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Module 1

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162 views104 pages

Module 1

Uploaded by

Arshanday Ukundamay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATI cone BATMEMa & C5 £ Module-1 ‘ o wT Fourier Series [ia] Introduction & Preamble Jp Differential Calculus we are familiar with the expansion of a differentiable function /(2) inthe form ofa [Link]'ssriesot f(x) about x = « isaninfinte ries in ascending powers of (x-a) and Maclaurin’s series is an infinite series in ‘Sending powers ofx. In many engineering problems it becomes necessary to expand given function f(x) ina series containing cosine and sine terms which belongs t0 4 clas of functions called periodic functions. Inthis unit we discuss various aspects of such series referred to as Fourier series. ‘As a preamble we briefly present two concepts connected with infinite sereies of positive terms, Convergence and Divergence of infinite series of positive terms Ii isa function of» defined forall integral values of, an expression ofthe form uy iy +--+ containing infinite mamber of terms is called an infinite series usually denoted by Eu, oF simply 5s, wet 1, i called the n! term or the general term of the infinite series. The sum of the first terms ofthe series is denoted by s,. That i, uy tg ttt [Aseries Eu, issaid tobe convergent flim s, = 1, where1 isa finite quantityand ¥ u, is said to be divergent if lim s, ENGINEERING y 2 Mary Illustrative Exhamples Example-1 : Lotus consider the geometric series: -Fartar? ++ ands, ri fc lim s, Hence we conclude that the geometric series is convergent for |r < 1 ‘Next if r > 1, wehave from (2), 71-0) a(P-1) Le roi ee, since #1 60 when r > 1 ‘Hence we conclude that the geometric series is divergent for r > 1, Example -2 Let us consider the series: 142434-+- t-te++ 4249b-tn Dm seen n(nt1) 2 Hence we conclude that the series is divergent, Example -3 Let us consider the series The n!*erm u, = 1 Further ah ‘ urthen = Cred) = mwa bY Patil fractions. Now 5, = tu, tut +m, a. LUlUlUwt™trtrtr~—CCiCOC umeR SERIES OF PERIOD 2 oe Hence we conclude that the series is convergent. a finite qty Periodic functions Aa valued fueion f(x) i aida be posit prod TH (247) = J) 1 (constant), sin x, cos x are periodic functions of period 2x as we know from trigonometry that sin(x#2n) = sinx, cos(x+2n) = cosx Also if f(x) = F then f(x+2n) = k Further wealsohavea property stating hat linear combination of periodic functions having period Tis also periodic of period T ‘Trigonometric series and Euler's formulae ‘The (unctions ky coo ms, sine (m= 1, 2, 3, period 2x. Taking the constant k functions is ofthe form so.) ate all periodic functions of 9/2 the linear combination of all the periodic 4, cosme + Eb, sin mx wet oa where pty, (= Te 2 3, <=) ae al constants is called a Trigonometric series, Hence any function f(x) exptessibleas trigonometric series of the above form, ‘must also be periodic with period 2x. ce oie ‘We shall assume that f(2) is defined in an interval of lenglh 2x, say (c, ¢+2k) and be considered as periodic with period 2x. Then we have, com ov om : ! 2° ye snaeee 5 J foods J peneosmeax 0 “The expressions for finding, @), @,, by are called Euler's formulae. These can be established with the help ofthe following basic formulae ——_ lll =z ser, - - oun 1. Pcoméreo= [sinmds, where is postive integer ane Ei ool jae ee wheremand mare positive Integers, m # 6 feocr ca : wu 6 Protacaee a= f antar de, wheren a poatve tnege Proof of Ele’ formulae et 0) =F +E ay cones Ey sine 7 Integrating (1) wart frome to ¢+2n, om om, oo ene Trove TB Pate 85. Pe =F [ef +040,by using cy com G ie, Jrore Z [ete] =a x etme 1 arg Sine : @ Nest taking the expanded form of i), me ce wehaee” OFD. Muliplying by coun and integrating mmeeanaence tera wz pouad yma onpoued st (2)f 7 (ago ’9) yeasoquy agp uy any pu ponyes ayBurs st (x) 1 -fynaqu09 Jo 108 Arana ye (2x) f 04 aBsaquoa itm sauas 2u}euI0UOL & Se (2)f jo uorsueda ay ‘ona rap Suojipuoo sopoute se ustouy suonpueD ax} ages 0} PERCU MOL IN, aejmuaioyatp Aq want ave SoHas a4 Ut Tr)f woyn yup Kes fyu0 we> ayq C2) fo) a8s9AuoD fla SouOs atp eUp apnysuo youue am anynuuos "I JO uum (az-+99) UF pauyep (x) wos) suas ajawouo8in ayy io} am asoddns xz poed jo sauag sounog pur suorxpuoy sjampuia [FT] 1 aaRayu aysod uv sof spam svg) = 2509 apron a sof peas af poop rian ayy ayer 0} 50 08 7/0 sv Uap ay, FEAL -aypmuusof s sayy poystiqeise 2ney 24 S04, sas ayy ay uoy wo spams (off Ze" ae [Link] su ‘ques oip uo Sunpasooud pue aw uns q(t) Jousioy papuedxa xp Bungay ERS or spausoa (xf J ac rae) uty as totes "vt +940 = xpauson (x)f [ we ‘oney am asoge ayp jo GERI aMN OWWO Ayprerdoadde snsas sIseq AMY BUSA gxpauson xzus [ arxpausoaxuis (los As oe sxpm goof "+ tps ase ffs Ab ee rprso-snsay | lovspmiso | Es apanso (0) | age? we” qt? —————E————— g Fe owuag 90 Saraswat as (4804 sg) OE aus, vrais > f z soo ») HE ne, 1 Sm9{qo4d ut infosn aq ym S189 Sumonof oy, et u si) (aE Joom (Jaren. APruso (r4x) ( g [Serer + Sexo asoasny of su os OPP SPATS ese apf napa mw span] “ay, enna Ree 8959 ONS Hy wood SS sad ot san mt a Stiod hq worsaSonu fo ins pazspoiouas t ony ony OSM ECOL HED, Ts (aos fq waai8 (x)f fo Apso say (20/2) ao [ ae as]E MOS 94) Moqi “x IY smonussuossip st (x)f fy aewon ‘siuawoffo09 sauno “» syuvisues ay (az +9 2) nasouoHn a4) una ‘sHopUED yey) Aes ue ann sin (2) Aq uaa se%g * 4 8 Paqe> s(t) soto. +2 0) wr pauyop Pee eee meee vs 1 | | eas00= -( ams) a H aini sjmnouiag Suxdyddy xp xus0> a re Bo z joy aonpap soupy we>x>g mo = (xf fo sous 1s SHATMOWE GDRION on sion fo sons sano ypo sy woyon | ~ I=) = mH s0> saSoquy uo su naynstiaiqoud us 2ouaiafes uanboaf sam 2 aowag a0 Sans 2H? z ee ee quant x pound anny (1)f yosoues ounoy ou, (x)f f it “oop (xs f ie% vs 4's ses FE (xf Aquani® st uz pouad Suse (x)/ jo saqsas saunog ay, << 208 jes amp any A =O 1 = Hol 2 pooult oj 10s ang ap neg “azeigo am (p) pure (¢) Sumppe MON EEE ee #2 cosa 90 S9nas HaIENOF -souias rounog ay up g = x'1 = ¥ and legs am SOLOS ayn PEP OL ay t +p d suuis 2 2 $09 wee a 8 raya gry 51" wens Mr (giepoe tnt ee es anys EO 124 us 5 =e was (ie °° wis Ie 3+ ae 0% Aq iat sy satsas xazznog yp (1) Hy My Op yo [Link] Simimnsans gaomyaq povenyess 940} HOHDUTY AL (eet e150 9) 4y ur se aures st x oy 3t~ suni| * * wt [rorner® is) (1909 9-29 2 oy prepaes ag 2818 ra spam? f tot une SERES OF PERIOD 2 5 romensemesorremoezg 142 sinh ana(ht ya. ne antlers") ————_——————— 5, Find a Fourier series in (~m, 1) torepresent the following functions. @ fon ex-? Were Hence deduce that >> (a) Period off(x) = "-(~) = 2nand the Fourier series of period 2nis given by fla) = P+ E acosme + T bysinnt, where wal wet ' - . age [pcarae, a,=% [fleycosnxas, a2 [fcarsinneds Zr+f-n0 a (D eouaey (2 =) ee (aie )oe-0-(ak-ten t= spews e-0) | tat wads stn) Ew ason Ea My {ssc (xz 1) an seo (42-1) EE = Naso (22 Jefe wpxusn(ge-ny f Fate ou - ee “fem sey Wut poonpap 2q Ue SOHDS JON IT TTY Seem ae sheen xuuts aE ) usioj any ut x) f yo souas sounog (0) ‘pouteygo oq ued sour] eps UO > x>a— UE XT @- Ss ad 8 Z o- 2 z not =) = awso9 aous “5 efage fan) = msm vom Is Fe ort eee La eee cea ‘sauuoooq (1) 24H z aefemte |i gureq yprusn (S41 F Z fq uaaid 1 (yf Bupq x= ¥ 1 (SP anyen aypa > > uy pouyop sx = (2) foouig (Din = sndsnt wo 18 > ENGINEERING UArpey, a -[* inosrse 6 Uf(x)= tm in nex g Dy 08 tht the Fourier series og [0, any is ZA [ 08x | cos3e | cossx ] Z 2 flxy toe 5 fad hence deduce ty > The Fourier series of f(x) having period 2n is given by a iS LO = 7+ E gcosm + Fb, sin. mel nel i * a f(z) dr =# inoastana| a 4, = 5 J £02) cosm dx = Be » [hi one] stoma 0 f ! tle who pawn i “o(&8)-0 (98 [orn where we have applied Bernoulli's rule to each ofthe integeals, ale ES OF PER owner senes or penop 2x x ax (lmef Lee} ane {(cosnm-1)-(1~cosnn)}, since cos0 sind cos 2a * a J pz) sinnedrs J f(x) nat q | cos =) -(-) [e= of Ai [xo] +04 [ox pen] - o| 1 by {( cos nm-0)+(0-n cosme)} = 0 », “The Fourier series representation of f(x) is given by 2 a 1-¢-1yt conn | sooegt Boe 1-(-1) =2 if nis od But 1-(-1)"= {rGn loins even 2 5 4 neosne & yeas... © bin he Furie ers ot unetiont on in 86260 pore {on ocxee Hence deduce that, shes oft recipes sare of , #) and the Fourier series of / (2) havin "8 etid ad integers i8 equal to 12/8, o> fx) isdefined in (- isgivenby 4s e wie 5 bysine 0 oethioeesfinmae nal 2 0 {OURIER SERIES OF PERIOD 2 2 ccaGiecall ‘where the integration is carried out by Bernoul’s rule inthe second integral [cosme f = ar (cos nn~c080), since sine = 0 = sind 1 (area or eZ (car) F(x) sinned _— il) -aear| sand (bse) ese] fs] 2S f{eom), -[roomf sine sins = 0 = sind 1 f f(x) sinnede + J fox) von a (cos 0~ cos nn) ~ (cos nm -0)} a -aeosm™) 2 fa cone-coore) © E> | Vaca a= 5 (2-0) 1 in (1) the Fourier series is given by eee 2p Bho comme Eg (A2 sne | £9) ‘To deduce the requited series let us put * Itshould be observed from thegiven /() hhence the series converges to 1 L[por eo] =4 [orn] = 3 Because to therightof 0, in (0, RD fz) = = and f(0") = 0. Also to theleftof in (- O)f(x) = =m and f(0") =~ Hence the Fourier series becomes = 0 inthe Fourier series. that x = 0 isapointof discontinuity and since cos0 = 1,sin0 = 0 4 f fe, ars wy} ae [1 (41) = 0 when m even 12CL1) = 2 when Is odd = 4 14 Hencewegt © 2a ow Eatedy e oka 8 sets “Thus the sum of the reciprocal squares of the odd integers is. 12/8. 8. Obtain the Fourier series for the function 0 in-n sxs0 Says erepeee Dedtuce that 23 souRieR SERIES OF PERIOD 2x f(x) isdefined in [n, 1] and the Fourier series of period 2m is given by 5 a ne +0, sine ° * : J foxy a+ J por) ax} a 1 Sina _ . 