UNIT ef 2 TRANSMISSION LINES-II PART-A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS: Se he expressions f for input im, ited transmissi ion line. 'pedance of general transmission line, short-circuited and Model Papers, a14) “haracteristic impedance Load impedance - Propagation constant. The expression for input impedance of short circuited transmission line is, Zag, 5 Z, tan Wty) ‘And the expression for input impedance of open-circuted transmission line is, Lyon. = Z, cot hey) Q2. Define reflection coefficient. Ans: Model Papers, 1g) Reflection coefficient at the load is defined as the ratio of reflected wave Strength to incident wave strength. It is denoted as‘T, Reflected wave vokage TL ~Tneident wave vohage (or) Voe™ Where, V"- Incident wave V-- Reflected wave. SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS Ca eee ns SIA a wANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERARap, 5.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TR! Q3.” Define standing wave ratio. Matching Ans: Source device Load Standing wave ratio is defined as the ratio of magnitude z, 2 a of maximum voltage or current to magnitudes of minimum : Matchi voltage or current. Ibis abbreviated as SWR and denoted by *S” ene ost cena Impedance matching belps in reducing the formation standing waves in ranmission ine. Any mismatch in mp rans euency variations inthe input impedance of the ei, or [it~ Fa Q4. Write the expressions for input impedance of ™%, Mand % lines. Ans: ‘The expression for input impedance of, 1. line 2,72, 2 Q5. Whatis smith chart? Ans: ‘Smith chart is a simple graphical tool which consists of locus of constant resistance values as circles on real axis and locus of reactance values as circles on imaginary axis. cles that s of Q6. What are the two fami constitute the Smith chart? Ans: (Model Papers, (| May-16, (R13), QN() M2) ‘The two families of circles constituting the Smith chart are, 1. Constant - reircle Constant 2,_ Constant = 5 en Q7. What is impedance matching? Ans: Impedance matching is defined as a process of matching the load impedance to characteristic impedance. This can be done by connecting a matching device between source and load as shown in figu Look for the SIA GROUP Loco performance of communication system, ‘This intum reduces the yniques used for achie The three common tech impedance matching are, ving 1. Quarter wave transformer transmission ines areas follows, 2, Stub matching, (i) Single stub matching (ii) Double Gs. State the need for impedance matching in transmission lines. Ans: “The needs for impedance matching in transmission lines are as follows, 1. Impedance matching helps in transforming maximum power from source to load. 2, Itminimizes the losses or distortions that may occur in transmission lines. 3, It reduces the reflections and formation of standing waves in transmission lines. 4, Italso improves the signal to noise ratio of the system. 5. Impedance matching reduces the distortions, amplitude and phase errors of various systems. ‘Therefore, it can be concluded that the impedance match- ing techniques enhance the performance of a communication system. Q9. What An: ‘a stub? Give the advantages. Model Papert, 10 A stub isa short cireuit transmission line of appropraté length. It is connected either in series or parallel to the short circuited or open circuited sections of a transmission line. ‘The arrangement of a stub is as shown in figure, Main transmission Stub line [ ]bad ) Z ) re: Stub Arrangement n the TITLE COVER before you buy—— UNIT-5 (Tranaminsion Un 8.3 Transiiistlon Tine 1s equal to characteristic impe impedance of the stub ly veh that it matches the loads vo transmission tine with resistive characteristic impede The major advantages using stub are, 1. Wis rigid and adjustable, 2. _ lean be used at higher frequencies, 10. Define quarter wavelength transformer matching technique. Ans: Quarter wavelength transmission line is w transmission line of length on transmission line and load to match their impedances, 11, Whats single stub and double stub matching? Ans: Single Stub Matching Single stub matching in an impedance matching technique which consists o to the main transmission line, Double Stub Matching Double stub matching is an im of single stub matching technique. ter wavelength (%) placed between the Model Papers, a1) uit line connected in parallel ‘asingle short ipedance matching technique in which two stubs are employed to overcome the drawbacks Q12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a single stub? (Model Papert, 14) | May-16, (R43), 14) MES (or) What are the advantages of stub matching? May-15, (13), 10) MES] (Refer Only Advantages) Ans: . Advantages 1. Iti used to eliminate reflection waves and standing waves. 2. Ituses one type of transmission line for the main line as well as the stub, 3. Iti used to match any complex load to the characteristic impedance. 