Unit 1: Music of Medieval, Reanissance, and Baroque Periods

The first three periods of Western Music History are classified as Medieval Renaissance, and Baroque.
Each period has it's distinctive characteristic, historical, and cultural backgrounds.
A type of music from Medieval Era is Grgorian Chant, which has mainly used in the early Christian
Church.
Music during Renaissance Period became an important liesure activity. Members of the upperclass
were expected to have recieved musical training.
Imitative polyphony is the distinctive characteristic of Renaissance Music.
Baroque Period is characterized by grand and elaborate ornamentation of sculptures, theaters, arts,
and music. The music genres which flourished during the Baroque Period wer the concerto, the fugue, the
oratorio, and the chorale.
Music evoved along side with man's constant quest for growth and development.

" Music of the Medieval Period (700 - 1400) "

- is also known as the Middle Ages or " Dark Ages " or ''park Ages''that started with the fall of roman
empire.
- during this time,the christian church influenced europe 's culture and political affairs.
Monophonic plainchant was named after pope gregory I, who made this approved music of chotholic
church.

Characteristies of the Gregorian Chants

-Monophonic
-Freemeter
-Modal
-Usually based on latin liturgy
- use of Neume notation

Troubadour Music
- usually monophonic
- sometimes with improvised accompaniment
-tells of chivalry and courtly love
- originared ing France
- written in French Language

Famous Composer of the Medieval Period

1. Adam de la Halle, France, 1237 - 1288
- also known as Adam le Bossu (Adam the Hunchback)
- he was the son of a well- known citizen of Arras, Henri de Halle.
- he was one of the oldest secular composers whose literary and musical works include chansons and
poetic debates.
His works:
1. Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion
2. La Chanson du roi de Sicile

" Music of Renaissance Period "

- comes from word "renaitre" which means "rebirth", "revival", and "rediscovery".
- it is a period of looking back to the Golden Age of Greece and Rome.
- lute was the prominent instrument of the Renaissance era.
- though sacred music was still of great importance, secular music became more prominent.
- other historical facts during this era is the discovery at the actual position of earth in the solar system by
Cupernicus.

Characteristic of Renaissance Music

- mostly polyphonic
- immitation among voices
- use of word painting in texts and music
- melodic lines move in a flowing manner
- melodies are easier to perform because these move along a scale with with few large leaps.

Vocal Music of Renaissance Period

1. Mass - is a form of sacred musical composition that sets texts of the Eucharistic liturgy into music.

Characteristic of the Mass:

- Polyphonic
- May be sung a cappella or with orchestral accompaniment
- Text maybe syllabis (one note set to each syllable), neumatic ( a few notes set to one syllable), or
melismatic (many notes to one syllable)

Five Main Section of Mass

1. Kyrie "Lord Have Mercy"
2. Gloria "Glory to God in the Highest"
3. Credo " Apostle's Creed" or " Nicean Creed"
4. Sanctus and Benadictus "Holy, holy," and "Blessed Is He"
5. Agnus Die " Lamb of God"

2. Madrigal - a secular vocal polyphonic music composition which originated from Italy. It was written and
expressed in a poetic text and sung during courtly social gatherings. It is the most important secular form
during the Renaissance Period.

Characteristic of the Madrigal:

- Polyphonic
- Sung a cappella
- Through - composed
- Frequently in 3 to 6 voices

Famous Composers of Renaissance Period

1. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Rome . 1525, Feb. 2, 1594
- is said to be the greatest master of Roman Catholic Church music.
- he was committed to sacred music and has a keen interest in satisfying the desires of church leader in the
16th century.
Palestrina's Pope Marcellus Mass
-is held up as the perfect examples of counter reformation style. Kyrie is a part of the first rwo sections of
the Pope Marcellus Mass.
- He was an organist and choir master at both the Sistine Chapel and at St. Peter's which may have
influenced his distinctively pure and restrained style in musical composition.
- he had planned to become a priest but eventually changed his mind and married a wealthy widow.
2. Thomas Morley, 1557 - 1602
- he was born in Norwich, East England, the son of a brewer.
- he was the most famous composer of secular music in his time and was also a singer in the local
cathedral and was believed to have studied music with William Byrd, an Elizabethan composer of sacred
music.
Musica Transalpina - a collection of Italian madrigals filled with English text, was published in 1588 by
Nicolas Yonge.
His works include:
- Fire, Fire, My Heart
- Sing and Chant It
- Fantastic
- April Is in my Mistress Face
- It was a Lover and His Lass

"Music of the Baroque Period ( 1685 - 1750 )

