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AIR
Ø Atmospheric air
v contains N2, O2, CO2, H2O vapor, small amount of other gases

Ø Dry air
v No H2O vapor
v 78 vol.% N2, 21 vol.% O2, and 1 vol.% other gases.

Ø Moist air
v a mixture of dry air and H2O vapor.

Ø Water vapor in air

v Behaves as if it existed alone
v Obeys ideal-gas Pv = RT
v Treated as ideal-gas mixture

Ø practical purposes, moist air = atmospheric air

PSYCHROMETRIC/HUMIDITY CHART
Ø for Air-Water vapor mixture at 1 atm

(a) Wet Bulb Temperature, Twb

(b) Dew Point Temperature, Tdp
(c) Relative Humidity, hr
(d) Saturation Enthalpy, Hs
(e) Absolute humidity, ha
(f) Dry Bulb Temperature, Tdb
(g) Humid Volume, HVˆ

Ø humidification, drying, and air-conditioning process.

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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
•Reference states for Enthalpy :- liquid water at 1 atm & 0oC,
dry air at 1 atm & 0oC

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Relative humidity
Absolute Humidity (kg water/kg DA)

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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

Absolute Humidity
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
% Relative
Humidity
Wet Bulb line

Saturation curve
(100% RH)
Absolute Humidity
(kg/kg DA)

Saturated Enthalpy
(kJ/kg dry air)
Humidity

Dry Bulb Temperature Entalpy deviation

Specific Volume (m3/kg dry air) (kJ/kg dry air)
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DRY BULB, WET BULB & DEW POINT

TEMPERATURES
• Dry bulb - air temperature as measured by an ordinary thermometer

• Wet bulb - lowest temperature achievable by evaporating water into the

air to bring the air to saturation
• Dew point - temperature at which H2O vapor starts to condense (saturated)
if it is cooled at constant pressure.

DRY BULB, WET BULB & DEW POINT

TEMPERATURES
• For a saturated air, the dry – bulb, wet – bulb and dew
– point temperature are identical.

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EXAMPLE
Consider a room that contains air at 1 atm, 35oC and 40% relative humidity. Using the
psychrometric chart, determine
(a) Specific humidity (b) enthalpy (c) wet bulb temperature (d) the dew point
temperature and (e) the specific volume of the air.
Ans: 0.0142 kg water/kg DA, 71.5 kJ/kg DA,
24oC, 19.5oC, 0.893 m3/kg DA

Humidity
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RELATIVE HUMIDITY

p H 2O
hT = x 100%
p*H 2O (T )

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EXAMPLE
The outside air temperature is 32°C with a relative humidity of
60%. Determine the
1. Dew Point temperature. Ans: 23oC
2. Wet Bulb temperature. Ans: 25.5oC
3. Absolute Humidity. Ans: 0.018 kg water/kg dry air (DA)
4. Specific Volume. Ans: 0.89m3 humid air (HA) / kg dry air
5. Enthalpy. Ans: 78kJ/kg dry air

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EXAMPLE
The dry bulb reading is 31°C and the wet bulb is 18.5°C.
Determine the
1. Relative Humidity. Ans: 30%
2. Dew Point. Ans: ~ 11.5 oC
3. Absolute Humidity. Ans: 0.0084 kg water / kg dry air (DA)
4. Specific Volume. Ans: ~ 0.87 m3 humid air (HA) / kg dry air
5. Enthalphy. Ans: 53-0.4 ~ 52.6 kJ / kg dry air
6. The amount of water in 1 m3 of humid air.
Ans: 9.655 x 10-3 kg water

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EXAMPLE 8.4-5
Humid air is at 41°C and 10% relative humidity.. Estimate
• absolute humidity. Ans: 0.0048 kg water / kg dry air
• wet bulb temperature. Ans: 19 oC
• humid volume. Ans: ~ 0.895 m3 humid air (HA) / kg dry air
• dew point. Ans: 3oC
• specific enthalphy. Ans: 53.5 kJ/kg dry air
• the amount of water in 150 m3 of humid air.
Ans: 0.803 kg water

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COOLING

- specific humidity remains constant

- relative humidity increases and dry bulb temperature decreases
- Enthalpy, specific volume and wet bulb temperature decreases

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COOLING & DEHUMIDIFYING

on
iati
mific Cooling
hu
De

Ø removal of heat and moisture from moist air

Condensation
occurs

Ø involves sensible and latent heat

Ø dry bulb temp. reduces till saturation point (dew point)

Ø further cooling (follows the saturation curve)

- reduction of absolute humidity

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EXAMPLE
Air at 24°C and 50% relative humidity is cooled at constant pressure of 1
atm.
a) At what temperature would condensation begins? Ans: 13 °C
b) Calculate the rate at which heat (kJ/s) must be removed for every 1
m3/s of the humid air before condensation occurs. Ans: 13.22kJ/s
Q= ? KJ

