PRACTICE 1 PAGE 117

The graph shows how many people visited Marine Museum each year, from 2005 to 2010. The
number of annual visitors increased steadily for several years and then started to level off.

In 2005, there were 500,000 visitors to the museum. The following year, the number rose to a little
over 600,000. The number of annual visitors continued to rise until 2008, when it reached a little
over 900,000.

In 2009, there was a change. During this year, the number of visitors fell to exactly 900,000. The next
year it rose slighty, but was a still less than it had been in 2008.

Between 2005 and 2008, there were large annual increases in the numbers of annual visitors. The
small decrease and increase in 2009 and 2010 show a leveling off in the numbers of annual visitors
to the Marine Museum.

PRACTICE 2 PAGE 118

The graph compares changes of the number of people who lived in Donner City and its suburbs over
a thirty-year period of time, from 1980 to 2010.

In the 1980, the population of Donner City was 1,600,000. At 1,200,000, the population in the
suburbs was lower by 400,000. Over the next thirty years, the population of Donner City fell while
the population of the suburbs rose. During that time, the Donner City population decreased by
about 50 percent. In the meantime, the suburban population rose to almost 2,000,000.

Between 1980 and 1990, the population of Donner City fell from 1,600,000 to about 1,200,000.
During the same period of time, the population of the suburbs rose from 1,200,000 to almost
1,600,000. Over the next ten years, the population in the city fell by about 200,000 while the
suburban population continued to rise and approached 1,800,000.

Overall, this graph shows that the population decreased in the city just as steadily as it increased in
the suburbs.

PRACTICE 3 PAGE 119

The table shows the average number of ice cream sold by Springer’s Café each day for the months of
April through September during the years 2011 and 2012.

The café was busier in 2012 than in 2011. Looking month by month, the average number of servings
sold was higher in 2012. For example, in April of 2011, there was an average of 15 servings sold daily,
while in April of 2012 the average was 25. In each of the months shown, the average number of
servings sold daily is fewer for 2011 than it is for the corresponding months in 2012.

In 2011, more servings were sold in August than in any other month. In 2012, more servings were
sold in July than ini any other month. In both years, fewer servings were sold in April than in any
other month.

Overall the table shows higher sales in 2012 than in 2011. It also shows a significantly higher number
of sales In June, July, and August than in the other months.
PRACTICE 4 PAGE 120

The graph shows compares how much money new male and female doctors earn each year over a
period of thirty years, from 1980 to 2010. Women’s salaries remained lower than men’s throughout
the entire period.

In 1980, the average salary of a woman just starting out her career as a doctor was USD100,000.
During the same year, the average salary of a man in the same situation was a little under
USD150,000. During the next ten years, women’s salaries increased at a faster rate than men’s. In
1990, a woman earned an average salary of just under USD150,000 while a man earned over a little
over that same amount.

The salaries of both men and women continued to increase at a similar rate over the next ten years.
Then, between 2000 and 2010, the salaries of men started increasing at a faster rate. By 2010, men
were earning over USD200,000 a year on average, while women were earning a good deal less than
that.

PRACTICE 5 PAGE 122

The diagram shows how to recycle paper and the equipment needed to do it. First, bales of paper
move up a conveyer belt. They enter a vat. There, the paper is mixed with water and chemicals to
form a pulp. Next, the pulp goes through a screen. The screen removes debris from the pulp.

PRACTICE 6 PAGE 123

The chart provides information about the distribution of professional time for teachers of
elementary school in Wardsville school district. Teachers working in elementary school spend the
largest portion of their time in the classroom. Professional development activities, on the other
hand, take up the least amount of teachers’ time.

An elementary school teacher in Wardsville spends a little over half of his her professional time – 60
percent of it – in the classroom. The rest of the time is taken up with activities such as preparation,
meetings, and professional development activities. Preparation takes up one-fourth of teacher’s
professional time. Meetings take up 10 percent of it. Professional development activities account for
just 5 percent of teacher’s time.

Overall, the chart shows that teachers spend a significant portion of their professional time outside
of the classroom. Forty percent of their time – close to half of it – is spent in other type of activities.

PRACTICE 7 PAGE 125

The charts compare budget allocation of Greensboro last year, this year, and next year. Last year,
the town spent an equal portion of its budget on schools and salaries. Thirty percent of the budget
went to each of those areas. Spending on roads took up another 25 percent of the budget, while the
smalles amount – 15 percent – went to parks and recreation.

This year, spending on schools has increased 5 percent since last year. Spending on schools has
remiained the same since last year, while spending on roads has decreased 5 percent.

Next year, the town will spend an event greated portion of its budget on schools – 40 percent.
Spending on salaries will rise to 35 percent. Spending on roads will stay the same, at 20 percent.
Spending on parks and recreation will drop to 5 percent.

The town always spends more on schools than it does on roads.

SPELLING

The graph compares literacy rates of Country X and Country Y in the beginning of each of the last
four centuries. Overall, literacy rates in both country has increased since 1700 but Country Y’s
literacy rate remains higher than Country X’s.

