477 1.870 1.483
2-327 1 .725(.0153 2.145 1 .593 1.906 1.599
2-328 1 .05O(.O153 2.270 1.709 2.102 1.715
2-329 1.975(.0103 2.395 1 .825 2.218 1.031
2-330 2 . l o o t . 0103 2.520 1.940 2.333 1.946
2-331 2.225(.0183 2.645 2.056 2.449 2.062
2-332 2.350C.0183 2.770 2.172 2.565 2.178
 Practical Design Data 269

Table 22. (Continued)

Mf l XI MUn C R P R B I L I T Y ; 1200 p s \ , 200 f pm

Unless s p e c i f i e d a l l dimensions are in i nches

C ] d e n o t e s t o 1e r a n c e s , or -

N (cross -sect i ona1 d i a . ) » . 210[.0053

0-RING ID OD SHRFT DI R GROOVE DI R HOUSI NG BOI

[.00053 C.0013 [.00053

2-333 2 . 4 7 5 C. 02 0 3 2.895 2.288 2.681 2.294

2-334 2 . 6 0 0 C. 0 203 3.020 2.403 2.796 2.409
2-335 2 . 7 2 5 C. 0 2 0 3 3.145 2.519 2.912 2.525
2-336 2.850C.0203 3.270 2.635 3.028 2.641
2-337 2.975t.0243 3.395 2.751 3.144 2.757
2-330 3 . l o o t . 0 243 3.520 2.866 3.259 2.072
2-339 3 . 2 2 5 C. 0 2 4 3 3.645 2.982 3.375 2.988
2-340 3.350C.0243 3.770 3.098 3.491 3.104
2-341 3.475C.0243 3.895 3.213 3.606 3.219
2-342 3. 6OOC. O203 4.020 3.329 3.722 3.335
2-343 3.725C.O203 4.145 3.445 3.838 3.451
2-344 3. 05OC. O283 4.270 3.561 3.954 3.567
2-345 3 . 9 7 5 C. 0 203 4.395 3.676 4.069 3.602
2-346 4 . 100C.0283 4.520 3.792 4.185 3.798
2-347 4.225C.0303 4.645 3.908 4.301 3.914
2-348 4.350C.0303 4.770 4.024 4.417 4.030
2-349 4.475C.0303 4.895 4.139 4.532 4.145
2-350 4.600C.0303 5.020 4.255 4.648 4.261
2-351 4.725C.0303 5.145 4.371 4.764 4.377
2-352 4.850C.0303 5.270 4.487 4.080 4 . 49;3
2-353 4.975[.0373 5.395 4.602 4.995 4.608
2-354 5 . 100C. 0373 5.520 4.718 5.111 4.724
2-355 5.225C.0373 5.645 4.034 5.227 4.840
2-356 5.350C.0373 5.770 4.950 5.343 4.956
2-357 5.475[.0373 5.895 5.065 5.450 5.071
2-358 5.600[.0373 6.020 5.181 5.574 5.187
2-359 5.725[.0373 6.145 5.297 5.690 5.303
2-360 5.850(.0373 6.270 5.413 5.806 5.419
2-361 5.975[.0373 6.395 5.528 5.921 5.534
2-362 6.225[.0403 6.645 5.760 6.153 5.766
2-383 6.475[.0401 6.895 5.991 6.384 5.997
2-364 6.725[.0403 7.145 6.223 6.616 6.229
2-365 6.975[.0403 7.395 6.454 6.847 6.460
2-366 7.225[.0453 7.645 6.686 7.079 6.692
2-367 7.475(.0453 7.895 6.917 7.310 6.923
2-368 7.725[.0453 8.145 7.149 7.542 7.155
2-369 7.975[.0453 8.395 7.380 7.773 7.386
2-370 8.225[.0503 8.645 7.612 8.005 7.618
2-371 8.475[.0503 8.895 7.843 0.236 7.849
2-372 8.725[.0503 9.145 8.075 0.468 8.081
2-373 8 .9 75 [.0503 9.395 0.306 0.699 0.312
2-374 9.225[.0553 9.645 8.538 8.931 8.544
2-375 9.475[.0553 9.895 8.769 9.162 8.775
2-376 9 . 725 [.0553 10.145 9.001 9.394 9.007
2-377 9.975[.0553 10.395 9.232 9.625 9.238
 270 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

T ab le 22. (Continued)

MAXI MUM C A P A B I L I T Y : 1200 p s 1, 100 fpm

Unless s p e c i f i e d a l l d i m e n s i o n s are in i n c h es
C ] d e n o t e s t o l e r a n c e s , + or -

W ( cr os s - s e c t i o n a l d ia. ) - . 2 7 5 C. 0 0 &]

