POLLUTION

MODULE III
MODULE 3
• Environmental pollution Definition-Causes, effects and control
measures of Air pollution- Water pollution –soil pollution-Marine
pollution-Noise pollution-Thermal pollution-Nuclear hazards-Solid
waste management: Causes, effects and control measures of urban
and industrial wastes-Role of an individual in prevention of pollution.
Pollution case studies-Disaster management: floods , earth quake,
cyclone and landslides- Environmental impact assessment
DEFINITION
• Pollution is the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have
harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings
• Pollutants include solid, liquid and gaseous substances present in greater than
usual abundance, produce due to human activity, which have a detrimental effect
on our environment
• The nature and concentration of a pollutant determine the severity of its
detrimental effects on human health
• From an ecological perspective
pollutants can be classified as following

• Degradable or non persistent pollutants

• Can be rapidly broken down by natural processes
• Eg domestic sewage, discarded vegetables

• Slowly degradable or persistent pollution

• Pollutants that remain in the environment for many years
in an unchanged condition and take decades or longer to
degrade
• eg. DDT, plastic

• Non degradable pollutants

• Cannot be degraded by natural processes
• Once they are released into the environment they are
difficult to eradicate and continue to accumulate
• Toxic elements like lead or mercury, nuclear waste
Causes, effects and control measures of pollution

• Types of pollution

• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Soil pollution
• Marine pollution
• Noise pollution
• Thermal pollution
• Nuclear hazards
1.1 Air pollution
• The history of air pollution
• Origin can be traced back to the time when man
started to using firewood as a means of cooking
and heating
• Air pollution became a serious problem in
London during the industrial revolution – Smoke
pollution – due to excessive use of coal in
the industries.
• King Edward I made first anti pollution law to
restrict people from using coal for domestic
heating in the year 1273
• Earlier recorded major disaster was the London
smog that occurred in 1952, resulted in more
than 4000 deaths due to the accumulation of air
pollutants over the city for five days
• Began in 20th C with the development of
transportation system and large scale use of
petrol and diesel
• Air pollution act in India was passed in 1981 and the motor vehicle
act for controlling air pollution was passed 1988
• The greatest industrial disaster leading to serious air pollution took
place in Bhopal
• Methyl isocyanide gas was accidentally released from the Union
Carbides pesticide manufacturing plant, on the night of December 2nd
1984
Structure of the Atmosphere
• Atmosphere is the life blanket of Earth.
• It is therefore essential that we know more about the atmosphere
and the ways in which it is Polluted.
• Air is considered safe when it contains no harmful dust and gases.
Types and source of air pollution
• Air pollution
• Occurs due to the presence of undesirable solid or gaseous particles in the air, in
quantities that are harmful to human health and the environment
• The air may become polluted by natural causes such as volcanoes, which release
ash, dust, sulphur and other gases or by forest fires that are occasionally naturally
caused by lightning.
• Naturally occurring pollutants tend to remain in the atmosphere for a short time
and do not lead to permanent atmospheric change
CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS

1. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS

2. POLLUTANTS FROM STATIONARY AND MOBILE SOURCES
3. NATURAL AND MAN MADE POLLUTANTS
4. OTHER POLLUTANTS
Types of pollutants
• Primary pollutants
• Pollutants emitted directly from identifiable sources are produced both by natural
events and human activities
• There are five primary pollutants that together contribute to about 90% of the
global air pollution-Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, volatile
organic compounds and suspended particles
• Secondary pollutants
• Produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place among
the primary pollutants
• Eg sulphuric acid, nitric acid
 2. POLLUTANTS FROM STATIONARY AND MOBILE SOURCES
• Pollutants from stationary sources are all those [Link] moving objects.
point sources,such as chimneys and stacks of
• Sources- automobiles
industries.
• Also include air crafts,heavy duty
• Sources-power plants and petroleum refineries vehicles,railyards,ports
• Pollutants are also released from area sources,
such as domestic chimneys, apartments and
institutions.

3. NATURAL AND MAN MADE/ARTIFICIAL POLLUTANTS

• Natural sources of pollution are those that are caused Artificial sources are those which are created by man.
due to natural phenomena. Ex: Thermal power plants, Vehicular emissions, Fossil fuel
• Natural emissions vary from one place depending on burning, agricultural activities etc.
seasonal,geological and meterological conditions
• Ex: Volcanic eruptions, Forest fires, Biological decay,
Pollen grains, Marshes, Radioactive materials.
 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
• EFFECT ON ATMOSPHERE
• Impairment of atmospheric visibility
• Reduction in solar radiation
• Affect fog formation and rain
• Global warming due to greenhouse effect
• CFC disrupt ozone layer –increased chance of skin cancer,crop reduction
• Rainfall may increase up to 15%
• Acid rain may destroy crops,forests ,lakes.
• Development of heat around metropolitan cities
Effects of air pollution on human beings
Air pollution –direct contributor to fast aging and human health
 SOURCES AND COMMON EFFECTS OF
COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS

•
Carbonmonoxide: It is a colourless,
odourless gas that is poisonous
• formed by incomplete combustion of
carbon containing fuels.

Source of carbonmonoxide incomplete

combustion of fossil fuels (more than 77%
comes from motor vehicle exhaust)
•
Health effects include reduced ability of
red blood cells to carry oxygen to body cells
and tissues. This leads to headache and
anemia. At high levels it causes coma,
irreversible brain damage and death.
• Nitrogen Dioxide: photochemical smog.
• In the atmosphere, it gets converted into nitric acid (HNO3).
• It is caused by burning fossil fuels in industries and power plants.
Health effects include lung irritation and damage.
• Environmental effects involve acid deposition leading to damage of trees, lakes, soil and ancient monuments.
NO2 can damage fabrics.

• Sulphur Dioxide: It is a colourless and irritating gas that is formed by combustion of sulphur containing fossil fuels
such as coal and oil. In the atmosphere it is converted into Sulphuric acid which is a major component of acid
deposition.
Health effects involve breathing problems for healthy people.
Environmental effects involve reduced visibility and acid deposition on trees, lakes, soils and monuments leading
to their deterioration and adverse effect on aquatic life.
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM): Includes a variety of particles and droplets (aerosols) that can be
suspended in atmosphere for short to long periods.
Human sources for SPM include burning coal in power and industrial units, burning diesel and other fuels in
vehicles, agriculture, unpaved roads, construction, etc.
Health effects include nose and throat irritation, ling damage, bronchitis, asthama, reproductive problems and
cancer.
Environmental Effects include reduced visibility and acid deposition. Acid deposition may lead to damaged trees,
soils and aquatic life in lakes.
Ozone is a highly reactive gas with an unpleasant odour occurring in the stratosphere where it protects mankind
fro the harmful ultra-violet rays from the Sun. However on earth, it is a pollutant.
It occurs on earth due to reaction between Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Nitrogen Oxides. It
moderates the climate
•
• Photochemical smog is a browinsh smoke that frequently forms on clear, sunny days over large cities with
significant amounts of automobile traffic.
• It is mainly due to chemical reactions among nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight.
Health effects include breathing problems, cough, eye, nose and throat irritation, heart diseases, reduced
resistance to colds and pneumonia.
Environmental effects involve damage to plants and trees. Additionally, Smog reduces visibility.
Lead is a solid and highly toxic metal. Its compounds are emitted into the atmosphere as particulate matter.
Human Sources: Paint, Smelters (metal refineries), lead manufacture, storage batteries, leaded petrol, etc
Health effects: Lead accumulates in the body and brain leading to nervous system damage and mental
retardation (especially in children), digestive and other health problems. Lead containing chemicals are
known to cause cancer in test animals.
Environmental Effects: It can harm wildlife.

Hydrocarbons Lower haydrocarbons accumulate due to decay of vegetable matter.

Human effects: They are carcinogenic
CASE STUDY
BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY
• On December 3 1984, more than 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas
leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, immediately killing at
least 3,800 people and causing significant morbidity and premature
death for many thousands more
So, what made this gas so deadly?
• Environmental and Physical Effects
• Officially, most of the victims of the Bhopal tragedy died from suffocation. The gas was so heavy and thick that it
filled their lungs, essentially drowning them. However, methyl isocyanate also reacts strongly with organic tissues,
and many victims suffered severe chemical burns to eyes and skin.
• Unfortunately, the impacts were not limited to just that night. Researchers estimate that 500,000 to 600,000
people were impacted by the chemical gas, most of whom suffered long-term illnesses. Few studies have been
done on the effects of methyl isocyanate, but researchers suggest that this chemical can lead to numerous chronic
diseases as well as higher rates of spontaneous abortion and birth defects. It's worth noting that the rates of
stillborn babies in the region rose by 300% following the disaster, and the rates of neonatal mortality rose by 200%.
• Apart from the human toll, the environmental impacts of the disaster. Over 2,000 animals were killed by the gas
that night, most of them livestock that people relied on for food.
• The heavy gas was absorbed into local rivers, making the water undrinkable and poisoning the fish. Many crops
were also deemed unsafe for human consumption, and the entire region went into crisis due to food shortage.
• Even worse, the site was never properly cleaned by either Union Carbide or the Indian government. Researchers
estimate that more than 400 tons of poisonous chemicals are still buried there, leaking into groundwater and soils.
• In 2004, the Indian Supreme Court ordered Madhya Pradesh to provide clean drinking WATER TO BHOPAL.
 CONTROL MEASURES
Source control:
• Using unleaded petrol
• Using fuels with low sulphur and ash content
• Encouraging people to use public transport, walk or use a cycle as opposed to private vehicles
• Plant trees along busy streets as they remove particulates, carbon dioxide and absorb noise
• Industries and waste disposal sites should be situated outside the city

• Control measures in industrial centers

• Emission rates should be restricted to permissible levels by each and every industry
• Incorporation of air pollution control equipment in design of plant layout must be made
mandatory
• Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere for pollutants should be carried out to know the
emission levels.
WATER POLLUTION
DEFINITION
Addition of any material or energy sources to
water in such concentration and for such
duration that man, animal or any other
organisms cannot enjoy the beneficial
qualities of water, is called water pollution.