In 1700, more than 40% of the country Y population was literate, while only a very small part of
country X population was. Over the next century, literacy rate in Country Y grew to over than 60%. In
1800, literacy rate in Country X also grew but stayed very low compared to Country Y. In 1900, the
percentage of Country Y population who are literate tripled to 30%. At the same time, Country Y
literacy rate also increase by about 30% to 90%.

By 2000, 100% of people in Country Y could read. Literacy rate in Country X also grew to 80%, but
that number was still significantly lower than Country Y.

__________________________________________________________________________________

The graph gives information about literacy rates in two countries over a period of several centuries,
from 1700 until 2000. While the literacy rates in both countries increased in each century, the rates
in Country Y remained higher than in Country X in every year shown.

In 1700, more than 40 percent of the population in Country Y was literate. In Country X, however, a
much smaller percentage of the people could read. In fact, literacy rate was almost zero. Although
the number of people who could read grew in both countries over the next centuries, the literacy
rate in Country X remained low. By 1900, only about 30 percent of the people in that country could
read, while the literacy rate in Country Y in the same year was well over 80%.

By 2000, the last year shown on the graph, 100% of the people in Country Y could read. The literacy
rate in Country X had reached 80 percent, but this was still low as compared with Country Y.

CHECK AND REVISE PRACTICE 1

The graph compares average salaries of new female and male doctors in each decade from 1980
until 2010. Over those period, both female and male doctor’s average salary increased. However,
female doctors always earned less than their counterpart.

In 1980, new male doctors earn almost USD 150,000, while new female doctors earned substantially
lower at only USD 100,000. Both salaries of new male and female doctors rose over time to over
than USD 200,000 for male and about USD 170,000 for female.

Between 1980 and 1990, women doctor’s salaries increased by USD 40,000 to about USD 140,000,
more than the increase of men doctor’s salaries which only increased by USD 30,000. In the next ten
years, both women and men doctors salaries increased at the same rate. In the next decade, men
doctor salaries skyrocketed to over than USD 150,000, while women salaries increased at the same
rate as the previous decade to about USD 170,000.

CHECK AND REVISE PRACTICE 2

The table compares the average Springer’s Café’s ice cream sales each day during six months period
in 2011 and 2012. In both years, sales rose from April to June, peaked in July and August, and then
declined in September.
Overall, average daily sales in 2012 was higher than average daily sales in 2011. For example, in April
2012 Springer’s Café sold 25 servings of ice cream, ten more compared to sales in the same month
of the previous year. That is also true for all of the months that are shown in the table.

The table also shows that there are several specific months when Springer’s Café sold more ice
cream than the other months. In 2011, ice cream sales peaked in August with average of 60 ice
creams sold daily, while in 2012 it peaked in July with average of 80 servings daily. Both in 2011 and
2012, Springer’s Café sold the smallest amount of ice cream servings in April, 15 and 25 servings
respectively.

CHECK AND REVISE PRACTICE 3

The chart shows how elementary school teachers in Wardsville school district spend their
professional time. Teachers spend their professional time on various activities beside in classroom,
including preparation, meetings, and professional development.

Teachers spend most of their professional time in classroom which accounts for over a half (sixty
percent) of their professional time. They spend almost a half (forty percent) of their professional
time outside of the class. A quarter of their professional time is spent on preparation. They also
spend ten percent of their professional time for meetings. The rest of their professional time is spent
on professional development which accounts for only five percent of their professional time.

Overall, teachers spend most of their time in classroom. Forty percent of their time is spent in other
types of activities.

CHECK AND REVISE PRACTICE 4

The diagrams show steps of how a hurricane is formed and the general structure of the hurricane.
The process of huricane formation is a cycle that consists of four steps. The first step is evaporation
of a body of water. Water evaporated by the heat of the sun, forms vapor, and rise into the air.
Then, the vapor cools and condenses to form a cloud. When the cloud is saturated, it will precipitate
and fall back to the surface of the earth in the form of a rain. Finally, rain water will be collected in
one place and the cycle can start all over again. Hurricane is structured with spiral rainbands in its
edge. The center of the hurricane is called the eye. Hurricane rotates in counterclockwise rotation
and move to one direction at a speed that can reach 120 kilometers per hour.

STRATEGY REVIEW PRACTICE 1

The charts compare percentages of several native languages spoken by Roslindale High School
students in 2000 and 2010. Overall, there are several native languages spoken with English as the
most common native language spoken by Roslindale High School students in both 2000 and 2010.

In 2000, over than a half (sixty five percent) of Roslindale High School students spoke English as their
half native language. The percentage declined by twenty percent to less than a half of the students
spoke English as their native languages in 2010. Meanwhile, the percentage of native Spanish
speakers rose from twenty percent in 2000 to thirty five percent in 2010. The percentage of native
Chinese speakers also rose by a small amount from ten percent in 2000 to fifteen percent in 2010.
The percentage other native language speakers stayed the same over the ten year period shown in
the graph.