0-RING ID OD SHAFT DI R GROOVE DIR HOUSI NG BORE

C. 0 0 0 5 3 C.0013 C. 00053

2-425 4.475C.033] 5.025 4.136 4.653 4.142

2-426 4.600C.0331 5.150 4.252 4.769 4.258
2-427 4.725C.033] 5.275 4.368 4.884 4.374
2-428 4.850C.0331 5.400 4.484 5.000 4.490
2-429 4.975C.0371 5.525 4.599 5.116 4.605
2-430 5 . 100C. 0373 5.650 4.715 5.231 4.721
2-431 5.225C.037] 5.775 4.831 5.347 4.637
2-432 5.3501.037] 5.900 4.946 5.463 4.952
2-433 5.475C.037] 6.025 5.062 5.579 5.068
2-434 5.600C.037] 6.150 5.178 5.694 5.184
2-435 5.725C.037] 6.275 5.294 5.810 5.300
2-436 5.850C.0371 6.400 5.409 5.926 5.415
2-437 5 . 9 7 5 C. 03 7 3 6.525 5.525 6.042 5.531
2-438 6.225C.0403 6.775 5.757 6.273 5.763
2-439 6 . 4 7 5 C. 0 4 0 3 7.025 5.988 6.505 5.994
2-440 6.7251.0403 7.275 6.220 6.736 G.226
2-441 6 . 9 7 5 [ . 04 0 3 7.525 6.451 6.968 6.457
2-442 7.225C.0453 7.775 6.683 7.199 6.689
2-443 7 . 4 7 5 C. 0 4 5 3 8.025 6.914 7.431 6.920
2-444 7.7251.0453 8.275 7.146 7.662 7.152
2-445 7.975C.0453 8.525 7.377 7.094 7.383
2-446 8 . 4 7 5 C. 0 553 9.025 7.840 8.356 7.846
2-447 8.975C.0553 9.525 8.303 0.819 8.309
2-448 9.475C.0553 10.025 8.766 9.282 8.772
2-449 9 . 9 7 5 C. 0 553 10.525 9.229 9.745 9.235

rms. Concentricities must be held to 50% of the minimum 0 -r in g

cross-sectional squeeze ( i . e . , 0.002 in. for 0.070-in.-cross-section
0 -r in g s to 0.006 for 0 .210-in,-cross-section 0 -r in g s . In order to
maintain shaft concentricity, the shaft support mechanism (b e a r ­
in g ) must be located as close to the seal housing as possible. The
designer should realize that the seal housing must float about the
rotating shaft and not support the shaft. O -rin gs cannot be used
to support a rotating shaft. This must be accomplished by another,
independent mechanism, such as journal or rolling-element b ear­
ings. The better the shaft is supported and the straighter the
shaft is, the better will be the running concentricity of the shaft
and the longer will be the life of the 0 -r in g seals.
 Practical Design Data 271

Table 23. Rotary Shaft Seal Design Table (0 -R in g Squeeze and

Peripheral Compression) (Reference Fig. 35)
W ( c r O S S - s e c t I ana 1 d i a . ) ■ .070[.0033

S QUE E Z E , ( * 0 PERI PHERAL CGMPRESSIGN, X G- RING

MIN MRX MIN MRX

0.004(6. 17^ 0.012( 15 .89) 4.368 10.275 2-01 0

0.004(6. 17 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 4.806 9.882 2-01 1
0.004(6. 17 ; 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 5.139 9.579 2-012
0.004(6. 17 J 0.012(15 . 89 ) 5.332 9.346 2-013
0.004(6. 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 5.598 9.155 2-014
0.004(6. 17 ) 0.012(15 . 39 ) 5.435 9.259 2-01 5
0.004(6. 17) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 5.393 9.344 2-01 6
0.004(6. 17) 0.012(15 . 89 ) 5.549 9.199 2-01 7
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . a_9 ) 5.684 9.073 2 - 0.1 a
0.004(6 . 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 99 ) 5.300 8.965 2-019
0.004 t 6 . 17) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 5.902 8.869 2-020
0.004(6. 17 J 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 5.991 8.785 2-021
0.004 i 6 . 17 ) 0.012( 15 .89) 5.986 8:789 2-022:
004(6 . 1 7 '> 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 • 6.06 1 3.713 2 -02 3
004•6. 17 ) 0.012 I 15 . 89) . 6.130 8.653 2-024
004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.119 8.663 ^ - rr“'s
004 I 6. 17 , 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 .89 ) 6.178 8.607 2-026
004(6. 17 ) 0. 012(15 .89) 6.232 3.556 2-02?
004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.155 8.628 2-026
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ' 1 5 . 89 ) 6.253 8.536 2-029
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.336 8.456 2-030
0.004(6. 17 ; 0.012(15 .89' 6.307 8.483 2-031
0.004(6. 17) 0.012( 15 .89) 6.376 0.417 2-032
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 8,9 )' 6.304 8.486 2-033
0.004(6. 17) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.366 8.427 2-034
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.421 8.374 ’2 - 0 3 5
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.471 8.326 2-036
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 15 . 99 ) 6.516 8.283 2-03?
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.488 a . 309 2-036
0.004(6 . 17 ; 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 39 ) 6.529 8.271 2-039
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 39 ) 6 .565 8.235 2-040
0.004(5. 17) 0.012(15 .89) 6.479 8.318 2-241
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.548 8.252 2-04 2
0.004(6. 17) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 39 ) 6.608 8.194 2-04 3
0.004(6. 17 ) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6,587 8.214 2-044
0.004(6. 17) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.637 8.166 2-045
0.004(6 . 17) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.617 8.185 2-046
0.004(6 . 17) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 89 ) 6.660 8.143 2-047
0,004(6. 17 ) 0. 012( 15 .89) 6.698 8.106 2-046
0.004(6. 17) 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 5 .~89 ) 6.605 8.197 2-049
0.004(6. 17 ) 0.. 0 1 2 ( 1 5 . 39 ) 6.643 8.160 2-050
 272 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