2 foace J welt f sinxae eee (cosx-cos) = =F (-1-1) = 5 . : inexrctiorerl . J 1 sin A+B) +sin( A-B)} wehave, : {sin (x+nx)+sin (x-mx)} dx [sin n-+1)x-sin(n=1) x} reos(mt1)x | c080"—DIP ee net nel n-1 1 {cos (m1) n~cos 0} SE leone tyn-coso} +25 ENGINEERING MATHE, MATS me Satta ot ntl / <1) 2-5-7 “1 n(W-1) Now we shall find a, when {1+(-1)"} where #1 ‘That isto find 6, Weare, = Jains con ndx ° Ray {1+(-1)"), for ne : 0 ; 1 , Srey Sinmedr == 4 J 0. sin ne de + Jinx sinnear Ae 0 lhe x Jone sinmede Us si ing = 1 ‘sing sina sin B = 5 {eos (A~B)~cos(A+B)} ee FOURIER SERIES OF PERIOD 2x 25 me 20) ea 2 19084) cos (x¢mx)} dx Ae os Flees t—myxcosciens| a oa J eos (n—1)x-coscnst)] dz, since cos(—0) = cos Me eT a B, = O(4 # 1) since sink = 0 forintegral values ofk Now weshallfind 0 when m= 1, Tatistofind by Wehave, 8, Putting n = since sin2n = 0 = sind V2, by =0 for n #1 Let us consider (1) in the form, 7 +4, cosx+ ¥ a, cosme+b, sinxt Fb, sinnx 2 n= ne? fx) Thus by substituting the values ofthe Fourier coefficients, the required Fourier series is given by fixy=2 z Tokay ACU cose sine To deduce the required series we shall first put x = 0 T= 112800 ‘up soo = 1 — = usa se T [rtm ome fot osxsu-w ‘ony (x)f aneyamse 0 = (OF oF ——— ae Toa x X= (o)f=1 “5 sonyen aso Summypsqns £ smu ome & + ots {y(t-)+1} fq uanyS st soyas saumnog pasinbas ayy smoioy sv suo} song a4 39404 Pe woeendage moar ese ep ou uis gis j pa epous j oe % Sunmusqns pue (37 ‘#) ‘(a ‘q) aBuer ayy ur sqesByur o¥ oyu Sumayds zaye syexBaqu! axoge ayy JO YPC wwe ni[t T “q "[Link] soo ues v ‘wos ft % x ‘arays (XZ yeasaqur ayy 40} sejnusioy s29]nq Bussn £q syuaisyjaod saunog a\p PUY OF OAEY ON, tee we rus! Zs ouswte g's Ee coyser faquons8 sy xz jo pouad yo sauas sounog ay, < (az (0) mr souas sounog v 0 ssoudeq uauano wa WSO >u sof iT 2 aowise go S38 HO ’ ° + [ ns (x)f f+ seus cof] fom wy 7 ¥ 0 * fmm former ffi a a F = paso Of G7” [rnc] semi ps0 fi 0 osu ue = fo-necre-} i" {fa Th fcfemenl * nod { uous xz pouad suney (# col woo “Ot OBS Go poet f-SeE reg a ee wt vy, ™ FOURER SERES OF PERIOD 2x 29 oe in i £ (2-2 cosnn) 2k aa tea} ‘Thus the required Fourier series i given by ea soay= XE, (1-(-1)"| sine ent yw. [1-C41) = 0 if mis even Ba, 1-(-1)" = moe TD naa oe foe ® 3} inne wets. ak {si 1) 8 {8 | then f(x) =k since f(x) =k in O The Fourerserieof f(x) defined in (=, ) having pesod i lvenby BoE aos Eta fx oe. “1[eremesfronamal ” -a{i( +2) ones} (1-2) oma} t eee umf SERES OF PERIOD 2 a Hse sinmcae = 2 [hen ane ane Treo wm {i -®)samars](1-¥) wwe “Hleslet0 “3llo-B ml ame =! {1 scosnn—cosnn=1} = 0 b,=0 ‘Thus the required Fourier series is given by 4 4 fore E3 [t--0"| coum mm cer [ 2 tt foez FT w ganas... 0 or ol | cosa conse con} ue 3(% pig? } Now putting x = 0,f(x) = 1. The Fourier series becomes wt (hy ts weletatgt™ 32 enemccrns up I ty en 15] Fourier series of even and o¢d functions in the interval 1k) Definition « A function f(x) ie said to be even | f(r) = fo, and oda F(-2) = =f) Forexample, x2, x4, 26, ...cosx are even functions and x, 2,8 are odd functions, + sing Property-1 The productof two even furetions and that of two odd functions ‘even whereas the product of an even and an odd function is always od, S2l¥ay a J (3) dx 62) is oven Property? : fg (x) a= - 0 if 6 (x) is odd Now, suppose the periodic function f(x) is defined in the interval (—m, 1) thn the Fourier coefficients are given by Ls oe} [reed y=! f pear comrade 8-2 2) annnt Leu examine the lowing twocse Case-i: f(x) is an even function {(2) cos nx being the products of two even functions is also even and f(x) sina being the product of an even and odd function is odd [Property-i]. Now applying property-2 to these integrals we have a= 2 [pe ae, a, =? f fea) comer, b, a ‘ Case-fi: f(x) isan odd function £(2) cos nx willbe an odd function and f(x) sinme willbe an even function. Now by property-2 we have J(X) sin me dx % = 9, 4, =0, by Thus we can conclude that when x © (—n, m), if fix) is even b, = 0 ant if f(x) is odd ay = 0, 4, =0 ah FOURIER SERIES OF PERIOD 2m - EVEN & O00 FUNCTIONS O(x) in -nexeo W(x) in O Sy [xcosm f=, inownn-oy « es nn Referring to Problem 10, ~kin-n The Fourier series of f(x) having period 2x is given by % f(xy B+ E aycosm + Eb, sinme --@ Weshall check f(x) = xc0sx for even or odd nature, flo) = Hx c05(-x) = 00s f(ox) = -f(2) and hence (3) isoad. Consequently ay = 0, f(x) sinnxds = 2 [ xcosx sinmx dx a --@ wt Px aincnetycde + [x sin(n-ty rar {o ° “Applying Bernoulli's rule to each ofthe integrals, cos(m4)x sel n+l (ns 23 [Shismenen 01 Here sin(n +1) in(n-1)R, since n= 1, 2, 3... y ENGINEERING MATHEW, by. Weshall now find 6, when m= 1. Thatis tofind Letus consider b, as