18: 816 - 1969 ( Peefrmed 1908) Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR USE OF METAL ARC WELDING FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN MILD STEEL (First Revision ) Fifteenth Reprint JANUARY 2000 ‘Cncorporating Amendments No.1 and 2) UDC 621.791.753 : 624.0142 © Copyright 1975 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 Gr? February 19711S: 816-1969, Indian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR USE OF METAL ARC WELDING FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN MILD STEEL (First Revision ) Structural Welding Sectional Committee, SMDC 15 Chairman Representing Saat D.8. Dagar M,N. Dastar & Co Private Ltd, Caloutta Members Aue atta Stowarte & Lloyds of India Ltd, Caleutta ‘M, Goan ( Alternate: out ‘National Test House, Calcutta Baan ROAR ee aco, © Directarste, i f Say Dist Saeed Sea ee een cia ra, * Dor Cet, rE a adm jorataxnismxay __Pablic Works Department, adres ‘Snat §, Suanooasonoanan \ Alternate) i Javamanan ‘Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd, Ranchi 8, wanoor (Alternate) of Eagineas (India), Caloatta Indian Oxygen Ltd, Caloutta. (Allernate ) Pagpugriow (Pramoniwo/Swens) Leeson, Couon Facronr, Panay Jour Dinos (BES) RDSO, Lucknow ( Alternate ) (Continued on pore 2) BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG. ‘NEW DELHI 11000219: B16. 1969 (Continued from pore 1) Manbert Repeating eam KG, &. Rao Tatg_Eogoprcg & Leomotie Co tad, Tromwioas Aoviuan (Botnas) Qoniral Bore Board, New Dsl Sear 8 Yau indavtan Shipyard Les inctbapataam Sra &, K Sairarrava, Diretor General 81 Eicofcio Member ) ‘Depaiy Direstor ( Struc & Mat ) Secretary Sua M. 8, Naoanay Assintant Direotor ( Struc & Met), 181 Subcommittee for Welding of Structures Subject to Dynamic Loading, SMDC 15:1 Convener Swat M, Duan Braithwaite & Go (India) Lad, Calcutta Members Sumi D. P. Custranien Direotorate Geusral of Supplisn & Dis (Claspestion Wing ), Now Dell Darury Dinacroa Stawoaaoe Ministry of Kailwaye, (Ba ), Ruseanon, Dacions Axo Sranpanpe Onoaniea: ‘Fox, Luaxwow ‘Atausrane Dinwcron Srax- ‘Dance (BAS), Ruswaxon, Dasious ap Sranpanoe Onoamttatioy, Locexow (Alternate) sunt PK, Maution Burn & Co Ltd, Howrah Saat §, Naxpt ‘ensop & Go Lat, Caloatta Sunt V. B,Son Tadian Oxygen Ltd, CalouttaIndian Standard CODE OF PRACTICE FOR USE OF METAL ARC WELDING FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN MILD STEEL ( First Revision ) 0 FOREWORD This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by ¢ Standards Institution on 19 December 1969, after the draft f 1a] Committee had been approved by the ‘and Metals Division Council. 0.2 This standard was published in 1956. As a result of experience gained during these years it has been decided to revise this standard with the following modiffeations: 8) The scope of the code has been extended to semi-automatic and automatic welding processes. ) The size ofthe deep penetration welds for procenes other, than manual meta! arc, has been left to the diseretion of the derign ¢) The allowable stresses in welds have been increased to bri them in line with those for parent metal given in IS : 800-1962°. 4) Formule for combination of stresses for Billet welds have been included. 0.3 In the formulation of this code: following publications: DIN 4100-1968 Above-ground steel structures. Ci sign. Deutscher Normenausschusy, Be BS. 1856: 1964-General requirements for the metal-arc welding of mild steel. British Standards Inatitution, London. stance has been derived from the ulation and 1. SCOPE LLL This code is supplement to IS : 800-1962 and covers the use of metal arc welding in the design and fabrication of steel structures In ‘Oode of prection fer use of strustarel steel ia general building coostruction (renteed).15 1816 - 1969 general building construction, It is intended primarily for manual arc ‘welding but may also be applied to automatic and semi-automatic arc processes, 1.2 This code, subject to the provisions of 18 : 1024-1968 apply to bridges and structures Prabject to dynamic loading, 1.3 The provisions of this code generally apply to the repair of existing building construction in mild steel but do not necessarily cover all the provision applicable tothe strengthening of existing. structures which Should ‘be subject of special consideration. Special provisions covering the deriga and fabrication of pipelines, boiler storage tanks and tubular steel structures, are intended to be dealt with in separate codes, 2, TERMINOLOGY 2.1 All terms relating to arc welded construction shall have, unless specially defined in this code, the meaning assigned to them in Bi aiztssit. 3. MATERIAL 3.1 Mild Steel — All steel used for structural members and connections shall be mild steel of weldable quality conforming to 1S; 226-1969} or 1S : 2062-1969§ or equivalent. 