Table 23, (Continued)

W C c r O S S - s e c 1 1ona 1 d i a . ) ■ .103C.003]

SQUEEZE, r / .) PERI PHERRL COMPRESSI ON, 0- Rl NG

MI N MRX MI N MRX

0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 399 9.339 2-110

0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) .600 9.152 2-111
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) ?67 8.996 2-112
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 650 9.105 2-113
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 553 9.195 2-114
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) .686 9.071 2-115
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 803 8.962 2-116
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 808 8.955 2-117
0.007(6.46) • 0. 014 ( 1 3 . 1 4 ) . 904 8.866 2 - 11 a
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 988 8.787 2-119
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) .064 8.716 2-120
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) , 131 8.652 2: - 121
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) 193 8v593 2-122
0.007^6.46) 0.014(13.14) 1 10 8.671 2-123
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) 163 8.617 2-124
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) M9 8.567 2-125
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 268 8. 521 2-126
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 311 8.479 2-127
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 353 8. 4- 40 2-128
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 228 8.559 2-129
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) .270 8.519 2-130
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) 308 8.483 2-131
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 344 8.448 2-132
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) .377 8.417 2-133
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 409 8.386 2-134
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) .350 8.443 2-135
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) .380 8.414 2-136
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 409 8.386 2-137
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) .436 8.360 2-133
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 462 8.335 2-139
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) 6-. 406 8.312 2-140
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) 6.396 8.398 2-141
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 421 8. . 374 2-142
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 445 8.351 2-143
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 467 8.330 2-144
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) .483 8.309 2-145
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 509 8.289 2-146
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14 j . 464 8.333 2-147
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) . 484 8.314 2-148
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.-14) .503 8.295 2-149
0.007(6.46 0.014(13.14) . 522 8.277 2-150
0.007(6.45 0.014(13.14) . 493 8.300 2-151
0.007(6.46 0.014(13.14) 6.564 8.236 2-152
0.007(6.46 0.014(13.14« 6.622 8.130 2-153
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14 1 6.576 8.224 2-154
 Practical Design Data 273

Table 23. (Continued)

l~ (cross-sectional d111.J • .103!.0031
~~••s•••••2••~~-~~~••••aas••••••••••
SOUEE:E,I%l PERIPHEPAL COMPRESSION,~
MIN MR~: t1I t4 t·1R>:

0.007<6.461 0.014'.13.14) 6.626 8' 176 2-155

0.007(6.46) 0.014l13.141 6.628 8. 174 2-156
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.1-ll 6.670 8. 133 2:-157
0.007(6.461 0.014(13.141 6.708 8.097 2-158
0.007(6.461 0.014(13.14) 6.651 8. 152 2-159
0.007(6.46 J 0,014<13.14) 6.686 8. 118 2-160
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) 6.718 8.087 2- 161
0.007(6.46.J 0.014(13.14) 6.747 8.059 2-162
0.007(6.46.J 0.014i13.141 6. 774 8. 032 ::-163
0'. OCr? \6. 4E.' 0.014l13.14i 6.?:6 8.~~g 2-164
0.007•6.461 0.014(13.14) 6.752 8.054 2- 165
0.007(6.461 0.014<13.14) 6.775 8.031 2-166
0.007(6.46l 0.014(13.14) 6.797 8. (11 0 2-167
0.007<6.46) 0.014l13.14l 6.755 8.0'51 2-168
0.007C6.46l 0.014<13.14) 6. 776 8.030 2-169
0.007<6.46) 0.014(13.14) 6.796 8.011 2-170
0.007(6,46! 0.014<13.14) 6.815 7.992 2-1 71
0.007(6.46J 0.014(13.14) 6. 777 8.029 <>172
0.007(6.46) 0.014(13.14) 6.795 8.01<: 2- 173
0.007<6.46) 0.014(13. 14) 6.813 7.995 2-174
0.007(6,46) 0.014<13.14) 6.829 7.979 2-175
0.007<6.46) 0.014<13.14) 6.795 8.012 2- 176
0.007<6.46.J 0.014(13.14! 6. 811 7.9'37 2-177
0.007(6.46l 0.014<13.14) 6.826 7.982 2-178