4 It is used to match fixed impedance at microwave frequencies, Disadvantages 1 It is not suitable for matching variable impedances. 2. It is not easy to change the location of a stub,Sa INPUT IMPEDANCE RELATIONS, 8C AND OC LINES: 15. betan ‘an expression for the Input Impedance of lossless line of length ‘!’ with Z, a8 characteristic impedance and terminated by a load 2,. (Model Papers, 348 ADA, aL, ay (or) From the fundamental ‘voltage and current equations of transmission line, derive expression for input Impedance Z, of the line, Modify the expression for lossy and lossless cases, Ans: ‘Consider a transmission line of length / connected to a load Z, as shown in figure (1). “ Zq 2-0 Figure (1) ‘The equivalent circuit is as shown in figure (2). Figure (2: Equivalent Cirewit Ifthe transmission line extends from z= 0 to z Jat the Jad, then the vollage and current wave equations are, Ufa) Ee Hee a) @ ne SIA GROUP LOGO {3 on the TITLE COVER betore you buy Look for tt koAre wave ainplitudes At the input, for 20, 1 7h r2 1) ret (pee -aT 7-27-21) From figure (2), At the load, for Z = 1 yav ial L 5h tz Der ve 1 ny M-Zer The input impedance (Z,.) is given as, v2) 4" Ta @) 4) (3) (6) ” @) (9) On substituting equations (1) and (2) in equation (9), we get, ‘On substituting equations we get, 1 o M4 (Vi, -Zol; 2a[ pret Zt $M ~ Pole j 1 4 ; W,+ Zolder Me Pole 7 4 zy brset r2aluel eet Poet ] 2 - Tpret vZalaet Mee HeZ,he*] 2 ao) (7) and (8) in equation (10), 1(2sinh Zari tzeosh 8+ ~F,asinh y+ Zyl (2cosh 1D (et te cosh . 2 4 ote” Scion 2 4. any + Zl 2,7 Z, an yt Zl, “4.72, +2, tanh yl] ‘Therefore, for lossy medium, lz +2, tanhyt Ze (ul Z, +2, tanh yl 1) For a lossless line, y= ++ Equation (11) can be written as, 2, +2, tanbBY. 2,7, Z, + Z, tanhjBY wz | Zetezatanl Zu°2.)7 5 72, tanpl & ay) 1g transmission lines how to obtain various impedances? Explait Aprintny 2, Set2. Ta) (or) Derive Z, fora lossless transmission line when It is terminated by a, @ % (b) Open (©) Short circuit. Ans: Inpat Impedance ofa Transmission Line with any Load (Z,) For answer refer Unit-V, Q13. ‘The expression for input impedance of a lossless line is, Z [eat “| 2.42, tan prSS 5.6 x Open Circalted Impedance WZ) For an open circuited transmission line, no current ows and hence *Z, is infinite. ie. Z,=00 Equation (1) can be written as, z, ey Ze ty tani = Q) Zz. + jtanBl : Impedance (Z,) For a short-circuited transmission line, Z, is zero, therefore voltage across itis also zero, ie. Z,=0, 4,20 On substituting above conditions in equation (1), we get, May, (R19), 101) ME] 3rmer (Impedance Inverter) Whenever two lines having different impedence z,, 2, can be connected directly without impedance mismatch, by inserting a quarter-wave matching section whose characteristic impedance will be geometric mean of impedance of two lines, Z, B22 % L a Figure (1) So a quarter-wavelength section of transmission line termed quarter-wave impedance transformer, ensure proper matching of two different impedance lines. Thus avoiding reflection and yielding a derivable VSWR. Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO {¥ on the TITLE COVER before you buy 2 Single Stub Matching Let the normalized load of the transmission ting ig Z,=1+) Xie. the soufce and load ishaving differen imy Cmetloayritemalyoweviloatbe thang load and a part of the signal travel back towards source termed, reflected signal. The reflection is occurring due to jx componeny to avoid it add — je component to the main transmission lin iy the form of stub (Secondary transmission line). A stub can be open circuited or short-circuited but usually short-circuited stub is preferred. Ata distance / from the load stub is located of “size length. This “I and ‘a? both are ‘measured in terms of & . Hence, the signal frequency changes stub length should be readjusted. 3. Double Stub Matching Here two stubs are located at fixed distance from the load. But stub length size is variable in order to detuned reactance i.,e component. (iv) VswR Reflection coefficient and impedatice measurements sloted line is type of transmission line measuring the V, and ¥,,, over the sloted line VSWR can be obtained from ths reflection coefficient and unknown impedance can be measured. Yr 5 =vswr = 18 Figura (3) Reflection co-efficient, p = ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABap,UNIT-5 (Transmis, Define reflection ‘CIENT, Vawn “ @xpression for Ingo Melent and dorive the < reflection cooticiang, “*Pedance In terme of Ans: Reflection Coefficient cae recs werent At the load is defined asthe ratio of mes ‘dent wave strength, Its denoted ~ Reflected wave vohage ected wave vokage Incident wave voltage Where, ¥*- Incident wave ¥- - Reflected wave. Derivation Input impedance is defined as the ratio of voltage to current. fen ieZo 7 ~@ ‘The general transmission line equations for voltage and current are, Va WeF +V re" 2 @ (On substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1), we get, ie Os sa REFLECTION courmi - reffection coefficient and characteristic impecance. The expression for reflection coefficient at load is, Vee" he (ay ‘The expression for V;" is, nad eat ‘Where, F Z, - Characteristic impedance. (On substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1). we get, Ley -2tetet 1 Hw LU, +2, )ehe 3 ye Zule-2ol ve Zh tole WZ, ~Z,) IZ, +2) Rew jort note on standing wave ratio, Ans: Model Paper, 010(0) Consider two waves travelling on a transmission line with same frequency but in opposite direction. When these waves collide with each other, a standing wave pattern of voltage and current is generated i.e, the incident and reflected waves together form a standing wave (S). Standing Wave Ratio Standing wave ratio is defined as the ratio of magnitudes of ‘maximum voltage or current to magnitudes of minimum voltage (or current. It is abbreviated as SWR and denoted by ‘S”.585) ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABAD} Fe eee a ee ee tanding Wave Ratio (VSWR) Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage. v, i.e, VSWR= =) Maximum voltage [Vis obtained when the incident and reflected voltages are in phase. ea Vong =I AL > bey + Th) ° Where, I, - Reflection coefficient Similarly, minimum voltage (V,) is obtained when the incident and reflected voltages are ou of phase Be Vang = I= WA = WOE @) On substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1), we get, TR] VSWR = =I Current Standing Wave Ratio (CSWR) Current standing wave ratio is defined as the ratio of maximum current to minimum current. i.e, CSWR= 7 @ Maximum current (,. is obtained when the incident and reflected currents ae in phase 1+ Similarly, minimum current (,.) is obt incident and reflected current are out Of phase. in jest Zo l-ind o (On substituting equations (5) and.(6) in equation (4), we get, leh, og pa) swe = 4-1 swe = 1 is rd 5,3 UHF LINES AS CIRCUIT ELEMENTS : /as'vas'¥ LINES - IMPEDANCE ‘TRANSFORMATIONS 68} Mow can ultra high frequency transmission lines be used as circuit elements? {Model Paar at(a)| May, (R13) Q10) sy (or) Write short notes on UHF lines as circuit elements, Ans: “The Ultra High Frequency (UHF) has a frequency range ‘0300 MHzto 3 GHz and the transmission lines which operate at this frequency are known as ultra high frequency lines. In the ultrahigh frequencies, the transmission lines are used as circuit elements. These elements remain unaffected since the length (/) of the circuits are greater than wavelengths i.e, 1>> 2. The resistive components of the input impedance for low loss transmission lines is usually negligible. ie, @L >> R, WC >> G ‘The input impedance of a short circuited line is, Zaye Z, tant) z[s acyl) eosh(vi) gig. [eevee ese tiaents) -W “wwe” “| cos h(ad)cosBi + jsin h(a!) sin BI For line length of old multiples of ¥%, sin Bi £1 ‘cos BI=0 ++ Equation (1) becomes, _ 7 feosmeany 2-9 S| srechthgh frequencies, a is very smal je, cos hal @ ‘The expression for the attenuation constant for lossless (see) Im case of air losses due to conductance is zero. line is, a See ee Look for the SIA GROUP LocoUNIT-5_ (Transmission Lines-it) @ a ‘The above equation represents the input impedance terminated with short cireuit for q Line Length ‘Table illustrates the input impedance values for different len Arrangement juarter wavelength transmission line. igths of transmission lines. 1c Short circuit Open circuit Capacitance Parallel resonant circuit Series resonant circuit5,10 ‘0, Determine the input Impedance for ¥4,4, and ings impedance transformations. Mora Papa, ata) A transmission line of length (1) terminated with load (Z,)is as shown in figure, Ans: Figure Generally, the input impedance is given as, Z,4Z,jranpl) 222, eZee () Half-Wave length (7,2) Line Impedance Transformation The input impedance for != 2/2 is given as, 2+ j2, tan 2d , 23) (:9-28) vm 2h Zim Ee) (Quarter Wavelength (//) Line Impedance Transformation “The input impedance for! = %is given as, 2m hk “(2,4 12.) a Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABAD) If, ==, then Z, = 0. Hence, open load is converted to short circuited load when / = 14 34 Line Impedance Transformation Te input impedance for/= % is given as, nh 21+ i200 xe | 2n,4 ze 2) © 2,4 j2,ta0{ © x zal) SEASEA &) Describe the applications and characteristics of Mand 4\ lossless transmission line elements. Ans: May-45, (R19), @10(0) MS] Applications of 3 (Half Wave Line) 1, Itused as one-to-one matching transformer. 2. It is used for phase inversion. 