Overall, English was the most common native languages spoken by students in Roslindale High
School eventhough the percentage of Spanish and Chinese native speakers increased between 2000
and 2010.
STRATEGY REVIEW PRACTICE 2

The graph shows compares average prices of a single family home in four different neighbourhoods
in the city of Plimsburgh during 2000 and 2010. During that period, average housing prices in
Waterfront, Uptown, and Downtown was decreased, whereas prices in University Park was
increased.

In 2000, housings in Waterfront were the least expensive at USD 140,000. Meanwhile, Uptown
houses were the most expensive, priced at USD 275,000. The prices of housing in University Park and
Downtown were between that amount, USD 200,000 and USD 175,000 respectively.

In 2010, the average housing prices plummeted in almost all four neighbourhoods, except University
Park. Housings in Uptown suffered the biggest fall. It decreased by USD 100,000 to USD 175,000.
Downtown’s housings price also declined to USD 100,000 and became the least expensive
neighbourhood between those four in 2010. Waterfront housings price decreased slightly to USD
135,000, while University Park housing prices increased to USD 225,000 and became the most
expensive place to live in Plimsburg.

STRATEGY REVIEW PRACTICE 3

The diagram shows the steps of how to recycle paper and equipments involved in the process.
Overall, the process consists of five steps, pulping, cleaning, de-inking, refining, and bleaching.

The first stage is pulping where paper that will be recycled is transported into a vat by using
conveyor belt and then mixed together with various chemicals and water. The result of the first
stage is a pulp that needed to be cleaned from debris. The pulp is passed through a debris screen to
remove any solid particle that might be present with the pulp. Next, the clean pulp undergoes de-
inking process inside a flotation cell. In this equipment, ink is separated from the clean pulp. The
clean pulp is processed further in refiner where it is beaten to produce smooth pulp which called
refined pulp. Finally, refined pulp is bleached so it appears whiter and ready to be used for paper
making.

SUMMARY OF WRITING TASK 1

1. General Strategies
a. Identify key, unit, category
2. Opening Statement
a. State the purpose (ask what information about, paraphrase the title)
b. Describe the graphic using time
 In each of the four seasons of the year
 in each of five years, from 2000 to 2005
 During the beginning of each centuries
 At every hour, from 1 to 6 PM
c. Describe the graphic using location
 In several different cities around the world
 In four different neigbourhoods in the city of Plimsburg
 In four different area of Plimsburg park
 In each of five different countries
d. Describe a process diagram (use the title but use synonym to avoid repeating exact
words)
3. Describing Data
 a. Ask wh- questions
b. Show the steps in a process (use time words)
 First, begin, start, in the beginning
 Next, then, after, as soon as, from there
 When, as, at the same time, while
 Finally, end, next to the last
4. Analyzing Data
a. Compare and contrast data
 Compare: both, and, the same, like, similar
 Contrast: but, although, however, on the other hand, while
b. Summarize similarities and differences (look for most and least)
 Most, highest, largest, hottest, longest, oldest, greatest, more
 Least, fewest, lowest, smallest, coldest, shortest, youngest, less
c. Describe changes and trends
 Up (noun/verb): increase/increase, grow/growth, rise/rise, jump/jump,
strength/strengthen, peak/peak
 Down (noun/verb): decrease/decrease, decline/decline, fall/fall, drop/drop,
weakness/weaken, dip/dip/plummet
 Modifiers (adj/adv): sharp/sharply, significant/significantly, steady/steadily,
sudden/suddenly, gradual/gradually, rapid/rapidly, slight/slightly
d. State facts (do not give opinions)
5. Grammar
a. Preposition of time
 At: hour, part of day
 On: day, holiday, date
 In: part of day, year, month, season
 From… to… : start and end (eg. from January to March)
 Between… and… : star and end (eg. between April and August)
 During: throughout a period of time (eg. during 2010)
 Since: the beginning of something (eg. since Wednesday)
 Until: up to a certain time (eg. until 2:00)
b. Preposition of amount
 From: starting amount (eg. prices fell from USD200)
 To: ending amount (eg. the number rose to over a million)
 By: amount of change (eg. the cost increased by 25%)
c. Comparisons
 More: bigger amount (eg. more people visited the museum in 2010)
 Fewer: smaller amount; plural (eg. the company sold fewer cars last year)
 Less: smaller amount; non-count (eg. the company made less money today)
 Comparative adjectives
d. Plurals
e. Articles : a/an (indefinite; mentioned for the first time), the (definite; refers
mentioned things)
f. Subject-verb agreement
g. Verb tenses
 Simple present tense (refer an action/state that is always true)
1. The graph shows information about consumer spending.
 2. Houses cost more in Paries than in Bogota
 Present perfect tense (refer an action that started in the past and continues
to the present)
1. Prices have increased more than fifty percent since 2005.
2. The number of annual visitors has fallen since 2005.
 Simple past tense (describe an action that was completed in the past)
1. Prices increased last year.
2. Over one million people visited the museum in 2009.
 Future tense (describe an action that will take place in the future)
1. Next month, prices will rise.
2. In the next decade, more people will leave the suburbs.
6. Spelling
7. Check and Revise
a. Opening statement
 Paraphrase the task?
 Make it more specific?
 Add time and/or location?
b. Describing data
 Select important data and features?
c. Analyzing data
 Interpret the data without giving opinions?
d. Length
 At least 150 words?
INTRODUCTION - RESTATE THE TASK