\<J fcross-sectloria1 d1a.l • .139[.0041

1121SIS111;1~1)BAWUi8WZ#~I•J~Iiai:O!

0.008l5.92J 0.018 ( 12.::1 J 5.630 9.123 :-21 (1

0.008i5.92l 0.018l12.2>1 J 5.734 9.025 2-2 1 1
0.008<5.92! 0.018<12.21) 5.829 8.937 2-212
0.008(5.92) 0.018<12.21.1 5. 911 8.859 :-2:13
0.008i5.92l 0.018f12.21.1 5.987 8.788 2-214
0.008l5.92) 0.018(12.21) 6.055 8.724 2-215
0.008<5.92) 0.018<12.21) 5.980 8.795 2-216
0.00815.92) 0.018<12.21) 6.042 8.736 2-217
0.008<5.92! 0.. 0 1 8, ( 1 2 ' 2 1 ) 6.099 8.681 2-218
0.008(5.921 0.018(12.21 J 6. 151 8.632 ::.21s
0.008(5.921 0.018(12.21) 6.200 8.585 2-220
0.008(5.921 0.018(12.21) 6.245 8.543 ::-221
0.008•5.921 0.018<12.21) 6.125 8 .-S57
0. 008 ( 5. 32) 0.018(12.21' 6. 211 8.575
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 Practical Design Data 275

Table 23. (Continued)

;0 I" c r o s 5 - s e c t I o n a ! d i a . ' ■ . 1 3' 9 [ . 0 0 4 ]
6 ^ ■'*K^^ ^ y/.^ 4-
SOUEE ZE , ( : : ) PERI PHEPRL CDMPPE99I ijN, /. G- PINO
MR:-: MIN MR:.
0.008'5.92 ' 0.018(12.21 6 . 7 6 '0 8.046 2 - 2' 6 7
0.008'5.92 J ( 3. 01 0 ' 1 2 . 2 I 6.779 0.028 2 - 2:6 S'
0.00815.92 ' •j . 0 1 3 1 2 . 2 1 6.796 8 . (J 1 1 2 - 2:6 9
0.008(5.32 ) 'j . 01 6 ( 1 2 . 2 1 6.813 7.994 2 - 2:7 »3
0.008(5.92 - 0 . 0 1 8 f 12.21 6.779 8.027 2-27 1
0.008(5.92 J 'j . 01 8 ' 1 2 . 2 1 6.796 8 . »31 1 2 - 2:7 2
0.008(5.92 ' 0.013(12.21 6.811 7.936 2 ~2 7 3
0.008(5.92 J 0.018(12.21 6.826 7.902 2-2: 74

across-sectional di a. ' ■ . 2 1 [ . 0»05 ]