The word Baroque - derived from the Portuguese word "barroco" which means "pearl of irregular
shapes". New instrumental techniques and charges in musical notation were develop Major and Minor
tonality was also created in this period.
Characteristics of Baroque Music
- Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental
- Melodies are not easy to sing or remember.
- Primarily contrapuntal textures with some homophony
- Dynamic contrast - alternation between loud and soft
- Music genres - operas, oratorios, suites, toccatas, concerto grosso, fugue
- Orchestra consists of strings and continuo
- Harpischord and organ are the keyboard instruments that are commonly used
New Forms:
1. binary - AB
2. ternary - ABC
3. ground bass
4. fugue

Famous Composer of the Baroque Period

1. Johann Sebastian Bach
Born: Germany, March 21, 1685 Died: July 28, 1750
- JS Bach came from a family of musicians. He was taught to play violin by his father.
- His soprano voice help him to be accepted at as school in Luneberge. Few years later, his voice changed
ang Bach focused in playing the violin and horpside.
His works include:
- Cocerto Grosso - Brandenburge Concertos
- Masses - Mass in B minor
- Cantatas - Cantata 208 and 211
- Fugues - Tocato and Fugues in O minor
- Works for clavichord and horpsichord
Example: Well - tempered clover came of his more well - known ket boast in provisotions.
2. Antonio Vivaldi
Born: Vence, March 4, 1678 Died: Vienna, July 28, 1744
- his nickname il Prete Rosso ( The Red Priest ) because of his red hair was an Italian Baroque Composer,
Catholic Priest and virtuoso violinist.
- his influenced during his lifetime was indespired over Europe. His most piece is "The Four Seasons". This
composition is a series of 4 violin depicting each of the seasons,"Spring", "Summer", "Autumn", and
"Winter".
3. George Friedrich Handel
Bord: Germany, February 23, 1685 Died: London, April 14, 1759
- he is remembered his opers and oratorios.
- Messiah was written in the space of twenty four days in London but it was in Dublin when it was
performed.

Music Genres of Baroque

1. Concerto - a form of orchestral music that emloys a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra.
2. Concerto Grosso - form of orchestral music during the Baroque Period where in the music is between a
small group of solo instrument called concerto and the whole orchestral called tutti .
3. Fugue - a contropuntal piece, developed mainly by imitative counterpoint.
- usually written in 3 or 4 parts, with main theme called "subject" .
- The entire piece, grows mainly from a single brief tune of strong musical character.
4. Oratorio - a large scalle musical composition for orchestra and voices that incorporates narratives
religions themes. This is usually performed without the use of costumes.
Examples:
a. Handel's - "Messiah", "Samson", "Israel", and "Egypt"
b. Bach's - "Christmas Oratorio"
c. Haydn's - "The Creation"
5. Chorale - musical compositions that was resembles a harmonized version of hymnal tunes of the
Protestan during the Baroque Era.

Lesson 1 : The Concepts of Community and Environmental Health

According to the world Health Organization, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well being and mot merely the absence of disease or or imfirmity, and the ability to lead a socially and
economically productive life.
Community - is also defined as a sociological group in a large place sharing one environment. It therefore
includes the individual and the family.
Community Health - is defined as the art and science of maintaining, protecting and improving the health
of all the members of the community through organized and sustained community effort.
Environmental Health - comprise these aspects of human health that are determined by physical,
chemical, biological, social and psychosocial factors in the surrounding environment.
The characteristics of a health community include:
1. A clean and safe physical Environment.
2. An environment that meets everyone's basic needs.
3. An envronment that promotes social harmony and actively involes everyone.
4. An understanding of local health and environment issues.
 5. A community that participates in identifying local solutions to local problems.
6. A community whose members have access to varied experiences means of interaction and
communication.
7. Accessible and appropriate health services and vacilities.
8. The promotion and celebration of historical and cultural heritage.
9. A diverse and innovative economy.
10. A sustainable use of available recources for all.
Our government believes that a strong nation needs healthy citezenry. In order to achieve this, the
department of health launched an approach in promoting community health through the partnership of
the community , mental organizations. This approach is called primary health care.
Primary Health Care Programs in the Community:
Health Center Sevices Functions
- Material Health Care - Pre - natal, Natal, Post - natal
- Child Health Care - Immunizations, Control of diarrheal
desease
- Nutrition Program - Operation Timbang, Food Suplemental
- Population and family planning program - Free family planning
- Control of communicable disease - Tuberculosis control program
- Environmental Sanitation program - Inspection of food establishments
- Control on non-communicable disease - Blood pressure screening
- Dental health program - Tooth exraction
- Reproductive Health Care - Counseling on family planning and RH
- Medical Morbidity Clinic - Provision of free medecines
- National Voluntary Blood Service - Blood letting activities at Barangay level
- Epidemiology and surveillances program - Controling outbreak like dengue
- Disaster management preparedness program - Medical Services / Assistance during
disaster
- Mental Hygiene - Adolescent counceling centers
- Pharmacy Services - Distribution of medecines to all
health centers