3.2 Blectrodes — Electrodes shall conform to 1S : 814 ( Part I )-1974 and 1S: 14 ( Part IT )-1974 3.3 Filler Wire and Flux — The filler wite and flux combination for submerged arc welding shall conform to the requirements for the desired application as laid down in 1S; 3613-1966** 4. DRAWINGS AND PROCEDURE SHEETS 4.1 Drawings and procedure sheets shall be prepared in accordance with 1S: 696-1972t+ and IS: 962-1967t3. hall also 42 Symbols for welding used on shop drawings and procedure sheets shall te according to IS :813-1961§§. Tor we of welding in bridges and structures subject to. dynamic ‘TGlosary of terms reiting 10 welding and cotting of metals, Speccion rnc st war any) oe in exon for rocirl tel (flo welng quay (fe ri) [Covered chetrode for metal are welding of sructual secs’ Part 1 For welding occ than thts {forth retin}, kerr steeds or meal ae ig of acura! weeks Par It Fo weg nee eptance ta fo wit combination for mbmergsd-are welding {Godt of paces aero dawn (ted) i fc for roe Soret rin). [ee Embed fr welding (oneadad 41S: B16 - 1969 4.3 The working drawings and/or weldi rocedure sheets prepared She fabricator ofthe despues for Secetige of the welding erptotsation shall include the following information: 8) Specification of the parent metal, b) Welding procedure with reference to provisions of IS : 823-1964" and IS : 4353-1967 as appropriate, and ¢) Testing requirements for special or highly stressed welds, 5, TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 5.1 Two basic types of construction and design assumptions are permis- sible under the respective conditions stated in this code and each shall govern in specific manner, the sizes of members and the types and Strength of their connections. SLL Type I, commorly designated as‘ simple '( unrestrained, free- ended ), assumes that the ends of beams and girders are connected for shear only, and are free to rotate under load, 5.1.2 Type 2, commonly designated as ‘rigid frame’ (continuous, ined ) assumes that the end connections of beams, girders and ‘other members in the frame have sufficient rigidity to hold virtually unchanged the original angles between such members and the members to which they connect, 6. DESIGN 6.1 Bute Weld 6.11 For all butt welds, the details shall in provisions of IS ; 823-19644 in the case of manus TS : 4353-1967 eral conform to the tal arc welding and the case of submerged are welding. 6.1.2 Unsealed butt welds of V, U, J and bevel types and incomplete penetration butt welds should not be'ued for highly sremed joins Joints subjected to dynamic, repeating or alternating forces. They shall also not be subjected to a bending moment about the longitudinal axis of the weld other than that normally resulting from the eccentricity of the weld metal relative to the parts joined, 6.1,3 Size — The size of a butt weld shall be specified by the effective throat thickness, “Code of procedure for manual metal are welding of mild steal, ‘Recommendations for submerged are welding of mild alee and low alloy steola, 5IS 1 816-1969 GLA Effective Throat Thickness G1AL Complete penetration butt welds—The effective throat thickness of a complete penetration butt weld shall be taken as the thickness of the thinner part joined, The effective throat thickness of *T? or ‘L* butt joints shall be the thickness of the abutting part. Reinforcement may be provided to ensure full cross-sectional area, but shall not be considered as part of the effective throat thickness, [Link] Incomplete penetration or unsealed single butt welds ‘8) The effective throat thickness of an incomplete penetration butt weld shall be taken as the minimum thickness of the weld metal common to the parts joined, excluding reinforcement, 'b) Unsealed single butt welds of V, U, J and bevel types, and incomplete penetration butt welds welded from one side only, should have a throat thickness of at least J of the nem of the thinnes ofthe parta joined. UFrequired, evidence Note ) should be produced by the fabricator to show that his effective throat thickness has been obiained, For the purpose ofstrear calculation, a reduced effective throat thick: ‘ness not exceeding § of the thickness of the thinner part joined should be used, Nora —The oature of such evidence should be decided by agreement may, forexemple, welding to. show that the. welding sound ite tegured penetration, and Enapeotion daring welding to evtablish thet the correct. procedure hasbeen flo : {i) Teat pleoes made as continuations of the arms daring wolding:and Ii) Raamlstion, after wading, by redingrephia or other auteba non-destructive methods, bd ‘¢) The unwelded portion in incomplete penetration butt welds, welded from both siden, shall not be greater than $ of the thicknen of the thinner part Joined, and should be central in the depth of the weld, If required, evidence [see Note tinder €4.42 ('b) ] should be produced by the fabricator to show that this required penetration has been achieved. For the purpose of stress calculation, a reduced effective throat thickness not exceeding f of the thickness of the thinner part Joined should be used. jplote penetration buts wold is « butt wald in which the weld metal is intenlonaty net SopontedSaroagh to fal tiskzens ofthe ila 615 : 816 - 1969 6.15 Effective Length — The effective length of a butt weld shall be taken as the length of the continuous full size weld except in the follow- ing two cases, when the full width of the joint or piece shall be taken as effective length: 8) The ends of the butt welds are extended past the edges of the art, joined by the use of run-on and run-off plates with a similar joint preparation and of a reasonable thickness not Jess than the thickness of the parts joined and of length not less than 40 mm (see Fig. 1). Ifrun-on and run-off plates are removed after completion of the weld, the ends of the weld shall be smooth and flush with the edges of the abutting parts, Fro. 1 Burr Watoap Jomrs with Rux-on ano Run-orr PLaTes b) The parent metal is not more than 20 mm thick, the end shall be chipped or cut back to solid metal and welds applied hav- ing a width not less than 1} times the ‘V" opening between the paris joined to fill out the ends of the same re-inforcement athe faces of the weld ( see Fig. 2). 