Department of Mechanical Engineering

BIT Raipur

Lab Manual

Dynamics of Machine Lab.

Department of Mechanical Engineering / BIT Raipur / Dynamics of Machine Lab Manual

Name of program: Bachelor of Engineering
Branch: Mechanical Engineering Semester: V
Subject: Dynamics of Machines lab Code:
Total Lab Periods: 24 Batch Size: 30
Maximum Marks: 40 Minimum Marks: 20

EXPERIMENTS TO BE PERFORMED (MINIMUM TEN EXPERIMENTS)

1. To find out the oscillations of simple pendulum with universal vibration apparatus.
2. To find out the oscillations of Compound pendulum with universal vibration apparatus.
3. To find out the radius of gyration of bi-filler suspension with universal vibration
apparatus.
4. To find out undamped torsional vibrations of single rotor system with universal
vibration apparatus.
5. To find out the frequency of damped torsional vibration of single rotor system with
universal vibration vibration apparatus.
6. To measure the frequency of torsional vibrations of single rotor system with universal
vibration apparatus.
7. To measure the frequency of torsional vibrations of double rotor system with universal
vibration apparatus.
8. To find out free vibration of helical coiled spring with universal vibration apparatus.
9. To study forced damped vibration of a spring mass system and simple supported beam
with universal vibration
apparatus.
10. To find out the Gyroscopic couple and prove the Gyroscopic law with Gyroscope
apparatus.
11. To find out the Power and effort of Proel, Porter & Hartnell Governor with Governor
Apparatus.
12. To find out the critical speed for different diameters of shaft by whirling of shaft
apparatus.
13. To verify the static and dynamic balancing for different planes and masses by
balancing apparatus.

Department of Mechanical Engineering / BIT Raipur / Dynamics of Machine Lab Manual

 INDEX

Signature
S. Date of Date of
Name of Experiment of Remark
No. Experiment submission
Teacher

Department of Mechanical Engineering / BIT Raipur / Dynamics of Machine Lab Manual

 EXPERIMENT No. - 1

AIM:
To find out the oscillations of simple pendulum with universal vibration apparatus.

APPARATUS:
The unit is as shown in figure suitably fitted to the sturdy frame and following
accessories are attached to it.
 Oscillating pendulum

Supporting apparatus to be used:

 Stop watch
 Measuring tape

PROCEDURE:
Fix the balls with nylon ropes into the gripping chucks provided at the top beam of the
frame & adjust the balls to suitable length. Measure the length of pendulum as shown. Oscillate
the pendulum & measure the time required for 10 oscillations, repeat the procedure by changing
the ball & changing the length.

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OBSERVATION:

S.No. Ball size Length Time for 10 Texpt Tth

(diameter) (cms) oscillations t/n
t

CALCULATIONS:
For simple pendulum, natural frequency of oscillations (Linear frequency)
1 g
Fn  
2 L
Where t = time period, sec/cycle.
Therefore t  2 L
g
Experimentally,
time for 10 oscilations
t=
10
Compare the values obtained practically & theatrically.

CONCLUSION:

Time period of simple pendulum is proportional to square root of length L.

Plot a graph of T² Vs. L.

VIVA QUESTION:
1. What is the difference between linear frequency & circular frequency of vibration?
2. What do you mean by time period in vibration?
3. What is longitudinal vibration?
4. What do you mean by free vibration?
5. Derive the equation of motion for simple pendulum in free vibration?

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 EXPERIMENT No. – 2

AIM:
To find out the oscillations of Compound pendulum with universal vibration apparatus.

APPARATUS:
The unit is as shown in figure suitably fitted to the sturdy frame and following
accessories are attached to it.
 Oscillating pendulum
Supporting apparatus to be used:
 Stop watch
 Measuring tape

THEORY:
A right body, when allowed to oscillate in vertical plane about the axis of
suspension under the action of gravitational force is called a compound pendulum. The
DYNAMIC unit is provided with a simple design as shown.

PROCEDURE:
Fix the brass bush in any of the holes of the pendulum & mount the pendulum
over the suspension shaft. Fitted at top beam of frame. Oscillate the pendulum & measure the
time required for 10 oscillations. Repeat the procedure by putting the bush in different holes.