given by (2) 2 b,=2 non 5, We shall writ (1) in the form fo) Z apeosme+b, sinx+ Fb sin nx wei tea ‘Thus by substituting the values for the Foutier coefficients we have, -1 cose = singe $2MCUT wer a1 SE grees atel eee ee en amnesiac cca Expand the function f(x) = xsinx as a Fourier series in the interval —n x $ ‘Deduce that ieee eee = 2) 13° 35° 57 7 ‘The Fourier series of f(x) having period 2x is given by 2, E goons Ets ® e shall check f(x) = xsinx for even or odd nature. flex) = (=x) sin (=x) = (=x) (sin) = f(-x) = f(x) and hence f(x) iseven. Consequently b, = 0 sinx 2% 27 ae [fl de iy J fo cosmear 0 ° aja y= 2 [x(-cosn) (1) (sing) f But sing = 0= sin? =2 (neosn—0) =2 f xsinx cos nx dr 2 ° E we hav Using, sin A cos B = 5 {sinc A+B) +8in(A-B)} have, : {sin arene) tsing-=)} ax {sin (14) x+sin(1-")2] de But, sin(1_nyx = sin{ (r= 1D} = —8in(H DD 1 x Teancnetyeés -2 J xsin(n-t)2de A 3 Applying Bemoulli's rule to each ofthe integrals, 1. seers) sine mal (ni sin(n-1)n; sind =0 roncnstys[ 1 $i [Fy tem all «2A [ecocrtye ' - ~0 m1 7 nod 2-1 GUM ene maT * yay7 since coske = (1k = GD? enyet er Seneca et ar mt erp nay SERIES OF PERIOD 2 - EVEN & 000 FUNCTIONS 4a VT canacare i 42-2 5 (Asin by of Problem - 13) tuting 6, = 0 in) wehave f(x) = 3 + E a,cosmx f(x) =p + aycosx + Ea, cosm substituting the values of a,/2,,, a, _ the required Fourier series is given by vel 22 1-4 cofxs 5 AU — TT ast xsinx deduce the series, letus put x = 1/2. wi 15. Sketch the graph of the function f(x) = V1 in oe S mand obtain its Fourier ai4aia sevs, Henedetucetiat p+ a+ gt g b> f(x) = [xl in =m Sx $x means thatthe function must be postive in the {given interval which consists of negative values and positive values. Hence the given f(x) may be split into the form, Pit aaa oceania ic (-x in -nsxS0 JO)" Vex in Os xs The equations y = x and y =~ represent straight lines thro lopes 1, -1. (Lines er angles 45°, 135° with BP the oi slopes 1, -1 (Lines subtending angles 45, ith x- axis) pes I, and the ba follows. ‘The Fourier series of f(x) having period 2m is given by S)= 2+ E ayeosme + F by sine Pa Weshall check f(x) = |r1 foreven or odd nature fox) = zl e txt ese) F(-x) = f(x) and hence f(x) ‘seven. Consequently 6, = 9 24 . £110) ts a=? Fyce) cosmede e 0 Hee f(2)= 121 «2 fr £6 (0, 2 ers 2)27 4 0 2d 212 eae %/2=n/2 a 42 Jxcosmede 6 Applying Bernoulli’ rate tlt 43 He -orrl 2 * = Zy[eom foes sees smo (cosnn—c0s0) = —5 (cos 1) = =? (1-cosmn) fi-cn'} araing the values of dy» 6,» By, i (2) the Fourier serisisgiven PY a, 3 22 pooegt De {1-(-1)"] cosme {x = 0 in the Fourier series. jeduce the series let us put 4 _ fi G41) = 0 ifm iseven Sent FC Lae ee 1 43a ” Find he Fourier sres in (—R, %) forte funtion §(2) defined by nex in (om, 0/2) wd in (-¥/2, 92) ex in(W/2,%) ) and the Fourier series of period 2x isgiven by f= » f(x) is defined in (-%, +E a,cosm + Sb, sin a wel f= We shall check f(x) foreven or odd nature by writing f(x) as 28 follows Interval of x | (- 1-02) f(x) nex | _ fo(3) inn, 0) $= Wy (xy in (a, 8) where 9 (x) =m+x or /2 and y (x)= "=x or n/2 4 (-x) = x-x or 1/2 = y (x) and herce we conclude that £02) ise Consequently b, = 0. 1 ‘ soy sede 4,5 i f(x) cose dx 2 ® |-2ffschenel 0 me f 2 eo caer eal | fur vo} Irae] + J pends * “tbe cosnmedr + [f(x) ome a wt fr ® ir cos mx dx + f (n=x) cosm dx ma . oun SERES OF PEROD 2x - EVEN 6000 UNC TONS 45 ss by substituting the values of, 4, yin (1), the required Fourier series given by ae HZ Say coe pong te afc 1)" ~ cos | coe se Even and odd nature of f(x) in (0, 2n) & associated Fou f(a is said to be even iff(28-*) = f(x) and odd iff (2n-x) = ~f(2)- ‘an even function since cos ( 2n—x) = ‘cosx and sin x is an odd sin. We note that cos x is function since sin (28-2) = Further we have te standard integral property nf playde iff) it even PD ii f(x) dx = 2 0 if f(x) is odd 11 f(2) is periodic function of period 2% defined in (0, 2x) then the Fourier coefficients are given by 2 2 4 Lf pexyeosmae, 4 2 f peaysinmnae 3 0 Let us examine the following two cases- Case-i : f(x) isan even function. f(x)cosn ‘being producto even uncionsisalsoevenand/(2 sit the product ofan even and an odd function is odd, innxbeing, ofthe integral property become 46 — a a cients with the application user ool . mee 2 ppeaitens 2 TP pcxyeosneds t= 0 o* fe WOR isan odd function fe) v4 function and f(2 57000 ntmesre whe application of the integral Pape ery sox wil be an 8d il ply the Fourier coefficient a0 2 J pensnm =o conclude that wher it f(x) isevend, = Oandit f(x), 0 xe (0, 2), unter it shouldbe observed ot the results in respect of the Fourier coef erm (0, 2x) are same as in the case of f(x) defined ¢ "edd inthe relevant interval. in (x) in0> Inthe given f(x), let @ (x) =27 and v(x) = Now, ¢ (2n=x) = (2n-x) v(x) J(2)isodd