Change in the chemical, physical, biological

and radiological quality of water that is
injurious to its existing, intentended or
potential uses also is called water pollution.
CLASSIFICATION
Water pollution can be classified into three categories.
• Physical pollution
• Chemical pollution
• Biological pollution

Physical pollution
Colour, odour, density, taste, turbidity and thermal properties are the physical parameters which causes water
pollution.

[Link] Parameter Causative entities/situations

1 Colour Iron, organic and inorganic dyes, tannin

2 Turbidity Colloidal matter, iron, manganese, lead, cobalt, bismuth

3 Taste Industrial effluents, containing phenols, iron, chlorine

4 Odour Chemicals H2S, Cl, phenols, esters

5 Microorganisms Algae, protozoa

6 Thermal pollutions Discharge from power plants

Chemical pollution
Pollution due to chemical parameters.
These include the amount of carbonates, sulphates, chlorides, fluorides,
nitrates, and metal ions.
[Link] Parameter Causative entities/situations

1 Alkalinity Textile miller, chloralkali units

2 pH All industrial operations

3 DO content Biodegradable organics

4 BOD All oxygen demanding substances

5 Nutrients Fertilizer wastes, feedlot sewage

6 Pesticides Pesticide factory effluents, agriculture

7 Heavy metal Heavy metal industrial units

8 Toxic substances Factories manufacturing these

Biological pollution
Pollution due to biological parameters.
The biological parameters include matter like algae, fungi, viruses, protozoa
and bacteria.
The sources of water pollution are generally divided into two classes.
• Point source
• Non-point source

Point sources of pollution

When a source of pollution can be readily identified because it has a definite source and place where it enters the
water it is said to come from a point source.
Eg. Municipal and Industrial Discharge Pipes, power plants, sewage treatment plants etc.

Non-point source
When a source of pollution cannot be readily identified, such as agricultural runoff, acid rain etc, they are said to be
non-point sources of pollution.
CLASSIFICATION OF WATER POLLUTANTS

[Link] Pollutant Typical examples Sources

1 Oxygen demanding Animal manure, plant residues, organic Domestic houses, agricultural runoff, food processing, paper mills
wastes wastes, sewage

2 Organic compounds Pesticides, detergent, oil, plastics, Industrial, household, farm yard
gasoline

3 Inorganic chemicals Acids, alkalis, salts, metals Industrial, surface runoff, household

4 Disease carrying agents Bacteria, protozoa, viruses and parasites Human excreta, animal feed lots

5 Plant nutrients Nitrates, phosphates, ammonium salts Discharge from fertilizer factories, sewage, manure from farm lands

6 Sediments Soil, silt Runoff

7 Thermal discharges Heated water Power plants, industrial cooling towers

8 Oil and grease Oil, grease Domestic water

9 Radio active material Uranium, thorium, iodine, radon Mixing and processing of ores, power plants
OXYGEN-DEMANDING WASTES ORGANIC COMPOUNDS INORGANIC CHEMICALS

Examples: Organic waste such as Examples: Oil, gasoline, plastics, Examples: Water-soluble
animal manure and plant debris pesticides, cleaning solvents, detergents 1) acids,
that can be decomposed by 2) compounds of toxic metals such as
Major Human Sources: Industrial
aerobic (oxygen-requiring) bacteria effluents, household cleansers, surface lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and
runoff from farms and yards selenium (Se)
Major Human Sources: Sewage, 3) salts such as sodium chloride
animal feedlots, paper mills, and Harmful Effects: (NaCl) in ocean water and fluorides
food processing facilities (1) threaten human health by causing (F–) found in some soils
nervous system damage (some
Harmful Effects: Large populations pesticides), reproductive disorders Major Human Sources: Surface runoff,
of bacteria decomposing these (some solvents), and some cancers industrial effluents, and household
(gasoline, oil, and some solvents)
wastes can degrade water quality (2) harm fish and wildlife. cleansers
by depleting water of dissolved
oxygen. This causes fish and other Harmful Effects:
forms of oxygen-consuming (1) make fresh water unusable for
aquatic life to die. drinking or irrigation
(2) cause skin cancers and crippling
spinal and neck damage (F–),
(3) damage the nervous system, liver,
DISEASE CARRYING AGENTS and kidneys (Pb and As,
(4) harm fish and other aquatic life
Examples: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms (5) lower crop yieldsaccelerate
Major Human Sources: Human and animal wastes corrosion of metals exposed to
Harmful Effects: Disease such water.
PLANT NUTRIENTS SEDIMENT THERMAL DISCHARGES

Examples: Water-soluble compounds Examples: Soil, silt Examples: Excessive heat

containing nitrate (NO3 –), phosphate Major Human Sources: Land
erosion Major Human Sources: Water cooling of
(PO43–), and ammonium (NH4+) ions Harmful Effects: electric power plants and some types of
(1) cloud water and reduce industrial plants. Almost half of all water
Major Human Sources: Sewage, manure, photosynthesis, withdrawn in the United States each year is
and runoff of agricultural and urban (2) disrupt aquatic food for cooling electric power plants.
fertilizers webs
(3) carry pesticides, bacteria, Harmful Effects: Lowers dissolved oxygen
Harmful Effects: Can cause excessive growth and other harmful levels and makes aquatic organisms more
of algae and other aquatic plants, which substances vulnerable to disease, parasites, and toxic
(4) settle out and destroy chemicals. When a power plant first opens or
die, decay, deplete water of dissolved feeding and spawning shuts down for repair, fish and other
oxygen, and kill fish. Drinking water with grounds of fish organisms adapted to a particular
excessive levels of nitrates lowers the (5) clog and fill lakes, temperature range can be killed by the abrupt
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and artificial reservoirs, change in water temperature—known as
can kill unborn children and infants stream channels, and thermal shock.
(“bluebaby syndrome”). harbors.

OIL AND GREASE RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

Examples: Radioactive isotopes of iodine, radon, uranium, cesium, and
Major Human Sources: Offshore wells, thorium
tankers, pipelines and storage tanks Major Human Sources: Nuclear and coal-burning power plants, mining and
processing of uranium and other ores, nuclear weapons production, natural
Harmful Effects: Death of organisms, loss of sources
animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering Harmful Effects: Genetic mutations, miscarriages, birth defects, and certain
cancers
OXYGEN DEMANDING WASTES
• Dissolved Oxygen is essential for sustaining the fauna and flora in any aquatic system.
• The process which effects the DO content in the water, are reaeration, photosynthesis, respiration and
oxidation of wastes.
• Oxygen is added to water by reaeration and photosynthesis.
• Oxygen is removed from water by respiration and oxidation of wastes.
• When the oxygen demanding wastes enters an aquatic system, dissolved oxygen is consumed in
stabilization of organic matter by microorganisms. Hence the organic substances can be said to exert a
demand on the availability of dissolved oxygen. The greater the quantity of oxygen is required for the
break down of substances, the greater will be the deoxygenation occuring in the aquatic system. When
the oxygen demand exceeds the available oxygen, the pollution is said to have taken place.
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand -
amount of dissolved oxygen
consumed by aquatic
microorganisms. Used as a test
for organic waste contamination.
• Dissolved Oxygen Content -
measure of dissolved oxygen in
the water.
• Effects of oxygen-demanding
wastes on rivers depend on
volume, flow, and temperature
of river water.
• Oxygen Sag - oxygen levels
decline downstream from a
pollution source as decomposers
metabolize waste materials
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Pesticides, synthetic organic chemicals and detergents.
These organic compounds are not biodegradable and may persist for longer periods.
Most of the synthetic organic compounds are cumulative poisons and undergo biomagnification.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons like DDT, dieldrin and aldrin are hazardous due to their entry in food chain.

Bioaccumulation is the “build-up of chemicals in living

organisms”. The chemical accumulates because it does not break
down easily (decomposers can’t break them down).

Biomagnification is the process where chemicals accumulate

and become more concentrated at each trophic level of the
food chain.
• Due to biomagnification, fish and predatory birds are very
susceptible to absorb chlorinated hydrcarbons.
• Dieldrin affects the calcium metabolism in predatory birds,
this has resulted in thinning of their egg shells.
• Man stands at the apex of the food chain, when he
accumulates the largest quantity of these pesticides.
Country Concentration (ppm)

India 6

Israel 8.5

Hungary 5.7

Czechoslovakia 5.5

USA 5.3

France 1.7

Canada 1.6

Average DDT Levels in Man

INORGANIC CHEMICALS

• Inorganic chemicals are inorganic salts, mineral acids, finely divided metals and metallic compounds.
• They enter the water bodies from industries and acid mine runoff.
• They are also present in sewage and are capable of killing living organisms in the water bodies.

• Acid mine drainage can originate from the mining,stacking and processing of Sulphur bearing ores containing
lead, zinc and copper.
• Alkalies discharged by industries can also destroy aquatic life.
• Water salinity is another pollutant in surface water. They originate from industrial effluents, irrigation water,
salt brines from mines or oil wells and ocean salt.

Toxic substances
Many metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel are highly toxic.

• Cadmium originates in waste streams from pigment works, textile units electroplating and chemical plants.
• itai-itai disease in Japan was caused due to the transport of water containing cadmium particulates to the
irrigation field.
• 0.01 mg/l - retard growth of aquatic plants
• 0.1 mg/l – can be lethal to both oysters and aquatic plants
• It combines with other metals like copper and zinc to increase it toxicity.
• The permissible level of cadmium in drinking water supplies is 0.01 mg/l.
• Chromium is found in hexavalent and trivalent forms
• Hexavalent chromium is present in the waste waters of plating operations, aluminium anodizing, paint and dye
operations.
• Trivalent chromium is present in waste waters originating from textile dyeing, ceramic industry, glass industry.
• For domestic water supplies, chromium in the hexavalent form should not exceed 0.05 mg/l.
• Many plant species are adversely affected by chromium concentration of 5 mg/l.

• Lead originates from various industrial and mining effluents.