1. It is important for children to study foreign languages in school.

2. Some people think that drugs and other new products testing on animals is cruel, while
others considered it is crucial and needed to enhances and saves people’s lives.
3. In old times, younger family member usually have their elderly relatives lived with and cared
for, while today, there is an increasing number of young people that have their elderly living
in retirement home away from the family.
4. The development of tourism in an area can impact the lives of local community in a positive
and negative way.
5. There are many alternatives that can be done to keep people away from harmful effects of
tobacco. Illegalized smoking is one of them, although it might be not the best way to do it.

INTRODUCTION – GIVE YOUR OPINION

1. It is important for children to study foreign languages in school. It is my belief that they
should begin this at a very early age.
2. Some people feel that experimenting with drugs on animals in unkind, while others believe
that it is crucial for making people’s lives better. I believe this sort of testing is cruel and
unnecessary.
3. There are several reasons why families opt to have their older family members live in special
homes. I think, however, elderly relatives should stay living with their family whenever
possible.
4. Tourism brings both advantages and disadvantages to local residents. In my opinion, the
benefits it can bring are greated than any drawbacks.
5. I agree that the best way to protect people from the dangers of smoking is to make it against
the law. In my opinion, this is the only way to get people to stop smoking.

WRITE A THESIS STATEMENT

1. Children enjoy language, they learn it best when they are young, and language instruction
fits well with the rest of the primary school curriculum.
2. It may help scientists find ways to cure diseases, but it is painful for the animals and it is not
the only way to test drugs.
3. It may be difficult for families to find time and energy to care for their elderly relatives, but it
is the kinder thing to do and it is also more economical.
4. Tourism can change the character of a place in undesirable ways, but it gives residents
economic opportunities that they wouldn’t have otherwise.
5. It would make it extremely difficult to obtain and use tobacco, and it would get people’s
attention.

EXPAND YOUR THESIS STATEMENT

1. Even if people had cigarettes, it would be hard to find a place to smoke.

People may choose to have bad habits, but most people won’t choose to break the law.
If smoking were illegal, then people wouldn’t be able to by cigarettes easily.
2. Everyone knows that childhood is the best time to learn foreign languages.
Young children enjoy learning and playing with language.
Most of the things children learn in primary school are related to language.
3. Homes for the elderly are very expensive.
People who have jobs and children don’t have much time to care for their elderly relatives.
 Our elderly relatives deserve to be treated kindly.
4. There are other equally effective ways to do experiments.
Scientists seeking to cure diseases often use animals as part of their research.
These sorts of experiments are often painful for the animarls.
5. Tourism can change quiet town into busy, crowded, expensive places.
Tourism creates new possibilities for businesses and jobs.

INTRODUCE DETAILS

1. Everyone knows that childhood is the best time to learn foreign languages. In the first place,
it is the best time to learn anything because it is the time of life when brain is developing. In
the second place, children are still developing skills in their native language when they are
young, so their minds are open to learning language. Finally, children can learn to speak
several languages fluently but it is more difficult for adults to do this.
2. People who have jobs and children don’t have much time to care for elderly relatives. First,
they spend most of the day at work. Then, in their free time they have to take care of their
children. Additionally, they have to shop, clean, and do other housework. After taking care
of these responsibilities, there is not a lot of time and energy left over.
3. There are other equally effective ways to do experiments. Drugs can be tested on humans,
as they often already are. In addition, scientists use computer models as part of their
research, and they often get more reliable results this way. Moreover, scientists can use
blood and cell samples from humans for their experiments. These methods are all more
humane than using live animals.
4. Tourism can change quiet towns into busy, crowded, expensive places. In the first place,
hotels, restaurants, and roads have to be built to accommodate tourists. Then, when the
tourists arrive, they crowd the streets and public places. In addition, tourism usually means
that prices in stores and restaurants go up. All these things change the quality of life for local
residents.
5. Even if people had cigarettes, it would be hard to find a place to smoke. First, they wouldn’t
be able to smoke in any public place without getting arrested. Also, they wouldn’t be able to
smoke in their own homes without leaving an odor. Furthermore, they wouldn’t be able to
smoke at their friends’ houses without putting their friends in danger of arrest. A lot of
people would quit smoking just because they couldn’t find a place to do it.

