Background of the study:

The researchers chose Aloe Vera and Calamansi to make it into a hand sanitizer.
Hand sanitizer is a liquid generally used to decrease infectious agents on the hands.
Formulations of the alcohol-based type are preferable to hand washing with soap and
water in most situations in the healthcare setting. It is generally more effective at killing
microorganisms and better tolerated than soap and water. Hand washing should still be
carried out if contamination can be seen or following the use of the toilet.

The general use of non-alcohol based versions has no recommendations.

Outside the health care setting evidence to support the use of hand sanitizer over hand
washing is poor. They are available as liquids, gels, and foams. Hand sanitizer has two
types the alcohol based sanitizer and the alcohol free sanitizer. The use of alcohol base
of hand sanitizer dries skin less, leaving more moisture in the epidermis, than hand
washing with antiseptic/antimicrobial soap and water.

Alcohol base hand sanitizers, and health care hand alcohol or alcohol hand
antiseptic agents, are antiseptic products used to avoid transmission of pathogens.
These exist in liquid, foam, and easy-flowing gel formulations. Alcohol-based versions
typically contain some combination of isopropyl alcohol, ethanol (ethyl alcohol), or n-
propanol. Versions that contain 60 to 95% alcohol are most effective. Care should be
taken as they are flammable. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer works against a variety of
microorganisms but not spores.

Alcohol-based hand sanitizer is more convenient compared to hand washing with

soap and water in most situations in the healthcare setting. Some versions contain
compounds such as glycerol to prevent drying of the skin. Non-alcohol based versions
may contain benzalkonium chloride or triclosan. Alcohol has been used as an antiseptic
at least as early as 1363 with evidence to support its use becoming available in the late
1800s. The alcohol-based version is on the World Health Organization's List of
Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.

Aloe Vera gel is typically used when you get a little too much sun and need some
relief. According to Kim Chang an expert at Baylor College of Medicine, Aloe Vera has
multiple benefits for your skin. It has lots of uses, it contains antioxidants, enzymes,
Vitamins A and C, and it is highly anti-inflammatory. It can help treat burns, acne and
dry skin. Chang added that when it comes to acne, Aloe Vera works best on superficial
surface acne rather than cystic or deeper acne. The enzymes in it can also help
exfoliate the skin to make it smoother, but if you are looking for something stronger I
would recommend using a grainy exfoliator paired with a pure moisturizer.

Aloe Vera is a cactus-like plant known for its healing and medicinal properties.
According to Joel Schlessinger, MD, Omaha-based board-certified dermatologist and
cosmetic surgeon, its stems store water, creating a clear, gel-like substance in the
leaves, which contains vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, and amino acids. The gel from
aloe has been used throughout history to treat a variety of skin conditions, such as
burns, frostbite, psoriasis, and cold sores, research shows. Aloe Vera is rich in vitamin
C and E, keeping your skin young and happy. It is one of the oldest plants known to
provide many amazing benefits for skin, health, weight loss and more.

Calamansi or Calamondin has a number of common names including

Calamandarin, ‘Golden Lime’, ‘Chinese Orange’, ‘Panama Orange’, and ‘Acid Orange’.
Scientifically known as Citrofortunella Microcarpa, this fruit plant from the Rutaceae
family is native to the Philippine Islands and other adjacent areas like southern China,
Taiwan, Borneo, and Sulawesi. Calamansi is basically a citrus hybrid called
‘citrofortunella’, which is known to be a hybrid between kumquat (belonging to the genus
Fortunella) and mandarin (another species of Citrus). The plant is characterized by its
wing-like appendages on the leaf stalks, purplish-white flowers, and small, round lime-
like citrus fruits. The rind of this fruit is spongy in texture, while the pulp is extremely
juicy and divided into multiple sections.