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OBSERVATION:
S.No. Length of Center Number of Time reqd. Texpt Kth Kexpt
compound of Oscillations for n in sec
pendulum gravity Oscillation t/n
L (h)
1
2

CALCULATIONS:
Let, m = mass of compound pendulum = ----- gm
h = distance of C. g. from axis of suspension
k = radius of gyration about an axis through c.g. perpendicular to plane of oscillation.
Natural frequency of oscillation-
1 gh 1
fn   
2 (k  h ) t
2 2

(k 2  h 2 )
t  2
gh
time for 10 occilations
practically t=
10
2
 t 
Therefore k   gh  h
2

 2 
& equivalent length of pendulum,
(k 2  h 2 )
l
h
The equivalent length can be verified by setting the simple pendulum to l.

RESULTS:
 The equivalent length of pendulum is found to be …………….mm.
 The radius of gyration is found to be …………………………..mm.

CONCLUSION:
By experiment it is fount that radius of gyration K is verified the
Theoretically & experimentally.

VIVA QUESTION:
1. What is the difference between free vibration & forced vibration?
2. Write the equation of motion for compound pendulum?
3. What is then natural frequency of vibration of compound pendulum?
4. What do you mean by compound pendulum?
5. Derive the expression for frequency of oscillation for pendulum?
6. What do you mean by time period of pendulum?

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 EXPERIMENT No. - 3
AIM:
To determine the radius of gyration of a body using bi-filler suspension.

APPARATUS:
The unit is as shown in figure suitably fitted to the sturdy frame and following
accessories are attached to it.
 Bi-filler suspension setup
 Weights
Supporting apparatus to be used:
 Stop watch
 Measuring tape

PROCEDURE:
Attach the bi-filler suspension strings in the chuck mounted at top beam of the frame.
Adjust the string to equal lengths. Fix the weights required over the beam of bi-filler. Oscillate
the system about vertical axis passing through the center of beam. Measure the time required for
10 oscillations. Repeat the procedure by changing the length of suspension.

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OBSERVATION:

S.No. Length of Weight No of Time Texp Kth Kexpt

cord in attached oscillations required (sec)
cm for (n)
oscillation
L b cm Kg n t t/n
1.
2.
3.

CALCULATIONS:
For bi-filler suspension.
1 b g
fn  
2 k L
Where, fn = frequency of oscillations, cps
b = distance of string from centre of gravity = 15 cms.
l = length of strings, cms
k = radius of gyration
b g
k
2 f n I
time for 10 occilations
Now t=
10
There for, f n  1
texp.

Kth = L/2√3
Thus, value of k can be determined.

VIVA QUESTION:
1. What is mean by Bi-Filler suspension system?
2. Define radius of gyration?
3. Differentiate between torsional & longitudinal vibration?
4. What is the natural frequency of vibration in case of Bi-Filler suspension?
5. Derive equation of motion of vibration for Bi-Filler suspension system?

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 EXPERIMENT NO –4
AIM:
To find out the frequency of damped torsional vibrations of single rotor system with
universal vibration apparatus.

APPARATUS:
This unit is as shown in figure suitably fitted to the sturdy frame and following
accessories are attached to it.

 Single rotor system

 Shaft
 Damping liquid (oil, water etc.)
 Stop watch
 Vernier caliper /micrometer
 Measuring tape

THEORY:
When elastic body such as shaft or disc are displaced from the equilibrium
position by the application of external forces, and then released, they execute a vibratory motion.
When particles of the shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations
are known as torsional vibrations. In this case the shaft is twisted and untwisted alternately and
the torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft.
In a damped vibration system the amplitude of vibration reduces with every
cycle of vibration due to the resistance offered by the damping liquid.

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PROCEDURE:
Fix the shaft at braket fitted near the top beam of the frame. Attach the rotor, damping drum
and descender to the shaft. (Normally this is already attached). Put the damping liquid into the
damping reservoir. (This may be water or oil). Set the pen holder at suitable position. Fix the
paper over the recording drum. Fix the guide bush at suitable position.
Oscillate the rotor carefully so that lateral oscillations do not appear. Lift the descender and
gently press the pen over the paper. The graph of oscillations will be recorded over the paper.
Repeat the procedure by changing depth of immersion and damping fluid.