SUMMARIZE YOUR OPINION

1. Tourism has both positive and negative effects. It can make life more difficult for local
residents in some ways; however, the economic benefits it brings are worth the cost.
2. All children should learn foreign languages and they should begin when they first start
school. This is the best time of life to learn languages.
3. I am opposed to using animals for drug testing. While I know that it is important to find
cures for diseases, testing drugs on animals is not the only way to do this. There is no reason
to cause pain to animals when there are other ways we can test new drugs.
4. People will only stop smoking if it is made illegal. It will make it too difficult for them to
continue the habit, and it will make them think about the harmfull effects. It is the only way
to protect people from tobacco.
5. Families may have good reasons for choosing to have their elderly relatives live in special
homes. Despite this, I feel that it is kinder, as well as cheaper, for families to care for their
elderly relatives themselves.
GERUND AND INFINITIVES

In my opinion, smoking should be illegal. These days there are many places where people aren’t
allowed to smoke, but it is still legal. It is still easy to buy cigarettes. It is still possible to smoke in
many places, and many people still enjoy smoking. If we are really interested in protecting people’s
health, we should pass laws against smoking.

MODALS

Often elderly people can’t take care of themselves at home. They need help with the tasks of daily
living. Some could choose to live in a special home for the elderly, but this isn’t an option for
everyone. These homes are very expensive and many people can’t pay the cost. Then the family
must find another way to care for their elderly relative. A younger family member may invite the
elderly relative to live in his home. Or the family might decide to hire someone to help the elderly
person in his own home. In all cases, the family should talk about the different options and make a
decision together.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

I believe that zoos aren’t cruel places. In most zoos, the animals are looked after carefully. Their
cages are kept clean. They are fed healthful diets. When they are sick, they are treated by
veterinarians who specialize in zoo animals. In many cases, zoo animals live longer than their wild
cousins because they are safer and healthier in zoos. It is true that in the past, zoo animals were
treated poorly very often. They weren’t given the care they needed. Their needs were neglected.
However, this is no longer the case. Now we understand a lot more about the kind of care that
animals need, and everyday we continue to learn even more. In the zoos of the future, the animals
will be given even better care than they are now.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS – SUBJECT

Many schools require their students to wear uniforms. Students who wear uniforms don’t have to
worry about following fashions. Therefore, it is easier for them to focus on their studies. Some
students complain that uniforms are ugly, but I believe that uniforms can look nice. Uniforms which
are simple in design can look very attractive. Colors that are plain and not too bright always look
nice. Skirts which are too long or too short can look strange and out of fashion, but uniforms don’t
have to have skirts that are the wrong length. Students whose uniforms look unattractive can talk to
their school directors about changing the uniform style. School directors who require uniforms in
their school usually find their students are better able to concentrate on academics.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS – OBJECT

School uniforms don’t have to be unattractive. The colors that schools choose for their uniforms
should be colors that look good on everyone. Plain, dark colors usually work best. It is also important
to have skirt and pants styles that students feel comfortable with. Plain, classic styles look good on
everyone and are always comfortable. If schools choose uniforms that the students like, then there
will be no complaints. Of course, students should keep their uniforms clean and neat. Teachers,
whom the students look up to as role models, should also be careful about their appearance. They
need to set good examples which the students can follow.

REAL FUTURE CONDITIONALS

I think that children should learn foreign languages in primary school. It is easier to learn language at
that time of life. If children study foreign languages when they are young, they will learn them very
well. They will learn to speak them almost as well as they speak their native language. If they wait
until secondary school, it will be harder for them. Anybody can learn foreign languages at any age,
but it is much easier for younger children. Primary schools will have to make foreign language
classes a priority if they really want their students to learn them well.

UNREAL CONDITIONALS

I didn’t study a foreign language in primary school, and I am sorry about that. If I had had the
opportunity to study a language then, I would have studied French. It is a beautiful language, and it
is spoken in many countries. If I had studied French in primary school, I would have learnt it well.
Unfortunately, that didn’t happen. I studied French at the university and I don’t speak it very well. If I
knew French well now, I would read French newspapers and magazines. If I spoke French with
confidence, I would traveled to French-speaking countries frequently.

APOSTROPHES

Tourism brings many opportunities to the local residents. Let’s say, for example, that you’re a young
person living in a small town near the beach. There aren’t many jobs in the town. Your opportunities
are fery few. You probably think about moving to the city, where you have more chances of getting a
good job. Now let’s say that your town decides to develop the area for tourism. Hotels, restaurants,
and stores are built. The roads are improved. Now you and all your relatives and friends have many
job opportunities in you own town. You can stay there and earn a good living. You can raise your
family there knowing that your children’s opportunities for a good future are better now. I
understand why some people think that tourism causes many problems, but I think it’s a good thing.
It makes life better for local residents.