Calamansi is an excellent natural source of antioxidant vitamin C, which is highly

effective in fighting against the free radicals in our body. Being unstable molecules, free
radicals cause oxidative damage by taking a toll on the collagen in our skin. This leads
to the appearance of signs of aging including dryness, wrinkles, fine lines, age spots,
etc. Calamansi slows down the rate of free radical damage and helps the skin to
recover naturally, thereby keeping premature aging at bay as well as preventing the
onset of skin issues in the future. The vitamin C or ascorbic acid present in calamansi
helps in producing the natural collagen protein in the skin.
 CHAPTER I

B. Statement of the problem

The researchers main purpose in conducting this study is to help create a product
which is cheaper and could use the same quality as the one through the use of Aloe
Vera and calamansi. This study is important to the environment, because it helps
people free from germs and makes their hands clean and fresh. There are times when
there is no access to soap and water or not enough time to wash thoroughly. This study
can help the student by expanding ones knowledge it is also very important because the
student’s wants to protect the environment and to help too much multiplication of germs
in which can help avoid infection.

C. Significance of the study

The people who will benefit from the hand sanitizer are students, from pre-school
to college. People who live in condominium units, small and big houses. People who
work on hospitals like doctors, nurses, janitors, and even patients. The Hand Sanitizer
can be significant by helping our hands to be clean and germ free. Instead of using
soap and water, we can use this hand sanitizer in travelling, in school, and in malls.

D. Scope and limitations

The study covers how calamansi and aloe Vera can be used as a hand sanitizer
and to know the health benefits when it is used to be a hand sanitizer. This can be used
as a replacement for hand washing. This study aims to produce an antibacterial hand
sanitizer from calamansi and Aloe Vera pure extract. This product is can be used by
nurses, doctors, teachers, especially by students. The researcher’s chose Aloe Vera
and calamansi because both ingredients have many benefits to our skin. The product
will contain antiseptics (Isopropyl alcohol), Aloe Vera and calamansi pure extract. The
study will take place at the researcher’s houses and Noah’s Academy Inc.
E. Definition of terms

Hand Sanitizer - is what the researchers will make with the calamansi and Aloe Vera

Calamansi pure extract - Calamansi is an excellent natural source of antioxidant vitamin

C, which is highly effective in fighting against the free radicals in our body

Aloe Vera - Aloe Vera is rich in vitamin C, E and beta carotene which gives it its
nourishing and anti-ageing qualities. It can moisturise the skin without making it greasy,
which makes it a great buy for those with oily skin.

Antiseptic (Isopropyl Alcohol) - Isopropyl alcohol is a colourless, flammable chemical

compound with a strong odor. As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, it is the
simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to
two other carbon atoms.
 Chapter II

Calamansi

The researchers are creating a more effective hand sanitizer with ingredients that
are usually found locally. Calamansi is an example of this local ingredient that is needed
for hand sanitizer. Calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa or Citrofortunella mitis) is an
important citrofortunella, meaning that the calamondin is an intergenetic hybrid between
a member of the genus citrus (in this case probably the mandarin orange) and the
kumquat belongs to Fortunella. Calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is a shrub or
small tree growing to 3-6 meters (9.8 – 19.7 ft.). The plant is characterized by wing-like
appendages on the leaf stalks and white or purplish flowers.

The fruit of the calamondin resembles a small, round lime, usually 25-35 mm in
diameter, but sometimes up to 45 mm. The center pulp and juice is the orange color of
a tangerine with a very thin orange peel when ripe. Each fruit contains 8 to 12 seeds.
calamansi extract is composed of ascorbic acid, phosphorus and calcium the extract is
derived from a fruit tree that is native to the Philippines. Today, women in the
Philippines (and around the world) use calamansi extract to improve the beauty and
quality of skin and hair.

The extract may be found in skin lotions, such as body lotions or cold creams, or
added to shampoos and conditioners. Many women in the Philippines find the extract of
calamansi an important element of staying youthful looking and growing long, shiny hair
that is both strong and glossy. Soaps containing calamansi extracts may also feature
fruit extracts with built in AHA`s, such as papaya extract. The combination of calamansi
and other fruit acids are believed to help the skin shed dead skin cells and reveal a
smoother, rosier and less wrinkled surface. Soaps made with calamansi may be
designed for use on the body, or especially for the facial area. Sometimes, these soaps
will be used alongside toners and moisturizers that also contain calamansi.