• It is present in industrial effluents emerging from battery manufacturing, printing , painting and dyeing units.
• Lead is toxic to aquatic organisms, but its effects are less pronounces than those of cadmium and mercury.
• Lead is a cumulative poison and concentrates primarily on the bones.
• The permissible limit of lead concentration in drinking water supplies is 0.05 mg/l.

• Mercury gets entry into natural waters from industries manufacturing paint, paper, chlorine, caustic soda, fertilizers
and pesticides.
• Mercury is the most toxic aquatic pollutant because of its rapid methylation in the aquatic enviornments and its
transfer to man through food chains.
• The recommended concentration of mercury in drinking water is 0.002 mg/l.
• The oxygen producing capacity of phytoplankton seems to be inhibited at mercury levels as low as 0.001 mg/l.
• Minamata disease caused by mercury pollution.
• Silver in waste waters are from electroplating and photographic industries.
• Marine animals are tolerant to silver.
• Fish and lower organisms are susceptible to silver poisoning at silver concentrations of 0.0004 to 0.4 mg/l.
• It is a cumulative poison.
• Allowable limit of silver in drinking water has been fixed at 0.05 mg/l.

DISEASE CAUSING AGENTS

• Water is a potential carrier of pathogenic organisms.
• These pathogens are brought into the water bodies by sewage and wastes from farms and various industries,
specially tanning and meat packaging industries.
• Pathogens present in polluted water are responsible for causing cholera, typhoid, amoebia dysentery and
gastroenteritis.
• Viruses are also present in water and are responsible for polio, infectious hepatitis, and coxsackie fever.
• Water contains some animal parasites such as roundworm and the tapeworm.
• The coliform group of bacteria is considered reliable indicators of the hygienic quality of water.
• [Link], belonging to the coliform group, is a harmless bacteria and found in large numbers in human feces.
PLANT NUTRIENTS

• Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential elements required for the healthy growth of plants and animals.
• Small amounts of nitrates and phosphates occur in all aquatic systems and these are sufficient to
maintain a balance biological growth.
• These compounds may enter the water bodies directly through the wastewaters from fertilizer factories,
textile industries and tanneries.
• When large concentration of nutrients are present in water bodies, an excess growth of algae, known as
an algal bloom, appears.
• This produces an unsightly green slime layer over the surface of the water body and this phenomenon is
called eutrophication.
• When algae die anaerobic conditions are created by rotting algae. The powerful toxins produced by the
anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum kills birds feeding on the algae.
• High concentration of nitrate in drinking water enters the blood stream and it becomes attached to
haemoglobin, forming a complex known as methaemoglobin.
• The oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced producing a condition called
methaemoglobinanemia or the blue baby disease.
EUTROPHICATION
SEDIMENTS
• Soil, sand and mineral particulates washed into the aquatic environment by storms and flood waters end
up as sediments.
• Large deposits of sewage sludge, pulverized coal ash and various industrial solids are disposed off into
rivers and marine waters.
• The sediments can effect pumping machinery and turbines.
• They increase turbidity and reduce the sunlight required for photosynthesis. They cause death of fish.

THERMAL DISCHARGE
• Raising or lowering water temperatures from normal levels can adversely affect water quality and
aquatic life.
• Oxygen solubility in water decreases as temperatures increase.
• Species requiring high oxygen levels are adversely affected by warming water.
• Humans cause warming by discharging heated water from power plants and other industries.
OIL AND GREASE
• Oil and grease enter rivers and other water bodies from
several sources such as oil refineries, automobiles garages
and petrochemical plants.
• Oil is insoluble in water. It floats and spreads rapidly into a
thin layer.
• These are responsible for death of organisms, loss of
animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering.
• It prevent the oxygen transfer from atmosphere to water.
Leads to very low DO levels in water.

RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
• Examples: Radioactive isotopes of iodine, radon, uranium,
cesium, and thorium
• Major Human Sources: Nuclear and coal-burning power
plants, mining and processing of uranium and other ores,
nuclear weapons production, natural sources
• Harmful Effects: Genetic mutations, miscarriages, birth
defects, and certain cancers
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION

• BOD effects
• Biomagnification
• Eutrophication
• Health effects
• Metal poisoning

CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION

Treating wastewaters and removing pollutants from them is the essential need for water pollution control.
TREATMENT METHODS
The treatment methods are broadly classified under 3 headings.
i. Physical Unit Operations
ii. Chemical Unit Processes
iii. Biological Units Processes
There are innumerable combinations of these processes for each and every waste.
Process/Operations Units
Physical Units Operations Screening, comminutor, flow
equalization, mixing, flocculation,
sedimentation, floatation, elutriation,
vacuum, filtration, micro screens.

Chemical Units Processes Chemical precipitation, gas transfer,

adsorption, coagulation, disinfection,
combustion, ion exchange, electro
dialysis.

Biological Units Processes Activated sludge process, trickling filters,

oxidation ponds, aerated lagoons,
anaerobic sludge digestion, anaerobic
contact process, anaerobic filters, and
anaerobic lagoons.
Wastewater Treatment Processes
Preliminary Primary Secondary
Treatment Treatment Treatment
 Screening  Sedimentation and Flotation  Biological Treatment
 Grit removal  Sedimentation
 Pre-Aeration
 Flow Metering and Sampling

Tertiary (Advanced) Solids

Disinfection
Treatment Treatment
 Chemical Phosphorous Removal  Digestion
 Biological Nutrient Removal  Disposal
 Multimedia Filtration

43
 Wastewater Treatment System

Preliminary treatment Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment

Preliminary treatment
• Removal of floating materials from the incoming wastewater.
• Large debris may be removed by screening
• grit and sand are removed by grit chamber
• Oil & grease removed by skimming tanks

Primary treatment
• suspended organic solids are removed by sedimentation.
Secondary Treatment:
• It consists of biological decomposition of organic matter which is carried out aerobically or
anaerobically

• Aerobic – filters , aeration tank , oxidation ponds

• Anaerobic- septic tank

Tertiary treatment
• Removes the pathogenic bacteria - chlorination
 BAR SCREENS
• It is a device with openings.
The screening elements may
be gratings, wire meshes,
perforated plates or parallel
bars.
• The screen can be simple
fixed types or highly
sophisticated mechanized
ones.

• Floating matter, rags, dead

animal etc are removed.
 COMMINUTOR
• A comminutor is a
mechanically operated screen
which pulverizes the waste
matter and adds it to the
sewage flow.
• It comprises of a vertical
revolving drum screen with 6
to 10mm slots.
• There are cutting teeth and
shear bars on the revolving
drum.
GRIT CHAMBER
• Inorganic solids such as pebbles, sand, silt, eggshells, glass and metal fragments, heavier organics
such as bone chips, seeds etc. when collected together, constitute grit

• removed from wastewater to prevent damage to pumps

• Grit chambers are in fact sedimentation tanks designed to separate heavier inorganics by
sedimentation due to gravitational forces and to pass forward the lighter organic material.

• Grit chambers are designed to remove all particles of specific gravity of 2.4 to 2.65.
 SKIMMING TANK
• Removes oil and grease

• These may enter sewage from kitchens of

restaurant, & houses, garages, soap
factories …..

• Air is blown by aerating device from

bottom

• Rising air tend to coagulate the grease

and cause it to rise to the surface

• Detention time of 3 to 5 minutes is

sufficient and amount of compressed air
is 300 to 6000 m3 per million litres of
water
SEDIMENTATION TANK
• The velocity of flow is reduced by increasing the length
of travel and detaining the particle for longer time in
the tank

• The basin in which the flow is retarded is called settling

tank or sedimentation basin or clarifier

• The theoretical average time for which the water is

detained in the tank is called detention time

• Removes 70% of suspended impurities under normal

condition

• 2 types - intermittent type

continuous flow type
 FILTRATION
• Screening and sedimentation removes a large
percentage of suspended solids and organic matter
present in water

• To remove and reduce remaining impurities i.e very

fine suspended matter and bacteria, water is filtered
through beds of fine granular material such as sand

• The process of passing water through beds of such

granular material is known as filtration

• Filtration help in removing colour , odour , turbidity

and some pathogenic bacteria from water
TRICKLING FILTERS
These filters are also known as sprinkling or percolating filters

Trickling filter is a bed of crushed stone, gravel or slag of

relatively large size to which the sewage is applied by sprinkling
on surface.

The applied sewage trickles in a thin film over the surface of

filtering media which become coated with a biological film or
slime layer
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
• The sewage effluent from primary sedimentation
tank, is mixed with 20-30% of own volume of
activated sludge, which contains a large
concentration of highly active aerobic
microorganisms

• In the aeration tank, the mixture of sewage and

microorganisms are mixed together with large
quantity of air for about 4-8 hours.

• Under these conditions, the moving organisms will

oxidize the organic matter and the suspended and
colloidal matter tends to coagulate and form a
precipitate, which settle down readily in the
secondary settling tank.

• The settled sewage (containing microorganisms)

called activated sludge is then recycled to the head
of aeration tank to be mixed again with the sewage
being treated.
OXIDATION POND

• The oxygen pond is shallow pond where

waste water is purified by action of algae
and aerobic bacteria.

• Organic matter are decomposed by

bacteria and are consumed by algae.
• Latter on oxygen is released during
the process of photosynthesis.

• Aerobic bacteria get O2 from atmosphere

and convert the organic matter present in
sewage and liberate CO2 which is again
taken by algae during the process of
photosynthesis.
WATER POLLUTION - CASE STUDY
The Ganges River Facts :

•The Ganges River flows across India and

Bangladesh into the Bay of Bangle.

• The Ganges River is 1569 mile long.

•The Ganges is home to over 100 different

species of fish and more than 50 different types

of amphibian.
• The Ganges River is the 5th most polluted river in the world in 2007.
• Sources of pollution: Lather tanneries - chromium and other toxins, human waste, industrial
waste, litters such as plastic bags and bottles, spilled oil from ships and oil tankers, chemical
waste, rock mining and activities related to religious significance.