3. Halfwave open line is used as an oscillator tank circuit. Applicatios ot ¥ (Quarter Wave Line) 1. Quarter wave line is used as transfor mer for impedance inverter, 2, Iti used as a mechanical support to an open wireline. Characteristics ork and x For answer refer Unit 20 (Excluding * Line (Inductance *L: (W) Capacitance ‘c* (Wt) Series impedance Agure (1) on the TITLE COVER before you buyUNS _(Tranamiaaion Lines) mS laure (1) ipl c Figure (2) (W)_ Shunt impedance resonant ci (2) (either shorted or open) ee Ans: (Model Papert, Q10()|Aprimtay.12, Se, 080)) (Inductance *L? {put impedance of a transmission line is expressed as, z [et Setnb 2,412, an o Here, Z, = 0 when the transmission line is short ted at the receiving end. Equation (1) becomes, 04/2, tan 740 (i) Capacitance Input impedance of « ransiniosion line is expressed as, “ Zs My any 2,4 1, vnpl line is open-inculed a the neceiving end ty jt, wp Zo Jini pon 7, | =n, (ST =F, mB] 6 a Wie Fe Bist cor = apt = pi A Zip ~~ foster =- poet a ey Ivisclear fom equation (6) that losses transmission behaves asa capacitance (Ul) Series impedance L c Figure (1) Input impedance ofa transmission ine i expresed as, 2+ tap + fan 207, [Bezel a the line is short-circuited, then Z, = Z, rt] ey a Zs ool Le ne eee s From equat - line behaves as an inductor FHGINEERING STUDENTS Sia GROUP SPECTRUM aLL-ONE JOURNAL FORo 5.12 SD J/@CL 0) From figure (1), as L and C are in series the total impedance of a circuit is, 0) From equation (10), itis clear that a transmission line behaves as a series impedance circuit Gv) Shunt Impedance Resonant Circuits Figure @) Input impedance of transmission ini expressed 3, 2, + i2tanpl a , [eee m= 217, 2, tanpl If the line is short cireuited, then Z, = Z,, 22m = Zn = JOlL ay If the line is open circuited, then Z, = Z,. (12) Zoe ED och From figure (2), as Zand Care in parallel, then the total circuit impedance is expressed as, 4 joc sam + jwct a3) jolt z= Joc) end jolt It's clear from equation (13) that, «transmission line —— ery ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABAD) ') Show that a lossless quarter wave length ling —’ behaves as impedance inverter and a haif. wavelength line behaves as 1:1 transformer. ‘ApilMay 12, Set, ae) Ans: Quarter Wavelength as Impedance Inverter Generally, lossless quarter wavelength line is denoted we} reaming 2 a acti impedance *Z,” is terminated by a load °Z," then input impedance is expressed as, Z,+ ie. si a 2-217 4 j2, taB0) y I ae son a2 et ama(28) -2) It is clear from equation (2) that, a lossless quarter ‘wavelength line behaves as an impedance inverter ‘Half-Wavelength as 1:1 Transformer Generally, a half-wavelength is denoted as x The input impedance of a half-wavelength line with characteristic impedance *Z,” terminated with impedance *Z,” is given by. 2, <2, | Zt [Link]) @ * |Z, +52, (tan Bi) behaves asa series impedance circu TA GROUP LOGO {{G on the TITLE COVER before Ep | Look for the SI at® Thus, the input impedance of a x line is equal to the load impedance and is independent of Z, Also the half wavelength line behaves as 1:1 transformer, 5.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF ,,, AND Z,,, ) Explain the significance of V,_, and V,,, positions ‘along the transmission line, for a complex load Z,. Hence calculate the impedances at these positions. Ans: ode Paper 130) For a complex load, the minimas of the standing wave do not fall to zero and the respective maximas do not rise 10 2¥-, But stil the adjacent minimas are“%2" spar imespective of the p value. “The Maximum voltage ¥_,, and minimum voltage ¥_, along the transmission lines play a significant role as they Specify the peak and valley voltages ofthe standing wave for complex load Z,. Figure shows the standing wave due 19 complex load Z,. 2, Where, 5 - Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). ‘Ata voltage minimum or current maximum, ZZ @24) write short note on Smitn chart Ans: Model Papert atta) ‘Smith chart isa simple graphical tool which consists of locus of constant resistance values as circles on real axis and locus of reactance values as circles on imaginary axis. It basically converts reflection coefficient to corresponding impedance (or admittance) and vice-versa. ‘The expression for reflection coefficient is, (1) = Zy-1 a "Zy4l Where, Z,- Normalized impedance. z, 2 araje ‘Equation (1) can be written as, r+ jx re jxtl = Re (0) + Im (P= 4 +B 2) sia a‘On equating eal and imaginary part of equation (2), we get Smith chan consists of two circles, 1. Constant-r circle 2. Constant circle 1 Constant-r Circle Constant-r cixcles are obtained by eliminating ‘s” from ‘equations (3) and (4), ie, (- e Je ‘The equation of circle is expressed as, GW baa 6 Where, © a- Radius (hd) Centre at (x). (On comparing equations (5) and (6), we get, (Centre at (4,8) = The r-circle for different values of normalized resistance is shown in figure (1). Imaginary axis, B ir=0 -A real axis Figure (1k Constant r-circle Features of Constant-r Circles 2, 3 4 s. In constant-r circles, the centre lies on horizontal axis. ‘The value of ris + = at point 4 = 1, B=0. The circles pass through the point (1,0) The circles compress when 'r’ increases from 0 to =, ‘When radius = 0, centre is (0,0) the circle isthe outermost circle in smith chart. When radius = =, circle has a point at (1,0). Constant-x Circle Constant x-circles are obtained by eliminating x from equations (3) and (4), ie, (4-0) -(e-4) > (2) o (On comparing equation (7) with equation (6), we get, Radius = 4 Centre at (4,8) = (43) ‘The x-circies for different values of reactances is shown in figure (2), B AR Figure 2k: Constantx Circles Features of Constant-x Circles 1 4. 