OBSERVATION:
Damping fluid-

S. No. DEPTH OF IMMERSION δ

Cm

CALCULATION:
Let X1 & X2 be amplitudes at successive time intervals t1 & t2.
Then, logarithmic decrement,
X1
δ = Log-----------
X2

But also δ = 2лy

Where y = damping factor
Damping is very small(y<<1) then, plot the graph of δ Vs depth of immersion

VIVA QUESTION:
1. What is damping co-efficient?
2. What is longitudinal vibration?
3. What is transverse?
4. What is torsional vibration?
5. What is logarithmic decrement?
6. What do you mean by over damping?
7. What do you mean by under damping?
8. What do you mean by critical damping?

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 EXPERIMENT NO. – 5

AIM:
To measure the frequency of torsional vibrations of single rotor system with universal
vibration apparatus.

APPARATUS:
This unit is as shown in figure suitably fitted to the sturdy frame and following
accessories are attached to it.

 Single rotor system

 Shaft
 Stop watch
 Vernier caliper /micrometer
 Measuring tape

PROCEDURE:
Take the bracket on the middle beam of vibration lab fit this bracket at
any position. This bracket is fitted with drill chuck. Take spring steel wire and clamp it firmly
between any one of the rotor disc and this bracket. Ensure that this clamping is firm. Give a
small deflection/twist to the rotor disc. The rotor disc will take some oscillation. Count the
oscillation & measure the time required for n number of oscillations.

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OBSEVATION:

1. Diameter of disc =

2. Weight of disc W =

3. Diameter Of shaft/wire d =

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. no. Length of No. of Time for n Texpt Tth

shaft L cms oscillation oscillation t/n
t sec t sec

CALCULATION:

Kt = torsional stiffness
G Ip
=-------------- N.m.sec2
L

Where, G – modulus of rigidity

= 0.8 × 106
л × D4
Ip = polar moment of inertia = ---------------
32

л × (0.3)4
=---------------------
32

= 7.95 × 10-4 cm4

D = Diameter. Of shaft/wire

I = MI of disc
= WD2/8×g

Tth = 2 √ I/ Kt
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GRAPH:
Plot a graph of Frequency Vs shaft length.

CONCLUSION:

VIVA QUESTION:
1. Derive equation of motion of vibration for single rotor system?
2. What do you mean by transmissibility?
3. What do you mean by amplitude of vibration in single rotor system?
4. What is the natural frequency in case of single rotor system?
5. The vibration in this case of single rotor system is free or forced?
6. What is the effect of eccentricity in vibration of single rotor system?

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 EXPERIMENT No- 6
AIM:
To measure the frequency of torsional vibrations of double rotor system with universal
vibration apparatus.

APPARATUS:
This unit is as shown in figure suitably fitted to the sturdy frame and following
accessories are attached to it.
 Double rotor system
 Shaft
 Stop watch
 Vernier caliper /micrometer
 Measuring tape

PROCEDURE:
Fix the two rotors over the spindles fitted over the frame uprights. Thread the shaft
into the chucks & fix the shaft by tightening the chucks. Hold one rotor firm by hand & twist the
shaft by gently pulling the rotor. Release the hands. Let the system oscillate. Record the time
required for 10 oscillations of system repeat the experiment by adding different weights over the
cross arm of the system (add the weights symmetrically)

OBSERVATION
Diameter of small rotor da = ---- cm
Diameter of bigger rotor db = ---- cm
Weight of small rotor Wa = ----- Kg
Weight of bigger rotor Wb = ----- Kg
W1= Weight attached to cross arm =
R = Radius of fixation of weight on the arm =
L = Length of shaft between rotors =

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. No. of Oscillations Time required for n Texpt Ttheor

(n) Oscillations
(t sec.) (t/n sec)

CALCULATION:
Now mass moment of inertia of small rotor

Wa d 2 a
Ia  
g 8
& Ia 
To locate the node point,
Let distance of small rotor from node point be la & hence, distance of bigger rotor is
(l - la)
l l
Therefore la  b
(la  lb )
1 C. J
Therefore f 
2 I a .la
1 I .l
Therefore t   2 a a
f C .J
Where C= modulus of rigidity 0f shaft.

J= polar moment of inertia of shaft = d4
32
Where d = shaft diameter = 0.318cms

GRAPH:
Plot a graph of length Vs Frequency.

VIVA QUESTION:
1. What do you mean by torsional vibration?
2. What is the different between free and forced torsional vibration?
3. Derive the expression for natural frequency of free torsional vibration?
4. What is the natural frequency of vibration for a double rotor system?
5. What is the effect of mass moment of inertia in vibration of double rotor system?

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 EXPERIMENT No. 7
AIM:
To find out free vibration of helical coiled spring with universal vibration apparatus.