CHECK AND REVISE

SUMMARY OF WRITING TASK 1

1. Introduction
a. Restate the Task
 By paraphrasing it.
b. Give Your Opinion
 I think/believe/feel/consider
 In my experience/opinion
 It is my belief that
 From my point of view
c. Write a Thesis Statement
 Tell the reader what ideas will be written to support the opinion (2-3 ideas)
2. Body
a. Expand Your Thesis Statement
 Use thesis statement to write a topic sentence for each paragraph
 At least 2 body paragraph, 3 will be better
b. Introduce Details
 Use transition words and phrases to introduce/prioritize details to support
topic sentence
 Don’t repeat the same transition words/phrases
1. First
2. In the first place
 3. The main advantage is
4. Another advantage
5. Another reason
6. Another
7. Second
8. In the second place
9. Then
10. Also
11. And
12. Or
13. So
14. Therefore
15. However
16. On the other hand
17. But
18. In addition
19. Additionaly
20. Furthermore
21. Moreover
22. Finally
3. Conclusion
a. Summarize Your Opinion
 Remind the reader of the main ideas
 Paraphrase the sentences
4. Grammar
a. Gerunds and Infinitives
 Gerund: verb + ing (e.g. enjoy, quit, continue, consider, prevent, discuss,
prohibit, suggest, avoid, dislike)
 Infinitive: to + verb (e.g. want, need, allow, agree, attempt, hope, prepare,
offer, plan, learn)
 After the main verb
 As subject -> gerund (e.g. Smoking is bad for your health)
 After prepositions -> gerund (e.g. Some smokers are worried about getting
cancer)
 After adjectives -> infinitive (e.g. It’s important to learn about the dangers of
tobacco)
b. Modals
 Ability (can)
 Possibility (could, may, might)
 Advice (should)
 Obligation (must)
c. Active and Passive Voice
 Active; subject perform action
 Passive; object receive action
1. Simple present (e.g. The animals are/aren’t fed every day)
2. Present continuous (e.g. The animals are/aren’t being fed now)
3. Present perfect (e.g. The animals have/haven’t been fed yet)
 4. Simple past (e.g. The animals were/weren’t fed yesterday)
d. Relatives Pronouns – Subject
 Adjectives clause to describes/identifies a noun in the main clause
Restrictive Non-restrictive
People Who Who
That
Things Which Which
That
Possessives Whose Whose

e. Relatives Pronouns – Object

Restrictive Non-restrictive
People Who Who
Whom Whom
That
Nothing
Things Which Which
That
Nothing
Possessives Whose Whose

[Link] Future Conditionals

 About things that are really true or that can really happen
 If clause : present tense verb
 Main clause : future tense verb
 E.g. Children will learn foreign languages easily if the classes are interesting
 E.g. If schools don’t teach foreign languages, children won’t learn to speak
g. Unreal Conditionals
 About something that isn’t real or can’t really happen
 Present unreal if clause: past tense verb
 Present unreal main clause: would + base form
 Past unreal if clause: past perfect verb
 Pas unreal main clause: would have + V3
 E.g. If Mary traveled to foreign countries, she would learn about cultures
 E.g. If Mary had studied a foreign languages, she would have learned it well
5. Punctuation
a. Contractions
b. Possessives
c. Common problems
6. Check and Revise

SPEAKING

EVERYDAY VOCABULARY

1. I have a small family, just me, my father, my mother, and my sister. But we often have a big
family dinner with my grandma, uncles, aunts, cousins who also live in Jakarta.
2. My father and mother are still working. My sister is currently studying in Depok. So we rarely
spend time together in weekdays. But in Saturday and Sunday, we usually spend our time
together by visiting mall and eating outside.
3. Well that depends on the activities. For more adventurous and physical activities, such as
going to a mountain or doing some sports, I prefer to do it with my friends. While for
relaxing activities such I prefer to go with my family.
4. I like to eat meat, especially chicken and beef. However, I hate eating fish. I also hate eating
vegetables, except if it is prepared by my grandmother.
5. I usually eat breakfast and dinner at home. For lunch, I eat at my office’s cafeteria, but
sometimes I bring food from home. At weekends, my family and I usually eat at restaurant
or order food and eat it at home.
6. When I worked in Batam, I had a favorite restaurant called Adi8. It is a Chinese food
restaurant that serves the best garlic chicken I’ve ever tasted. It also serves other delicious
menu, such as squid, grilled fish, and vegetables. I always invite my friend to eat at that
restaurant if they visit Batam. Even though the price is not expensive, we rarely eat at this
restaurant because it is reserved only for special occasion, such as birthday and celebration.
7. I was born and lives most of my live here, in Jakarta. Jakarta is the center of government
office and business of Indonesia, so it is very crowded and busy. A lot of people from various
region move to Jakarta to find jobs. Therefore, when it is holiday season especially during
Idul Fitri, the street is empty because people go back to their hometown.
8. Jakarta is the economic center of Indonesia. There are a lot services, foods, and goods that is
available in Jakarta but not in every other cities in Indonesia. It is very convenient to live in
Jakarta.
9. The public transportation in Jakarta is really bad. Therefore, most people choose to drive or
ride their own vehicle. That makes the traffic really bad and the air to be polluted. In fact,
recent studies show that Jakarta is the most polluted city in the world.
10. My high school was one of the best public high school in Jakarta. It had a unique building
design that is similar with football stadium. We had a basketball field in the center and three
stories building surrounding it. It made a great atmosphere for sport activities because
students gathering all around the field to watch games.
11. I liked studying physics. We had a really great teacher then. I was in my school’s physics
team for national high school science olympic. I didn’t go very far, I was stopped at province
stage, but at least I got valuable experiences.
12. Today highschool students should limit their time in social media and be more focus in class.
High school is a really crucial stage in every student’s life because it will impact their chances
to continue their studies in their dream major and universities.
13. Public transportation in my city is really bad. Therefore, most people decided to drive or ride
their own vehicle. That contributes to severe traffic jam and air pollution. However,
government is doing a good job by building MRT and LRT, although it hasn’t accommodate
most places. I hope more people will use public transportation.
14. My office is quite far from my house, about 12 to 13 km. I usually ride a motorbike to get to
my office. It takes about 40 minutes each way. If only there is an adequate public
transportation near my house to the office, I will use it. Actually, there is an LRT station
being built about 1 kilometer from my house. But I read that it won’t be ready until 2021.
15. The problem is the air polution. I have to wear mask to avoid lung disease. But sometimes it
isn’t enough if I am trapped behind a bus that blows pitch black smoke from its exhaust.
 16. The weather is my city is very hot all year long. In sunny day, it can reach almost 40 oC.
There’s several month in a year that it rain almost everyday. It makes the weather cooler,
but it might cause flood in several area of the city.
17. When it is rainy, I like to stay inside my room, listening to music and readings book. I really
like rain because it makes a perfect condition to enjoy myself.
18. I prefer to live in a mild climate, not too hot and not too cold. Bandung has a perfect climate
for my taste. I lived in Bandung for four years during my study. There’s also a lot of rain in
Bandung.
19. I used to play Badminton every week with my friends when I worked in Batam. Since I
moved back to Jakarta, I haven’t played any Badminton because I can’t seem to find friends
with the same hobby. So nowadays, my exercise is only jogging around my neighborhoods
every now and then.
20. When I was young, I played futsal a lot. I also played basketball, badminton, and baseball. I
was’t particularly good at those sports. But I had a lot of fun playing with my friends.
21. I think exercise is very important. It is part of a healthy lifestyle and can help us to avoid
many diseases, especially heart disease. Beside that, by doing exercise we can meet new
people and make friends.