• Approximately 1 billion liters of raw, untreated sewage are dumped in the river on a daily basis.
• Illegal sand and rock mining industry is removing ton after ton of Ganga’s river bed and banks,
causing vast detrimental effects on the ecology and environment of Ganga. This causes bank
erosion and deforestation.

• Population explosion promoting more establishment of industries which lax regulations of

industries’ effluent treatment leading to more pollution.
• The levels of Coliform bacteria (found in foods and water) is over 2800 times the level
considered safe (World health organization) which means water is extremely dangerous to
drink and used for other household works.
• The contamination in the Ganges River undermines more than 90 amphibian species, more than 140 fish species,
and people who depend on the stream for water.
• The Ganges river dolphin and shark are both in way of being imperiled.

• Because of extensive sewage dump from the cities, and toxic effluents from the various industries, as a reservoir
of irrigation supplies Ganges water becomes unusable. This have massive impact in the agricultural sector.
• The Ganges river supports the biodiversity of other ecosystems as well so this pollution not only affects the life
forms within but also it is severely affecting the other ecosystems.
• Due to high mercury level and other toxic chemicals in Ganges water, it is causing serious health problems such
skin problems and disabilities among new born infants.

• The Ganges river pollution has diverse effect on other elements of the environment too; when biodegradable
waste mix with water it causes severe air pollution.

• The Gangetic basin includes the area between the Ganga and the Yamuna River to the bay of Bangle. So, along
the way this pollution endangered the Royal Bengal tiger of the Sundarbans, freshwater turtles, Gharial, a
multitude of birds and a wide variety of fish.

• Massive deforestation occurred along the entire stretch of the Ganga river and her tributaries.
• Central Ganga Authority (CGA) was set up in 1985 to monitor domestic and industrial
pollution loads, fertilizer and pesticide use.
• The Ganga Project Directorate (GPD) was established in June 1985 to intercept and divert the
wastes from urban settlements away from the river.
• The Ganga Action Plan(GAP), a multi-pronged strategy taken by the government of India to
improve the river water quality.
• Ganga Action Parivar (GAP) an open organization to promote wastewater management with a
vision of a clean and free-flowing River Ganga.
• Even though there were many measures taken overtime including both public and
governmental, it seems nothing worked out well.
Sewage pouring into the Ganges A human body passes while a man washes in the river
Ganges

A polluted River Ganges Cleaning the river Ganges

WATER POLLUTION IN SUNDARBAN
• Sundarban is a natural area situated in southern
Bangladesh and a small part in Eastern India.
• It is the largest mangrove forest in the world.
• In 9 December 2014 and 4 February 2016;
individually two ship capsized carrying oil & coal
created a serious damage to the water body of
Sundarban.
• First incident occurred in the river Shela and the
oil spilled over 65 km. This incident considered as a
major threat and it caused serious harm to the ecological
factor of Sundarban.
Impact
• In environmental view the loss of ecological and environmental damage is ranging $160 million to
$640 million.(
• Produced lethal condition for aquatic life.
• Oil inhabits sunlight going under water; this affected photosynthesis and food production of
phytoplankton's.
• Oil covered seedlings and fruits of Sundari trees which affected their regeneration.
• Oil split hampered the natural birth rate of important marines such as mud crabs, mud skippers
and important fishes.
• A number of oil-coated animals such as otters, crocodiles, monitor lizards, and frogs were found
dead.
Steps Taken After
• Bangladesh Navy ship sprayed a powder adhesive to increase the density of the oil then oil from
water been swept away by fishing nets.
• Bangladeshi government on Wednesday filed a 1-billion-taka (about 128-million-U.S. dollar) suit
against the owners of two cargo ships blamed for a massive oil spill.
• The United Nations has sent a team of international experts to clean up the oil mess.
Oil Coated Crocodile People are Cleaning Mud from River
SOIL POLLUTION
DEFINITION
Population explosion, rapid urbanization, intensive industrialization and mechanization of agriculture have delivered
their impacts on soil also. Soil and liquid wastes from industries, garbage from cities, pesticides and fertilizers from
agricultural operations have brought harmful changes in the nature of the soil and this is called soil pollution.

CAUSES
NATURAL CAUSES
LANDSLIDES , HURRICANES

MAN-MADE CAUSES
URBANISATION
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
MINING
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
DOMESTIC WASTES AND GARBAGE
RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
•URBANISATION
Contamination of soil due to waste water. Unfit of agricultural land due to construction of
Dams , projects.

•INSUSTRIAL WASTE
Discharge of large quantities of toxic, flammable, non-biodegradable substances on land from textile industries,
paper and pulp mills, oil refineries, etc.
It is estimated that more than 505 of raw materials emerge as wastes.

•MINING
Mining refers to process by which non-renewable substances and valuable minerals are
extracted from earth. It leads to change in composition of soil.

•AGRICUTURAL WASTE
Wastes like leaves ,grass and chemical fertilizers like pesticides, insecticides for agricultural purpose degrades soil
fertility.

•DOMESTIC WASTE
It includes wastes such as food wastes, paper., Glass, plastic materials .

•RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Nuclear power plants, nuclear testing, and explosion add variable amount of radioactive materials to soil.
Radioactive contains radio nuclides such as strontium-90, cesium-137 and iodine-129.
MAIN CAUSES OF SOIL POLLUTION
• 2. Agricultural Activities:
• 1. Industrial Activity:
Chemical utilization has gone up tremendously since
Industrial activity has been the biggest contributor
technology provided us with modern pesticides and
to the problem in the last century, especially since
fertilizers. They are full of chemicals that are not
the amount of mining and manufacturing has
produced in nature and cannot be broken down by it.
increased. Most industries are dependent on
As a result, they seep into the ground after they mix
extracting minerals from the Earth. Whether it is
with water and slowly reduce the fertility of the soil.
iron ore or coal, the by products are contaminated
Other chemicals damage the composition of the soil
and they are not disposed off in a manner that
and make it easier to erode by water and air. Plants
can be considered safe. As a result, the industrial
absorb many of these pesticides and when they
waste lingers in the soil surface for a long time and
decompose, they cause soil pollution since they
makes it unsuitable for use.
become a part of the land.
3. Waste Disposal: 4. Accidental Oil Spills:

Finally, a growing cause for concern is how we Oil leaks can happen during storage and transport of
dispose of our waste. While industrial waste is sure chemicals. This can be seen at most of the fuel
to cause contamination, there is another way in stations. The chemicals present in the fuel
which we are adding to the pollution. Every human deteriorates the quality of soil and make them
produces a certain amount of personal waste unsuitable for cultivation. These chemicals can enter
products by way or urine and feces. into the groundwater through soil and make the water
undrinkable.
SOIL POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS
• Soil pollution may affect all of us as well as plants and animals. However, children are usually more susceptible.
This is because kids are more sensitive to various pollutants and they may come in close contact with soil by regularly
playing in the ground for example. Thus, soil pollution for kids always involves higher risks than for adults. While
anyone is susceptible to soil pollution, soil pollution effects may vary based on age, general health status and other
factors.
• A more detailed explanation of various processes contributing to soil pollution, along with concrete examples of
the most common soil pollutants generating soil poisoning issues are given below.

1. Effect on Health of Humans

• Considering how soil is the reason we are able to sustain ourselves, the contamination of it has major
consequences on our health. Crops and plants grownon polluted soil absorb much of the pollution and then
pass these on to us. This could explain the sudden surge in small and terminal illnesses.
• Long term exposure to such soil can affect the genetic make-up of the body, causing congenital illnesses and
chronic health problems that cannot be cured easily. In fact, it can sicken the livestock to a considerable extent
and cause food poisoning over a long period of time. The soil pollution can even lead to widespread famines
if the plants are unable to grow in it.
2. Effect on Growth of Plants:
• The ecological balance of any system gets affected due to the widespread contamination of the soil. Most
plants are unable to adapt when the chemistry of the soil changes so radically in a short period of time. Fungi
and bacteria found in the soil that bind it together begin to decline, which creates an additional problem
of soil erosion.
• The fertility slowly diminishes, making land unsuitable for agriculture and any local vegetation to survive. The
soil pollution causes large tracts of land to become hazardous to health. Unlike deserts, which are suitable
for its native vegetation, such land cannot support most forms of life.

3. Decreased Soil Fertility:

• The toxic chemicals present in the soil can decrease soil fertility and therefore decrease in the soil yield. The
contaminated soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables which lacks quality nutrients and may contain some
poisonous substance to cause serious health problems in people consuming them.

4. Toxic Dust:
• The emission of toxic and foul gases from landfills pollutes the environment and causes serious effects on health of
some people. The unpleasant smell causes inconvenience to other people.

5. Changes in Soil Structure:

• The death of many soil organisms (e.g. earthworms) in the soil can lead to alteration in soil structure. Apart from that, it
could also force other predators to move to other places in search of food.
CONTROL MEASURES
•Coal and ash dumps are protected from rainfall.
•The leachate is drained off and treated.
•Controlled quantities of fertilizers are applied.
•Indiscriminate application of pesticides must be controlled.
•Mining must be done with all precautions and preventive measures for leachate release.
•Dig and dump method must be practiced in mining operations.
•Solid wastes must be collected, conveyed, treated and disposed off in a scientific manner.
•The organic wastes from food processing industries must be treatd by anaerobic digestion, biomethanation or
composting methods
•In irrigated fields, proper drainage must be provided.
SOIL POLLUTION – CASE STUDY
Marine Pollution

73
 What is Marine Pollution ??
•Marine pollution includes a range of threats
including from land-based sources, oil spills,
untreated sewage, heavy siltation, eutrophication
(nutrient enrichment), invasive species, persistent
organic pollutants (POP’s), heavy metals from
mine tailings and other sources, acidification,
radioactive substances, marine litter, overfishing
and destruction of coastal and marine habitats.
Health of Marine Life
 In 2002, more than 70% of the tropical and temperate coasts were heavily impacted by development of
resorts, hotels, settlements and other human infrastructure. By 2032, this figure may have risen to as much
as 90% (range 81-95%) (Data from GLOBIO, prepared for this report, [Link]), with substantial
increases in discharges of nutrients and silt into the marine environment.