APPARATUS:
 Helical coiled spring
 Stop watch
 Measuring tape
 Weights

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
Take any one of the spring and clamp it in the hole provided on bolt, attached
to the support of main frame. Now take the weight hanger and clamp it freely to the spring.
Measure the length of spring, this is the initial length. Now put a weight of 1 kg in the weight
hanger. Tighten the weight clamping strip to avoid falling of weight. Now measure the length of
spring and note down. Give vertical oscillations. Count the oscillations and note down time
required for these oscillations. Go on increasing the load and repeat the procedure.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. no. Wt. Deflection Stiffness Time for Texpt Tth

Attached of spring k =W/ 10 t/n
W(kg) ( )cm oscillation

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CALCULATION:
Spring deflection  = ………………. cms

Weight attached W =
W
Stiffness of spring k   100 N
 m
1 k
Frequency of oscillation, f 
2 m

t = Time Period
m
t  2 , sec
k
time for 10 occilations
Experimentally, t =
10
W
1. Stiffness of spring =

1 k
2. For free vibrations f 
2 m

CONCLUTION:- Period of vibration is verified theoretically & experimentally.

VIVA QUESTION:
1. What is longitudinal vibration?
2. What is the natural frequency of vibration for a helical spring?
3. Write the equation of motion of helical coil spring?
4. Explain how stiffness affects the natural frequency of a spring?
5. What is the difference between free vibration and forced vibration

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 EXPERIMENT No. 8

AIM:
To find out the gyroscopic couple and prove that gyroscopic law with Gyroscope
apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Gyroscope, Tachometer, Stopwatch, Weight balance,

Autotransformer.

THEOTY: The gyroscope consists of an electric motor supported within a ring mounted on ball
bearing which is carried on a cradle attached to a vertical shaft with ball bearings. A disc is
mounted co-axially to the armature. A loading arm carrying a counter-poise and hanger is
attached to the ring. The heavy base is of mild steel and has a vertical shaft. It has four leveling
screws and a spirit level mounted to the base for leveling. A brass angular scale is fitted to the
cradle, which enables the angle of the tilt of loading arm to be found when the precession is
arrested by stopping the rotation of cradle. Knowing the time for one revolution, the angular
velocity of precession can be determined.

PRINCIPLE OF GYROSCOPE: Principle of gyroscope can be easily under stood from the
toy gyroscope. A rotating disc supported on gimbals’ rings rotates with an angular velocity of
spin denoted by ω, Gimbaled ring has a projected rod which is supported on frictionless surface
such a toy when given to the child, would at first glance, make him feel that the torque created
by the weight of the unit would cause the mass to fall vertically downwards. The mass executes a
motion country to the first reaction-the motion that has been experimentally and analytically
verified. The axis of the rotating shaft rotates about the vertical axis on with an angular velocity
denoted by ωp. it is called the velocity of precession. If friction is considered zero, the axis of
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rotation of the rotating disc would revolve in the horizontal plane XOZ. But normally the energy
is dissipated in friction that is always there and the energy comes from the disc. Thus the rotating
disc will gradually drop.

GYROSCOPE
USES OF GYROSCOPE:
I. Sea vessels.
II. Aircraft.
III. Automobiles.
IV. Bombsights.
V. Missiles.
According to the law of gyroscope-
The torque, T= Ip.ω.ωp

IP =mass moment of inertia of the dics.

ω = Angular velocity about horizontal axis.
ωp = Angular velocity of precision.

Where ω= 2πn/60 rad/s

ωp = 2π/tp

tp = time for one revolution in the horizontal plane.

PROCEDURE:
1) Set the instrument perfectly horizontal by four leveling screw and the sprit level.
2) Switch on the motor and obtain the desired speed by changing the variable resistance.
3) Determine the motor speed by a tachometer.
4) Move the counter piece to keep the loading arm horizontal so as to show zero on angular
brass scale.
5) Put the hanger with known weight at the end of the loading arm.

