CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature
The 4P’s financial assistance started last 2008 under the previous

administration and continued in massive scale in Aquino Administration. The CCT

entails several provision which still unfamiliar to both school administrators and

teachers alike. Presently the government spending staggering amount of money per

year, 44 billion by 2013 and 62 billion in 2016 program; which eventually added to

fiscal national debt. In order to implement the program Philippine Government he

granted the amount of $800 million from World Bank and Asian Development Bank;

therefore we can conclude that the funding of the program came from loan and

eventually paid by tax payers.

One of the targets of the CCT program is to decrease the drop-out rate

among the poorest high school it only mean that teachers must be aware on the

program. The first thing we have to understand is the monetary subsidence of the

program; 4P’s recipient is receiving the amount of 300 pesos for educational

assistance per qualified household and additional 500 pesos for health and nutrition

per household monthly. Subsequently, 4P’s recipient is required to participate in

community-school related program such as clean drive, brigade eskwela and family

day session. Furthermore, students or pupils under 4P’s program must attend and

complete the 85% of monthly attendance. Conversely, they should have an average

grade of 75. 4P’s recipient must coordinate and cooperate to any school related

activities since there is educational assistance given to them. In addition 4P’s

recipient who is no longer in school should be remove in the program.

(CCT) program that transfers cash to beneficiary families if they follow its

conditionalities. Just like other CCT program, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program aims in reducing and alleviating existing poverty by supplementing the

income of the poor to address their current consumption poverty, especially in

education and health of their family members while making the follow certain

conditionalities that can boost their human development investment and ensures its

compliance so that they can have more opportunities in breaking the inter-

generational cycle of poverty in the long run (Fernandez and Olfindo 2011). The

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is also called Conditional Cash Transfer

(CCT) as Philippine Government version. According to Brul (2009) this program

helps the penniless people and most of them are living in squatter area and family

who can’t provide their basic needs.

Cited by Department of Social Workers and Development (2010)., Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a poverty reduction strategy that provides to

extremely poor households to help improve their health, nutrition and education of

children aged 0-14. The 4P’s is patterned after the successful Conditional Cash

Transfer (CCT) Programs in Latin America and Africa. CCT has been cited as one

of the key factors behind the positive socioeconomic outcomes achieved by Brazil

where 11 million families are currently enrolled in the program, and other countries.

The poorest households in the country selected trough a uniform, objective and

transparent set of criteria.

There are three steps in identifying the beneficiaries: Provinces were selected

using the following criteria: a) 20 poorest provinces based on the 2006 Family

Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES); b) Poorest provinces in six regions without
the province in the list of the 20 poorest provinces; c) Five cities in the NCR, two

regions in the Visayas, two in Mindanao and one in the Cordillera.

1. The selection of the poorest municipalities from the above provinces based on the

Small Area Estimates (SAE) and FIES where saturation surveys of households are

being conducted.

2. Computerized selection of the poorest households base on a ranking system using

Proxy Means Test develop for the program.

The PMT Assessment socioeconomic characteristics such as: ownership of

assets, type of housing unit, level of educational attainment of households heads,

access to water and sanitation facilities. The DSWD selects the beneficiaries based

on the targeting system developed for the program. 4P’s provides conditional grants

to the beneficiaries such as:

 P6000 a year of P500 per month per households for health and nutrition

expenses, and

 P3000 for one school year or 10 months or 300 / month per child for

educational expenses. A maximum of three children per household is allowed.

As of June 2013, the program covered almost 4 million households, The planned

extension of the 4P’s program will include an additional 2 million children to the

current 8.5 million in the program. A special emphasis will be placed on proving

additional support to children from poor families who would like to go to high

school.

Yet, even as the budget of 4P’s is set to increase, some people seem impatient

about its pay-off, which most assume will me immediate such as reducing the
number of poor and hungry people in the country. Several opposition politicians

here even resorted to calling the government program a “dole-out”. Some question

the size of the allocation dedicated to the 4p’s. Their typical argument is that there

are better alternative uses for these funds. Nothing that the 4P’s program is and

continues to be a good investment. Here’

First, the 4P’s is NOT the only program in the anti-poverty strategy of the

government, yet it’s quite possibly the most important component. The reason is that

this program attacks one of the causes of poverty weak education, health and other

human development characteristics that disadvantage a poor person.