in(0, 2) and hence 4, = 0, =a) o(cesnz) * [ a Gm) uo ] ; 4 404 3 (cosme=1) : af tetenne 0 00 | be wer ei z we! es (carat pe Be Sl ‘Thus the ener represen off (2) 8B DY ofan att ety (eat —al | sian | ‘ x nile 2a epee ee oe in re epi - : ne ele ele ae vers and ncedeucetiat 57.3 43.5 5-7 > = Isint | in (0, 28) By data, I= f(t) = Io's s Jysint in (0, ®) ie, T=f) =) pysint in (m, 28) sincesin is postive 0 < F< t andnegativeif m < t < 2x eh sint. i a ate (On) v(t) ==lg sint in (x, 2m) : #2n-1) = hsin(2n-t) = fysint = v(t) F(t) isevenin(0, 2k) and b, = 0 ite thle 2h * 1,228 J sinteoonea ° efering to Problem-8 for the integration process wehave 2h 4,5 14(-1)"} form #1 and a, =0 ncaa | } for ne , |Wehave Fourier series in the form % = pees E acount +E bys -1y" hos m 2, served 1)" fos nt fg cost ® gerté Wad ‘To deduce the series let us put t = (O)+f(2n) _ 0+0 Fo) =O > ‘The Fourier series becomes, 19. Obtain the Fourier series expansion ofthe function x in Ocxcn role, in ncxeon Hence deduce that >> The Fourier series of period 2 is given by Enomcenn eee ee radainee jorge Et no nat $ et (x) 2 and W(x) = —2R Inthe given f(2)+ (ane) = ren G2) = 4) ‘poxyineddin(0, 2n)and Renee fy = 0» H, = 0 x sinnx dr 2 2 Tar annsee ‘Thus the required Fourier series is given by fee Bagg To deduce the series let us put x= 7/2 us = The 2 F) =x in (0m) Hence the Fourier series becomes no” FC) = 72 sine Expanding and noting that sin ( 3n/2)= ~1,sin (52/2) = 1, we get = Lweg i ai > The Fourier series of period 2r is given by a = - FAVA ZH L aycosnx + Thy sins net Consider f(*) “(2 jenn (SY (J -CE] vo (0, 2m) andhence b, = 0 f(x)isevenin 52 Applying Bemouli's rule we get, 1 2 { sinnx wdfn (® = w_ ot 1 = 5 [ (4-2) cosmx Ip 7 ae 2 Vit ‘Thus the required Fourier series is giver by 2 2 . wa} 2 poe) Be ‘To deduce the series, we frst putx = 0 poy = LO#fC2R) _ Wi +(-n/2)? 2 20 7 2 4 Hence the Fourier series becomes, 2g = 2 1 Lan grr 5 s ae R ea See De iar ‘ Next let us put x = min the Fourier series, Bie rye feo nay oo ae tus 22a up aty a ‘Adding () and (i) we obtain —™” 53 men SERIES OF ARBITRARY PERIOD ira Fourier series of arbitrary period ‘atantion f(2) need not always be defined in an interval ofength 2x only When 1} hslengthof the interval i other than 2x, we shall denoteit by 2 A general interval thategin 2 be (c ¢+21)-Itis important tomate thatthe sine and cosine functions og te form sin [7 J and cos (3) are periodic functions of period 21 It is ar jst as flows Lat eee in ): ctx =m) F cvean |= sin +2] Then, F(x+21) = sin similarly, G(+21) = G(x). “Asalready discussed inthe article 1.4 the trigonometric series i of the form taunted : i f(x) defined in (c, ¢+21) satisfies Ditichle’s conditions then + cos | —— 6, sin| = Eno (F)+ Es) is called as the Fourier series of arbitrary period 21. Proceeding on similar lines as in the article 14 we can establish Euler's formulae for the Fourier coefficients in the form F(x) mm f= a en BE pear des =F [pce om (te ca ‘ a4 {pea sin ("Fa Step by step working procedure for problems Step-1_If the period of the given function is other than 2x we first equate the period to 21. and obtain the value . Step-2 Werthen write the appropriate Fourier series and compute 4), 4, associated with it neta ENGINEERING Marien step-3 However if f(2).¥8 defined in an interval ofthe form (=, Toro, Hrecan compute dy» gr Py WINE the concept of even and odd funcoa? tions taking the follwing table into consideraon a “Nature & condi |___ of f(2) __— [ Bven function | > } pens iF - \ _fdlen) = fle) | (Oda function | i 0 fee FO) | | aa. Obtain the Fourier seis of fx) = V1 (ED tees & Hineshowthat 4p gt TB reper f(x) = !=(-1) #21 andtheFouriersresfperod 21 given fmm Sg in RE pene Zt E9087 Eee a We shall check f(r) = |r| for even or odd nature fen) = leeds bf) Hence f(x) is even and consequently By = 0 1 iI [ flryeos => dx } T 1 2 go 22 fos ping eos le ° TT \ ee roomensenss mmm pemmp SS : = rm] Fourier series is given by > 22 f= rere =1)"} cos To deduce the series we shall put x = 0 which gives f(x) = 0 and the Fourier series becomes, —(cayte {1° (41) = 0 when 1 is even Coa Bisa ereer ccs Vso eee eee | pat 22. Obtain the Fourier series to represent f(x) =x-x7 in -1> Here period of f(x) ‘The Fourier series of f(x) having period 2is given by 4% fooez+ Ea, c0s( nner) + Es, sin (mmr) Since the interval is (~1, 1) let us check the given function for even or odd nature. f(x) = x-2 + f(x) = -x-(-x)) = -x-27 which is neither equal to f(x) nor equal to ~/(x), So f(x) is neither even nor odd. ‘We shall find the Fourier coefficients by Euler's formulae. ney, $ pte costo ae 1 1 = J(x-22) cos (nmr) dx. Applying Bernoulli’ rule, a (ee?) sno) (1 2x) =< +(-2) ~ Sem | ” ee | 1 ‘i : . 