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 6) Note the time of one revolution.
7) Keeping the speed constant, increase the load, thus the torque, to find out corresponding
angular speed of precession.
8) Change the motor speed the experiment.
9) Plot the graph between torque and speed of precession.
10) Calculate the value of moment of inertia of the disc.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. No. Rotor Weight Time for velocity velocity Tact Ttheo

0
Speed gms precision of spin of
N(RPM) sec ω precision
rad/sec ωp
rad/sec
1
2
3
1
2
3

CALCULATION:
Velocity of spin
ω= 2πn/60 rad/sec

Velocity of precision ωp
dθ×
ωp = --------------rad/sec
dt×180
1
I = M. I. of disc K.g.sec2 =--------mr2
2
Torque Tact= I.ω.ωp

Ttheo =W.L

L = Distance of weight

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:
1) The motor speed should be kept constant by a voltage stabilizer.
2) The gyroscope should be leveled properly.
3) The time should be measured accurately.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Write short notes on gyroscope.
2. What do you understand by gyroscopic couple?
3. Explain the application of gyroscopic principles to aircrafts?
4. Describe the gyroscopic effect on sea going vessels?
5. Discuss the effect of the gyroscopic couple on a two-wheeled vehicle when taking a turn.

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 EXPERIMENT No.9

OBJECT:
To find out the power and effort of Proell, Porter & Hartnell governor with governor
apparatus.

APPARATUS: Proell governor, Porter governor, Hartnell governor, weighing balance, scale and
graph paper.

THEORY:
1. Proell Governor:
The proell governor has the balls fixed at B& C to the extension of the links DF & EG as
shown in fig. the arms FP and GQ are pivoted at P and Q respectively. Consider the equilibrium
of the forces on one-half of the governor as shown in fig. The instantaneous center lies on the
intersection of the line PF produced and the line from D drawn perpendicular to the spindle axis.
The perpendicular BM is drawn on ID.

Taking moments about I

Fc x BM=w x IM+ W/2 x ID =m.g x IM + M.g x ID
2 ….(i)
Fc = m.g x IM/BM + M.g/2 (IM+MD ) …..( ID= IM+MD)
BM
Multiplying and dividing by FM, we have
Fc = FM/BM [m.g x IM/FM + M.g/2 (IM/FM + MD/FM)]
Fc = FM/BM [m.g x tana+ M.g/2(tana + tanb]

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Fc = FM/BM x tana [m.g + M.g/2(1+ tanb/tana)]
We know that Fc =mw2r ; tan a =r/h and q= tanb/tana
\ mw2r = FM/BM x r/h [ m.g +(M.g/2)(1+q) ]
and w2 = FM/BM[{m+ (M/2)(1+q)}/m] g/h ……(ii)
substituting w =2pN/60 and g =9.81m/s2, we get
N2 =FM/BM[[{m+ (M/2)(1+q)}/m] 895/h ……..(iii)

2. Porter Governor: The Porter Governor was the first effective High Speed engine governor,
Designed by the American engineer George Porter. The governor is driven via a pulley (k)
through a set of bevel gears (not shown) a vertical shaft (d) is rotated, this in turn drives from
above the governor balls (a), through linkages (c) the large and heavy governor deadweight (b) is
also rotated, this is free to slide up and down the shaft (d) but rotates at the same speed as the
balls.

As rotational speed increases centrifugal force acts on the balls and they try to fly outwards, they
are restricted by the linkages (c) held by the weight of the dead-weight (b), however, when a
speed is reached at which this force exceeds the resistance imposed by the dead-weight they will
lift the weight up and be allowed move outwards.This action lifts the collar at the base of the
dead-weight at point (f) this lifts the lever (g) which is pivoted at point (e) the lever has a
counterbalance weight (a) and a dashpot or oil damper (i) which prevents rapid movements of
the governor mechanism which can lead to the engine 'hunting' which is unwanted speed
fluctuations due to the sensitivity of the governor.Linkage (l) moves up or down and is connected
to the engine this controls the steam allowed into the cylinder either by the amount allowed
through a valve or the amount of time a valve is open for, if the engine runs too fast either the
quantity of steam allowed in will be reduced or it will be let in for a shorter time, if the engine
runs slower then either more steam is let in or it is let in for a longer time.

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 PORTER GOVERNOR

M= mass of the sleeve in kg.

W= weight of the sleeve= Mg in Newton’s.
r = radius of the governor; distance from axis of rotation to the ball center, in meters.
m= mass of the governor ball in kg.
w= mg= weight of the balls in Newton’s.
F= mw2r= centrifugal force due to each ball, in Newton’s.
T1= tension in the upper arm, Newton’s.
T2= tension in the lower arm, Newton’s.