3 "constant circles, the centre lies on 4 When > 0 (induetive the A-axis, When r< Tir vis compres caf increases ftom x = 010 The valu ofr is $= at point 41,820 TDS isles are centered paral to imaginary axis, Look for the SUA GROUP Loco i on Fh nan ‘the THLE Cover before you buy os ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABAD]UNt 5.15 (Transmission Lines.) (Q26.) Describe the configuration of Smith chart and give its applications. fen ay 16,13), 0110) 5] What are the applications of Smit chart? (Refer Only Applications of Smith Char) (or) ay, (R13), 0110 2] Write the applications of Smith chart. (Refer Only Applications of Smith Chart) Ans: Configuration of Smith’s Chart Figure (1) represents a basic Smith chart Figure (i: Basic Smith Chart : ROUP FOURWAL FOR ENGINEERING STODENTS SIA G ONE ‘SpECTRGM ALL— ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABAD) 5.16 Figure (2) represents the seales and movements around the Smith chart. Z, ‘Cae Zz ——— & Generator Load Transmission line ure (2): Smith Chart Ilustrating Seales Around the Periphery and Movement Around the Chart 1. Observing figure (1), the point P,, on the chart, represents a short-circuit on the transmission line. Where Z, = 0+)0. Similarly the point P, représents an open circuit on the transmission line, where r= 20, = <2, a x= 0, ie, i a | 2,360” around the Smith chart represents a distance >on the line. Clockwise movement on the chart represents moving towards the generator, while counter clockwise movement on the 3 chart corresponds to moving towards the load. 4, Asshown in figure (2) there are three scales around the periphery of the Smith chart. Among the three, the outermost scale is used to determine the distance on the line from the generator end in terms of wavelengths and the next scale represents the distance from the load end in terms of wavelengths. The innermost scale is @ protractor (in degrees) which determines the value of @,. It can also be used to determine the distance from the load or generator. 5. V.,, oceurs where Z,,,., is located on the chart ie., on the positive I axis, similarly, ¥,,, occurs where Z,, is located fon the chart on the negative I, axis. ‘nie Applications of Smith Chart ‘The various applications of Smith chart are, J, Smith chart is used as admittance diagram. 2, Itis used for converting a impedance into admittance. 3. Smith chart is used to determine the load impedance. 4h. [Link] to determine the input impedance and the admitance ofa shor-cizcuited lines and open circuited lines on the TITLE COVER before you buy Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO5.17 — s warter wave transform ans) er and how is it used for matching? Explai ‘pray 12, Set2, 080) ‘Quarter waveten, 24) placed between the Hon line is a transmission line of length one quarter wavelength (7/4) pl heir impedances as shown in figure (1), ath transmis load to match t Load k—_ a/4 —>| Figure(tl: Quarter Wave Transmission Line This technique can be employed to match impedances between, (2) Two resistive loads (by © Resistance load and transmission line Two transmission lines with 2 te Figure (2): Various impedance Matching Using 3/4 Transmission Line The input impedance of the quarter wave line depends onthe load impedance and haracteristic impedance ofthe transmis: sion line, When the characteristic impedance is changed, the input impedance of (,) transformer accordingly varies in order to match the load impedance tothe characteristic impedance For remaining answer refer Unit-V, 220, Topic: Quarter Wavelength (2) Line impedance “Transformation ‘Therefore, 4 transform Z, ( Z,) are vice-versa. Hence, Explain the significance and design of single stub im stub length depends. (or) 'd using single stub matchi; how matching is achieve inning: Weal Geedvantayes of single stub matching? ‘are. th e advantages: and ING BecrmaR @UL-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENOMEERRG aba ee ST OUP os Model Papert, a14(6)r ; a 5.18 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABAD) tl lL thle ea at Lai teat Ans: ( ‘On rationalizing eq Ug jan YO ¥y tanh) Ye~ (+ /¥_ tan Bll HY, fan fil) ‘Single Stub Matching ‘Single stub matching is an ing impedance matching technique which consists ofa single short circuit line connected in parallel to the main transmission line as shown in figure. ¥,(1-+ tan? fi) + jtan BIO) ~ Ye) hy tan By} For the position of stub length. the imaginary part sonia be zero, Also, normalised impedance has to be unity ic. teat part of ¥, should be unity. :. From equation (6), 1+ tan? Bl) ' 1+ (i tan BI)? 