INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
SEISMIC ISSUES IN PRECAST
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Yogendra Singh, Professor
Department of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
NEED OF PRECAST CONSTRUCTION
• Conventional construction systems are time consuming
Due to rapid urbanization and population growth, it is
difficult to satisfy housing demand with traditional
construction systems.
• Forms used in a precast plant may be reused hundreds to
thousands of times before they have to be replaced, which
allow cost of formwork per unit to be lower than that for site-
cast production.
• High strength, Quality, and Durability.
• Design flexibility and Aesthetic versatility.
• Wide range of colours, textures and shapes.
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ISSUES IN PRECAST CONSTRUCTION
• Lifting and handling machines are required.
• High accuracy in construction, less margin for error.
• Connections between members are difficult and
complicated.
• Monotonous type of design due to repetition of formwork.
• Skilled labor is required.
• Mostly one-way structural system due to limitation of panel
size Rigid diaphragm action is not available.
• Seismic Performance during past earthquakes has been
questionable.
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PHILOSOPHY OF
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
IS:1893-2002; Page 2 (Foreword):
“It is not intended in this standard to lay
down regulation so that no structure shall
suffer any damage during earthquake of all
magnitudes. It has been endeavored to
ensure that, as far as possible, structures
are able to respond, without structural
damage to shocks of moderate intensities
and without total collapse to shocks of
heavy intensities.”
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PHILOSOPHY OF
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
V Elastic Forces
Reduced for
Design by R
Inelastic
Vdes
Response
yield max
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INELASTIC ENERGY DISSIPATION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
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INELASTIC ENERGY DISSIPATION
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REINFORCED CONCRETE
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INELASTIC ENERGY DISSIPATION
MASONRY
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INELASTIC ENERGY DISSIPATION
WHAT ABOUT PRECAST CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
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ROLE OF DUCTILITY
Effective Elastic Limit
Actual Resistance
ry
Actual Yield
Point Effective Yield
Resistance
Level
Useful Limit of
Displacement
um= uy
O uy Displacement um
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ROLE OF DUCTILITY
FE
Seismic Force
m
R
Y
Elastic
FY
Ductile
Y m
Displacement
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ROLE OF DUCTILITY
Ductility results in the reduction of
effective earthquake forces on the
structure.
For long period systems : Equal
displacement principle:
Reduction factor = ductility ratio
R
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ROLE OF DUCTILITY
FE 2
(R+1)
Seismic Force
m
Y 2
Elastic
Ductile
FY
Y m
Displacement
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ROLE OF DUCTILITY
For short period systems : Equal
energy principle
Reduction factor is less than the
ductility ratio
R 2 1
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RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTORS
1. Ordinary RC Moment resisting frames : 3.0
2. Special RC moment resistant frames : 5.0
3. Steel frames with concentric braces : 4.0
4. Steel frames with eccentric braces : 5.0
5. Un-reinforced masonry buildings : 1.5
6. Masonry buildings with horizontal
RC Bands : 2.5
7. Masonry buildings with horizontal
RC Bands and vertical reinforcement : 3.0
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RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTORS
8. Ordinary RC shear walls : 3.0
9. Ductile shear walls : 4.0
10. Ordinary shear walls
with OMRF : 3.0
11. Ordinary shear walls
with SMRF : 4.0
12. Ductile shear walls
with OMRF : 4.5
13. Ductile shear walls
with SMRF : 5.0
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DUCTILITY IN CONCRETE (!?)
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DUCTILITY IN CONCRETE (!?)
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CAPACITY DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
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CAPACITY DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
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PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
• Prefabricated elements (pre-stressed or
conventionally reinforced) are used for framing
structures
• Elements are assembled by equivalent monolithic
and hinged joints or other types of welded and
bolted connections.
• Absence of continuity and redundancy in these
precast structures, has caused concern about the
stability and ability to resist high lateral loads
induced by strong earthquakes.
• Challenge Reliable and economic method to
join prefabricated members
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PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
Equivalent monolithic system:
Emulation of monolithic reinforced concrete connections;
resulting structural systems have strength and stiffness
characteristics equivalent to those for monolithic reinforced
concrete construction. In-situ (wet) connections are used to join
the elements.
Jointed system:
In this system precast elements are interconnected
predominately by dry joints.
