RATIFICATION PAGE

The complete report of experiment Genetic and Evolution which have title
“Life Cycle of Drosophilla melanogaster” created by:
Name : Anshar Mansabadi
Reg. No : 081404164
Group : VI
Have been checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator and this
report is accepted.

Makassar, November , 2010

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

(Djumarirmanto S. Pd) (Ariandi)

Reg. No: 071404075

Known by
Lecturer of Responsibility,

Hartati, S.Si, M.Si

ID: 197404052000032004
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Genetic consist of much material. This sub material can see with
development cycle of organism. To explain this theory, we can observe about
organism which has complete metamorphosis. The example of this organism is
Drosophila melanogaster which usually called as fruit fly.

(Drosophila melanogaster) as object in observational genetics. Its option

is correct once since, fly first this little so a big population gets to be petted
deep laboratory. Both of, cycle meteoric life. Every two weeks can be resulted
one mature generation a new one. Third, this fly so lush, one that female can
result hundreds egg those are impregnated in life it what does its short.
Population thus outgrows that resulting that makes easy statistic analisys and
gets trusted. Still any chance fourthly which is marks sense chromosome in
salivary gland of larva.

Drosophila melanogaster will take the puberity phase after 8 hours. So,
the female fly can laying egg tomorrow after fertilization. Female Drosophila
melanogaster can produce egg about 100 until 500 egg in 10 days. The egg has
milk white color, cycle form which length about 0,5 mm. The egg keep at
female body, and sperm come to micropyle. Eggs will laid at blastula stage or
higher if the condition is disturbed. After 24hours the eggs become larva. And
the 4 times to change t he skin and will be pupa. And after 8 until 11 days, pupa
will be fly.

B. Purpose

1. To know the live cycle of Drosophila melanogaster

 2. To different of female and male Drosophila melanogaster character.

C. Benefit

1. The practicer can know more about the development character of

Drosophila melanogaster.

2. The practicer can know more about the character of each step of Drosophila
melanogaster cycle.

3. The practicer can know more about the character of male and female
Drosophila melanogaster.
 CHAPTER II
PRIVIEW OF LITERATURE

Drosophila meanogaster will fertile after 8 hurs, so female fly cab laying egg at
tomorrow after fertilization. A female Drosophila can produce egg about 50-75 egg in
a days, about 100-500 eggs in 10 days. This egg has milk white color, oval form with
length about 0, 5 mm. AT the top of anterior, there are a hole which called micropyle
and limited by two or four bud which like spoon. The laid egg, generally already in
blastula phase, or higher in disturb condition for laying egg. The egg ready to develop
during 24 hours and will be larva. Then, there are 4 times of skin change, although
narrow to observe before larva be pupa. The pupa will layed afte 8 until 11 days,
depend on species and temperature for keep this (Hartati, 2010).

XO or XY chromosome segregation was interpreted as a means of tipping the

balance between maleness and femaleness, whereas more deep-seated processes were
involved in the actual process of sex determination. Bridges experimentally produced
variation combination of X chromosome and autosomes in Drosophila and deduced
from comparisons that one X chromosome (X) and two sets of autosomes (A)
produced a normal male. Normal male had a ratio of X chromosome to sets of
autsomes of 0,5. Nore that one sets of autosomes consists of three chromosome, one
each of chromosome II, III, and IV. (The X chromosome of Drosophila is
chromosome I.) This combination of one X nd two A’s resulte in a normal, diploid
male; the combination of two X chromosomes and two sets of autosomes (2X+2A,
ratio of 2:2=1) produced a normal diploid female (Gardner, 1984).

The behavior of the chromosome in meiosis is the basic for Mendel’s laws.
Mendel’s law of segregation is due to the separations of homologous chromosome
during the reduction divisions. Mendel’s law of independent spindle and their
subsequent independent segregation. A we shall see, independent assortment occurs
only if the gene pairs are on different they tend to remain together in cross, and are
said to linked. If a chiasma is formed to recombination between the linked genes.
Linkage and crossing over were discovered in the early twentieth century, primarily
as the result of the research of Thomas Hubt Morgan and his colleagues, and marked
the next major advance in our understanding of heredity. We shall consider these
topics later in more detail in chapter 8 (Norton, 1975).

The gene is the smallest biological unit in inheritance, and I is carried on a

chromosome. Hundreds and possibly thousands of genes are carried on each
chromosome, each in a fixed or special position called a locus. The existence of
particular gene can be determined genetically only because it exist in at least two
forms having different effects that can be observed readily in the organism. These
forms are called allelomorphs, and they usually fact a trait in contrasting manners
(John, 1963) .

In higher animals, spermatogenesis occurs in the germinal epithelium of the

testis. Diploid spermatogonia cells proliferate mitotically and some of the
spermatogonia enlarge to form primary spermatocytes. The first meiotic division then
results in the haploid spermatids is produced. The spermatids undergo a form a
metamorphosis to become mature functional spermatozoa (Northon 1975).