3. Hartnell Governor:
A Hartnell governor is shown as. The bracket is keyed to the spindle and can revolve with it. The
two bell crank levers are pivoted to the bracket at O. the ends of the lower arm of the levers are
connected to the sleeve and at the ends of the other arms of the levers are provided with the
governor balls as shown.
With the rotation of the spindle, the bracket will revolve, resulting in revolving of the balls .due
to the centrifugal forces on the balls, the sleeve will be lifted. The force on the sleeve will be
controlled by the downward thrust of the spring, which is conveyed to the sleeve, which is
through the struts, which pass through the holes drilled in the bracket and further

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Connected to the sleeve. The lock nut at the top end of the spindle is provided to alter the spring
thrust so as to adjust the equilibrium speed at certain position without certain limits when the
engine running.
A simple diagram of the Hartnell governor is shown in fig.

Where,
m= mass of the ball in kg.
w= mg= weight of each ball, in Newton’s.
M= mass of the sleeve in kg.
W=Mg= weight of the sleeve in Newton’s.
S= force exerted by the spring, in Newton’s.
P= stiffness of the spring or spring rate in N/m
N= speed of rotation in rpm
a= length of vertical arm or weight arm or ball arm in m.
b= length of horizontal arm or sleeve arm in m.
r= radius of the rotation, in m.

It is assumed that the spring thrust S and the wt. of the sleeve mg act at the joints of the
lower arms with the sleeve. Consider half of the configuration in which case the load (Mg+S)/2
will act as shown by dotted line in the fig.

Taking moments about the fulcrum O of the crank lever and neglecting the weight of the
balls for the purpose of taking moments. Of course in the vertical position the moments of Wb
about O shall be zero, but at other inclined position of the bell-crank level arms, moments of Mb
about O shall be very small and hence negligible.
Therefore Fx a = (Mg+S) X b
2

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 Mg + S =2F x a/b
At max. radius of rotation
Mg + S1=2F1 x a/b.......... (i)
At min. radius of rotation
Mg + S2 =2F2 x a/b.......... (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
S1-S2 = 2(F1-F2) a/b

In fig. the governor ball has been shown rotating at radii or r2 and r1.
The lower and the upper arms of the bell-crank lever change their position by an angle q as
shown.
x/b = (r1-r2)/a
From which the sleeve lift:
x=b/a (r1-r2)
Spring fitness;
p (S1-S2) 2(a/b)2(F1-F2)
——— = —————
x (r1-r2)

OBSERVATION TABEL FOR PROELL GOVERNOR

Sl No. Speed , N Sleeve Angular Radius of Effort Power

rpm Lift x Velocity  rotation ,
(cm) (Rad/sec) r

OBSERVATION TABEL FOR PORTOR GOVERNOR

S.No. Speed, Sleeve Lift x  Height Radius of Effort Power

N (rpm) (cm) mm rotation,
c. m.

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 OBSERVATION TABEL FOR HARTNELL GOVERNOR

Weight of ball, m=0.6 kg

a= 77 mm
b= 122 mm

S. NO. speed, n rpm Sleeve Radius of Effort Power

displacement rotation
x mm

PROCEDURE FOR PROELL & PORTOR GOVERNOR:

1) Measure the length of columns of the governors and weight, which are to place on sleeve.
2) Connect the governor the load on the governor.
3) Slowly increase the load on the governor.
4) Note down 3 to 4 sets of reading of speed of governor using –Tachometer at the regular
interval of voltage.
5) Note down the height of sleeve or a particular speed for finding the radius of rotation.

PROCEDURE FOR HARTNELL GOVERNOR:

1) Plot a graph between displacement of the sleeve from the mean position and the radii of
the balls.
2) Determine the mass of the balls and the length of the arms of the bell crank lever.
3) Start the motor and adjust the speed so that the ball runs at the innermost position. Note
the sleeve position and from the graph determine the ball radius r2.
4) Increase the speed and adjust its speed so that the ball runs at the outermost position.
Again note down the sleeve position and determine the ball radius r1.
5) Calculate the forces f1 and f2.
6) Calculate the spring stiffness.