% ii ii

0.012(5.35 J 0.024(10.91 5.763 8.993 2-315

0.012^5.85. 0 . 0 2 4 ' . ' 10. 91 ' 5.846 8 . 9 2' j 2 - 3 16
0.012'5.85 J 0.024'10.91 ' 5.920 8.851 2-317
0.012(5.35; 0 . '02 4 ' 1 0 . 9 1 ) 5.983 0.787 2-313
0 . 0 1 2 ^ 5 . S5> 0.024'10.91 ) 6.049 8.729 2-319
0.012(5.85) ij . 02 4 1 1 0 . 9 1 » 5.981 8.793 2-320
0.012(5.85) 0.024»10.91 ) 6.038 3.740 2-321
0.012(5.85) 0.024»' 10. 91 6.091 8.633 2-322
0.012'. 5 . 8 5 ) 0.024(10.91 ) 6.139 8.643 2-323
0.012(5.85) 0.024(10.31 ) 6.185 8.600 2-324
0.012(5.85) 0.024(10.9 1) 6.116 8.665 2-325
0.012(5.85) 0 . 0 2 4» 1 ij. 9 1 ) 6.197 8.588 2-326
0.012(5.85) 0 . »024 ( 1 »0. 9 1 ) 6.268 8.520 2-327
'3.012(5.35 ; 0.024(10.91 ' 6.332 8 . 46' j 2-323
0.012'5.85) 'J . 02 4 » 11J . 9 1 ^ 6.270 8.519 2-329
. 0 12 ( 5 . 8 5 ) 0.024(10.91 ' 6.327 8.464 2 - 3 3 ij
0.012(5.85) 0 . 0 2 4 » 1 ' 3. 9 1 ) 6.379 8.415 2-331
0.012(5.35) 0.024110.91 ' 6.425 8.370 2-332
'3 . 'j 1 2 ( 5 . 8 5 1 0.024(10.91 ) 6.403 0. 39- 1 2-333
0.012(5.85) 0 . 0 2 4 » 10 . 9 1 ) 6.445 8.351 2-334
0.012(5.35) 0.024(10.91 ) 6.484 8.914 2-335
0.012(5.35) 0 . 0 2 4 - 10.91 ' 6.519 0.279 2-336
0.012(5.35) 0.024110.91 ) 6.441 8.355 2-337
0.012'5.85 ' 0.024(10.91 ) 6.476 0. 321 2-338
0.012(5.35) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1C'. 9 1 ' 6.508 8 . 2 9 (j 2-339
(:'.012(5.35 ' 0.024'10.91 ) 6.538 8. 261 2-340
0.012(5.85) (J . '02 4 ' 1 (j . 9 1 ) 6.566 8.234 2-34 1
'3 .' j 1 2 1 5 . 8 5 ) 0.024(10.91 ) 6.499 8.299 2-342
0.012(5.35 ^ ' 3 . 0 2 4 ( 10 . 9 1 ) 6.526 8.272 2-343
 276 C hap, 6. R o ta ry Seals

Table 23. (Continued)

H c r o i i >i e c t i on 1 cl i a . ) ■ . 2 1'J [. 005 ]
i . .i i j # « j j ^ fc &vU’ u 4 i; M^a ::s a sf s is i i5ig
SQUEEZE, CO pepipherhl lum pressiun . 0 -RI N'j
MIN MRX MIN MfOX
0.012(5, 3 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4' 10. 91 • 552 8.24 7 : - 344
0.01 2 >.5 , 3 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 57? 0.224 2-345
0.012(5, 8 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 J 6 . G'j O 8. 201 2 ■3 4 6
0.012(5. 8 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 8 1) 6. 5 3 1 0.218 2-347
0.012(5, 8 5 J 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 603 8.199 2-343
0.012(5, 8 5 J 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 6 2 4 8.170 2-349
0.012(5, 8 5 ' 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 6 4 4 8.159 2-350
0.012(5. 8 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 6. 6 6 2 8. 141 2-351
0.012(5. 8 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 6 8 0 8 . 1 24 2-352
0.012(5, 05) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 5 7 5 8.225 2-353
0.012(5, 85 ' 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 9,1 ) 6. 5 9 4 0.207 2-354
0.012(5. 0 5 i 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 6 1 2 8.190 2-355
0.012(5. 8 5 ) 0 . '02 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 6 3 0 8.173 2-356
0.012(5. 8 5 J 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6.646 8.157 2-357
0.012(5. 8 5 • 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 6 6 2 8.141 2-353
0.012(5. 8 5 ) 'D. 0 2 4 I 1 0 . 9 1 ) 6.677 8.126 2-358
0.012'5. 8 5 ) 0 . '02 4 ( 1'0. 9 1) G. 6 9 2 8 . I 12 2-360
0.012(5. 8 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 706 8.098 2-36 1
0.012(5. 8 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ^ 6. 6 90 8.114 2-362
0.012(5. 8 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 7 1 6 S . 0 o3 2-363
'j . 0 12 ( 5 . 8 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 31 ) 6 . 74 1 8.065 2-364
0.012(5. 8 5 ) 'j . 0 2 4 ( 1(J. 9 I ) 6, 7 6 3 0.04 5 2-365
0.012(5. 3 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 31 ) 6 . 72 3 8.082 2-366
0.012(5. 8 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 7 4 5 8.06 1 2-367
0.012(5. 6 5 ) 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 91 ) 6. 7 6 6 8.041 2-368
'j . '"J12'5 . 0 . 0 2 4 ' 1 0 . 9 1' 6 . X 'Zj O ,■1-■-• 2 -369
>:•. 01 2 f 5 . •j. ':'2 4 ' O '. ■' I ' '4 ^ d . 05
. «:n 2 ( 5 . 8 5 0 . 'j 2 4 ' Oj . ■-H I ' ?L 7 3 . C' j 9 2-371
0 .' j 12'5 . 35 0 . 0 2 4 I 1O'. 3 1.• 79 5 8.02 2 2 - 37 2
0.012(5. 8 5 '0 . 'j 24 i 1 0. 9 1 ) 3 02 8.006 2-373
'j .'J12 ( 5 , 35 J 0 . 0 2 4 ( 1 0 . 31 ' 8 ., 7 6 9 8.033 2 -374
•J. 01 2 ( 5 . 8 5 tj . 0 2 4 ( 10 . 91 ) 6. 785 8.022 2-375
0.012(5. 85 0.024110. 9 I i ,800 8.007 2-376
0.012(5. 8 5 0.024(10. 9 I J 8 15 7.992 2-377
 Practical Design Data 277