PRACTICE 3

1. I recently took a trip to Bandung, about 120 km in the east of Jakarta. It is a business trip
with one of my coworker. We went there by train which took about 3 hours plus to reach
Bandung. We went there for a meeting with our consultant for a project about technology
development. I really love visiting Bandung. Actually, I spent 4 years living in Bandung when I
was in college. Bandung has a really great weather, it is really cold in the morning but pretty
warm in the afternoon. Therefore, I spent my morning jogging around my hotel. I also love
the food. I ate at Sudirman Street which is very famous for food containing pork. I also took
some my spare time to visit my universities, just taking some nostalgic moment.

I recently took a trip to my father’s hometown, Bourmedes. Bourmedes is about forty

kilometres from our present home. I went with my family – my parents, of course, and my
two sisters. We went to visit my grand-parents. I enjoyed spending time with my
grandparents. My grandfather always tells funny stories, and my grandmother is a great
cook. I had a good time with my cousins, too. We played games in the park and talked about
school, friends, and other things going on in our lives. Also, my father took all of us to get ice
cream in the afternoon. That’s something we always do when we go to Bourmedes, so it’s
something I always look forward to. It’s really fun to get together with whole family and
enjoy games and ice cream and just sitting around and talking.
2. I really enjoy celebrating New Years eves. It’s an international holiday. People around the
world celebrates it every year. I usually celebrate it with my family – my parents of course
and my sister. Sometimes also with my grandparents, my uncle and aunt, and my cousins.
We usually go to chuch for a service. Then, we usually have a dinner together at home. We
talk about a lot of things we experienced in the last one year. We shared our wishes for the
next year and also our commitment, what we want to do in the next year. And then we just
watch a movie or TV programmes waiting for the New Year countdown. When it is near the
midnight, we go out to light some fireworks. The 2018 New Year was very special for me. My
family and I went to USA for two weeks. We were in New York when it is New Year’s Eve. We
wanted to join the party at the Times Square. But the weather is very chilly, I remembered it
 was about minus 16 degree celcius, the second coldest New Year’s Eve in New York recorded
in history. Unfortunately, we decided to went back to our warm hotel and celebrate there.
3. Describe something that you recently bought for yourself
a. What it is and what it looks like
b. When you bought it
c. What you use it for
d. Why it is important to you to own it
4. Describe a book you enjoyed reading
a. What the title is and who wrote it
b. What type of book it is
c. What the book is about
d. Why you enjoyed it
5. Talk about someone who influenced you when you were a child
a. Who the person was
b. How you met this person
c. What things you did together
d. How this person influenced you

PRACTICE 2 SUPPORTING DETAILS

1. Personally, I think it is important to observe holidays because they keep us connected with
our families and our traditions. Holidays are a chance to spend time with our family, especially
with cousins and other relatives that we might not see often. On holidays, we share special
activities with our relatives, such as singing traditional songs and playing traditional games.
We have a lot of fun together, and this brings us closer as a family. Holidays are also a chance
to learn about and practice our traditions. Some holidays remind us of the history of our
country. They remind us things that are important to our culture. And, my favorite part,
holidays are an opportunity to cook and enjoy traditional food.