Unit 1 : Western Classical Art Tradition

PRE-HISTORIC ERA

Pre-historic includes all human existence before the emergence of writing. Their art is of interest not only
to the art historians but also to archeologist and anthropologist, for whom the art is only one clue – along
with fossils, pollens, and other finds to an understanding of early human life and culture.
Paintings from the Pre-historic Era

Their paintings were found inside the caves which may have been their way of communicating with
each other. It may also be for religious or ceremonial purposes. These paintings may be more an artifact of
the archeological evidence than a true picture of humans’ first created art. Prehistoric drawings of animals
were usually correct in proportion.

The dominant features in the painting were large animals native in the region. It was discovered on
September 12, 1940 and given statutory historic monument protection. The painting has nearly 2,000
figures composed mainly of animals, human figures, and abstract design. Some sections have been
identified inside the cave such as: The Great Hall of the Bulls, The Lateral Passage, The Shaft of the Dead
man, The Chamber of Engravings, The Painted Gallery, and the Chamber of Felines.

Paintings from Ancient Egypt

The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the deceased afterlife place pleasant. With this in mind,
themes include journey to the underworld introducing the deceased to the gods of the underworld by
their protective deities. It emphasizes the importance of life after death and the preservation of the
knowledge of the past. Most paintings were highly stylized, symbolic, and shows profile view of an animal
or a person. The main colors used were red, black, blue , gold, and green derived from mineral pigments
that can withstand strong sunlight without fading. The paintings of the walls on the tomb show events of
the life of the king while he was still on earth and the scenes he expects to encounter in the underworld
after his death.

Paintings from Classical Greek Era

Paintings during the classical era were most commonly found in vases, panels, and tomb. They depict
natural figures with dynamic compositions. Most of the subjects were battle scenes, mythological figures,
and everyday scenes. They reveal a grasp of linear perspective and naturalist representation.

Most common methods of Greek painting:

1. Fresco - method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied plaster usually on a wall
surfaces. Colors are made of ground powder pigments mixed in pure water, dried, and set with plaster to
become a permanent part of the wall. Ideal for murals, durable, and has a matte style.
2. Encaustic - developed by Greek ship builders, who used hot wax to fill the cracks of the ship. Pigments
(colors) were added and used to paint a wax hull.

Vase Painting

Kerch Style also referred to as Kerch Vases are red, figured pottery named after the place where it was
found.
Shapes commonly found are:
1. pelike (wine container)
2. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a low broad foot)
3. lebes gamikos (with high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath)
4. krater (bowl use for mixing wine and water)

Panel Painting

They are paintings on flat panels of wood. It can be either a small, single-pieced or several panels
joined together. Most of the panel paintings no longer exist because of their organic composition. The
earliest known panel painting is the:

Tomb / Wall Painting

Tomb or wall painting was very popular during the classical period. It uses the method frescos in
either tempera (water-based) or encaustic (wax). It has a sharp, flatly outlined style of painting and
because it uses water-based materials, very few samples survived. The image was painted using a true
fresco technique with a limestone mortar. It depicts a symposium scene on the wall.
Sprain - also known known as torn ligament, is damage to one or more ligaments in a joint, often caused
by trauma or the joint being taken beyond its functional range of motion. The severity of sprain ranges
from a minor injury which resolves in a few days to a major rupture of one or more ligaments requiring
surgical fixation and a period of immobilisation. Sprains can occur in any joint but are most common in the
ankle and wrist.
Strain - is an injury to a muscle in which the muscle fibers tear as a result of overstretching. A strain is also
colloquially known as a pulled muscle. The equivalent injury to a ligament is a sprain.
Dislocation - when two bones that come together to form a joint become separated. The joint is described
as being dislocated. Contact sports such as football, basketball and lacrose as well as high impact sports
that can result in excessive streching or falling. Cause the majority of dislocations a dislocated joint is an
emergency situation that requires medical treatments.
R - Rest
I - Ice
C - Compression
E - Elevated Method
Home Treatmant
For Sprains and Strains
- Minor sprains and strains can be treated at home using the following measures. Start treatment as soon
as possible to reduce swelling and speed up recovery.