5.1 In most cases of butt welds, full width of the plate should be welded adopting the procedure mentioned under 6.1.8 (a) or 6.1.5 (b), If, in any case, the butt weld need not be for the full width of the member, detailed ig the typs of joint shéuld be given on the drawing [Link] A transverse skewed butt weld shall not be assumed in computations to be longer than the width of the joint or piece perpendi- cular to the direction of stress. 6.1.6 The effective area of a butt weld shall be considered as the effective length mfultiplied by the effective throat thicknes 6.1.7 Load Carrying Butt Welds — Butt welds shall be considered as the parent metal for purpote of design calculations. 115 : 816 - 1969 Nea (OF END REINFORCEMENT 1 T0.3mm Cores THAN 1} TES Fio, 2. Burr Wetps Eno Reinrorcement 6.1.8 Non-Load Carrying Butt Welds — Butt welds where the peneti tion is less than that specified in 6.1.4 due to non-accessibility are to be considered as non-load carrying for purposcs of design calculations. 6.19 Intermittent Butt Welds [Link] Intermittent butt welds should be used to resist shear only, and the effective length of such weld should not be less than four times the longitudinal space between the effective length of welds nur more than 16 times thinner part joined except as specified under 9.1, 104 6.19.2 Intermittent butt welds shall not be used in positions subject to dynamic, repetitive and alternate stress, 6.1.10 Sealing or Backing G10. Single ¥, U, J or bevelled butt welds intended to carry the ible ‘stresses based on the full-plate thickness should be completed By deporting stealing run of weld metal ont the back of the fonts The back of the first sun shall be cut ont with a round-nosed chisel prior to the application of subsequent runs on the reverse side. The depth to which the first run is cut out shall be sulicient to expose the clean face of the frst run, ‘The grooves thus formed and the roots of the single V, U, For bevelled weld shall be filled in and sealed, [Link] Where another steel part of the structure or a special steel backing strip is provided in contact with the back of the joint, single ¥, U, For bevelled butt welds welded from one side only be permitted, provided the steel parts of the joint are bevelled to an edge with a rout ‘rp sufficient to ensure fusion into the bottom of the ‘V" and the steel part at the back of the joint.1S : 816 - 1969 AL Butt Welding Parts of Unequal Cross Section G.1.11.1 1n butt welding steel parts in line with each other and which are intended to withstand dynamic, repeating or alternating forces, and which are of unequal width, or where the difference in thickness of the parts exceeds 25 percent of the thickness of the thinner part or 3-0 mm, whichever is greater the dimensions of the wider or thicker part thould be reduced at the butt joint to thote of the smuller part, the slope being not steeper than one in five ( see Fig. 3A and 3B). Le TAPER NOT EXCEEONG 1M NOT LESS THAN OR UP TO 7 MENS OF ere 4 Fry Fio, 3. Burr WeuoiNc oF Pants of UNEQUAL THICKNESS AND Unaguat Wits [Link] Where the reduction of the dimennons of the thicker part is imprecticable, and/or where structures are not designed to withstand dynamic, repeating or alternating forces, the weld metal should be built ‘up at the junction with the thicker part to dimensions at least 25 percent greater than those of the thinner part, or, alternatively, to the dimen- sions of the thicker member ‘see Fig. 3). Where the reduction of the width of wider partis impracticable, the ends of the weld shall be returned to ensure full throat thi 6.1.12 Reinforcement —Only sufficient surface convexity shall be provided by reinforcement to ensure full cross-sectional area at the ‘The reinforcement shall not be considered as part of the throat t! and may be removed to give a flush surface, if desired. 62 Fillet Welds G24 Stee — The sae of « norma filet shal be taken asthe minimum fog length (see Fig, 4)., For deep penetration welds, where the dept [penetration beyond the root run is 24 mm ( Min), the size ofihe fillet should’ be taken as the minimum leg length 4- 2-4 mm ’sor (oan L25 LENGTH] + FRLETS OF ueQUAL, FILLETS OF EQUAL UBD LENGTH UES LENGTH 46h SIZES OF NORMAL FLLET WELDS (PENETRATION. uNoTH SELES LENOTS 24am, 4D SIZES OF DEEP PENETRATION FRLET WELDS Fro, 4 Stzzs oF Fitter Waive G21,1 For fillet welds made by semi-automatic or automatic pro- esses where the depth of penetration is considerably in excess of 2°4 mm. the size shall be subject to agreement between the purchaser and the contracts 622 The size of fillet weld shall not be less than 3. mm nor more than the thickness of the thinner part joined. The minimum size of the frst run or of a single run Gillet weld shall be as given in Table 1, to avoid the risk of cracking in the absence of preheating. 