1-2) cos (mmx) ] since sinnn = 0 Fal! lf fl = Aco = yg {eos os me} a 4c ee 1 J foo sine) dx = J (2-2) sin(nmy dx iF a 6, = SE {0-(-2208 mm) |= ag (com—cosme) = = (aa ez ayn b= 2 cay ‘Thus the required Fourier series is given by au aac lyan ue plo pin SERIES OF ARBITRARY PERIOD Draw the graph ofthe faction nx inOSxs1 *{eQ2-x) in sx? fx adalso sw that the Fourier expansion ofthe function f(x) is ee x _A(cosme | cosSnr | cosser |) “sl ae * 2 * > Graphof f(x) = f(x) = RX of = x isaline passing through the origin in (0, 1] x)= x (2-x) or y= n(2-x Rae f(x) = R(2=x) of y= R(2-x) or mety = 2 oF > +> in(l,2j,whichisa straight line passing through (2, 0) and (0, 2x). The graph isas follows, TH Here f(x) is defined in 0,2] and period of f(x) = 2-0 = 2 a=2or “The Fourier series of f(x) having period 2s given by sea) = 2+ Ea,cos(nnx + F bysin(my ay" 1 1 2 2 22 f fox) cos ane) de a, 27 Lf) 0s Ld 2 1 2 [pny coscme) det J (2) cas (mr) de ° 1 ; 2 J n(z-x) cos(mnr) de = J xcos (nme) dr+ é 1 ' 2 e[jmumarfane cma ji 1 “Applying Bernoulli's rule to both the integrals 7 2 coc ent {los [osm] }. since, sin nn = 0 = sin oe 1 = 57 (cosmm~ cos 0-cos 2 nn-+cos nm). But, cos 2nn t cos 2 a 2 wn 4, = G7 (-2+2 cosmn) oun SERES OF ARBITRARY PERIOD 59 FOURER SERES OF Mormany peop 8D = \t-(-1y" ae Sbteew) ei § F(x) sin (ams) a 2 a 1 2 - {[xesc=9], s[2-9 ecm] } cf = = {(cosnm-0)+(0-cos nm)| = 0 Fal 4-0 ‘The required Fourier series is given by -1 cos (mmx) e | if nis even if n is odd cos (nn) Now putting x = 0 wehave f(x) = 0 since f(x) = xx in[0, 1] 60 ‘The Fourier series becomes x 4(4 0-8-5 (5 eli } Tus Fe Gta Alter : (Using the concept of even and odd functions) J(3)is defined in (0, 2) which is ofthe form (0, 21), Inthe given f(x) if @ (x) = mx and y(x) = n(2-x), $(2-x) = §(2-x) = R(2=x) = Y(x) J (4) iseven in(0, 2) and henceb,, = 0 1 1 2 2 a= J sndr, a, 7 J £2) 05 (nme) dx 0 ° 1 J xxde © x onintegraton 2 J xxcos( nme) de 1 2x feos) a 23 (1-C-1)"} on integraton — 24, Obiain the Fourier series forthe function fay= ee > F() Be defined in the interval (-3/2, 3/2) period of f(x) = 3/2 -(-32) 23. U=30r1=32 We shall check f(x) for even or odd nature, FOURER SERES OF ARBITRARY PERIOD a ae 4 w= S, gy 3 vee) 4(2) isam even function. Consequently b, = 0 The Fourier series of f() having period 3is given by uF mmx = me 10 BF on % > 2ng = mx te 10+ Eso 8 an 2 woe Stents, soo ay? | fay te H 4 1 Se sce oy > Thepetiod of f(x) = 2-022. %=2orl=1 The relevant Fourier series is given by say = 2 + Sa,cosmnct 5, sinaee i ; 2 2 2 J px) dy, a, = J f(x) cosnmeds, 5, = | £02) sina a Q 0 0 0 (in cachof th above integrals V1 = 1/1 = 1) 2 aye fetae[-eFf etre a “ Wehave J Econ brds = 315 (acosbe+ bsinbr) aaa (omnis) ® ®) he andr sede = (asin bx-b eos bx Ba (Asinbxbeos bx) : 2 : a Co ee| a .LUrUrUrUrC™~”C—C—C—CO Léa ea = me . ees es ea 28S ety TE te) Sete defined by f(x) = 2x—x° intheinterval sod of f(x) = 3- 2 U=3 or l=3n x series of period 2! is given by kB ane ne (yePrEa cn T+ Ets nel nl ‘ant Fourier series is given by oy 2nmx 0 = nn 24 Sa, cos + Sb, sin a Ave mee 3 find Fourier coefficients from Euler's formulae for the intery al (0, 3) with to the Fourier series (1). That is 3 J pon ae, 0 f the above integrals 1/1 = 1/(3/2) = 2/3 2 nnx 2-2x Pa “Sue al! . = Tefen ems ash since, sin 2nn = 0 = sin 0 “3a lie 6) cos 2nn-(2— =0) cos} = 5 aeouee 3 a ante 4?) doe 2 fac?) sin7S de. Applying, Beroull’s rule in 2 ey (2nn73* (2m) b= 3/0 srs by substituting the values of, ty, by i) the required Fourier seis is givenby ap. obtin the Fourier erie for the fiction f(x) = 22 in 0S x52 ‘>> Comparing the given interval (0, 2) with (0, 2') we have a= 2 or I= 1. Bydata f(x) =x(2-2) 2), mad f(dl-x)= f(2=x) = (=x) (2~ 2-a)x =f) = ix)isevenin (0, 2)and hence, = 0. ny) t= J pc) cos (rex dx a 1 eel fl = 2dr = ie aS i wet fotrecedfe SL alls e$ ty/2 = 2/3 yg =2 J (2x-22) cose) dx. Applying Bemoull’s rule, ° som 0s (nz) = sin (nt) axa? 2-2) SS 4-2 - [i ae! a2) | sau] aie 2 70 4 (2m), = Fg[2-mescem], = Falster] Pe 4,2 ‘The Fourier series of period 2 is represented by _ a peay= BaF agconcnmny +E tysincom) Boa wet ‘Thus the required Fourier series is given by se associated Fourie series of prog Ys, wo et 28. rie se cot function f1) = : Obi, 2). i .0(7) i 7A % bo) 2nmt ba ,, { 2nmt a pee eat) 5 oy sin { , poege a (*F) z sn =) We comput a coefficients by BY formulae. 