Table 23. (Continued)

ll Ccross-:.ectiCJn>l dta.l • .275£.0061
t.~~~·~ltZa-~~~~~~~k~-1~a·~iltiW,,WII
SOUl: E ZE, (i·; J PERI PHERRL COI•!PRESSI 01~, ;; 0-RIIIG
MIN MAX MIN MAX
0.016(5.78) 0.030(10.34) 6.551 8.249 2-42:5
0.016<5.79) 0.030(10.341 6. 572 8.229 2-4 :· 6
0.016(5.79! 0.030(10.34) 6.592 9.209
0.016<5.73'• 0.030(10.34) 6. 611 8.191 :!-428
0.016(5.79! 0.030(10.34! 6.561 9.239 2-429
0.016(5.79! 0.030(10.34) 6.580 9.221 2 -4.::·~·
0.016(5.79! 0.030(10.34) 6.598 8.204 2 -4~: 1
0.016(5.79) 0.030(10.34) 6.615 8.187 2-4 ;:::
0.016(5,79.1 0. 030( 1 o. 34) 6.631 8. 171 2-:43-3
0.016(5.79) 0.030r10.J4l 6.647 8.155 2-4]4
0.016(5.79) 0.030<10.34) 6.663 8. 141 2-•DS
0.016(5,79J 0.030(10.34! 6.677 8.126 :-42:6
0.016<5.79) 0.030<10.34! 6.691 9~'11 3 2-4::7
0.016<5.79) 0.030<10.34! 6.676 9.127 z- 4:::8
0.016<5.79J 0.030<10.34), 6.703 8. 102 2 -4;:·3
0.016(5,79) 0.030(10.34) 6.727 8.078 2-440
0.016C5.79J 0.030( 10,34 I 6.750 8.056 2-441
0.016C5.79J 0.030<10.34) 6.711 8.094 2-442
0.016(5.79) 0.030<10.34) 6.73:! 8. Oi3 2-443
0.016(5,79) 0.030(10.34) 6.753 8.053 2-444
0.016<5.79) l),030( 10.34 l 6.77:2 8.034 2-44::.
0.016•.5. 79) 0.030r10.34l 6.704 8. 101 2-44€
0.016(5,79• 0.030i10.34J 6.741 8.065 2-447'
0.016(5,79i 0.030110.34! 6.774 8.032 :-448
0.016(5,79l 0.030C.10.34J 6.805 8.003 2-'149
278 C hap . 6. R o tary Seals

Design Example 13 Design of Rotary 0 -R in g Seal Using Design

Tables (R efer to Fig. 35)

Design a floating shaft seal for a shaft approximately 2.5 in. in

diameter, running at 700 rpm and sealing a pressure of 900 psi.
Design procedure:

1. Shaft speed:

(700 rp m )(2 .5 in .) Jit ~

2. O -rin g selection: According to Table 21, either a 0 .070-in.-

or 0 .103-in.-cross-sectional-diameter O -rin g can be used since the
shaft speed is 485 fpm. As a general rule, the smallest O -rin g
cross section should be chosen to minimize the dynamic friction at
the 0 -rin g/sh aft interface. Therefore, select the 0 .070-in.-diam­
eter-cross-section O -rin g of size 2-039 for a shaft 2.539 in. in
diameter.
3. Dimensions:

From Table 21:

Width of O -rin g groove = 0.079 ± 0.001 in.

From Table 22:

Shaft diameter = 2.5390 ± 0.0005 in. diam.

Groove diameter = 2.666 ± 0.001 in. diam.

Housing bore = 2.5450 ± 0.0005 in. diam.

4. Check on the peripheral compression:

(2.879 ± 0.026) - (2.666 ± 0.001)

Peripheral compression =
2.879 ± 0.026

2.853 - 2.667
Minimum peripheral compression = X 100% = 6.5%
2.853

2.905 - 2.665
Maximum peripheral compression X 100% = 8.3%
2.905

These values are given in Table 23.

5. Check on the O -rin g cross-sectional squeeze: For a nominal
7% peripheral compression we can use a 2.2% increase in the O -rin g
cross section according to Fig. 23. Then the installed O -rin g
will have a cross section of

Minimum = (0.070 - 0. 003) (1.022) = 0.0685 in.

Maximum = (0.070 + 0.003)(1.022) = 0.0746 in.