Shampoos, conditioners and hair products containing calamansi may be used to

clean condition and groom the hair. These products will use small percentages of
calamansi extract, alongside larger concentrations of typical shampoo, hair conditioner
and hair product ingredients, such as Aloe Vera extract and mild detergents. Lotions
containing calamansi may be applied to the face and body in the morning and at night.
Twice daily application of these ingredients allows for smoother skin, due to the acidic
nature of calamansi, which helps to overturn dead skin cells. Sometimes, extra
sunscreen with [Link] protection should be used, to counteract the extra sensitivity
of the complexion after exposure to fruit acids, such as calamansi.
 This Filipino beauty secret is found in the splendid tropical regions of the
Southeast Asian island; Calamansi trees grow in abundance, offering Filipino men and
women easy access to this healthful extract. The Calamansi plant in the Philippines is
as ubiquitous as the calamansi plant is common. The calamansi plant is often used to
season dishes, preserve food, remove stains in clothing, deodorize and whiten the skin,
and of course, make into juice. A prevalent ingredient found in most local commercial
products. The calamansi plant is definitive and preferred in daily cleansing supplies.
Ironically, what is not as common and certainly not ubiquitous is the calamansi
(Citrofortunella microcarpa) Essential oil.

A popular seasoning to many Filipino foods, Calamansi is a familiar sight at

Philippine kitchens and homes, and has evolved to a hundred uses in a household. The
calamansi can be used as a bleaching agent on laundry, a skin whitener, deodorizer,
follicle and hair growth stimulator and many more. The essential oil comes from the rind
of the calamansi which are extracted either by centrifuge or steam distillation. The scent
of calamansi has been proven to help alleviate depression and anxiety. The Calamansi
is also among the few aromatics that not just masks bad smell, but completely
neutralizes them, making the essential oil a great additive to cleansing products.

The fruit is used in local recipes in northern Indonesia, especially around the
north Sulawesi region. Fish are spritzed with the juice prior to cooking to eliminate the
“fishy” smell. Kuah asang (“sour soup”) is a regional clear fish broth made with
calamondin juice. In Florida, the fruit is used in its fully ripe form with a more mature
flavor profile than the unripe version. Tasters note elements of apricot, tangerine,
lemon, pineapple and guava. The peel is so thin, each fruit must be hand snipped from
the tree to avoid tearing. The entire fruit minus the stems and seeds can be used. The
Fruit is hand processed and pureed or juiced and used in various products such as
Calamondin cake, coulis and jam.

The peels can be dehydrated and used as gourmet flavoring with salt and sugar.
The fruit was popular with Floridian home bakers in cake form from the 1920’s to
1950’s. Once women joined the workforce, the labor-intensive nature of processing the
fruit caused the fruit’s diminished use. Now that commercially made products and fruit
are available, the fruit is experiencing resurgence. Floridians who have a Calamondin in
the yard often use the juice in a summer variation of lemonade or limeade, as
mentioned above, and, left a bit sour, lemonade cuts thirst with the distinctive
calamondin flavor. Also Calamondin can be used on fish and seafood, or wherever any
other sour citrus would be used.
Aloe Vera

Aloe Vera is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. An evergreen perennial,
it originates from the Arabian Peninsula, but grows wild in tropical, semi-tropical, and
arid climates around the world. It is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses. The
species is also used for decorative purposes and grows successfully indoors as a
potted plant. It is found in many consumer products including beverages, skin lotion,
cosmetics, or ointments for minor burns and sunburns. There is little clinical evidence
for the effectiveness or safety of Aloe Vera extract as a cosmetic or medicine.

Aloe Vera is a stem less or very short-stemmed plant growing to 60–100 cm (24–
39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green,
with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem surfaces. The
margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. The flowers are produced in
summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower being pendulous, with a yellow
tubular corolla 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long. Like other Aloe species, Aloe Vera forms
arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral
nutrients in soil. Aloe Vera leaves contain phytochemicals under study for possible
bioactivity, such as acetylated mannans, polymannans, anthraquinone C-glycosides,
anthrones, and other anthraquinones, such as emodin and various lectins.