CCT Program is strategically designed to be a good investment in human capital

by providing quality and accessible education for everyone, therefore it is mandate

that we need a clear understanding on the provision entails in the program.

Why we should support the 4P’s?

The 4P’s program is continue to be a good investment – Here’s why a recent

forum on the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (or 4P’s) held at the Philippine

Institute for Development Studies, experts from different government agencies and

academic institutions discussed the rationale and the feasibility of extending and

expanding the program. Under the management of Department of Social Welfare

and Development (DSWD), the 4P’s is widely known to be the lynchpin of the

government’s anti-poverty efforts. One of its key interventions is the provision of

small cash transfer to mothers, as long as they commit to investing in their children,

such as by ensuring their children go to school, as well as get deworming,

vaccination and regular health check-ups to name a few others aspects of the
program. 4P’s operates in 79 provinces covering 1484 municipalities and 143 key

regions nationwide.

A household with three qualified children can have a subsidy P1,400 per month

or P15,000 annually as long as they comply with the conditions. To avail cash

grants, beneficiaries should comply with the following conditions:

 Pregnant woman must get pre and post natal care, and can be attended by a

skilled/trained professional during a child birth.

 Parents or guardians must attend responsible family development sessions.

 Children 0-5 years old must receive regular preventive health checkups and

vaccines.

 Children 3-5 years old must attend day care or preschool classes at least 85% of

the time.

 Children 6-14 years old must enroll in elementary or high school and attend at

least 85% of the time.

Students or pupils who are 4p’s recipient with more than a week absent without

prior notice must not receive their monthly educational assistance. Hence, only

DSWD can add or remove any person under the 4p’s program.

No amount of job creation will employ and lift out of poverty millions of under

skilled and unhealthy citizens. No business would get into such an enterprise, and no

government can sustain economic growth and job creation on such a weak

foundation. Therefore, human capital build-up is, first and foremost, the key

ingredient in this strategy.

on adults, and more focused on the next generation. The economic pay-off from

these investments, therefore, will take some years to fully manifest in the form of

more educated and healthy citizens and more productive workers.

If we are serious about poverty reduction (and dare I say, poverty eradication),

investing in children is where we should really begin. Otherwise, a never ending

steam of people with weak education and health will add to the ranks of the poor. Of

course, human capital is not enough. Access to the other factors of production and

growth will also need to dramatically improve for the vast majority of the

population such as through micro-finance and lending to SMEs (improving access to

the capital); and true agrarian reform (access to land).

RELATED STUDIES

Based on the findings of the School enrolment and performance of the selected

student’s of Mexican have been improving .The major breaking point in school

attendance occurs at entry in secondary school. In primary school continuation rates

reach at least 95% in every grade, with the results that 85% of the children that starts

the primary school complete the cycle . However, only 72.4% of the students that

successfully complete primary school enroll in the first year of secondary school.

The gender differences is very pronounced at this decisive sleep, with 75.1% of the

boys entering secondary school and only t69.4% of the girls. Progress is targeted at

poor families and has three components: health nutrition and education.

Education is, however, by far the program’s most important component in terms

of cash transfer. It consists in payments to families with children attending school

between the third grade of primary and the third grade of secondary. The
conditionally requires presence at school in at least 85% of school days no more

than 3 absences a month, 1 after three years in the program, families may renew

their status as beneficiaries, subject to revaluation of their socioeconomic condition.

The level of the transfer s increases as children progress to higher grades in order to

match the rising income they would contribute to their families if they were working

(Progresa, 2000). The transfers are slightly higher for girls than for boys in

secondary school.

According to the United Nations, our country is expected to reach its peak

number of young people by around 2040-2050, roughly 25-30 years from today.

This means the brunt of our future labor force is comprised of infants already being

born today and their future capabilities depend heavily on the policy choices we

make.

4p’s help ensure that the majority of our young people do not fall through the

cracks. For every 1.8 to 2 million children born every year in the Philippines, at least

about one third (or up to six hundred thousand) are born to poor families according

to some estimates. Because of 4p’s, children will grow up to be educated, healthy,

and productive members of Philippine society, contributing to the country’s

economic competitiveness in the longer learn. Therefore, the 4p’s is not merely of

charity for poor children as far as the country is concerned-our long run economic

growth depends in large part on how successfully we equip our future citizens and

workers to complete.

