Solids in water
General size classification of solids in water
Dissolved ( <1 nm)
Colloidal (>1 nm and < 1000 nm)
-Nano ( 1- 100 nm)
Suspended (> 1μm and < 100 μm)
Classification of particles:
Coarse gravel > 2 mm
Coarse sand - 1 to 0.5 mm
Silt – 0.05 to 0 .1 mm
Clay - 0 .01 to 0 .001 mm
Fine clay, algae, fungus - 0.001 to 0.0001 mm
Colloidal clay – finer then 0.0001 mm
Bacteria – 0.001 mm and less
Virus < 20 nm
Sedimentation contd.
• Classification based on the conc. and
characteristics of the S.S
– Type1
• Discrete particles – particles whose
Depth
size, shape, specific gravity do not
change with time
– Type II
• Flocculent particles – particles whose Time
size, shape, specific gravity do change
with time
– Type III
Tend to settle as a blanket with
individual particle remains in same
position with respect to other particles.
– Type IV
Here the particles settle because of the
compression of the structure 2
Types of Sedimentation
0% solids
Type 1 Type -2
zone settling
Compression zone
100 % solids
Discrete Very flocculent
particle particle
1
Stokes equation
• Type 1 settling
f b wV p g
f net ( p w )V p g
f g M p g pV p g
1 4
2
At steady state condition: vp
f d C D Ap w
f d f net 2
4 ( p w )d
vp g
3 CD w
24
CD
Re
Re w vd /
f net ( p w )V p g
v p [ g ( p w )d / 18 ]
1
2
• Re < l (laminar flow)
• Re > 104 (turbulent flow)
In the region of higher Reynolds number
24 3
CD 0.34 Re 2 Re 500 1000
Re Re
C D 0.44 Re 500 1000 Re 200000
Re > 200000 – CD reduces substantially (0.1) and no settling
occurs
where,
CD drag coefficient
Ap = cross-sectional area of the particle (m2)
Vp = volume of the particle (m3)
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Sedimentation tank design – concept
v0 = depth/detention time = Zo/to--------------------------1
vp =Zp/t0------------------------------2
Zo
vp/ v0 =Zp/Zo --------------------3 ф=do
1. All particles with dia ≥ do, such that their
settling velocity equal or exceeds vo, will arrive
or pass the SP in time to
2. All particles with dia dp < do and settling
velocity vp < vo will arrive or pass the SP in
time to, provided its original position was at or
below Zp
3. If the suspension is uniformly mixed, then the ф =dp
fraction of the particle with dia dp and settling Zp
velocity vp will arrive or pass sampling port in
time to will be according to eq.3. Thus, the
removal efficiency of the particle of any size
from the suspension is the ratio of the settling
velocity of that particle to the settling velocity, SP
vo
1 7
1 xo
vi
X 1 xo dx
Mass fraction of particles with settling velocity vt ≤ vo =zo/to
v
0 o
0.75
xo
0.5
x =C1/Co
V1< Z0/t1
dx
0.25
Vo =Z0/to
settling velocity vt =Zo/ti
1 8
1
vt
X 1 xo x
Vo
0.75
Mass fraction of particles remaining ( Ci/C0)
xo
0.54
Δx1
Δx2
dx
0.25
Vo = 25/day
settling velocity ,vt =Zo/ti
1 9
Problems
• Problem: Estimate the terminal settling velocity of a sand particle
with specific gravity 2.65 (assume spherical shape) in water at a
temperature of 25 0C. The average diameter of the particle is 0.05
mm.
• Repeat the above problem for an avg. particle diameter of 0.6 mm.
– μ = 0.00089 Ns/m2
– Ρ = 997 kg/m3
• A wastewater contains sand particles of three sizes: 0.002 mm, o.6
mm, and 60 mm. A settling basin is designed to achieve 100%
removal of 0.6 mm diameter particles. Assume water temperature is
25 oC. How much removal can be achieved for the other particle
size?
• Example 4.2 (P&R): A settling analysis is run on a type 1
suspension. The column is 2 m deep, and data are shown
below. What will be the theoretical removal efficiency in a
settling basin with a loading rate of 25 m3/m2/day
Time, min Conc., mg/L Mass fraction Velocity, vt Δx Δx.Vt
remaining [depth/ti ]
0 300 ? ? ? ?
60 189
80 180
100 168
130 156
200 111
240 78
420 27
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Assignment Problem
• Determine the removal efficiency for a sedimentation basin with a critical
overflow velocity of 2 m3/m2/h in treating a water containing particles whose
settling velocities are distributed as given on table below. Plot the particle
histogram or the influent and effluent wastewater.