62.3 Effective Throat Thickness — The effective thickness of a fillet weld shall not be less than 3 mm and shall generally not exceed 0-7 and 1-01 under special circumstances, where ¢ is the thickness of the thinner part. 6.23.1 For the purpose of stress calculations the effective throat thickness shall be taken as K x fillet size where K is a constant, The value of K for different angles between fusion faces (see [Link]) shall bbe as given in Table 2. [Link] For concave fillets the detigner shall specily the minimum throat thickness and the minimum leg length. [Link] Angle between fusion faces — Fillet weldsthould not be used tor connecting parts whose fusion faces forman angle of more than 120° 1015 1816 - 1968 —— ‘TABLE 1 MINIMUM SIZE OF FIRST RUN OR OF A SINGLE RUN WILLET WELD (Clans 02.2) ‘Taroeunas of Taoean Pane Momnevw Sum Over Up to and Inclading =m ‘=m = 10 2 0 0 6 » " 6 a a 8 Ficst run (200 Notea below) 10 Mintmusnsiae of Alot Nora l— When the minimum sige of the filet weld given in the table in greater than the thloknees of the thinner part, the minitm sive of the weld ‘should be equal to the thickness of the thinaer part. “The thicker pert shall be ‘sdequately prebeated to prevent cracking of the weid, Nora 2— Where the thicker part is more than 60 mm thick, epecial ‘precautions like pre-heating will have to be taken, or less than 60°, unless such welds are demonstrated by practical teste to develop the required strength, 6.24 Effective Length — The effective length of a fltet weld shall be taken as that length only which is of the specified site and required throat thickness. In practice the actual length of weld is made of the effective length shown on the drawing + twice the weld size. 624.1 Minimum length — The effective length of a fillet weld designed to tranamit loading shall not blew than four ties the eof 625 Fillet Weld Applled to the Edge o 62.5.1 Where a fillet weld is applied to the square edge of a part, the specified size of the weld should generally be at least 1'5 mm less than the edge thickness in order to avoid washing down the exposed arris (see Fig. 5A). 62.5.2 Where the fillet weld is applied to the rounded toc of « rolled section, the specified size of the weld should generally not exceed 5]4 of the thickness of the section at the toe (see Fig. 3B)ttt = or #01 ~ 101 a0 0-0 org momag suaaleg ety eee omen) ‘S€Vd NOISAA NEJMLEG SEIONY INWEMAMIG WO ¥ 40 BOIVA ¢ Tavs.sa ose 10, 5 Frutzt Watos on Squanz Boor oF PLatz on Rounp Tor oF Roux Section 6:2.5.3 Where the size specified for» filet weld is such that the parent metal will not project beyond the weld, no melting of che outer cover or covers shall be allowed to occur to stich an extent as to reduce the throat thickness (see Fig. 6). BS LIS 6A cannes 6B accertame sccause oF Fae eas ea SC wor Accerrme secause OF neouceD Timea tmeeetss Fro, 6 Fuut Size Fiter Waip Areurp to tax EDcr oF A Piats or Section [Link] When fillet welds arc applied to the edges of a plate or section in members subject to dynamic loading, the fillet weld shall. be of full size, that is, with its leg length equal to the thickness of the plate or section, with the limitations enumerated in [Link]. [Link] End fillet weld normal to the direction of force shall: be of unequal size with a throat thickness not less than 0°S¢ where ¢ is the thickness of the part as shown ist Fig. 7. The difference in thickness of outward side welds shall be negotiated in a uniform slope ( see Fig. 7). 6.26 Intermittent Fillet Welds t Allet welds may be used totransfer caleulated ‘acroas a joint when the strength required is less than that deve- by a continuous filct weld of the smallest allowable size for the thickness of the parts joined. Any section of intermittent dllet welding 3Fro, 7 Eno Fiutat Weto Noamat ro Dinzorion of Fonce shall have an eifective length of not less than four times the weld size with a minimum of 40 mm except as otherwise specified under 11.6 for plate girder stiffeners. 626.2 The clear spacing between the effective lengths of inter- mittent fillet welds carrying calculated Stress shall not exceed the following number of times the thickness of the thinner plate joined and shall in no case be more than 20-0 cm: 12 times for compression, and 16 times for tension. ‘Longitudinal Allet welds at the ends of built-up members shall have an effective length of not lest than the width of the component part joined unless end transverse welds are uted, in which cate, the sum of the end tudinal and end trantverse welds shall be not Icss than twice the h of the component part. Ohsin intermittent welding is to be preserred to staggered inter- attent welding. | Where staggered intermittent welding is used, the ends of the component parts shall be welded on both sides, 6.2.63 In a line of intermittent filet welds, the welding should extend to the ends ofthe parts connected; for welds staggered about two edges, this applies generally to both edges, but need not apply to subsidiary fitings or components, such as intermediate web stiffeners. “1S: 816 - 1969 624.4 Intermittent welds are not recommended to be used in the case of main members of structures directly exposed to weather. How- wuch intermittent welds are preferred for reasons of economy or , the welds shall be returned around the corners. 62.7 Lop Joints 62.7.1 The overlap of parts in stress carrying lap joints shall be not less than five times the thickness of the thinner part, except as provided under 10,2 and 10.3 for lacing and battening. Unless lateral deflection of the parts is prevented, they shall be connected by at least two transverse lines of fillet, plug ‘or slot welds or by two or more Tongitudinal fillet or slot joints, [Link] If longitudinal Sllet welds are used alone in end connec- tions, the length of each fillet weld shall be not less than the perpendi- ‘cular distance between them. The transverse spacing of longitudinal fillet welds used in end connections shall not exceed 16 times the thickness of the thinner part connected unless end transverte welds or intermediate plug or alot welds are used to prevent buckling or separation of the parts. 