6 Yt Y,tan? l= 1+ Wp tan? Bl Figure ‘The two parameters for single stub matching are, 1. Location of the stub with reference to load. 2. Length of stub line (1). 1. Location of Stub ‘The expression for input impedance is, = (1-1) F, tam BUY, ~ 1) ay (ZetZotanhy i 4n 2( Sey a0) Input admittance, y= b= Bat Zptanby) Ziq 2(2, +2, tanh yl) ¥,+¥, tanhyl rm , +¥, tanhy? The normalized input admittance is, Yn “The expression for location of stub in terms of reflection i yy .G) | coefficient (F) is, (On substituting equation (2) in equation (3), we get, ta Ke@rn-cos Irp Ye +tanhyl - _@) | Length ot Stab % Te any The length of stub is determined by considering the % imaginary part of equation (6). ‘The normalized load admittance is, = anBlt=¥2) 4 1+(¥ tanBly? ney, i i 7 be written as, ee . fe 4 a ean see Te pe ae Ss * T+¥, ant E = r(%2 For a lossless line, let y= /B P Pe | YY Y, + JtanBl 3 Wie 1 Ve = T+ J¥q tan Bl ay, [ook for the SIA GROUP L030 {ff on the TITLE COVER before you buy ‘ ! i6) Smub impedance, 2, =) 7, wa Ba Where, d- Stub length, On a wwe pet, MURRNE: esuaton (7) and (8) with negative sign, The expression for length of siigle stub in terns of reflection coefficient is, ao Wich s x _ 2 iT ‘Advantages 1. It is used to eliminate reflection waves,and Aending 1 ete otianion ine bmn s stub. ; a load tothe characteristic ‘used to match any complex Fred ptt five empetenen a RTM quencies. Disadvantages 1. Itisnot sui table for matching yarable impedances. the location ofa stub. ange : 2. Iris not easy 10.4 Ra SpecTRan ALLAHFORE 100! Double stub matching is a impedance matching technique in which two stubs are employed to overcome the drawbacks of a single stub matching technique. Inthis technique, the location of the two stubs are fixed and ther lengths are varied to achieve impedance matching in the systems. ‘The first stub of length is located ata distance d, from the load and the second stub of length /, is located at a distance di, from the first stub as shown in figure. Figure: Double stub matehiog ‘When the admittance towards the load isin the form of + 1+ 76 the impedance matching is achieved by the eance!- lation of its reactive part Advantage [tis used to eliminate reflection losses. It is used for variable length of the line. Disadvantage Its used only for fixed frequencies, (0) Be (RLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS © Whatis the input impedance of a short circuited fogs less line whose lengths are, we ue i) ua (uy) 3008. (Model Paper 100) | Aprifey-12, et2, a7) Given ihat, For a short-circuited lossless line, @ I=n8 (iy) =n Gi) I= 308 Load impedance, Z, =? ‘The expression for load impedance (Z,) of a short circuited lossless line is, ne = Zy = fl tan ar Rr ti aa~ 5:20 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES (JNTU-HYDERABAD) ——————$—$—$—$— $$ @ 1-38 (On substituting the corresponding values in equation (2), we get, 2n kh 2x ta sium ad (pa2t ented (0-3) x -2,20(F)-2.0 @) 1-02 On substituting the corresponding values in equation (1), we get, 2n A 2,-2,100 xk =/Z,)=0 [z=0] (ii) = 38 On substituting the corresponding values in equation (we get = Mae 2 Zn itme Ke gi eytebon =77,20 (2) -2,en =32eb( © 520(2) 22nd, Zee 52. Q31. A transmission line is terminated In a load impedance Z, = 73 + j42.5 Q, the frequency = 10” Hz line length (= 10 m. The inductance L = 10+ 1 Him C= > x 10 Fim: Find 2,. Given that, Load impedance, Z,= 73 +/ 42.52 Frequency, f= 10 Hz Line length, != 10m Inductance, L = 10+ H/m -@) Zaye ~Q) (On substituting the corresponding values in equation Q).we get, 2 Z,=3002 The expression for B is, B= oie e (On substinsting the corresponding values in equation G), we get, B= 27VIC (@=29) od = 2xx10" 10 <4 x10"? £ e's 209 radi By substinuting all the respective values in equation (1), weet, 2, = 300] B+ /25)+ 1600) an(0-209%10)| : 300+ j(73 + 742.5) tan{0-209%10) Z, = 170.40 — 328280} [:2,= 70a 72838] G5Z) One end ofa lossions varemiscion inahaviog the characteristic impedance of 75 0 and length of 1 cm Is short circuited. At 3 GHz, what is the Input impedance at the other end of the (cal Pape. a | May-18, (R13), ON ES For a lossless transmission line, Characteristic impedance, Z,= 750 Length, = 1 em. Operating frequency, f= 3 GHz Input impedance of the other end, Z_ =? Then, the expression for input impedance of # transmission line is given by, ae [Link] 2 [S828 SS Ee Look for the SIA GROUP Loco {on the ‘TITLE COVER’ before you buy b ‘OO UNIT-5 (Transmission Lines-t!) ‘As the one end of transmission line short circuited he. Z, = 0. then, ze [age Z,=iZjnpl =) 751an [384 [0-3 =) 75 tan [21] [-c-sa] 2nx3x10" 3] =i7: xix 775 1an | PRS” xpet0 =) 75 tan [0.6283] =/ 75 * 0.7265 = j $4.49 0 (01) 54.49 290° 2 line of different lengths 33. Evaluate the equivalent