GRAPH:
1. FOR PROELL GOVERNOR:
A) Force vs. radius of rotation
B) Speed vs. sleeve displacement

2. FOR PORTER GOVERNOR:

A) Force vs. radius of rotation
B) Speed vs. sleeve displacement
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3. FOR HARTNELL GOVERNOR:
A) Force vs. radius of rotation
B) Speed vs. sleeve displacement

CALCULATION:
1. for Proell Governor

2. for Porter Governor

3. for Hartnell Governor

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Change the speed of the motor slowly.
2. Measure the speed of the motor accurately.
3. Use a constant voltage transformer to keep the speed constant.
4. Load on governors should be increase slowly.
5. Tachometer should be read only when it attained a constant value.
6. All the nut should be tighten.
7. Parallel error for noting down sleeve height should be avoid

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the function of a governor? How does it differ from that of a flywheel?
2. State the different type of governors.
3. Explain the term height of the governor.
4. What is stability of a governor?
5. Explain the term ‘effort’ and ‘Power’ of a Porter & Proell governor?
6. Write short notes on ‘coefficient of insensitiveness’ of governors?

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 10

OBJECT:
To find out the critical speed for different diameters of shaft by whirling of shaft
apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Stroboscope, Tachometer, scale.

DIAGRAM:

Fig.1

Fig.2

THEORY:
All shafts having self-weighted, deflect during rotation even in the absence of external load. The
magnitude of deflection depends up on the stiffness of the shaft and its supports, the total mass of
shaft and attached parts, the unbalance of the mass and the amount of damping in the system. As
the speed of rotation increases gradually, a speed is reached, where the shaft starting' or vibrating
violently. This speed is called FIRST CRITICAL SPEED or WHIRLING SPEED of the shaft.
The mode of mode of bend is the simplest and known as the first mode. The Whirling speed is
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very nearly same as the NATURAL FREQUENCY as negligibly small difference occurs due to
the gyroscopic action of the masses in the bent position.

OBSERVATIONS:
W1 =.………., W2=............... W3=...............
Weight of the shaft W =………….. N/m

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:

Sl,No Length ( c.m.) Weight(gms.) Diameter(mm) Speed(N) 1st 2nd

in rpm Node Node

CALCULATIONS:
Fn = /2√EI/ml 4

I = Mass moment of inertia= /64×d4.

d = diameter of shaft
m = mass of shaft
l = length of shaft
E = Modules of elasticity

For a shaft with single attached mass:-

The relation shows c) c depends on the location of the mass also.

For a shaft with self weight and multi-mass system:

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The apparatus consist of a shaft with self weight and three discs of equal weight;
W placed on the shaft as shows in the figure. Weight of shaft unit length is "w"
{1). The upper bound value of the first critical speed can be calculated by the energy balance
method, commonly known as RAYLEIGH-RITZ EQUATION.
The general equation is given as (without considering self weight):
g  Wn y n
ωc =
W y n
2
n

If the effect of the self weight is considered the equation is given as:-
g W .Y1  W  w.L  Y2  W .Y3 
c 
W .Y12  W  w.L  Y22  W .Y32 
Y1, Y2, Y3 are the total deflection considering also deflection for the given configuration,
9 wl 3 19 wl 4
Y1 = Y3 = .  . =  - - - -
256 EI 2048 EI
Where E = Modulus of elasticity,
I = MI of the shaft
19 5
Y2 = .wl 4  .wl 4 =  - - - -
384 384
Another approximation for the first critical speed of multimass system, lower bound value
providing, is known as DUNKERLEY EQUATION.
1 1 1 1
 2  2  2 
 c 1  2 3
2

Where, ω = first critical speed.

ω , ω 2 , ω 3 are the critical speed, for only mass no. 1, 2, 3 etc respectively.
For the apparatus,
1 1 1 1
 2  2  2       
 c 1  2 3
2

ω , ω2 , ω3 are the critical speed for the masses at three different location on the shaft
respectively and ω s is the critical speed for self weight of the shaft.

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 1  g         
1

2  g        
2

3  g         
3

 s  5 g 4       
max

Where δmax = Max. Deflection due to self weight only.

E, I, W, w, L are same as above.
Results
From the above calculation the critical/whirling speed of the shaft ii
1) Using RAYLEIGH-RITZ EQUATION =
2) Using DUNKERLEY EQUATION. =
Experimentally whirling speed of the shaft is =
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The masses should be attached firmly.
2. Increase the speed gradually.
3. Keep your body away from the rotating shaft.
4. There must not be misalignment of ends.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the term ‘whirling speed’ or ‘critical speed’ of a shaft?
2. Prove that the whirling speed for a rotating shaft is same as the frequency of natural
transverse vibration.
3. What do you mean by natural frequency?
4. Which factor affects the critical speed of a shaft and why?
5. Define the term eccentricity?

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