628 Fillet Welds in Slots or Holes 6.28.1 Where fillet welds are used in slots or holes through one or more of the parts being joined, the dimensions of the slot or hole should comply with the following limits in terms of the thickness of the part which the slot or hole is formed: 8) The width or diameter should be not less than three times the thickness or 25 mm whichever is greater; ) Corners at the enclosed ends or slots should be rounded wi radius not less than 1°5 times the thickness or 12 mm whichever is greater; and ©) The distance between the edge of the part and the edge of the slot or hole, or between adjacent slots or holes, should be not leas than twice the thickness and not less than 25 mm for holes. 62.8.2 When welding inside a slot or a hole, in a plate or other ‘order to join the same to an underlying part, fillet welding mnay ied along the wal or walls of the alot or the hate, but. the Tater shall not be filed with weld metal or partially filled in such a manner sto form a direct weld metal connection between opposite walls, except that fillet welds along opposite walls may overlap each other tance of 1/4th of their size. 62.9 End Returns — Fillet welds terminating at the ends or sides of parts or members should, wherever practicable, be returned continu oasly around the corners in the same plane for a distance not less than 51S 816 - 1969 twice the size of the weld. This provision should, in particular, apply to side and top fillet welds in tension which connect brackets, beam seatings and similar parts, 6.2.10 Bending About a Single Fillet — A single Allet weld should not be subjected toa bending moment about the longitudi of the fillet. 6.3 Plug Welds 6.3.1 Effective Area— The effective area of a plug weld shall be considered asthe nominal area of the hole in the plane of the faying surface. 6.3.2 Plug welds shall not be designed to carry stresses, 6.4 Combinations of Welds — Iftwo or more of the general types of weld (bute, fille, plug, slot) are combined in a single joint, the effective capaity of each shall be separately computed with reference to the axis of the group in order to determine the allowable capacity of the combination. 6.5 Iftwo or more plates or rolled shapes are used to build up a member, suficient welds ( of the fillet, plug or slot type) to make the parts act in unison shall be provided ( see 6.8.1 to 6.5.3), except where transfer of calculated stress between the parts joined, requires closer spacing, 6.5.1 For plates, the longitudinal clear spacing between the welds shall not exceed the provisions of 6.2.6 and the transverse spacing shall not exceed 32 times the thickness of the thinner plate joined. 6.2 For members composed of two or more rolled shapes in contact with one another, the longitudinal spacing of the welds shall not exceed 60 cm or limits prescribed under 6.5.3. 6.$,3 For members composed of rolled shapes, separated one from the other by a gusset plate, the component parts shall be welded together such that critical ratio I/r for each component between welds shall not exceed 50, or 0°7 of the critical ratio for the whole member, whichever is the lesser. 7. PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN WELDS 7.1 Shop Welds ‘Al Butt Welds — Butt welds shall be treated as parent metal with a thickness equal to the throat thickness, and the stresses shall_not exceed those permitted in the parent metal ( see 10 of IS : 600-1962*). ode oF prectie for uve of eractural steal in goneral building ooastruction (revised. 1615: 816-1969 7412 Fillet Welds —The permissible stress .n fillet welds based oa. its throat area shall be 1 100 kgf/em*, TAS Plug Welds —'The permissible shear stress on plug welds shall be 1100 kegffem?. bs Ed 1.2 Permissible Strewes In Site Welds— The permisible stresses for shear and tension for site welds made during erection of structural members shall be reduced to 80 percent of thote given in 7.1. 13 Increased Permissible Stresses— Where design calculations take into consideration the effects of wind or earthquake or both, the permis- sible [Link] in 7.1 may be increased by 25 percent. ‘In no case shall the welds thus provided be less than those needed if the wind or ‘earthquake or both effects are neglected. 7. Stresses Due to Individual Forces ‘7A.L Symbols — Unless otherwise specified the symbols used in the following clauses shall have the following meani P, = permissible stress due to axial force in kgffem* Py = permissible bending stress in kgf/cm? Ju = calculated stress due to axial force in kgf/em* ‘fe = calculated stress due to bending in kgffem* te = suffixes to indicate tension or compression q. = shear stress in kgffem* ‘M = bending moment in [Link] Q = shear force in kgf S = static moment of area of parts to be joined about the centre of gravity of the whole section in cm? J = moment of inertia ofthe section in about its centre of gravity yn distance of thie weld from the centre of gravity of the section a: edestive theo thicket 1m effective length 4A2 Stresses Due to Compression, Tension and Shear —When subjected to compressive or tensile or shear force one ata time, the stress in the weld is given by: hoven op awhere P is the type of force transmitted (axial load N or the shear force Be 1S Combustion of Stresses 7A Fillet Welds [Link] The stresses shall be combined using the following formula: Sam VIET where ‘= normal stresses, compression of tension due to axial 1” Sending force, - fom equivalent stress, 7S12 The equivalent f, shall not exceed 1 100 kgf/em*, ‘S.13 Check for the combination of stresses need not be done : a) for side fillet welds joining cover plates and flange plates, and ») for t welds where sum of normal and shear stresses does not exceed 1 100 kgffem ( axial or bending ). 