 The combined cumulative effects of coastal overfishing, marine pollution and coastal development may
impact the long-term productivity of the coastal zone. This, in turn, may lower the capacity of these systems
to support human livelihoods in the coastal zone.

 Animals can be poisoned or suffer internal damage from ingesting oil. Effects include ulcers and damage to
red blood cells, kidneys, liver and to the immune system. Oil vapours can injure to eyes and lungs, and can
be particularly hazardous while new oil is still coming to the surface and vapours are evaporating. If vapours
are severe enough, marine mammals may become "sleepy" and drown.
Ways of Pollutant Inputs
There are five main types of inputs of pollution
into the ocean

Direct discharge of waste into the oceans,

Runoff into the waters due to rain
Ship Pollution
Atmospheric Pollution
Deep Sea Mining
 Direct Discharge
• Pollutants enter rivers and the sea directly from urban sewerage
and industrial waste discharges, sometimes in the form of
hazardous and toxic wastes

• Inland mining for copper, gold. etc., is another source of marine

pollution. Most of the pollution is simply soil, which ends up in
rivers flowing to the sea.

• Some minerals discharged in the course of the mining can cause

problems, such as copper, a common industrial pollutant, which
can interfere with the life history and development of coral
polyps.
• Mining has a poor environmental track record.
 Surface Run-off
• Surface runoff from farming, as well as urban runoff and runoff
from the construction of roads, buildings, ports, channels, and
harbours, can carry soil and particles laden with carbon,
nitrogen, phosphorus, and minerals.
• This nutrient-rich water can cause fleshy algae and
phytoplankton to thrive in coastal areas, known as algal blooms,
which have the potential to create hypoxic conditions by using
all available oxygen
• Polluted runoff from roads and highways can be a significant
source of water pollution in coastal areas.
 Ship’s pollution
Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways:
• Oil spills can have devastating effects. While being toxic to
marine life, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the
components in crude oil, are very difficult to clean up, and last
for years in the sediment and marine environment.
• Discharge of cargo residues from bulk carriers can pollute ports,
waterways and oceans. In many instances vessels intentionally
discharge illegal wastes despite foreign and domestic regulation
prohibiting such actions.
• It has been estimated that container ships lose over 10,000
containers at sea each year (usually during storms).
• Ships also create noise pollution that disturbs natural wildlife
 Atmospheric pollution
Wind blown dust and debris, including plastic bags, are
blown seaward from landfills and other areas.

Dust from the Sahara moves into the Caribbean and Florida
during the warm season .

The USGS links dust events to a decline in the health of coral

reefs across the Caribbean and Florida

Climate change is raising ocean temperatures and raising

levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These rising
levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.
Deep Sea Mining
• Ocean mining sites are usually around large areas of
polymetallic nodules or active and extinct
hydrothermal vents at about 1,400 - 3,700 meters
below the ocean’s surface.
• The deposits are mined using either hydraulic pumps or
bucket systems that take ore to the surface to be
processed.
• Removing parts of the sea floor disturbs the habitat of
benthic organisms, possibly, depending on the type of
mining and location, causing permanent disturbances.
• Near bottom plumes occur when the tailings are
pumped back down to the mining site.
• Surface plumes cause a more serious problem.
Depending on the size of the particles and water
currents the plumes could spread over vast areas.
• Aside from direct impact of mining the area, leakage,
spills and corrosion would alter the mining area’s
chemical makeup.
Human Impacts On Marine Environments
1. Eutrophication
 An increase in chemical nutrients, typically
compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus, in
an ecosystem. It can result in an increase in the
ecosystem's primary productivity(excessive plant
growth and decay), and further effects including lack
of oxygen.

 The biggest culprit are rivers that empty into the

ocean, and with it the many chemicals used as
fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock
and humans. An excess of oxygen depleting chemicals
in the water can lead to hypoxia and the creation of a
dead zone.
 2. Acidification

 The oceans are normally a natural carbon sink, absorbing

carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

 Structures made of calcium carbonate may become vulnerable

to dissolution, affecting corals and the ability of shell fish to
form shells.

 Oceans and coastal ecosystems have removed about 25% of

the carbon dioxide emitted by human activities between 2000
and 2007 and about half the anthropogenic CO2 released since
the start of the industrial revolution

84
 3. Plastic Debris

 80 % of marine debris is plastic - a component that has

been rapidly accumulating since the end of World War II.

 Discarded plastic bags, six pack rings and other forms of

plastic waste which finish up in the ocean present
dangers to wildlife and fisheries.

 Aquatic life can be threatened through entanglement,

suffocation, and ingestion.

 Fishing nets, usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in

the ocean by fishermen.
Remains of an albatross containing ingested flotsam
 3. Plastic Debris
 Plastic debris tends to accumulate at the center of ocean
.In particular, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch has a very
high level of plastic particulate suspended in the upper
water column.

 In samples taken in 1999, the mass of plastic exceeded that

of zooplankton (the dominant animal life in the area) by a
factor of six.

 Midway A toll, in common with all the Hawaiian Islands,

receives substantial amounts of debris from the garbage
patch. Ninety percent plastic, this debris accumulates on the
beaches of Midway where it becomes a hazard to the bird
population of the island.

Marine debris on Kamilo Beach, Hawaii,

 Garbage Pollution
There are many types of waste generated on board fishing vessels that are prohibited from discharge at sea
including
 Trawl and fishing nets
 Synthetic rope
 Plastic sheeting
 "Six pack" holders
 Fibreglass
 Strapping bands
 Plastic "ice" bags
 Bait gaskets
 Paints
 Electrical/electronic equipment
 Disposable eating utensils
 Floats
 How to Protect Marine Life ?
 From Oil Pollution

 From Garbage Pollution

 From Accidental Loss or Discharge of Fishing Gear

 Plan to reduce and store your garbage

 Garbage Waste Management On-board

 Shore facilities

88
Plan To Reduce And Store Your Garbage

The best way to avoid the discharge of garbage, and the

possibility of fines, is to reduce the amount of potential
garbage taken onboard and the amount of garbage
generated through the use of packaged items. Where
possible, it is suggested that fisherman consider how much
waste a product will generate when buying products. Bulk
packaging, reusable and recyclable packaging and avoiding
plastic packaging, unless it is reusable or recyclable, are all
ways to reduce the amount of waste generated.
 Some Examples of Marine Pollution
 New River in California:
The water at this point is three colors- dark green, white (foam),
and milky brown/green. The septic stench is pungent, Fecal
coliforms and fecal streptococci have been consistently detected
in the New River .
 Acid mine drainage causes severe environmental problems in
Rio Tinto river, Spain.
 According to the United States Environmental Protection
Agency, mining has contaminated portions of the headwaters
of over 40% of watersheds in the western continental US.
Much of this pollution finishes up in the sea.

Septic river.
 National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972
• Authorizes the Sec. of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment
with nationally significant aesthetic, ecological, historical or recreational values as National
Marine Sanctuaries .
• The primary objective is to protect marine resources while facilitating “compatible” public
and private uses of those resources.
Fisheries Management and Conservation Act - 1976
• The primary law dealing with fisheries resources and fishing activities in federal waters
(extends from edge of State waters out to the 200 mile limit).
• Primary goals include conservation and management of fisheries resources, development of
U./S. domestic fisheries and phasing out foreign fishing activities within the 200 mile
conservation zone adjacent to the U.S. coastline.
NOISE POLLUTION
 What is noise pollution?
Any unwanted sound that penetrates the environment is noise pollution.
In general noise pollution refers to any noise irritating to one's ear which
comes from an external source.
• Sound that is unwanted or disrupts one’s quality of life is called as noise.
When there is lot of noise in the environment, it is termed as noise
pollution.

• Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities such as

working, sleeping, and during conversations.

• It is an underrated environmental problem because of the fact that we

can’t see, smell, or taste it.

• World Health Organization stated that “Noise must be recognized as a

major threat to human well-being”
Classification of Noise Pollution
There are 2 kinds of noise pollution.
A. Community Noise/ Environmental Noise (non industrial noise
pollution).
• Air craft noise
• Roadway noise pollution
• Under water noise pollution
B. Occupational Noise( industrial noise pollution)
Community noise
• Community noise (also called environmental noise, residential noise or domestic
noise) is defined as noise emitted from all sources, except at the industrial
workplace.

• Main sources of community noise include road, rail and air traffic, construction and
public work, and the neighborhood.

• Typical neighborhood noise comes from live or recorded music; from sporting events
including motor sports; from playgrounds and car parks; and from domestic animals
such as barking dogs.
 Air craft Noise Pollution
Noise from planes flying over residential areas impairs people's
• ability to work,
• learn in school and sleep,
• consequently also results in lowered property values in affected areas.
As passenger volume increases and larger airports are built, noise is becoming even
more of a concern.
• Now-a-days , the problem of low flying military aircraft has
added a new dimension to community annoyance, as the nation
seeks to improve its nap-of the- earth aircraft operations over
national parks, and other areas previously unaffected by aircraft
noise has claimed national attention over recent years
Roadway noise pollution
• Roadway noise is the collective sound energy emanating from motor vehicles.
• developed countries, roadway noise is expected to contribute a proportionately large
share of the total societal noise pollution.
In the city, the main sources of traffic noise are the motors and exhaust system
of autos, smaller trucks, buses, and motorcycles.
Noise from railroads
• Rail car retarders can produce a high frequency, high level screech that can reach
peak levels of 120 dB at a distance of 100 feet, which translates to levels as high as
138, or 140 dB at the railroad worker’s ear.
 Under water noise pollution
• UNP is intense human-generated noise in the marine environment.
It is caused by use of
• Explosives,
• Oceanographic Experiments,
• Geophysical Research,
• Underwater Construction,
• Ship Traffic,
• Intense Active Sonars
• Air Guns Used For Seismic Surveys For Oil And Related Activities.
Occupational Noise
The many and varied sources of noise is industrial machinery and processes :
• Rotors, Gears,
• Turbulent Fluid Flow,
• Impact Processes,
• Electrical Machines,
• Internal Combustion Engines,
• Drilling, Crushing, Blasting, Pumps And Compressors.
• The Emitted Sounds Are Reflected From Floors, Ceiling And Equipment
 Machinery Noise
• Mechanized industry creates serious noise problems,
subjecting a significant fraction of the working
population to potentially harmful sound pressure levels
of noise.
• The noise is due to machinery of all kinds and often
increases with the power of the machines.
• In industrialized countries it has been estimated that
15-20 % or more of the working population is affected
by sound pressure levels of 75-85 dB.
Construction Noise
• The noise from the construction of
highways, city streets, and buildings is a
major contributor to the urban scene.
• Construction noise sources include
pneumatic hammers, air compressors,
bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks (and
their back-up signals), and pavement
breakers.
Noise in building