lumped element paramoters ofa lossless short circuited BY a ia sp and = 3. ‘Ape 12, 84, O30) For length /= x. the transmission lin and its equivalent cri i as shown in igure (1 Z, n ec t=*s —| {a1 Transmission Line (hi Egobvaent Circuit Figure (1) ol) or a TRE TIT ———— i GRELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABAD} The transmission line and equivalent circuit for length! ~ 7 is as shown in figure (2), Z, b—*4—>| (a) Transmission Line (b) Equivalent Circuit Figure (2) ‘The input impedance for length ! = °% is expressed as, 22 = 2h 2h — , = ee [© «= 0 for lossless line] a ze . tanh(OW ~ 9 Sh i) 6 , Sn ‘The transmission line and equivalent circuit for length = 7 i s shown in figure (3), (a) Transmission Line (b) Equivalent circuit Figure (3) ~j2, tan Bl 2, tan (1.96) ~j2,(-2A1) +j2,241 j2AlZy took for the SIA GROUP LO ti ant on the TITLE COVER before you buyUNIT-0 (Franeiniasion Linea) oy ts wo "he taneroron Vine aa ouvatet cei or lngth Fy Marae Pare (4) ' i [ 4 Lo ‘ : i | | dl “Fy (0) Tranemiasion Line (b) Equivalent Circult Figure (4) The input impedance (2) is given as, 4,7 fyton Qn (3% --munt (2) ~nm(3) == /st0n (2.956) fel) a mM Ie> PAI a ‘The transmission line and equivalent circuit for? iv as shown in figure (5), -——— i___| -— ea (a) Tranemission Line {(b) Equivalent Cirewit Figure (5) a The input impedance for /= > is given as, ZR, Zy + Shy tan) “| R, Jz, wnt BD 2n A] Zy,+ My an) 5% =, | ry 2 “| R, + J, tan} 2x SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOGRNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENT; —————————_______. SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOGRNAL eT —— ==. a aSS eee 5.24 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABAD| B.a4__ ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANS SS ———_——_—_ | Zee sR tanin) oR, +32, tan) Q34, A.60 ohm lossless line is 30 m long and Is terminated with a load of 75 + | 50 ohms at 3 MHz. Find its reflection coefficient, VSWR, Zy., and Zy. If the line velocity is 60% of the velocity of light. Ans: ‘May-13, (ROB), Co) Given that, For a lossless transmission line, Characteristic impedance, Z, = 60 ohm Load impedance, Z, = 75 + j50 ohm Length of transmission line, / = 30 m Operating frequency, ‘Transmission line velocity, = 60% of velocity of light (c) v= 60% of i.e, v= 0.6 c= 0.6 «3 x 10" mis (i) Reflection coefficient, =? (ii) Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, VSWR =? (ii) Maximum input impedance, Z, iv) Minimum input impedance, Z,, (Reflection Coefficient Reflection coefficient (F) is given by, wo 15+ j50 135+ 50 $2.20273.30 : P= 143,96220.32 [Link] Look for the SIA GROUP Loco ° 7 the TITLE COVER before you buy { ‘Fons (Transmission Lines-tt Vonage st ding Wave Ratio (VSWR) VSWR is given by the expression, Leln} i vswr = 1 “nm Sobstcuting the value of Tin equation (2), we get, 1+ 0.362 vsivg = 1+0302 ovr: 1-0.362 a (i) Maximum Input Impedance (Z_..) Maximum input impedance is given by, @) 2." Z(VSWR) Substituting the values of Z, and VSWR in equation (3), we get, Zou 60 * 2.134 © Znas = 128,04 ohm (iy) Minimum Input Impedance (Z_,) Minimum input impedance is given by, | =< (4) 2am” TSHR Substituting the values of Z, and VSWR in equation (4), we get, aoe 2.134 ' 11 ohm: x load has admittance ¥,~ = 1.25 + }0.25. Find the length and location of a ‘single stub to match the line to the load use smith chart. Ans: Aprintay-12, Sets, 2%) Given that, Fora single stub, % | ‘Admittance of a load, +/+ = 1.25 +/0.25 Ifthe single stub matches the line to the load, Stub length = ? ‘Stub location or distance =? | ‘The admittance, y, = % ~1.2-+/0.25 is plotted in Z-Smith chart at point 4 are e 7 Sia GROUPBe 7 3.26 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABAD) rin of radius OA The line OA is extendag Tribe Smith chart be impedance Z, is obtained by locating the point onthe circle of radius O4. The line OA is extended backside to meet the citele at point B. Z,= 077-014) By locating the points C and D on the $-circle which intersects the G = | circle, we get, AtCyy, =-/03 and AID.y,=4)03 Extend lines 4, B and D. A~Meets at a point F, 0.301 B ~ Meets ata point G, 0.4538 D— Meets at a point E, 0.3622 ‘The stub location or distance and stub length are obtained from the Smith chart. ‘The distance from short circuited power (ic. resistance or conductance component line) to the line D (which is extended) as shown in figure. Stub distance, d= 0.4538 - 0.25 d= 020382 0 Wavelength, A= * Let f= 20MHz Then, 3x10! A= oxo" ; = 1smt (On substituting the value of A in equation (1), we get, .d =0.2038 «15 = 3.057 ‘Stub distance d = 3.057 mt “The stub length is the distance from point A(y,) to the line D (which is extended) as shown in figure, Stub length, != 0.3622 - 0.301 = 0.06122 = 0.0612 «15 = 0.918nl UNT = 5. (Transmission Lines-!l) ywn in figure, The plot of all the impedances with the stub distance and