Reduction o f 0 -R in g and Increase in Cross Section 279

The 0 -r in g cross-sectional squeeze when installed within the gland

is

Minimum = 0.0685 — = 0.0042

0.0042
X 100% = 6.17%
0.0685

Minimum = 0.0746 - = 0.0119

0.0119
X 100% = 15.89%
0.0746

These values are given in Table 23.

A P P E N D IX 6A. D E T E R M IN A T IO N OF R E L A T IO N S H IP BETW EEN

P E R C E N T OF D IA M E T R A L R E D U C T IO N OF 0 - R IN G A N D
P E R C E N T I N C R E A S E IN C R O S S - S E C T I O N A L W I D T H ( F i g . 23)
Consider an O -rin g being installed into an 0 -r in g groove of smaller
diameter

%increase in cross-sectional width (^) X 100%

dW
X 100%
W
280 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

Relationships:
1. Conservation of mass (i f cross section is considered to be
always c ir c u la r):
o 2
ttW tt( W ’)
^ (OD - W )T T = (G - W ’ ) tt

therefore

W ^(OD) - = (W ')^G ( W )^

(O D ) = (W ')^G + - (W )^

2. Since OD and G differ much more than W and W’ and since

is very close to (W ’)^ , we can ignore the last two cubed terms.
They are of the order 0.0003, compared to OD and G, which are of
an order greater than 0.210. For example, if we inserted typical
values:

W^(OD) = (W’ )^G + - (W’)^

(0.070)^(2.372) (0.075)^(2.196) + (0.070)^ - (0.075)^

0.0049(2.372) =» 0.0056(2.196) + 0.00034 - 0.00042

0.0116 «> 0.0123 - 0.00008

The last term of the equation is small compared to the other terms
and therefore can be ignored, giving

W ^ O D ) = (W ')^G

This states the square of 0 -r in g width times the diameter is a

constant

W ^(D ) = K

Take the derivative

2W dW (D ) + w 2 d (D ) = 0

therefore

2W dW = -W 2 d (D )/ D

^ dW _ - d ( D )
W D
 Reduction o f 0 ~ R ln g and Increase In Cross Section 281

-H K-Compression Diameter
S!K - Compression
Free Diameter Diameter
FREE O-RING STRETCHED O-RING

OBSERVED D A T A -A FT E R REMOVAL OF PLASTICIZER

•OBSERVED D ATA-N EW AND DRY
---------------CALCULATED DATA
20 A N 6 2 2 7 SERIES 0 -R IN 6 S OF 7 0 ( SHORE A) DUROMETER
OTHER DUROMETERS HAVE
D IF F E R E N T CURVES

10

;z:
E
5 10 I5 20 25
% OF DIAMETRAL STRETCH (l.0 .)(a ) ASSY.

F ig u r e 36.
Loss in compression diameter due to stretch. In the
stretched condition, an 0 -r in g cross section is no longer circular.
It is often necessary to compensate for the loss in squeeze result­
ing from the reduced compression diameter. Dimensional changes
in the free diameter do not affect the seal. (From 0 -R i n g Hand­
book» Parker Seal Co. , Lexington, Ky. , October 1967)

3. Therefore (with cross sections always circular)

%increase in W dW/W _ 1
%decrease in D - d ( D ) /D
282 C hap. 6. R otary Seals

4. Because the 0 -r in g cross section does not remain circular when

the 0 -r in g is pressed into the smaller groove, the minimum width
will be less than that calculated through Step 3. Thus, the
actual W’ can be estimated to be about 2.5 percent less using a
logical analogy from Fig. 36. Therefore, the actual data would
probably fall between the calculated and estimated curves shown
below.
References

1. 0 -R in g Design and Selection Handbook, No. 110-A, Stillman

Seal Division, Sargent Industries, Carlsbad, C a lif., 1976.
2. 0 -R in g Handbook OR5700, Parker Seal Company, Lexington,
Ky. , January 1977.
3. Parker 0 -R in g Handbook, Parker Seal Company, Culver
City, C alif., 1968.
4. Seal Compound Manual, Parker Seal Company, Culver City,
C a lif., 1964, pp. 1-2.
5. Richard S. Fein, Boundary Lubrication, Lubrication (Texaco,
In c .) 57(1):3-12 (1971).
6. O -rin g insertion tool developed by L. J. Martini, Naval
Ocean Systems Center, Patent Application.