• Apartment dwellers are often annoyed by noise in their homes, especially when the
building is not well designed and constructed.
• In this case, internal building noise from plumbing, boilers, generators, air
conditioners, and fans, can be audible and annoying
Effects of noise pollution on our Body
• There are about 25000 hair cells in our ear which create wave in our ear, responding
to different levels of frequencies.
• With increasing levels of sound the cells get destroyed decreasing our ability to hear
the high frequency sound.
Be cautious from today
• Irreversible hearing loss.
• Blood pressure rise of 5 to 10 mmHg on 8 hrs of exposure to even 70 db of sound
level.
• Hearing loss begins at 80- 90 dbA. 140 dbA is painful and 180 dbA can even kill a
person.
• Amplified rock music is 120 dbA.
• Most of the electronic vehicles and motors are above 80 dbA level.
• High noise levels may interfere with the natural cycles of animals, including feeding
behavior, breeding rituals and migration paths.
 Problems of Noise Pollution
• Hearing Impairment
•Temporary or permanent Deafness
• It Decreases the Efficiency of A Man •Aggressive Behavior
• Lack of concentration •Effect on Animal
• Abortion is caused •Effect on Property
•Sleep interference
• Pupil Dilation
•Speech interference
• Mental Illness
• It Causes Heart Attack
• Digestive problems
Effect On Animal
• Noise pollution damages the nervous system of animal. Animal looses the control of
its mind. They become dangerous
• Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals by causing stress, increasing risk of
mortality by changing the delicate balance in predator/prey detection and
avoidance, and by interfering with their use of sounds in communication especially in
relation to reproduction and in navigation.
Noise pollution control in India

‡ Central pollution control board (CPCB).

‡ Government of India have prescribed noise limit for automobiles, domestic
appliances and construction equipment.
‡ Under the AIR ACT and the ENVIRONMENT ACT,1986.
‡ Ban on the use of horn/siren and loudspeaker in the vicinity of silence zone.
Actions taken and to be taken
• There are a variety of effective strategies for mitigating adverse sound levels
• use of noise barriers.
• limitation of vehicle speeds
• alteration of roadway surface texture.
• limitation of heavy duty vehicles
• use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and
acceleration, innovative tire design and other
Legistation

• Noise Regulation Rules under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986

Features
• Industrial- 75db
• Commercial- 65 db
• Residential zones- 55 db
• Zones of silence
• No public address system after 10:00 pm and before 06:00 am.
What we, I do to make a difference??

• Persuade
• Taking the help of police.
• Creating awareness about the ill effects of noise pollution.
• Promising oneself not to be the part of pollution creator.
 PUNE
MUMBAI
Dhol-tasha equally deafening: Study
Anti-noise activist's open letter to Shah Rukh Khan
September 11, 2013 | Ananya Dutta , TNN
September 1, 2013 | Vijay Singh , TNN
PUNE: The beats emerging from the dhol-tasha groups
MUMBAI: Anti-noise activist of Awaaz Foundation, playing at pandals across the city may be foot-tapping, but
Sumaira Abdulali, has written an open letter to actor the vibrations of these beats can pose serious health
Shah Rukh Khan with regards to his presence and hazards, including disturbing the central nervous system,
participation in the rather noisy Dahi Handi festival leading to fatigue, insomnia, headache and 'shakiness'.
celebrations. Abdulali has, in her letter, criticised SRK for "Long-term exposure to these vibrations can also affect a
promoting such loud, politically backed events wherein person's circulatory and/or urological systems. The person
young children are continuously exposed to high-decibel playing the instrument is at the highest risk, but people in
sounds of the speakers kept very close to the revellers. the vicinity cannot escape its effects...
THERMAL POLLUTION
It is the process of heating or cooling of water body through runoff or discharge of hot water.
Eg: Heat and hot water from industrial processes,
By-products of thermal power stations.
CAUSES:

Industrial effluents: uses water for cooling purposes, when heated water is directly discharged to water bodies,
increases the temperature of the water.

Nuclear power plants: it emits large quantity of heat and traces of radioactive substances, increases the temperature of water
bodies.

Deforestation : Vegetation cover helps to regulate water temperatures through insulation. it acts as a shield against solar
radiation and insulates the water body by trapping the air above the water surface. Therefore, when the vegetation is removed,
water bodies lose their natural shield.

Soil erosion : Results in siltation and sedimentation of water bodies.

Due to construction.
Poor farming practices.
Overgrazing.
When earthquake happens.
EFFECTS:

On aquatic life ,due to increase in temperature of water.

 Increases metabolic rate in fishes, which increases
the need of oxygen.
 Decrease in level of dissolved oxygen.
 Increases the rate of photosynthesis, which increases
the growth of plants.
 Destroys balance of ecosystem.

EFFECTS ARE OF TWO TYPES:

Thermal shock:
Aquatic life adapted to a certain water temperature can go into shock when the temperature of water is changed, causes
migration of fishes and aquatic life.

Thermal enrichment:
Heated water from power plants may be used in agriculture to extend plant growing seasons.
To speed up growth of fish and other aquatic animals.
N
H
U
A
C
Z
L
A
E
R
A
D
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What is nuclear reaction?
It is a process in which two nuclei or nuclear particles collide to produce different
Products than the initial particles, and releases energy.

What is nuclear radiation?

It is defined as the energy particles or rays that are given off during a nuclear reaction
from a radioactive element such as Uranium as it decays.
NUCLEAR POLLUTION

Nuclear pollution is created by the presence of radioactive substances, in air ,

water and soil.
Nuclear hazards are invisible. Is an Odorless contamination.
Naturally occuring radio-active contamination
Man-made occuring radioactive contamination
WAYS TO MINIMIZE RADIATION EXPOSURE

 TIME : By limiting the time spent near the source of radiation.

 DISTANCE : Make quick evacuation in case of hazard, thus increasing distance

from source

 SHIELDING : Heavier, denser material can be used in between to reduce the impact.

Radiation Type Effects

Ultraviolet Cells, nucleic acid, proteins absorb radiation and undergo mutation, causes
skin, breast cancer, leukemia
Infrared FIR between 5:30-6:00 in morning are beneficial to immune system.
Micro wave Cause fatigue, headache, nausea, also affects eyes

Radio Abnormal thickening of blood vessels are reported

The process by which an atom changes from an unstable state to a more stable state
by emitting energy is called Radioactive decay or Radioactivity.

Though humans and other living beings have been exposed to low levels of radiation
from natural sources for millions of years; exposure to radiation from manmade objects
makes larger threat.

The proper treatment, storage, and disposal of radioactive waste are prescribed based
on the waste classification system defined in a nation's laws, rules, and regulations.
The table outlines common categories of radioactive waste.

Man-made occuring radioactive contamination

 Mining and processing of radioactive ores.
 Use of radioactive materials in nuclear power plants.
 Use of radioactive isotopes in medical, research and industrial activities.
 Atomic waste material.
 Use of radioactive material in weapons.
 Radioactive fallout : nuclear explosions induce substantial amount of radioactive
dust into environment, and fall back to earth.
GENETIC EFFECTS:

It can lead to chromosomal

aberrations or mutations.
It affects DNA in cells ,lead to
adverse effects like genetic breakup.

Future generations may also be

affected by genetic deformities,
result is birth of off-springs with
physical defects.

Its very serious in nature ,because

the very base of civilization will be
affected.
CONTROL OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION

Modern civilization cannot advance without the use of radioactive materials.

It is used in various purposes like research diagnosis, treatment, power generation etc.
Only solution to control of radioactive pollution is judious, carefull and intelligent use
of radioactive materials.

The following measures should be strictly followed in mines, nuclear reactors and
Institutions:
 Safety norms should be strictly followed.

 Leakages, careless handling and

transportation of radioactive materials
should be stopped completely.

 Disposal of nuclear waste should be

done carefully, should be stored in
places where they gradually decay
to their final stable products.

 Regular monitoring and analysis

of reactors.
CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR DISASTER

On April 25,26 the worlds first nuclear accident in USSR,

Please refer the attached video

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid Waste Management
• Various types of solid waste are produced from various
anthropogenic activities and normally discarded as
useless or unwanted.

• Solid waste includes plastic containers, glass material,

polythene scrap, rubber metals, hospital waste, paints, crop
residues, etc.
• Developed countries like USA, Canada, Japan, England,
Germany and France are the main solid waste producers.
• Problem is increasing day by day due to industrialization and
urbanization.
Causes of Solid Waste
• The increase in solid waste is due to overpopulation, affluence
and technological advancement.
• Increase in hospital waste including glass bottles, plastic,
metal, syringe etc. also increases solid waste.
• A major part of solid waste is released from agriculture and
mining sectors.
• Municipal waste mainly contains domestic waste like metal,
plastic glass and other solid materials.
Effects of Solid Waste
• Unhygienic environment causes diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid,
cholera, plague, etc.
• Solid waste modifies the physiochemical and biological properties of plants and
soil
• Ground water gets contaminated.
• It enhances air and water pollution.
• Open breading sites of insects and infectious organisms are produced.
Control of Solid Waste Manangement
Solid waste is required to be displaced or recycled safely, the solid Waste
management system includes proper collection. disposal and recycling of waste.
Solid waste can be minimized by the following methods:
1. Sanitary landfill
2. Composting
3. Incineration
4. Recycling
 Sanitary landfill
After collection of waste. sanitary landfill is the safest
method of solid waste treatment. In this solid waste
(garbage) is dumped into a natural or constructed pit and left
to decompose slowly. However in urban areas such dumping
sues pose serious threats.