1 m3 /s HA mDA kg/s dry air

mDA kg/s dry air 13 °C
o 24°C RH=100%
c) If the air is cooled to 10 C, calculate the fraction of water that
RH= 50%
condenses and the rate at which heat (kJ/s) need to be removed for
every 1 m3/s of the humid air. Ans: 0.176, 21.32 kJ/s

Q= ? KJ

1 m3/s HA mDA kg/s dry air

mDA kg/s dry air m2= kg/s water
m1 kg/s water 10 °C
24°C hr=100%
hr= 50%
10°C
m3= kg/s water condensed

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EXAMPLE
Air at 30°C and 80% relative humidity is cooled to 20oC at constant
pressure of 1 atm.
a) What are the absolute humidity, dew point, wet bulb
temperature, humid volume and enthalpy of the inlet stream?
Ans: 0.0217 kg water / kg dry air, Tdp = 26.2 °C, Tw = 27.1°C, 0.87
m3/kg dry air, 85.5 kJ/kg dry air
b) What are the absolute humidity, humid volume, and enthalpy of
the exit air stream? Ans: 0.0148 kg water / kg dry air, 0.84 m3/kg
dry air, 57.55 kJ/kg dry air
c) What fraction of water vapor in the inlet stream condenses in
this process?
d) At what rate must heat be removed to produce 2000m3/h of
humid air at 20 °C?

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EXAMPLE
Air enters a window air conditioner at 1 atm, 30°C and 80% relative
humidity at a rate of 10 m3/min, and it leaves as saturated air at
14oC. Part of the moisture in the air that condenses during the
process is also removed at 14oC. Determine the rates of heat and
moisture removal from the air. Ans: 0.131 kg water/min, 511 kJ/min

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HEATING

1 2

- specific humidity remains constant

- relative humidity decreases and dry bulb temperature increases
- Enthalpy, specific volume and wet bulb temperature increases

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HEATING & HUMIDIFYING

Ø Air is passed first through a heating section and then through a humidifying section

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EXAMPLE
An air-conditioning system is to take in outdoor at 10°C and 30% relative
humidity At a steady rate of 45 m3/min and to condition it to 25oC and 60%
relative humidity. The outdoor air is first heated to 22oC in the heating
section and then humidified by the injection of hot steam in the
humidifying section. Assuming the entire process takes place at a pressure
of 100kPa, determine
a) The rate of heat supply in the heating section. Ans: 673 kJ/min
b) The mass flowrate of the steam required in the humidifying section.
Ans: 0.539 kg/min

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ADIABATIC COOLING
h2
=
h1

Addition of
moisture

Lowering of dry bulb temp

Ø Air contacts with liquid water (evaporative cooling)

Ø Part of water evaporates (latent heat) by absorbing heat from air (sensible
heat)
Ø Air temperature decreases and humidity increases
Ø moves along a constant wet-bulb temperature line on the psychrometric
chart from its initial condition towards the 100% relative humidity curve

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ADIABATIC COOLING

h2
=
h1
Addition of
moisture

Ø Constant enthalpy and wet bulb temperature

Ø Decreasing dry bulb temperature
Ø Increasing humidity ratio Lowering of dry bulb temp
Ø Increasing dew point temperature
Ø Increasing vapor pressure
Ø Essentially constant enthalpy
Ø Decreasing specific volume
Ø No loss or gain of heat within the system because the
amount of sensible heat removed equals latent heat
added to the water.

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ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE (TAS)

Ø uses a relatively long insulated channel (no

heat transfer)
Ø air (unknown relative humidity) enters,
moisture is added to the air by the pool of
water
Ø air exits as saturated air
Ø Tas = Twb

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EXAMPLE 8.4-7
A stream of air at 30°C and 10% relative humidity is humidified in an
adiabatic spray tower operating at P ≈ 1 atm. The emerging air is to
have a relative humidity of 40%..
a) Determine the absolute humidity and the adiabatic saturation
temperature of the entering air.
Ans: 0.0026 kg water/kg dry air, Tas = Tw = 13.2°C
b) Calculate the rate at which water must be added to humidify 1000
kg/h of the entering air and the temperature of the exiting air.
Ans: 3.7 kg water /h, Tout = 21.2°C

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EXAMPLE
Cooling water leaves the condenser of a power plant and enters a wet
cooling tower at 35oC at a rate of 100 kg/s. Water is cooled to 22oC in
the tower by air that enters the tower at 1 atm, 20oC and 60% relative
humidity and leaves saturated at 30oC. Neglecting the power input of
the fan, determine
a) the volume flowrate of air into the cooling tower.
Ans: 0.0026 kg water/kg dry air, Tas = Tw = 13.2°C
b) The mass flow rate of the required makeup water
Ans: 3.7 kg water /h, Tout = 21.2°C

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