1S2 Butt Welds [Link] Check for the combination of stresses in butt welds need not be done ift a) butt welds are axially loaded, and b) in single and doulbe bevel welds the sum of normal and shear stresses docs not exceed the permissible normal stress, and the shear stress does not exceed 0°5 permissible shear stress. 15.2.2 Combined bending and shear — The equivalent stress to coexistent bending stress (tension or compression) and shear stress is obtained from the following formula: fom VIET SE or vit TF ‘[Link] Combined bearing, bending and shear stresses — Where » bearing stress fi, is combined with bending (tensile or compressive ) and shear stresses under the most unfavou: ble ‘conditions of loading, the ‘equivalent stress f, is obtained from the following formule: hm VE TREE Ral FP a Som VIO FIT Toole +P 1818386-1908 1324 The inrom fy ot calculated from the, formule mentioned in 7. 1823 thd not exceed the values allowed the parent metal. 1.8.3 Stresses Due to Bending Moment — When subjected to beading moment only, the normal strea fy = My, 7.94 The horizontal shear (7) resulting from the bending forces is calculated from the following formula: ve BS rglem length of joint: ‘§, WELDING IN COMPRESSION MEMBERS {1 For general design considerations, reference shall. be made to 18 ; 800-1962*. 4.2 The welds between the plates of « column built up of three or more plates in I or box form should be proportioned to resist a transverse ‘shear at any section in the length of the column equal to 2°5 percent of the load in the compression member. 2.3 Joints in Compression Members 8.3.1 Where the ends of comprestionmembers to be spliced are faced jearing over the whole aren, there shall be sufficient weld to hold the connected parts accurately in place and to resist any tension ed by bending. 9.3.2 Where the ends of compression members to be spliced are not faced for complete bearing, there should be suflicient weld to transmit all the forces to which the joint is mubjected, 9, WELDING IN TENSION MEMBERS 9.1 Where welds are used to connect together the parts of tension members built up from two or more sections, the spacing and dimen- sions of such welds should be determined by the relative stiffneses of the sections, but the spacing of such welds should not exceed 105 ofa. 10, LACING AND BATTENING 10,1 For general design considerations relating to lacing and battening, reference shall be lc to IS : 800-1962°. "SGode of practice for use of strostiral steel in general building sonstrustion (renteed) 191S: 816- 1969 10.2 Laclag— Where tacing bars overlap the main members, ‘he amount of lap measured along either edge of the lacing bar should be fot less than four times the thickness of the bar or members, w! isleas, Welding should be sufficient to transmit the load in the bar and should in any case be provided along each side of the bar for the full length of lap. 10.2.1 Where lacing bars are fitted between the main members, they shall be connected to each member by fillet welds on each side of the bar or by full penetration butt welds. The lacing bars shall be 30 placed as to be generally opposite the flange or stiffening clement of the main member. 10.3 Battenlng — Where tie or batten plates overlap the main members, the amount of lap should not be less than four times the thickness of the plate. The length of weld connecting each edge of the batten plate to ‘the member shall in aggregate be not less than half the depth of the batten plate. At least one-third of this welding shall be placed st each end of this edge. The length of weld and depth of batten piate shall be measured along the longitudinal axis of the main member. In addition, the welding shall be returned along the other (wedges of the plates transversely to the axis of the main member for a length not less than the minimum lap specified above, 10.3.4 Where tie or batten plates are fitted between the main members, they shall be connected to each member by a fillet weld on each side of the plate equal in length to at least that specified under 10.3 or full penetration butt welds. The tie or batten hall be t0 placed a to be generally opposite the flange or stiffening element of the mail member. 10.3.2 The size of fillet welds connecting tic or batten plates to the main members should be not less than half of the thickness of the plate, and in no case less than 5-0 mm, 104 Use of Butt Wolds in Place of Batten Plates — Where the component ions of a built-up compression member are closer together so that i is practicable, by butt welding the sections together, to dispense with batten plates, the minimurm length of such welds shall be not less than four times the thickacas of the thinner part joined. The spacing of the ‘butt welds should be such that the critical ratio I/r for each component between welds shall not exceed 40 or 0°6 of the critical ratio for the whole member, whichever is the lesser. The throat thickness of the welds should, wherever possible, be not less than 6-0 mm and in no case less than 5-0'mm. 2»IS : B16 - 1969 10.5 In no case shall the welding be less than that necessary to carry the resultant shears and moments as specied for lacing or battens in 1S : 800-196; JI, WELDING IN PLATE GIRDERS 11.1 For general design considerations relating to plate girders, reference shall be made to IS : 800-1962°. 