Composting
It is a very common practice in rural areas to produce
biogas and manure from agriculture waste, dung,
domestic waste, animal excerta etc.
Incineration
This is the most convenient method of disposal
especially in densely populated areas. Burning of
solid waste and utilisation of its heat is a common
practice at several places

RECYCLING
As a part of waste management. efforts are now
being made to recycle materials like glass old paper
cans. newspapers, tin plastic. rubber, etc.
Role of an Individual
in Prevention of
Pollution
POLLUTION
• Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the
natural environment that cause adverse change.
• There are different types of pollution such as air, water,
soil, radioactive, thermal, noise, light and visual pollution,
and littering.
• Pollution can take the form of chemical
substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light.
People and pollution
• Since we share everything on Earth with every living thing on the
planet, what happens in one area affects everything too, no matter
how far away. Pollution or the introduction of different forms of
waste materials in our environment has negative effects to the
ecosystem we live in.
• There are many kinds of pollution, but the ones that have the most
impact to us are Air and Water pollution.
POLLUTION CONTROLLING
• It is our responsibility to ensure that the things happening around us
and to our Eco system should be safe and secure.
• Thus in order to obtain a pollution free earth, certain preventive
measures and regulatory acts have been established by the
government.
• Public Awareness and Teaching has also been established with
respect to the Acts and Regulations of the country.
POLLUTION CONTROL ACTS
AND REGULATIONS OF INDIA
• In 1976, when the Indian parliament passed the 42nd amendment to
its constitution safeguarding the environment, it became the first
country in the world to do so.
• The amendment was “to protect and improve the environment and
to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.”
• It imposes a duty on every Indian citizen “to protect and improve
the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wild life,
and to have compassion for living creatures.”
• According to the Environment Protection Act of 1986, Environment is
that which includes the “inter-relationship which exists among and
between water, air, land and human beings, other living creatures,
plants, micro-organism and property.”
1. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act- 1981.

2. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act- 1974.

3. The Environment (Protection) Act-1986.
4. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution Union Territories) Rules, 1983.

5. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982.

6. Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998.

7. Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution
(Procedure for Transaction of Business) Rules, 1975.

8. Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning Preparedness and Response)

Rules, 1996.
9. Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989.
10. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules,
1989.

11. National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995.

12. Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

13. Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999.

14. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977.

15. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978.

16. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975.

BASIC POLLUTION REGULATIONS.

1. The Water (Prevention &Control of Pollution) Act,

1974, and its amendments
2. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess
Act, 1974 and its amendments
3. The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
and its amendments
4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and its
amendments
(a) National Environmental Tribunal Act of 1995 and
(b) National Environmental Appellate Authority Act of 1997
5. Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,
July 1989
6. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991.
The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 has been
included as the sixth environmental regulation because it is
the first regulation which gives some teeth to the other five
pollution regulations listed above.
THE CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS
• It was the Water Act of 1974 which established a
Central Pollution Board and a State Pollution Control
Board.
• Subsequently, the same Boards have been given the
power to govern all the pollution regulations passed
since then and any other to be put in regulations in
the future.

* Pollution Boards are to be headed by a Chairman and a

few members who are all appointed.
* The Chairman as well as the Board members are
appointed by the respective governments.
INDIAN POLLUTION CONTROL
ASSOCIATION (IPCA)
• The Indian Pollution Control Association (IPCA) is not-for-profit, non-
government organization (NGO) registered under the Societies
Registration Act, 1860, Foreign Contribution Registration Act and
Section 80 G of the Income Tax Act and entitled with Central Pollution
Control Board at national level.
• IPCA is an organization which is engaged in creating environmental
awareness and implementing Integrated Solid Waste Management
System. IPCA is providing its services of Solid Waste Management to
various corporate, industries, educational institutes and residential
colonies.
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL
BOARD (CPCB)
• REGIONAL DIRECTORATES
• BANGALORE
• KOLKATA
• SHILLONG
• BHOPAL
• LUCKNOW
• VADODARA
• AGRA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 From the time immortal we have been
plagued with great natural disasters like
floods, earth quakes, cyclones and land
slides.
It is estimated that more than 20,000 people
lose their lives in natural disaster every year.

Besides the loss of human lives properties

worth thousands of crore’s of rupees are
also destroyed.
Houses, schools, dams, factories and
national monuments etc

Disaster may be defined as a natural or man made occurrences arising with

little or no warning.
Which causes serious disruption of life, and death or injury to a large no of
people
Natural Disasters are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, tornado,
avalanche or flood.
FLOOD
Flood may occur due to cloudburst and incessant
rains in the catchments areas or due to dam
failure.
The incidents of dam failure in india have taken
place in Koyna in maharashtra and Morvi in
Gujarat. About 40 million hectares of land in India
are flood prone.
Floods can be controlled to a limited extent.
Loss of lives can be reduced by flood warning
and rehabilitating people in safe places.
 Floods may occur due to the following causes
•Prolonged rainfall over large drainage basins.
•High intensity rainfalls is mainly associated with more localized, conventional
storms.
•Melting snow is responsible for wide spread flooding

Flood control can be carried out in a scientific manner by studying the flood plain, river
catchments and meteorology of the location. The necessity of flood control and the
damages caused by floods, loss of property and lives and the cost of providing flood control
works must be assessed first.

FLOOD CONTROL WORKS

•Sand removal from riverbeds to be discouraged.
•River alignment and bank protection to be proper.
•Planting trees and reeds along the river banks.
•Proper land use pattern to be adopted
•The floor level of houses must be at a level of about 1m above MFL
MANAGEMENT
• The data with meteorological departments, irrigation departments and PWD must be under the control of disaster
management team. This team must be multidisciplinary.

•Department of irrigation, high ways, PWD, electricity, civil supplies, police, fire services, district administration
and meteorology department must have their representatives in the team.

•Flood warning through electronic and print media must be broadcast.

•People residing in flood prone areas must be evacuated.

•They must be rehabilitated in a safe places. Water supply, sanitation, electricity, food and housing must be proper.

•The places evacuated must be under police surveillance.

•Floodgates of dams must be open slowly, giving sufficient early warnings.

•Riverbanks and coastal areas must be properly protected.

•Health department and civil supplies departments should to go to the temporary camps and see that all the needs
are satisfied.
DISASTROUS FLOODS OF THE WORLD

SL. State/River/Year Country Damages Occurred

No.

1 Northern India, 1978 India 15,000 people died, crops in 6 million has
destroyed.
2 Bangladesh Floods,1988 Bangladesh 2000 died, 25 million people lost their houses.

3 Sudan floods, 1988 Sudan Greatest floods in Nile. 29 people died, 1.5
million lost their houses
4 Orissa floods, 1995 India Whole of Orissa was flooded, 1700 lost their
lives
5 Northern china China 5,00,000 died and over 1 million died of
flood,1939 ensuring famine.
EARTH QUAKE
An earthquake is a sudden shaking or trembling of the ground produced by abrupt displacement of rock masses, usually
within the upper 15 to 50 km of the earth’s crust.
Earthquakes result from the movement of one rock mass passing over another in response to tectonic forces. Seismic
energy is emitted from the rupture as seismic waves.
•Surface faulting: involves the tearing of earth’s surface by differential movement across a fault.
Houses, commercial buildings, railways, tunnels, bridges, canals, water, electricity, gas and sewer lines,
etc. are damaged.

•Tectonic uplift and subsidence: as a result of this, disaster of surfaces subsidence occurs.

•Landslides: the shaking of the earth’s surface due to quakes can dislodge rock, steep slopes,
triggering rock falls, avalanches and slides.

•Quick clays: most clay lose shear strength when disturbed by ground shaking. If the loss of strength is
larger, or nearly complete, some clays, called quick clays may fall off.

•Liquefaction: during strong shaking, areas having clay-free sands, slits and ground water within 9 m of
the surface contemporarily lose strength and behave as viscous fluids. Structures founded on such
materials can settle, dip or be ripped apart as the ground spread laterally.
SL. Place/Year Nation Damages Occurred
No.
1 Bihar - 1988 India 6.5 Richter scale, 900 People died. Several 1000 injured.

2 Assam - 1950 India 1500 People died. Raised the bed level of Brahmaputra.

3 Kansan - 1932 china 70,000 people died. Richter scale 8.0

4 Erzincan - 1939 Turkey Wiped out this town 20000 to 40000 killed.

5 Guatemala - 1976 Guatemala Killed 23,000, injured 50,000 left 1 million homeless, most
of the city was razed down.

6 Gulf of chhilm - 1290 China Among ten worst disasters of the world. 1,00,000 died.

7 latur India 10,000 people died.

8 1993, Maharashtra India More than 13,000 died over 8 lakh houses destroyed.

9 Bhuj- 2001, Gujarat India More than 1,50,000 people died in many countries. In
Sumatra Indonesia every country about 50 lakhs people lost houses.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
PREVENTIVE PHASE BEFORE DISASTER.