Yes, I believe that it is important to observe holidays, especially with family. In holidays, we
can spend times together with our family, especially with cousins or other relatives that we
might not see often. It gives us times to catch-up one another about what’s going on in our
life. We also can do some activities together, such as barbequeing, singing, playing board
games, and other group activities. Holidays also give us chance to know more about our
traditions or histories. For example, because I work at state owned company, my company
organize an Independence Day ceremony that all employees must attend. The flag raising
ceremony combined with national song always successfully raise our nationalism and our love
for our country.
2. I believe that reading books is very important, especially for younger generation. The first
reason is reading books can increase our knowledge and literacy. Even though there are
various other learning media in this digital age, I still believe that reading is the best way for
us to learn most of things. The second reason is by reading books, our concentration skill will
increase. Nowadays, there are a lot of distraction, so most people is easily distracted and hard
to concentrate. In my opinion, people who have a habit of reading books can concentrate
better and not easily distracted. Personally, one of my hobbies is reading books. I can spend
hours reading books in my spare time. Consequently, I feel that I can endure longer in
exhausting works that require a lot of concentration compared to my friends who don’t like
reading books.
 3. It depends on the duration of the vacation. If the vacation is a short one such as weekend or
one day holiday in the middle of the week, personally, I think that it is better to use that time
to rest and relax. Spending time relaxing during vacation has several benefit. On of the benefit
is to help our body regenerate energy that is spent working. I think it is unwise to go to
adventurous vacation, discovering new places on short vacation. We may become extremely
exhausted when the vacation is over and we must return to office. Consequently, our work
performance may suffer if we are exhausted. Therefore, it is another benefit to relax on the
vacation. When we back to office, we feel rejuvenated and it can increase our productivity.
However, if the vacation is a long one, going to new places is an obvious choice. Going to new
places is an experience that is very valuable. But we must make sure that we spare one or two
days to relax before going back to work to let our body rest and regain our strength.
4. Personally, I think there are two characteristics of someone that can be a good role model for
children. The first one is honesty. Children must learn about honesty since they are young.
Honesty is very important because it shapes how children become whey they become adult.
Dishonest children may grow into a corruptor when they become adult. Society despise
dishonest people. They won’t trust dishonest people on big responsible, therefore it may
limits opportunity for dishonest person. The second important characteristics is empathy.
Empathy is the capacity to place oneself in the position of another person. Empathy is the core
of great societies. People who have an empathy will help others more willingly. They will also
avoid doing things that may hurt other people. By placing others interest above self interest,
societies will move forward to a better condition.
5. Yes, I’ve read in a book that people who have a lot of money are happier than others. But the
happiness only increase to some extent and it will plateau where more money doesn’t
increase happiness further. But generally, richer people are happier than others. One of the
reason is they don’t have to worry about their basic needs while poor people is usually
stressed by basic needs such as how can they afford food for tommorow, how they pay their
rent, and other things. Rich people takes things for granted, therefore they can switch their
mind to other things. The second reason is rich people has greater access for luxuries, hobbies,
and facilities. And those three things are sources of happiness. They can visit foreign country
for vacations. They can buy luxury sport cars. They have a driver for daily commute. And many
other things. In short, rich people has a very different set of things to worry compared to less
fortunate people and that things makes their living standard higher and therefore happier.

SUMMARY OF SPEAKING TASK 1

1. Everyday Vocabulary
a. Know the vocabulary to talk about yourself and everyday situations
b. Don’t give short answers, give one or two sentence answers
c. Typical topics:
 Family
 Food
 Hometown
 School
 Transportation
 Weather
 Exercise
2. Verb Tense
 a. Pay close attention to the verb tense that the examiners uses
b. Listen for tense markers in the examiner’s question
 Present: now, at this moment, presently, do/does, these days, usually
 Past: in the past, when you were younger, when you were a child, before
 Future: in the future, in a few years, later, will

SUMMARY OF SPEAKING TASK 2

1. Introduce Your Talk

a. Introduce the main idea using key words from the first sentence of the topic
2. Pay Attention to Question Words
a. 5W1H help to focus on the type of information needed to be provided
3. Personal Feelings
a. Think of 3 logical responses to the questions; then say a couple of sentences about
each one

SUMMARY OF SPEAKING TASK 3

1. Introduction
a. Common words and phrases to express a personal opinion
 In my opinion
 I believe that
 I’d say that
 To be honest
 Personally, I think
 In my experience
 Speaking for myself
 I’d like to point out that
 There’s no doubt in my mind that
 It seems to me that
 As I see it
b. Common words and phrases to express a general opinion
 Some people think that
 Some people say that
 It is often thought that
 It is generally believed that
 It is often said that
2. Supporting Details
a. Expand answer by providing details about the examples or reasons that mentioned
in opinion statement
b. Follow an example with at least two supporting details. Three details are even better
3. Clarification
a. Common phrases to ask for clarification
 Do you mean
 Do you want me to say
 If I understand you correctly, you want to know
 You’re asking me if
 You’d like me to give you