11.2 In welded plate girders each flange should preferably consist of a dng section rather han'of two or rare acetions superlnponed, but the single section mav comprise a series of sections laid end to end and effectively welded at their junctions, 11,21 The flange plate welded directly to the web plate shall not be more than 20 mm thick when steel conforms to IS : 226-1969 and not more than $0 mm thick when steel conforms to IS : 2062-19693. 11.3 Flange plates shall be joined by butt welds wherever possible, These butt welds shall develop the full strength of the plates. 11.3.1 The weld joining the ends of flange plates should be at right angles to the direction of the load. 11.3.2 The ends of the flange plates shall be welded before assembly When more than one Bange plate is uted the butt joints should be a gered as far as possible ( see Fig. 8). When unavoidable and the joints lie in the same plane the welding shall be done as shown in Fig. 9 and 10. The ends of the plates are joined first with a V-weld. The size of this shall be such that it does not melt away when the butt weld is completed, 11.3.3 Where splice plates are used, their area shall be not less than 5 percent in excess of the area of the flange element spliced and their centre of gravity shall coincide as far as possible with that of the element iced, There shall be enough welds cn each side of the splice to levelop the load in the clement spliced pluy$ percent, but, in no ease jould the strength developed be less thar, $0 percent of the effective strength of member spliced. 114 Web plates shall preferably be joined by complete penetration butt welds. Where splice plates are used, they shall be designed to resist the shear and moment at the spliced section, WGede of practice for use of structural stee! ia general buil (revived). ‘3eetRoatlon for sicgtaralateel(atandard quality fourth cerfsion Spociloation for struotaraletael (fusion welding quality (irr revis(on ). 1g construption aez IAG Fio, 8 Wats Conmzorino Franon PLarss StAGORRED ting the pesos leo ee et of plate girders shall be aum horizontal shear forces rutting b shall be prox ly to the ange. inte arin ew ge web. pi the serene ienn the permisile limit, esumiog daporion fond through para at SOF tal.1S: 816-1969 ALS.1.1 In case the bearing streses exceed permissib‘e values, beating stiffeners shall be designed to carry the concentraved loads applied directly to the flange. 1.8.2 The junction of longitudinal and transverse, that is, flange splice or web splice weld with the weld connecting fange and web plates should be avoided by providing copings in the web ( see Fig. 11). Fro. 11 Copino 1 THE Wen [Link] If ange and web splicing are done separately coping may not be necessary. 11.6 The welding between stiffeners and web should be in accordance with the following requirements: 8) The size of the fillet welds should be obtained from Table 1 in relation to the thickness of the web or stiffener, whichever is the greater; 'b) Where intermittent welds are used, the distance between the effective lengths of any two welds, even if staggered on opposite sides of the stiffeners should not exceed 16 times the thickness of the stiffener nor 30 cm; ¢) Where intermifinet welds are placed on one side only of the fener, or on both sides but staggered or where single plate feners are butt welded to the web, the effective length af each weld should be not less than 1Otimes the sickness of the stiffener; 4) Where intermittent welds are placed in pairs, one weld of each side of the stiffener, the effective length of each weld shoold be not less than four times the thickness of the stiffener; and €) For bearing stiffeners, the welding should, in addition, be sufficient to transmit to the web the full reaction or load, 11.7 Where stiffeners are required to be connected to the flanges, they should not be welded to the Manges subjected to tensile forces in structures subject to dynamic loading wherever possible. 23151 816 - 1969 118 The corners of the stiffeners thould be notched to concentration of longitudinal and transverse welds ( see Fig. 121. Fio. 12° Srirrenent ang Notcusn to Panvert Wetp Concanraation 12, DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS TAA Eccentricity of Members — Members mecting at a joint should, where practicable, have their gravity axes meeting at a paint 10 a8 to avoid eccentricity, Where this eannot be done, allowance shall be made for the bending moments due to eccentricity. 12.2 Eccentricity of Connections — Wherever practicable, the line of action of the force should pass through the centre of resistance connection $0 as to avoid an eccentricity moment on the section; otherwise allowance shall be made for eccentricity. 