• preparation of earthquake catalogues

•Seismic zoning for general purpose
•Development of anti seismic codes of design and construction of various structures
•Training of engineers and architects in earthquake engineering.
•Passing laws for providing earthquake resistant features in all constructions
•Strengthening of existing structures of traditional non-engineering constructions
•Earthquake insurance for the buildings and structures
•Installation of seismological observatories.
EMERGENCY PHASE JUST AFTER OCCURRENCE OF DISASTER

•Evacuation of the people

•Recovery of the dead bodies and their disposal
•Medical care of the injured
•Restoration of water supply lines and provision of food
•Temporary shelters are to be made
•Restoration of information and communication lines
•Restoration of transportation
•Assessment of damage
•Preventing people from entering into damaged buildings
•Collection of scientific data from field observations to monitor the after shocks
•Preparation of plans about reconstruction requirements.
CONSOLIDATION AND RECONSTRUCTION PHASE
• Detailed survey to be made to asses the damage
•Selection of sites for new settlements
•Adoption of strategy for new constructions
•Execution of reconstruction programs
•Review of seismic codes and norms of construction
•Training of personnel, engineers, architects, builders, artisians.
 LAND SLIDES
• downward movement of the rock and soil are
caused by disturbance of materials separated
from the bottom stable part of the slope
•Most landslides are induced by earthquakes.
•Prolonged rainfall causes landslides.
•Human activities such as timber harvesting or
other forms weaken the slopes
•Road construction usually adds weight to the
slope in the embankment fill
•Large number of landslides are also caused by
construction activities.
DISASTER MITIGATION

Regular in land use and protection of infrastructure are required in disaster mitigation. The selection of mitigation
options depends on a number of factors
• the value of land in relation to the cost of protective measures
• the opportunities to enforce land use regulations and the availability of alternative locations
•The capital invested in the landslide prone area concerned.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

Disaster management team must be kept in top alert. If down pour occurs, then evacuate people residing
in steep slopes to safe places.
Steep slopes must be earmarked for natural vegetation.
Fire fighting force, police and engineering departments must be brought to the spot.
Emergency camps, mineral water, medical emergency kits must be made available.
Emergency food kit must be made available for all families.
Sl. Place and year nation Damages
No.
1. Calatc, 1988 turkey Tonnes of mud and rock slid down a rain
soaked mountain on to this village near
black sea. An estimated 300 people died.

2 Khait, 1949 tadzhikistan Land slides triggered by earthquake

conveyed on this area killing 12,000
people.

3 Kansu provinee, 1920 china A series of severe earthquakes unleashed

a series of deadly landslides and totally
2,00,000 died.
CYCLONES
A Cyclone is an intense tropical strom, with wind speeds of over 120km/hr.
Most cyclones have speed of 200km/hr over larger areas, with guts up to 400km/hr.
storms: Storms are known by several names depending on their origin, fate and intensity.
A thunderstorm is an intense, local, rainstorm of short duration, which is accompanied by thunder and lightning. During
most violent stage, heavy precipitation occurs.
Tornadoes are small and more intense than either thunderstorm or hurricanes. The average tornado last for less than 1
hour and length of its path is about 16 to 64 km wand the average speed ranges from 40 to 100 km/hr. Tornadoes lift
houses and cars and uproot trees.
CONTROL MEASURES
Strom and rain warnings have to be telecast and broadcast. The people affected must be
alerted to move away. Drinking water and emergency measures must be kept in readiness.
schools and colleges must be closed, rehabilitation must be done.

Sl. Place and year nation Damages

No.
1 Caribbean Dominican republic 1,200 people died everything was wiped out
hurricane, Jamaica, yucatan
1979
2 Caribbean Peninsula, north east About 300 people died. 7,50,000 were homeless
hurricane gilbert mexico
1988
3 Us gulf coast US Winds gusted at 320km/hr over 225 people died.
hurricane camille,
1969
4 Wild west 1965 US 40 tornagoes and 50 thunder stroms wreacked havoc in
5 mid western states.
5 Orissa super india Storm hits at 260km/hr, severe damage
cyclone 1999
TSUNAMIS
When earthquakes occur beneath the sea floor, the upswelling lava displaces the overlying water. When such large
volume of water tries to regain its original position the opposite forces generate giant sea waves, these waves travel
on all directions and have tremendous forces in them.
MANAGEMENT
Tsunami warnings must be broadcast.
The emergency team must be alerted. The district administration and police must evacuate
people to safe areas.
Proper rehabilitation must be done.
Building construction should be made of framed concrete structures.
Fisherman must not be permitted to go into the sea.
Ports must stop operation with the precaution of all ships berthed in the port.
People should not be permitted to go near beaches. People must immediately be asked to go up
to the top floors of multistoried buildings.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

A national disaster response force (NDRF) with 8 battalions and 10,000 men has been formed the former chief
of army, [Link] is the chairman. [Link] former director general of CISF and Prof.S.P,Sulkatme,
former director of IIT, Bombay are the members of the Natural Disaster Management committee.

The men for the force have been Drawn from the border security force, central reserve police, central
industrial security force and the indo-tibetan border police.

The approach of this team will be on pre-disaster in the terms of prevention, mitigation, and preparation in
addition to post disaster response of rehabilitation and reconstruction.

THE STRUCTURE AND FOCUS OF NDRF ARE:

• the force will have 8 battalions of 10,000 specially trained men.

•They are equipped to respond to natural and man-made disasters.
•They can respond to radiological, nuclear, biological and chemical attacks.
•Core team has been trained on international level.
•Imported sophisticated rescue equipments are procured. Regional centers at strategic locations are
established.
 Locations identified are
•Chandigarh
•Great Noida
• Patna
•Guwahati
•Kolkata
•Pune
•Chennai
•Bhubaneshwar

High altitude disaster rescue teams will be stationed at vulnerable

spots of
•Kulu
•Saharahan
•Rekory deo in himachal pradesh
•Gaucher
•Matti
•Pithoagarh in uttranchal
•Gangtok in sikkim
The regional responds centers for anti terror operations will be stationed at
• Hyderabad
•Bangalore
•Mumbai

For floods and earthquakes these will be located at

•Itanagar
•Dibrugarh
•Siliguri
•Bongaigaon
•Durgapur
•Balasore
•vishakapattnam
•Nagapur
•Mokana
•Muzaffarpur
•Saharsa
•Allahabad
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Contents:
• Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA)-
INTRODUCTION
• Impacts :

• Evolution of EIA

• Benefits of EIA

• The process of EIA

• Contents of EIA Report

• List of projects requiring EIA

• EXTERNALITIES OF EIA

• Conclusions
INTRODUCTION

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) refers to the evaluation of the environmental impacts likely to
raise from a major project significantly affecting the environment.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process which ensures that all environmental matters are
taken into account quite early in the project at planning process itself. It takes into consideration
not only technical and economic considerations but also, traditional aspects like impact on local
people, biodiversity etc.
• Atool used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project
prior to decision-making.
• It aims to predict environmental impacts at an early stage in project planning and design, find ways
and means to reduce adverse impacts, shape projects to suit the local environment and present the
predictions and options to decision-makers.
• By using EIA both environmental and economic benefits can be achieved, such as reduced cost and
time of project implementation and design, avoided treatment/clean-up costs and impacts of laws and
regulations.
 IMPACTS
• The impact of an activity is a deviation (a change) from
the baseline situation that is caused by the activity.
• The baseline situation is the existing environmental situation or
condition in the absence of the activity.

TYPESOF IMPACTS
Ecological Impact Environmental impacts:
Fisheries, forests, plantation, eutrophication 1. Depletion of natural
resources.
Physico-chemical Impact
Erosion and Siltation, drainage congestion /water logging, 2. Destruction of habitats.
regional hydrology/flooding, obstruction to waste water flow, 3. Change in ph, oxygen level,
dust /noise pollution toxicity of water.
Impact on Human Interest
4. Increase in toxicity of air.
Loss of agricultural lands, generation of
employment opportunities, navigation and boat 5. Global warming.
communication, commercial and service
facilities, industrial activities, irrigation facilities 6. Ozone depletion.
EVOLUTION OF EIA
EIAis one of the successful policy innovations of the 20th Century for environmental conservation. Thirty-seven
years ago, there was no EIA but today, it is a formal process in many countries and is currently practiced in
more than 100 countries. EIA as a mandatory regulatory procedure originated in the early 1970s, with the
implementation of the National Environment Policy Act (NEPA) 1969 in the US. A large part of the initial
development took place in a few high-income countries, like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand (1973-74).
However, there were some developing countries as well, which introduced EIA relatively early - Columbia
(1974), Philippines (1978).

The EIA process really took off after the mid-1980s. In 1989, the World Bank adopted EIA for major
development projects, in which a borrower country had to undertake an EIA under the Bank's supervision
BENEFITSOFEIA

 Lower project costs in the long-term

 Increased project acceptance
 Improved project design
 Informed decision making
 Environmentally sensitive decisions
 Increased accountability and transparency
 Reduced environmental damage
 Improved integration of projects into their environmental
and social settings
BENEFITSOFEIA
 PROCESSOFEIA

EIAprocess includes following steps:

† Screening
† Scoping
† Impact analysis
† Impact mitigation
† Reporting
† Review
† Decision making
† Monitoring
 PROCESSOFEIA
† Screening: to determine which projects or
developments require a full or partial impact
assessment study;

† Scoping: to identify which potential impacts are

relevant to assess (based on legislative
requirements, international
conventions, expert knowledge and public
involvement), to identify alternative solutions
that avoid, mitigate or compensate adverse
impacts on biodiversity (including the option of
not proceeding with the development, finding
alternative designs or sites which avoid the
impacts, incorporating safeguards in the design
of the project, or providing compensation for
adverse impacts), and finally to derive terms of
reference for the impact assessment;
† Assessment and evaluation of impacts and development of alternatives, to predict and identify

the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, including the detailed elaboration
of alternatives;

† Reporting the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or EIA report, including an environmental management plan
(EMP), and a non-technical summary for the general audience.

† Review of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), based on the terms of reference
(scoping) and public (including authority) participation.

† Decision-making on whether to approve the project or not, and under what conditions; and
† Monitoring, compliance, enforcement and environmental auditing. Monitor whether the predicted impacts and
proposed mitigation measures occur as defined in the EMP. Verify the compliance of proponent with the EMP, to
ensure that unpredicted impacts or failed mitigation measures are identified and addressed in a timely fashion.
CONTENT OFEIAREPORT

Adescription of the project

An outline of the main alternatives studied by the developer, and an indication

of the main reasons for this choice
Adescription of the aspects of the environment likely to be significantlyaffected by the proposed
project
Adescription of the likely significant environmental effects of the proposed
project
Measures to prevent, reduce and possibly offset adverse environmental
effects

A non-technical summary

An indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or

lack of know-how) encountered while compiling the required information