283
Index

Angle, slant, 249-251 [Corrosion]

Annulus, oil, 249-261 products, 247
Asperities, 116, 246, 247 Cylinder, rod, 109-125
Backup rin gs, 51 Design, consideration, 39-64
Bal-Seal, 4 Distributors, 30-38
Bearing, 258, 270 Durometer, 47, 51, 232
Blowout, 51 (see also E xtru ­
Elasticity, modulus of, 51, 232
sion)
Epichlorogydrin, 25, 55-62
Bosses, 95-97
Ethylene propylene, 23, 43-46,
B u n a-N , 20, 259
55-62
B u n a-S , 22
Expansion, thermal, 49, 234
Butadiene, 22, 55-62
Extrusion, 4, 41, 42, 49
Butyl, 22, 43-46, 55-62
Face seal, 68, 101-107
Chloroprene, 22
Failure
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene,
extrusion, 4, 41, 42, 49
23, 55-62
spiral, 4, 109
Chrome, 257
Finish, surface, 95, 257
Compound, 18-26
Fittings, 95, 96, 98-100
capability, 19
Fluid
chemistry, 20-26
adsorption, 234
compatibility, 43-46
compatibility, 43-46
properties, 18, 19
Fluorocarbon, 23, 43-46, 55-62
Compression
Fluorosilicone, 24, 43-46, 55-62
modulus, 51
Force
peripheral, 233, 256, 261-
compressive, 240-244
276
radial, 240-244
Contamination, 108
restoring, 110-115, 132-231
Corrosion, 52, 108

285
286 Index

Friction, 116-131, 233, 249- Manufacturers, 30-38

251 Material
dynamic, 116-125, 249 housing, 258
hysteresis, 119-131 performance, 54-64, 248-258
static, 116-126 seal, 20-30, 47
shaft, 258
Geometry (see Seal)
Modulus of elasticity, 51, 232
Gland (see also Seal)
application, 40, 248 Natural ru b b er, 24, 55-62
assembly, 40, 260 Neoprene, 22, 43-46, 55-62, 259
corrosion of, 52 Nitrile, 20, 43-46, 55-62, 259
depth of, 234-240
Oil, 260 (see also Lubrication)
design, 39-64
annulus, 249-261
face, 68, 101-107
hydraulic, 116
floating, 110, 257
0 -R in g (see also Seal)
fretting of, 52
installation, 245, 248
pitting of, 52
snake, 233, 245
radial, 68
Gow-Joule e ffect, 232-249, Performance, material, 54-64,
255 248-258
Graphite-impregnated, 256 Peripheral compression (see
Groove Compression)
slanted, 249-256 Piston, eccentricity of, 110,
width, 68-85, 234-239 132-231
Polyacrylate, 24, 43-46, 55-62
Heat (see also Temperature)
Polysulfide, 25, 43-46, 55-62
shaft - generated, 240, 244,
Polyurethane, 25, 43-46, 55-62,
246-251
259
sink, 246
Porting, 40
Housing
Pressure, differential, 240-244
assembly, 260-261
Propylene, 23
groove, 264-270
seal, 54-64, 234-240, 248- Radiation, 52
258, 260-263 Rod, cylinder, 40, 109-125
Hysteresis (see Friction) R ubber (see also specific com­
pounds)
Isoprene, 24, 55-62
epichlorogydrin, 25
Load (see also Force) isoprene, 24
compression, 86, 103-107 natural, 24
restoring, 110-115, 132- polysulfide, 25, 55-62
231 silicone, 25, 43-46, 55-62
side. 111
SBR, 22
Lubrication, 110, 233, 246-
Seal
256
application, 5-7, 248
Machine, tooling, 18, 256 assembly, 260
Index 287

[Seal] [Shaft]
clearance, 41, 234 chromed, 257
compression, 41, 51, 233, diameter, 68-85, 264-270
256, 261-276 finish, 257
configuration, 3-7 speed, 232, 262
cross section, 3-7, 40-48, stainless, 257
69-85, 261, 262 Shock, 108
extrusion, 4, 41, 42, 49 Silicone, 25, 43-46, 55-62
face, 68, 101-107 Specification, 26-29
geometry, 3-7 comparison, 67-90
hardness, 47, 51, 232 industrial, 67, 73-85
housing, 54-64, 234-240, military, 9-14, 67-72
248-258, 260-263 Stiffness (see Modulus of elas­
life, 248-256 (see also Fail­ ticity)
u re) Stress
material, 20-30, 47 compression, 240-244
performance, 54-64, 248-256 resultant, 240-244
pressure on, 50, 51, 116, tensile, 232, 233, 240
232-246
Temperature
reciprocating, 41, 108-131
capabilities, 21-26
rotary, 232-260
cryogenic, 26
shrinkage, 51
testing, 26
size, 7-14, 47, 264-270
variation in, 49
snaking, 234, 245
Tool, insertion, 245, 246
squeeze, 82, 91, 116, 240
Tooling, cost, 256
static, 41, 91-107
Torque, running, 249-255
stretch, 47-49, 86, 92-95
swell, 51 Valving, 40
Shaft
Wear, 255
bearing, 258
Wearlife, 250