12.3 Connections of Tension and Compression Members in Trusses — Welded contections at ends of tension or compression members in {cusses shall either develop the full effective strength of the material or they shall develop the strength required by total stressef, but in no case should such strength developed be less than $0 percent of the effective atrength of the material connected, 12.4 Packing — Where a packing is used between two parts, the parti Ind heels conneciog’t tooth part, should be: capable of tran mitting the load between the parts, except where a properly @tted Py)1S : 816 - 1969 packing is used in compression. Where a packing is too thin to carry the load or perzalt the provision of adequate welds it hould be trimmed flush with the edges of the narrower part and the load should be trans- mitted thro welds alone, the welds being increased in size by the thickness of the packing, 12,8 Welding Combined with Riveting or Bolting ( see also 14) — In new work welds and rivets or bolts combined in one connection should not be considered as sharing the load, and welds should be provided to carry the entire load for which the connection ia designed. ints should be xo devcloped tht individual components may have flexibility at least in one direction, Alternatively the joint may be designed for the indirect secondary bending and torsion and stress due id connections of components at the joints, 13, WELDING OF ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS 13.1 Fillet welding of segregated zones of rolled steel sections should be avoided for fear of unfavourable internal stresses being developed. 14, WELDING FOR STRENGTHENING OF EXISTING RIVETED OR BOLTED CONNECTIONS AND STRUCTURES 14.1 When welding is used for strengthening an existing riveted or bolted commection, the rivets or bolts shall be assumed to carry the dead load, provided they are capable of carrying it without over-stress, and welding shall be added to carry all live and impact loads. If rivets or bolis are over-stressed by dead load only, then welding shall be added to carry all loads ( dead, live and impact ). 142 Where a compression member is strengthened by welding while under load, the work sBall be carried out in such a way that: 1) the least radius of gyration is substantially increased, and b) large compression shrinkage stresses are not induced in the extreme fibres. 14.3 Compression members, while they are subject to a calculated stress exceeding 470 kgf/em!, shall not be strengthened by welding, 15. FABRICATION 15,1. General — For general requirements relating to the fabrication of structural steel, reference should be made to IS : 800-1962*. ‘Code of practice for use of structural steel in general building oonstro-cion, (revised). 2s1S 1816 - 1965 15.2 Welding Equipment and Electrodes 15.2.1 Plant — Welding nt, instruments and accessories should conform to the appropriate Indian Standard, if any, and should be of adequate capacity to carry out the welding procedure laid down. All welding plant shall be malatained in good working orde 15.2.2 Welding Current Mearurement — Adequate means of measur- ing the current drawn on the welding side should be available, either as part of the welding plant or by the provision of a portable ammeter. 15,23 Electrodes — The types of electrodes used should be only thore recommended by the manufacturer for use in the position in which the welds are to be made. Electrodes should be stored in thelr original bundles or cartons in a dry place and adequately protected for weather effects. Electrodes which have areas of the flux covering broken away or damaged should be discarded. If electrodes become affected by dampness, but are not otherwise damaged, they may be used or being dried in a manner approved by the manufacturer, und propriate performance tess, indicating thatthe electrodes are still satisfactory for use. 15.3 Welding Procedare 15.31 General — For procedure of welding and pr treatment, reference should be made to IS : 623-1964°, 183.2 Cutting may be effected by shearing, cropping or sawing. Gas cutting by mechanically controlled torch may be permitted for mild mtecl only. Gas cutting of high tensile steel may also be permitted ided special care is. taken to leave sufficient metal to be removed Ey machia so that all metal that has been hardened by flame is removed. Hand flame cutting may be permitted subject to the approval of the inspector. ‘and post- heat 153.3 Shearing, cropping and gas cutting, shall be clean, reasonably square, and free from any distortion, and should the inspector find it necessary, the edges shall be ground afterwards. 15.3.4 During the entire welding oF cooling cycle, the joints and parts shall not be subjected to any external forces, shocks or vibra 15.4 Where welding has to be done in low temperatures, ‘isons as fiven in 197 4944-196E shall apply. ms Pow Weide of procedure Tor manoa! metal are welding of mild stot, Woda of prosedar for welding i low sublet tomperatare, 261 : 816 - 1969 15.§ Workmanship —For details of workmanship, quality of welds, correction of weld faults, peening, painting, etc, reference should be made to IS : 823-1964". 16, INSPECTION AND TESTING 16.1. For purpose of inspection and testing, reference should be made to 1S : 822f. 17, CONTROL OF SHRINKAGE AND DISTORTION 171 Effects of distortion and shrinkage shall be taken care of while detailing and fabricating the structures. 18 OPERATOR QUALIFICATION 38.1 The welders shall be trained in accordance with IS : 817-1963. They shall also be subjected to appropriate qualifying tests specified in IS : 1181-19675. 19. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND HEALTH PROVISIONS 19.1 For purpose of safety requirements and health provisions, reference a may be made to IS : 818-196 God of proud Trigg of mild ate {Oode of practice ler preparation | {Gods of practioe for training and touting of rostal are welders (revised). ili ai of moll ae woter (sngnged in welding srctre other than ipen)( frst revision). {Code of pract and cutting operat afety and baal requirement in electri and ga welding Cheat revision. : n