3 Line 4°7A 5 [yes (ee = T: 72 gdgl (Cameos) = 0 0 aleR SERIES OF ARBITRARY PERIOD Thus the requited Fourier series is given by gye ZEB § 1 git 2- 0 < wy foo (rg mere Epes (1) a Fourier series and hene deduce hat = wet (ne >> Comparing the given interval (0, 8) with (0, 21) wehave 21 = 8 of I= ‘The Fourier series having period 8 is given by sor~'ts E aom( le & eSB) Inthe given f(x) let @ (2) = 2-1, w(x) =x-6 Now 9 (2l=-x) = @ (8-2) = 2-(8-x F(x)iseven in (0, 8)and hence b= 0 fdr, a, 2 toe lie : -6 = y(x) 2 %=% [antervatof x |_(-2,-0 | (1,0) _ ENGINEERING my NGINEERING MATH ye, cad ying Bernoulli's rule, aang & Applying nt sn's if — -( sles (a4) ; 4-8 8 | ogg] =F “let 16 8 eee “8 fea a7 gal ae “Thus the required Fourier series is given by 16 gor es ( ‘Todeduce the series we puts = 0 f= x the Fourier expansion of the function f(x) defined by (0 in -2 f(x) isdefined in (2, 2) and period of f(x)=2-(=2)=4 2} = 4 of 1 = 2, The associated Fourier series is given by 30. Find Wehave, mm 2 me flay = 2 + 5 aco + 5 sin Thegiven f() canbe writen as follows (eae fy | 9 —— lr eeeCw URIER SERIES OF ARBITRARY PERIOD 69 oo = {@ (9) in (-2, 0) a eae 2) mere @ (2) = 0 0F2,y (x) = 2 oF 0. Obviously @ (-x) = v(x) f(2) Isevenand consequently b, = 0 $02) ar, a, 1B so a 1 “Ieee f(x) de +0 =[2x} J j Jeaso [=}=2 tet 1 2 Sf2) os aes fjcyos@a Oy 0 1 2 ¢ y \ = frees aso 0 \ 2 eo ‘Thus the required Fourier series is given by ponte ET an 2) col wea Find the Fourier series of the following functions over the indicated intervals Lo f(x) =-lex; -e> The ine half range Fourier series of the function f(x) in (0, m) is we value of b, is the required sine f(x) = £4, sinne where b, =2 ffx sinner a: fc Wehave, 6, sin nx dx. Applying Bemoulli’s rule, came eee [? ~ SE a +] [3 [oun ee [om | wl (Peoem-0)« 5 cosm-n} A lfetetrs 6 0 Ss [om 2am eee eee —_— ENGINEERING tay 16 - ‘Ts the required sine half range Fourier series is given by 52 cat! 2 ay) os f= 52 | 1 acosine half range Fourier series in 0 < x < 2. Expand f(x) = 2t-1 asa cosi 32. Expand f (0, 1) with (0, 1) we have = interval >> Comparing the given intervt esis given by > Thessine half range Fourier series of f(xt) in (0, 1) is given by Jn | ais RANGE FOURIER SERIES nana eae id ? Sp ecar} ‘The sine half range Fourier series is given by apo oye car} alt feat aca [1 (41) = 0 when mis even a ate OIE D2 dae a ae alate hos e& poe weeks But, 1, 3, 5,...are odd numbers represented in general as (2n¢1) where n=O, 1, 2 3, ... Thuswehave, mtn 1 3, Show that > —* = >> From the given answer and thegiven interval of iis evident that yey, VeI0§ 1 thesine half range Fourier series of f(x) = 5 ~ x in (0, 1) “The series is represented by 1 Pere 2 : sey= Ed, sin, whee by =F [709 sin" gc 0 1») 4 (mt) Io since sin nm = 0 = sino cos mx +1) ‘The sine half range Fourier series is given by nme sin “= psa fae LD Tle" ww leo" ny _ {+1 = 2 when n is even wae 1 TTT th so lye 2 ea ras fee ES Asin Fnenee. ™ F But 2, 4, are even numbers represented in general as 2 whst and hence we can write the series replacing n by 2 in the frm n= 1, 2,3, 1S 1) ame SO) = E Fin BE ee he ee ‘maLr RANGE FOURIER SERIES are 35, Find the cosine half range series for f(x) = <(I-x), 0<2 <1 o> The cosine half range Fourier series of f(x) in [, 1] igivenby y= st f(2) = 7 + La, cos ==, where net T 2\ Bt 27 Lear a=? fp on Ba 0 ty * ‘Thus the required cosine half range series isgiven by Powea f= G- 3 ES liecat om i Oblin te half rage cosine series forthe function rmx = sin| ™ |aoere ms positive integer fo) sal i ) rms posting tent ae > Wehave, f(a) = 5 E 0,c08"7 where Z f(x)dx and a, 2 sig a I I ye i i sagig leme cone sme 2 fae Joou swe {1-4} where wehavesin mr = 0 = sin nn ey ur RANSEPOUREN seme a _ 2m 7-23 [1~cosmn cosnn} 14(-1)""9) where m # Dg (82-1) = 0, since cosdee = +1 0 when m =n, Te 37. Find acosine series for f(x) = (2-180 $ x1 >> Comparing the given interval [0, 1] with ee 1) we have I = 1. The corresponding cosine half range Fourier series is given b pore 2s ejcmm, whee wel 1 1 2 a= 7 [fla ae: a, iJ 100) ox as a a 1 not [ocnteren] 3 4/2 = V3 1 wna ; zal a= att Thus the rou cosine bal ange Fourie series is soayedt +4 Ed cose 2 2 Note : By putting x = O and x = 1 inthe series we can respectively dey ly dec the og 211i, #8 tated ep 2 se 2 ef 11a Adding these esl obain = 5 +5 + + ee 38, Find the cosine half range series of f(x) = xsinx in 0 > The cosine half range series of f(x) inhealf therange (0, 1) is givenby pee e eee ora 3 ‘ 2 fxy deg, =? fx) cosmear 0 0 mH ooslecete sory [eins com Referring to Problem-14 for the integration process, the required series is given Y n eet Hx) =1-F cosx42 5 CV nx aE ta ‘Now putting, x = n/2, f(x) = W/2 sin(w/2) = 0/2 83 “he Fourier series becomes aye pez Pd on expanding the RHS and using cos x x 053 = cos Sm, = cos (58/2) +++ we get sea {x in oce fx) isdefined in (0, %) and were half range series separately ries is given by and cosine. () The sine half range se Says, whew 8,22 [0 sae & A in/2 j i Oe xsinnxdx + } (%- ) sin mx dx 123 [Pesnnntee Jorn was Saeco oA toeach ofthe integrals we have ys rule apply ernoullis hd anne | SM ays | : Sr (9) The cosine half range Fourie seies of f(x) in (0, m) isgivenby f=7 +24 cosa, where ee — (ge FOURIER SERIES 85 Sees 2 24 tora as =F] fx) coms ae | at og q re foae]eoal 0 ow w t 2\[z2 2 lel | 0 : : (oo Jen ena} 0 wr plyingBernoulli’sruletoeachof theintegrals, 8 here n= 2 6 10, wf ‘re required cosineall range Four series is given by 8 5 4cunr 1 10s 6x + —5 Cos 10K + 1 } 1d Jars beats bentes) pone 40, Citain he sine al range seis of 1 1 tsinger<> 2 fO=P 54 gingers se f(x) is defined in (0, 1), Comparing with half the range (0, 1) ¥ 1 ='1. The corresponding sine half range series is given by . 