Although there is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe

Vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes, the cosmetics and alternative
medicine industries regularly make claims regarding the soothing, moisturizing, and
healing properties of Aloe Vera. There is no good evidence Aloe Vera is of use in
treating wounds or burns, nor that topical application is effective for treating genital
herpes or psoriasis. A 2014 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence for using Aloe
Vera topically to treat or prevent phlebitis caused by intravenous infusion. Aloe Vera gel
is used commercially as an ingredient in yogurts, beverages, and some desserts, but at
certain high doses, its toxic properties could be severe when taken orally.

Aloe Vera is a short shrub that is known widely for its medicinal properties. The
other common names of aloe are lily of the desert, burn plant and elephant’s gall. It
belongs to the family of succulent plants in the genus ‘Aloe’. It grows best in warm and
dry climates and is densely found in India, Africa, and other arid zones. Some varieties
of this plant have white flecks on the upper and lower portions of the stem surfaces. The
margin of the leaves is like saw-tooth and the flowers bloom during the summer. This
plant can be easily grown both, indoors and outdoors.
 Aloe Vera is a nutrient-powerhouse. It contains about 75 active ingredients like
minerals, sugars, vitamins, enzymes, salicylic acids, and also amino acids. In terms of
vitamins, aloe contains vitamins A, C, E, and B12. Moreover, it is also rich in folic acid
and choline. The mineral wealth in aloe contains calcium, potassium, zinc, chromium,
copper, selenium, magnesium, manganese, and sodium. It also contains glucose and
fructose. Aloe is also a residence to some incredibly amazing phenolic compounds like
anthraquinones.

The adaptogenic properties of Aloe Vera are beneficial for proper digestion. It
ensures better nutrient absorption and also eliminates harmful elements through smooth
excretion. A healthy digestive process positively affects your thoughts and actions, thus
promoting overall health. Aloe Vera has compounds called polysaccharides that have
the ability to cure a host of digestive disorders and ulcers. Ulcers are one of the most
prominent consequences of digestive problems that are effectively cured by this plant
extract. Many studies have proven that it counteracts issues like Crohn’s disease, peptic
ulcers, and other digestive tract disorders. If you suffer from ulcers and consume aloe
Vera extract for at least 3 – 4 weeks, you will surely notice positive results.

A 2008 study suggests that Aloe Vera has antiviral and antitumor properties that
help to stimulate the immune system. It helps to protect you from various diseases like
herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, and even influenza. Beverages made with aloe Vera
juice possess natural detoxifying properties that effectively cleanse the digestive system
and the circulatory system. As the absorption level of nutrients accelerates, it results in
better blood circulation and also improves health. When the blood is oxygen-rich, it
automatically provides nutrients within the cells more proficiently. These healthy cells
ensure your body’s ability to ward off infections, thereby strengthening your immune
system. It has the capability to neutralize harmful bacteria and its rejuvenating
properties work within your body to keep it fresh and active throughout the day.

Aloe has been used for skin care since ancient times for its moisturizing and
antiaging effect. The inner gel extracted from the aloe leaf is considered as a natural
remedy for skin abrasions. Many skincare and personal care products, toiletries, and
cosmetics include aloe extracts. In fact, if you have its plant at home, simply tear a small
part of the leaf, take the gel and apply it in the raw form on your face; after doing a
patch test. Most people prefer drinking its juice, which also enhances skin health, as the
properties of the plant work internally. The Journal of Dermatological Treatment says
that the topical application of aloe gel combined with tretinoin is extremely useful in
treating acne. Another study has also highlighted the ability to use Aloe Vera topically to
treat sunburn. Aloe Vera has been a primary component of many skin products that
help in retaining youthfulness. The added support of aloe in any skin cream enhances
its function as a wrinkle fader and skin rejuvenator. The anti-aging properties of aloe
keep your skin fresh and supple.
Hand Sanitizer

Hand sanitizer, also called hand antiseptic, hand rub, or hand rub, agent applied
to the hands for the purpose of removing common pathogens (disease-causing
organisms). Hand sanitizers typically come in foam, gel, or liquid form. Their use is
recommended when soap and water are not available for hand washing or when
repeated hand washing compromises the natural skin barrier (e.g., causing scaling or
fissures to develop in the skin). Although the effectiveness of hand sanitizer is variable,
it is employed as a simple means of infection control in a wide variety of settings, from
day-care centres and schools to hospitals and health care clinics and from
supermarkets to cruise ships.

