Lecture 1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms
COLEGIO DE MUNTINLUPA
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Introduction
Alternating Waveform – waveforms that alternate between two prescribed
levels in a set time sequence
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO
SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS
Engr. Onofre E. Algara, Jr. Sinusoidal Square Triangular
BS Electrical Engineering (DLSU-D)
MS Electrical Engineering, cand. (Mapua University)
Subject Instructor
Generation Reasons for Generating Energy as Alternating
Sinusoidal Waveform – the fundamental type of alternating current and 1. Alternating current and voltages can be generated at comparative high
alternating voltage, also referred to as a sinusoidal wave or simply sinusoid. values and can be raised or lowered readily by means of static
transformers.
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Lecture 1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms
Reasons for Generating Energy as Alternating Reasons for Generating Energy as Alternating
3. High transmission voltages can be reduced efficiently at the receiving
2. It is more economical to transmit end of the transmission line.
AC energy over considerable
distances by using high transmission 4. It is possible to build AC Generators in large units to run at high
voltages. speeds so that construction and operating costs per kWh are low. Such
alternators are admirably adopted to high speed turbine.
The weight of transmission conductor
varies inversely as the square of the
transmission voltage when the power,
distance and losses are fixed.
Reasons for Generating Energy as Alternating Definition of Terms
5. For constant speed work, the AC Induction Motor is more efficient
than DC Motor and is less in first cost and maintenance because the
induction motor has no commutator.
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Lecture 1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms
Definition of Terms Definition of Terms
• Waveform - a path traced by a quantity, such as the voltage in plotted as a • Peak value - maximum instantaneous value of a function as measured from the
function of some variable such as time, position, degrees, radians, temperature, zero-volt level.
and so on.
• Peak-to-peak value - Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p, the full voltage between positive
• Instantaneous value - magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted and negative peaks of the waveform, that is, the sum of the magnitude of the
by lowercase letters (e1 , e2). positive and negative peaks.
• Peak amplitude - maximum value of a waveform as measured from its average, or • Periodic waveform - waveform that continually repeats itself after the same
mean, value, denoted by uppercase letters (such as Em for sources of voltage and time interval.
Vm for the voltage drop across a load).
Definition of Terms Definition of Terms
• Period (T ) - the time interval between successive repetitions of a periodic
waveform (the period T1 = T2 = T3 ), as long as successive similar points of
the periodic waveform are used in determining T.
• Cycle - the portion of a waveform contained in one period of time.
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Lecture 1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms
Definition of Terms Sample Problem
3. Find the angle through which a sinusoidal waveform of 60 Hz will pass in a period of 5 ms.
The Sine Wave Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform
The sinusoidal waveform is the only alternating waveform whose shape is One way to generate an AC voltage is to
unaffected by the response characteristics of R, L and C elements. rotate a coil of wire at constant
angular velocity in a fixed magnetic
field.
According to Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction, the
magnitude of the resulting voltage is
proportional to the rate at which flux
lines are cut, and its polarity is
dependent on the direction the coil
sides move through the field.
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Lecture 1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms
Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform
Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform
The velocity with which the radius vector rotates about the
center, called the angular velocity (w), can be determined from the
following equation:
Angular velocity = distance (degress or radians)
time (seconds)
where: = angle in radians
t = time in seconds
Coil Voltage versus Angular Position t
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Lecture 1: Introduction to Sinusoidal Waveforms
Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform
Generating a Sinusoidal Waveform Seatwork
1. Answer the following:
a. What is the period of a 50 Hz voltage ?
b. What is the period of a 1 MHz current ?
2. Determine the period and frequency of the waveform of shown below.
3. What is the frequency of the waveform?
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