stub length is #8 bo &a6\an antenna with radiation resistance of Z, = 73 © is to be matched to a lossless line of Z,= 50 ohms. Gye: uate a simple matching mechanism to match the antenna to the line. Give the values. . (Model Papers, a11(b)| Aprivay-12, Set, 0361) Matching of an antenna to a lossless line comes under quarter-wayelength matching that employs quarter-waveleng! transformer for its operation. ee { [SPECTRUM @LLIRVONE JOGRNAL FOR ENGINEERING StaDeR TS, Group @a a = 5.28 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES [JNTU-HYDERABAD) ere an antenna Of 75 ls be matched witha Tour les ine Of characteristic impedance equal to 50 2 Procedure Matching ofan antenna to a losslest-line using ine A, line B and quarter wavelength transformer is shown i Figure Line A Line B ——I Loss-tess [——] Quarter wavelength transformer [7 ¢, | Antenna Line (Z,) | 09 a Bal a | Section Consider characteristic impedance of quarter wavelength transformer to be Z,, The purpose of this Z, © provide transformation of load impedance to the characteristic impedance of the line B to the trartsmitter antenrs ‘This technique employs determination of three important aspects, They are, 1, Length of the transmission line used. 2. Desired characteristic impedance to match load impedance to the source impedance. 3. Position of quarter-wavelength transformer 1, Length of the Transmission Line used Length ofthe transmission line is reduced to get an electrical quarter wavelength. This is duc tothe velocity facsoe ofthe cab Length of the transmission line expréssed in meters is given 9s, me” Fras Where, F ge Center operating frequency (MH2) 7-Velocty of transmission line 2. Characteristic Impedance IF the lood impedance and characteristic impedance ofthe transmission line to the receiver o transmiter is known. tes characteristic impedance required for matching is given a, 2,- Sele Here, 2,-7,=502 2,-3.0 22, = YOK) = 93650 z,=60a10 characteristic impedance required for matching is 60.41 2. of Quarter Wavelength Transformer must be such that the line between transformer and source (loas-less be} 5 3. Position TITLE COVER before you buy Look for theQ37. A load Impedance of 60 j25 (ils to be matched length and position of the stub. An Given that, For a transmission line usirig single stub matching, Load impedance, Z, = 90-25. Input impedance, Z, = 50. Length of the stub, /,=? Position of the stub, |, =? ‘The expression for location of stub in terms of reflection ¢ x -1 T= 2+ cos" |) Where, 2, +2, ‘On substituting the values of Z, and Z, in T, we get, 9.4342 -32° *28,.4432-10.12" = 0.332| 21.88° Where, [P| =0.332 and 9 = 0.122 ‘On substituting the value of Tin equation (1), we get, [= *oie+ x—cos™'(0.332)) 2n = A orran+n-cos (0. 332) 2e - Aoime+n-0.3922) 2n = 0.3654, 7 1= 0.365) meters Fon BO A Hina ual 9 ea soefficient (T) is, a9 A, ongSION LINES (JNTU-HYD! THEORY AND TRANSMIS' ERA, oeticrent i given by, ELECTROMAGNE) "And the expression for lengih of the single stub in terms reflect 2 ant Vieirk nF] @ On substituting the corresponding values in equation (2), We get A. tan“ Jt (0.332)? an 2x 0.332 = A an'0.94832) 2x 0.664 0.7561 & 2 0.664 a 21.1387 ax 0.1814, ' = 1, = 0.181 Ameters 1 @ A.30 m long lossless transmission line with Z, = 509 operating at 2 MHz Is terminated by @ foadZ,» 120 + j 40 on the line. Find, ' (The reflection coefficient { (li) The VSWR and the input impedance. Velocity of signal on the line Is v = 0.6 c (c = Velocity in free space) (Use Smith's chart). | —_ May, (R13, 09 f Given that, | For a lossless transmission line, | Characteristic impedance, Z, = 502 ae Length of transmission line, /= 30m / Load impedance, Z, = 120 +/40 Operating frequency, f= 2MHz ‘Transmission line velocity, v= 0.6 ie, v= 0.6 «3 * 10°mis (i) Reflection coefficient, P=? iy Voltage standing wave ratio, VSWR =? Input impedance, | Initially, the normalized loed impedance canbe calculated ss, 120+ /40 - 50 =24+/08~~ considering "= 24 and x= 08 4.7 nA 4 Mark the impedance value on the smith chart (as shown in figure) by © Je at ‘B°. Thus, the magninode of retecticg «Reflector coefficient can be calculated by extending *O4” to meet the r = 0 cite = 0452 The angle 0, is obtained by measuring the angle between OC and OA 3s, 6,= Angle 40C= 17 ar] @ Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (S) The point “C” on the smith chart is located, where the ‘S' circle meets the I’, axis. ‘Therefore, the value of VSWR is given by, S=r(forr2 1) Input Impedance Z, The input impedance ofthe line can be obtained as, {-: 2 corresponding to an angular movement of 720°] =240° : Moving point E at 0.227 by 240" on the S-crcle from A to point X, we ge, 2, 72,2, = 50 (0.41 + j 0.33) [From Smith chart] = (205+) 16.5) 2 =263 238.83 Z,, = 263238.83" ina LONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTG ae —————aa qELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES (JNTU-HY