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WET VS. DRY CONNECTION
Jointed System
Equivalent monolithic system
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JOINTED SYSTEM (DRY CONNECTION)
Connections are weaker than the adjacent precast
concrete elements. The connections between precast
concrete elements of jointed system can be
subdivided into two categories:
a) Connections of Limited Ductility:
• Formed by welding or bolting reinforcement bars or
plates or steel embedment and dry-packing and
grouting.
• These joints do not behave as part of monolithic
construction and have limited ductility.
• Structure are designed for elastic behavior.
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JOINTED SYSTEM (DRY CONNECTION)
(b) Ductile connection:
• Unbonded post-tensioned tendons are used to connect
the precast units together.
• Non-linear deformation occurs at interface of elements,
where crack opens and closes.
• The unbonded post-tensioned tendons remain in elastic
range.
• These connection have advantage of reduced damage
and self-centering (i.e. practically no residual
deformation) after an earthquake.
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JOINTED SYSTEM (DRY CONNECTION)
MULTILEVEL CAR PARK, INFOSYS, HINJEWADI,
PUNE. (Sachin et. al.)
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JOINTED SYSTEM (DRY CONNECTION)
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JOINTED SYSTEM (DUCTILE DRY CONNECTION)
[Link]
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JOINTED SYSTEM DURING EARTHQUAKE
[Link]
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JOINTED SYSTEM DURING EARTHQUAKE
[Link]
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JOINTED SYSTEM DURING EARTHQUAKE
[Link]
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JOINTED SYSTEM DURING EARTHQUAKE
Bhuj Earthquake 2001
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JOINTED SYSTEM DURING EARTHQUAKE
Bhuj Earthquake 2001
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JOINTED SYSTEM DURING EARTHQUAKE
Bhuj Earthquake 2001
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EQUIVALENT MONOLITHIC SYSTEM
• Equivalent monolithic system is also known as
wet connections.
• Due to limitation of “Dry” connections, “Wet”
cast-in-place rein-forced concrete, or post-
tensioned joints are most preferred.
• “Wet” connection show excellent performance
during earthquakes, they tend to behave
monolithically, provide continuity and higher
redundancy, and add to the structural integrity.
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EQUIVALENT MONOLITHIC SYSTEM
Subdivided into two categories:
(a)Strong Connection of Limited Ductility:
• Longitudinal dowels of precast unit are connected by lap
splice in a cast-in-place concrete joint or by non-contact
lap splice with grouted steel corrugated duct or by splice
sleeves or by welding or by mechanical connectors.
• This type of connections are achieved by capacity
design approach, which ensures that flexural yielding
occurs away from connections.
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EQUIVALENT MONOLITHIC SYSTEM
(b) Ductile connection:
This type of connections are designed for required
strength, longitudinal bars or grouted post-tensioned
tendons in the connection region expected to enter
the post-elastic range in a severe earthquake.
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EQUIVALENT MONOLITHIC SYSTEM
[Link]
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EQUIVALENT MONOLITHIC SYSTEM
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EQUIVALENT MONOLITHIC SYSTEM
Peripheral Column-beam joint
Interior Column-beam joint
CUMMINS TECHNICAL CENTRE INDIA, KOTHRUD, PUNE. (Sachin et. al. )
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EQUIVALENT MONOLITHIC SYSTEM
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LESSONS LEARNT FROM PREVIOUS EARTHQUAKES
• Precast construction has many advantages over
conventional construction systems, but there are also many
areas where it does not perform well. One major area where
precast concrete does not perform well is with seismic
loading.
• Due to poor behaviour of precast structures during
earthquakes throughout the world, precast is viewed as
unsuitable for resisting earthquakes.
• Most of the earthquake related precast construction failures
have occurred due to poor design, deficient diaphragm
action, inadequate detailing, and/or deformation issues.
• Due to lack of understanding of the basic nature of seismic
behaviour, the precast concrete structure are viewed with
skepticism in seismic regions.
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LESSONS LEARNT FROM PREVIOUS EARTHQUAKES
• All equivalent monolithic reinforced concrete construction
systems and Column-to-Column and Beam-to-beam
Connections tested in Japan and New Zealand under
simulated seismic loading, found behaving well as if cast-in-
place construction.
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TURNING CHALLENGE INTO OPPORTUNITY!
Use the connections between different
components for dissipation of energy
Innovative energy dissipation devices
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ENERGY DISSPATION BY CONNECTIONS
Hybrid
structural wall system
(Priestley et al. 1999)
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HYBRID STRUCTURAL WALLS
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Thank You !
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