Depending on the active ingredient used, hand sanitizers can be classified as one
of two types: alcohol-based or alcohol-free. Alcohol-based products typically contain
between 60 and 95 percent alcohol, usually in the form of ethanol, isopropanol, or n-
propanol. At those concentrations, alcohol immediately denatures proteins, effectively
neutralizing certain types of microorganisms. Alcohol-free products are generally based
on disinfectants, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), or on antimicrobial agents, such
as triclosan. The activity of disinfectants and antimicrobial agents is both immediate and
persistent. Many hand sanitizers also contain emollients (e.g., glycerin) that soothe the
skin, thickening agents, and fragrance.

The effectiveness of hand sanitizer depends on multiple factors, including the

manner in which the product is applied (e.g., quantity used, duration of exposure,
frequency of use) and whether the specific infectious agents present on the person’s
hands are susceptible to the active ingredient in the product. In general, alcohol-based
hand sanitizers, if rubbed thoroughly over finger and hand surfaces for a period of 30
seconds, followed by complete air-drying, can effectively reduce populations of bacteria,
fungi, and some enveloped viruses (e.g., influenza A viruses). Similar effects have been
reported for certain alcohol-free formulations, such as SAB (surfactant, allantoin, and
BAC) hand sanitizer. Most hand sanitizers, however, are relatively ineffective against
bacterial spores, non-enveloped viruses (e.g., norovirus), and encysted parasites (e.g.,
Giardia). They also do not fully cleanse or sanitize the skin when hands are noticeably
soiled prior to application.

Despite the variability in effectiveness, hand sanitizers can help control the
transmission of infectious diseases, especially in settings where compliance with hand
washing is poor. For example, among children in elementary schools, the incorporation
of either an alcohol-based or an alcohol-free hand sanitizer into classroom hand-
hygiene programs has been associated with reductions in absenteeism related to
infectious illness. Likewise, in the workplace, the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer
has been associated with reductions in illness episodes and sick days. In hospitals and
health care clinics, increased access to alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been linked to
overall improvements in hand hygiene.

Agencies such as the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention promote the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers over
alcohol-free products. Indeed, the use of alcohol-free products has remained limited, in
part because of WHO’s and CDC’s focus on alcohol-based products but also because
of concerns about the safety of chemicals used in alcohol-free products. Research has
indicated that certain antimicrobial compounds, such as triclosan, for example, may
interfere with the function of the endocrine system. Environmental contamination from
triclosan is another concern. Disinfectants and antimicrobials also can potentially
contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. In 2014, mounting concerns
over triclosan led authorities in the European Union (EU) to restrict the chemical’s use in
various consumer products in the EU.

Hand sanitizers have a form of alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol, as an active

ingredient. It works as an antiseptic. Other ingredients may include water, fragrance,
and glycerin. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are clearly a very useful and important
method to prevent most bacterial and viral infections, with rare exceptions. A typical,
store-bought hand sanitizer contains the active ingredients isopropanol or ethanol;
these are both forms of alcohol. These types of alcohol have the ability to kill many
germs on contact, without damaging the skin’s tissue. Isopropanol and ethanol kill
germs by dissolving their constituent proteins, causing the germs to die.

Hand sanitizers have a number of benefits, such as significant reduction of

bacteria on the hands, increased convenience, quick-acting, can cause less irritation
than soap and may improve the skin’s condition. Using a hand sanitizer can protect your
health and help prevent the spread of bacteria. The invention of hand sanitizer was from
Lupe Hernandez of Bakersfield, California. In 1996 Lupe Hernandez called an invention
hotline off of the TV, and ordered a package for an idea that Lupe had on how Lupe
would create system in hospitals, to where all sinks would have an alcohol solutions, at
the bottom of the sink connected to the pipe, outgoing water reaching the hands with
cleaning solution and a sanitizer gel making the system easier for hospital staff and
quicker to get patients. This idea came to mind because Lupe was attending school to
become a RN.