Many times at biology history, important discovery has taken by luck people
which n fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, an insects which not dangerous and
generally eat fungi at fruit. Fruit fly is an insect which develop easily. From one
fertilization can produce hundred egg, and new generation can develop in a week.
This character make fruit fly suitable for genetic observation. In a short time, Morgan
laboratory known as Fly Room (Campbell, 2004).

Not all organism which develop or reproduction with sexually has

determination sex system like human. For example D. melanogaster, fruit fly, has a
mechanism of determination sex which balanced. A balance between autosome and
chromosome X, determinate sexual fenotipe of fruit fly. For example, XY fruit and
XO is male, XX and XXY female, with assumption diploid at autosome.
Chromosome Y also essential, because there are chromosome which determinate
fertilization at male fly. XO fly ( o represent absent sex chromosome) is male, but
sterile (C.Pai, 1985).
Not all organism which develop or reproduction with sexually has
determination sex system like human. For example D. melanogaster, fruit fly, has a
mechanism of determination sex which balanced. A balance between autosome and
chromosome X, determinate sexual fenotipe of fruit fly. For example, XY fruit and
XO is male, XX and XXY female, with assumption diploid at autosome.
Chromosome Y also essential, because there are chromosome which determinate
fertilization at male fly. XO fly ( o represent absent sex chromosome) is male, but
sterile (C.Pai, 1985).
Drosophila melanogaster was among the first organisms used for genetic
analysis, and today it is one of the most widely used and genetically best-known of
all eukaryotic organisms. All organisms use common genetic systems; therefore,
comprehending processes such astranscription and replication in fruit flies helps in
understanding these processes in other eukaryotes, including humans
(Anonymous b, 2010).
Classification of fruit fly is:
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Drosophilidae
Genus: Drosophila ("dew lover")
Species: melanogaster ("dark gut") (Anonymous c, 2010).
 The time from egg to adult is temperature- dependent. The above cycle is for a
temperature range of 21-23 degrees C. The higher the temperature, the faster the
generation time, whereas a lower (to 18 degrees C) temperature causes a longer
generation time. Females can lay up to 100 eggs/day. Virgin females are able to lay
eggs; however they will be sterile and few in number (Anonymous a, 2010).
 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result

No. Day/Date Time Notes

1. Saturday, 29/10/10 12.00 WITA Enter flies

2. Sunday, 30/20/2010 20.00 WITA Egg

3. Monday, 31/10/2010 08.00 WITA Instar Larva I

4. Tuesday, 1/11/2010 04.00 WITA Instar Larva II

5. Tuesday, 1/11/2010 16.00 WITA Instar Larva III

6. Tuesday, 1/11/2010 23.00 WITA PregPupa

7. Wednesday, 06.00 WITA Pupa

2/11/2010

8. Saturday, 5/11/2010 06.00 WITA Imago

Picture Notes:
1. Egg

2. Larva

3. Pupa

4. Imago
B. Discussion

Base on the theory, Drosophila melanogaster need 8 until 11 days for

develop. But we only observe the flies along 5 days. So, we don’t get the
complete develop of this flies. According to the theory the cycle of Drosophila
melanogaster are :

1. Fertilized egg, it is diploid. It hatches within less than 24 hours after is

is laid, the exact time depending on how long it is retained in the reproductive
tract of the female fertilization. For fertilization it’s need right condition , like
for temperature, nutrition and the medium. One male can make a pair to
more than one female fly.

2. Larva, it hatches from the egg burrows into the food medium and feed
actively, typically on yeast. The larva period is a time of active growth and
the larva molts twice, with each successive larva stage or instar being larger
than the one before. The larva crawl from the moist food to a drier the one
before. The larva is formed after + 24 hours after fertilization.

3. Pupa, is formed from the larva skin of the third larva instar as it
becomes thick, hard and dark. Within this pupa the wormlike larva instar
metamorphoses into an adult fly. Differentiation and growth throughout the
period of development are made possible by mitotic cell division.The pupa is
formed after + 72 hours after larva stage.

4. And the last stage is imago which develop to adult flies.

On our experiment we don’t get the four complete stages of flies

development, because the flies is died, so we must get new flies and the time not
enough for their development. Beside that, the concentration of nipagin not
suitable with the yeast, so there are fungi in medium. This is the mistake when
make medium. The different between male flies and female flies is male have
 black button at back part and the body is bigger. The female don’t have black
button on the back part and the body is smaller than male.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

1. The life cycle of Drosohila melanogaster are fertilized egg, larva, pupa and
adult imago.

2. The character of male fly are have bud in the posterior body and the body is
bigger than female. The character of female fly are have white line at
abdomen and the body is smaller than male fiy.

B. Suggestion

1. For assistant, should give explanation more about this practical

2. For laboratory, should give good condition specially for temperature.

3. For practicer, should doing practical more seriously

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