1 fix) = Eb, sin mx, where, =2 J peaysinmeas nel bs 3 2 a) yur ance FOURER SEnes o . ie , =24 4 [5 -x) sinmede + § (x —3) sinmnx se 402) S[F-*) sommes (1-2) sare “Applying Bernoulli's rule to each ofthe integrals, a[e {a — 2 lan 1 2m v1[onmm du 1 } in ME 6, Gg (IHC |-35 : re ba Thus the sine half range series is given by ae . f(x) = 5 [ag (cn l-3 nti fg Fri rs Wer o mx in osx st i 2 for" la ayn teas Bani pers! ap fla) defined in (07 1) and the sine half range srg, ane er x on™, 2 jaye bsp whe be Mean B, ary 1 2 my me a PE 2jzaterlTeoms 4 af? 2 HY sin ae + JF -0) sin effaacten [Fon an nintegation ilar to Protlen-39(0)] we olan b, etree given by mm a sin sin “7 ‘hush equ ak fea z a 4a. Obtain te al range cosine series forthe function ocr> f() isdefined in (0, x) andthe cosine half rangeseriesis gis foyesthy, cosmr, where nel J (2) cosne a Q 2a: 4 We tS —— \Ge FOURIER SERIES ecromenenes A mg aetlfta Teas ftal iC ww” | 1h t | ab allie fre {ows 2S 1a y gg 2 sors zi ms com _ EXERCISES Obtain the cosine half range Fourier series for the following functions over the indicated interval, EY 1 fore(t-4) in (0, 1) 2 fz) 2-1 in (0, 2) 3 f(x) = cosar, aisnotan integer in (0, ®) EE a oe in O , ee i 5 SG) = 4% In-} in peed [Bax ig Oe, ji Obtain the sine half range series for the following fun tions oy, | interval hy i 6 f(xye2x-TinO> Here the interval of xis to 360? Thatis 0 > The interval of © compute fyi Sy yyy te paeaes and_ period of ¥ = f(x) is 2 » 20 y Lysine 2 y ycosx, pe yo: by 2 5 yan, Hew [P| y | cose | yeoss | pad “gs | 40 | avon] 2me4| a7ort| 2 T [aol au rf se fo ‘Tova 169 | | 557189, 7 From the able, Sy= 169, Sycosx = 557189, F ysinx = 7.40621, Lycos? = 16, Lysindx =-27 ay = V4-(169) = 4225, ay/2 = 2.1125, V/A. (557189) = 1393. by = 1/4-( 7.40621 4, = V4-(16) = 04 b, = 4-(-27) The Fourier series of y upto the second harmonic is given by Y= Gy/2 + (4, Osx, Six) + (dy 005 2+ by sin2x) 2.1125 + (1.393 00s x + 1.8516 sin x) + (0.4 cos 2x 0.675 sin 2x) . 8: ruonca rwrmon mes “ive he following table [a 173 aa scaler esl a rer ingen shige han at amon oeeeretve interval ofxis ° to 30P, Thats 0 ¢ = required tofind a, ay, by only ae Wearer fee N=6 2 1 4 mages - 3 (269) = 5960) | = 448305 ac a 0, = EE yeoss 9 5 (1215) = 5 1 b= Bx ysing = 5 (26046) = 088 “The Fourier series upto the first harmonics given by y= ag/2 + (a cosxtb, Sinz) cos x +0:8949 sinx) 4.48335 + (4 Thus 46, The turning moment Ton theerank haf ofa steam engine or thecrank angle @ is giver a | ano | 290 | 270 | “390 | 330 eg (85 [a1 126 | 2 harmonics. Expand T as a Fourier series up (0 firs ———— ey We Hy 96 Period of Tis 2. We > 60<2%. eater 0 emule are “ag of 8 i > ete ees fo ete be p= Ey T sind = 5 (89082) = 14899 16 ‘The Fourier series upto the fist harmonic s given by T= (8) = ay/2 + (4, 050+, sin 8) concent! peacrcal HARWONI ANALYSIS 0 ie ap, Express. y 80 Friese upto the third hammonies given | avs | sna] n_| 43 | 5x3 | 2n ve | 1. 088 | -025 | 198 p> Here the interval of x is (0 We have values of f() = y_in the interval 0 < x < 2m and hence we omit the fatale {25} = 10 which s same asf(0). The relevant table for computing the fist two harmonics is as follows, : yeose| ycosae a | y | c0sx |cos2x| sin | sin2r + ad 0 0 vialo @ | 14 | 05 | ~05 | 0866 | 0866 705 | -05 | 0.866 |-0.866 -0.1 ‘The first two harmonies are 50, Obtain the constant termand the coefficient ofthe first cosincand sine (4, cosx+b,sinx) and (4, 60825+B Si 2). Thus they ae (£0,367 ws40, 12s) and (-0-10082¢-0.0577030 expansion of fro the table ‘msn Ls o jt | 2 ea ES 18 m4 >> The values at0, 1,2,3,4,5are given (N- be 0x <6. sho + lengthof th intervals 6=0 = 6 Comparing with 2! Weave 21 = 6 oy ‘The Fourier series of period 2! is given by bid % mm yrfdags Z gary + Z bysinA Since 1 = 3, the series containing the first harmonics is HARMONIC ANALYSIS 401 prac ppacTiClL HARON ee ee 4 = 5 (125) = 4167 5 > = 20835 oro) al yy Lycos® = 3 (-25) = 8303 2 1 i bay Dysin® = 5 (-3.464) = - 1.155 ‘Thus wehave, Constant erm = ag/2 = 20835 Coefficient of the first cosine term. Coefficient of the first sine term = by = - 1455 @ prs a Fourier sere up oth hin harmois en he fling ees. >> Asin the previous problem the interval of xis 0 x Here the intervalofxis 0

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