The key role that school performance plays on the decision to continue.

Throughout primary school continuation rates are higher among those that passed

than among those that failed their grade. There is here again a striking discontinuity
 at entry into secondary school. The performance rates is the lowest in the first year

of trying secondary school and drop-out rates after a first year of trying secondary

school without success are very high. In the last year of each cycle there are very

large re-enrollment rates upon failure, suggesting important incentives to complete a

cycle.

Nevertheless, the 4p’s prepares future workers; but it does not in itself create

jobs. It is imperative that more jobs are created and more entrepreneurship

encouraged in order to spur economic development that is inclusive for the vast

majority of the youth.

Local Studies

Based on the findings of the study of academic performance among selected

pupils at Inopacan District, Leyte S.Y. 2013-2014, the drop-out rate among the

poorest elementary and high school were decreased. The parents and pupil who are

4p’s recipients attended regular participation in all activities. On the part of

Department of Education, there is an increase of enrolment every school year. The

inconsistent results for older children between 13-17 years old (age of 2011) the

majority of whom are outside the age cut-off CCT education grant eligibility as

suggested by insignificant coefficients across specifications, could be explained by a

number of factors.

Direct costs may be incurred in the form of school fees, supplies, transportation

costs, and so on. For example, since there are less high schools than primary

schools, high school children are generally more likely to travel farther away from

the home steed to school, requiring households to spend more money on

transportation. As children grow older, the opportunity cost also increases as they
could earn money from working instead of studying in school. To address this issue,

many CCT programs (e.g. in Bangladesh, Brazil, Mexico, 30 Honduras, and Turkey)

provide larger cash transfers to older children to the higher compensate for the

higher implicit/explicit cost associated with schooling.

Furthermore, the estimated CCT impact varied depending on the number of

school children in the household, with positive impacts among young children in

small households. As discussed earlier, basic DD suggested a 7 percent increase in

school enrolment among the sample of younger children from beneficiary

households with three or fewer school-aged children.

The economic status significantly affects their level of academic achievement.

However, residing in a first class municipality does not guarantee high-paying

permanent jobs to working members of both non 4p’s- and 4p’s families. Some

students from low income have difficulties to understand or learn as fast as others.

Their stressful lives may also affect their grades because the children’s are left on

their own and no one cares about their success are failure in school (Jensen,2013)

Students in non 4p’s families have significantly higher daily allowance

compared to 4p’s recipients. In terms of income, without the cash grant, each person

from 4p’s families had about PHP7,740 to cover his/her expenses for the entire 6

months. On the average, students in non 4p’s families recorded and average

attendance of 62.8% compared to 60.70% among 4p’s beneficiaries, both lower than

85% requirements. Lower school attendance among 4p’s beneficiaries maybe

associated with the number of factors such hunger, distance of school from home

(Vaaleroso, 2012) and allowing children in high school to work to earn income for

their families (Maligalig and Albert, 2008).

study skill had a positive effect on the academic performance of both non 4p’s and

4p’s beneficiaries. However, the negative association indicates that a significance

improvement in the extent of study skills had a negative effect on the academic

performances of students in 4p’s families indicating that living in the first class

municipality does not immediately guarantee an improvement in academic

performance. Despite living a first class municipality, students in 4p’s are more

likely enrolled in low performing schools.

The comprehensive quantitative impact evaluation currently underway will

provide more robust evidence on the impact of the CCT program, based on data

collected from a much larger sample size and information collected on a vast range

of issues. This study was conducted to serve as a rapid assessment of the Pantawid

Pamilya focused on school enrolment, while waiting for the comprehensive impact

evaluation (Chaudhury and Okamura,2012).

The study looks into some significant information about the 4p’s beneficiaries

of Caluluan High school where their children are enrolled. For the school year 2019-

2020, it had a pupil population of 595. It has more than 60 teachers and is headed by

Dr. Mariolito G. Magcalas, Principal III.

This shows that the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’s) is instrumental

in sending all student’s to the next higher level of education. This explains that if a

student’s is 85% absent or more of the monthly school days, they will not be given

the allotted educational grant for that month. It strengthens the supposition that a

better attendance leads to better academic time and better learning. And it shows that
4p’s has a big impact to the academic performances of the students. And it has a big

help for the development of the recipients in terms of education.