Settling velocity Conc., mg/L
0 – 0.5 30
0.5-1 50
1-1.5 90
1.5-2 110
2-2.5 100
2.5-3 70
3-3.5 30
3.5 -4 20
Solution
Settling Avg. settling Fraction of No. of No. No. of
velocity, velocity, m/h particles particles in particles particles in
m/h removed influent removed effluent
water water
0 – 0.5 ? ? 30
0.5-1 50
1-1.5 90
1.5-2 110
2-2.5 100
2.5-3 70
3-3.5 30
3.5 -4 20
Type II settling
• Dilute suspension of colloidal particles
• Velocity is nonlinear – the particle tend to settle during settling
• Stokes equation not applicable
• Difficult to develop a general mathematical expression for determining the
settling velocity
• Practical approach to find settling efficiency – Batch settling Colum analysis
– Height of the column should be = the depth of the proposed tank
– The test duration should be = the proposed detention time
– Settling should take place under quiescent conditions
Type II settling
Sampling ports
100%
Isopercent removal lines
Cij
Z1 Rij 1 100%
Co
Zo
Z2
R1
Z3
R2
150 – 200 mm
%R
Z1
100 R1 Z 2 R1 R2 Z 3 R3 R4 .... Z n1 Rn1 Rn Rn
Z0 Z0 Z0 Z0
Flocculent settling
h1 R1
Δh1
Δh2
Ho = 3m
Δh3
90%
Δh4
depth
R2
80%
Δh5
R3
70%
Δh6
R4
50% 60%
40% R5
30% R6
h8 R8 R7
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t56 t7
h1 R1 R2 h2 R2 R3 h3 R3 R4 h4 R4 R5 h5 R5 R6 h6 R6 R7
%R
H0 2 H0 2 H0 2 H0 2 H0 2 H0 2
hi Ri Ri 1
%R
H0 2
Type II settling – Settling column analysis
SOR = 40 m3/m2/d
Depth, 0, 30 min 60 90 120 150 180
cm min
0.5 250 133 83 50 38 30 23
1.0 250 180 125 93 65 55 43
1.5 250 203 150 118 93 70 58
2.0 250 213 168 135 110 90 70
2.5 250 220 180 145 123 103 80
3.0 250 225 188 155 133 113 95
Sedimentation tank design – Rectangular basin
Horizontal flow
settling zone
Vh Vh
<V0
Outlet zone
Vo
Inlet zone
Z0
Zp Vp
Sludge zone
L
1
WZ O L • Assumptions
t0 V / Q • There is no settling of particles
Q in the inlet and outlet zones
WZ 0 L • Particles settle in the sludge
t0 Z 0 / v0 zone and are not suspended
Q • Plug flow conditions exist
v0 Q / LW
v0 Q / As
Over flow rate – main design factor
Removal efficiency independent of depth of the settling zone
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Sedimentation tank design –Type I settling
• Step 1. Assume a overflow rate - 1-2.5 m/h
• Step 2. Design the basin such that all particles that have a
terminal settling velocity ≥ Vo will be removed
• Detention time = 2 to 4 h
• Typical dimensions ( Long rectangular basin)
– Width = W ( < 12 m)
– Length, L = 2-4 times W ( < 48 m)
– Depth = L/10 to20 (typical values – 2 – 3 m)
• Conditions
– Horizontal velocity <= 36 m/h
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• A WW treatment plant uses rectangular sedimentation tanks for primary
clarification. The average design flow is 14,000 m3/d, with a peaking factor
of 2.5. Two tanks are used. The length, width, and depth are 24 m, 7 m,
and 4 m respectively. Single effluent weir are provide at the outlet zone.
Calculate the surface overflow rate, detention time, and weir loading rates
for the design flow.
• Design a primary clarifiers doe a wastewater treatment plant. The average
flow rate of the wastewater is 32000 m3/d with a BOD of 220 mg/L and SS
conc. Of 250 mg/L. The goal is to remove 60% SS in primary tank.
• Determine the diameter of the clarifier for a surface overflow rate of 40
m3/m2/d
• Determine the detention time and the mass of solids removed in kg/d.
• Problem2 : Design a long rectangular basin for type 1 settling . A
city must treat about 35000 m3/d of water. The batch column
analysis indicate that a overflow rate of 1.5 m3/m2/h will produce
satisfactory removal. Determine the size of the required settling
tank.
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