OFFICE OF THE GENERAL MANAGER TELECOM.

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE COMPOUND,

NEAR RAILWAY STATION, KOLAR- 563102.
PHONE : 08152-223122 FAX : 08152-221003

INPLANT TRAINING report

Submitted By :
Vinay N
Bachelor of Technology
5th semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
School of Engineering and Technology
CMR University

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 Content

 Acknowledgment

 Introduction

 Company profile

 Broadband

 Telecom network

 Switching

 Mobile communication

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this training required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and I am extremely privileged to have got this all
along the completion of my internship. All that I have done is only due to such
supervision and assistance and I would not forget to thank them.

I respect and thank Asst. General Manager ,BSNL Kolar for providing me an
opportunity to do the internship training in BSNL and giving us all support and
guidance which made me complete this training. I am very much thankful to him
for providing such a nice support and guidance.

I owe my deep gratitude to our guide [Link], BSNL who took knee interest
and guided us all along, till the completion of our training by providing all the
necessary information for developing a good system.

I would not forget to remember [Link] sir for his encouragement and
moreover for his timely support and guidance.

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 INTRODUCTION

The telephone is a telecommunication device that is used to transmit and receive

electronically or digitally encoded speech between two or more people conversing. It
is one of the most common household appliances in the world today. Most telephone
network which allows any phone user to communicate with almost any other user.
Telecommunication networks carry information signals among entities, which are
geographically far apart. The entities are involved in the process of information
transfer that may be in the form of a telephone conversation or a file transfer
between two computers or message transfer between two terminals etc. With the
rapidelly growing traffic and untargerted growth of cyberspace, telecommunication
becomes a fabric of our life. The future challenges are enormous as we anticipate
rapid growth items of new services and number of user. Telecommunication has
evaluated and growth at an explosive rate in recent years and will undoubtedly
continue to do so. The telecommunication links and switching were mainly designed
for voice communication. With the appropriate attachments/equipments, they can be
used to transmit data. A modern society, therefore needs new facilities including
very high bandwidth switched data networks, and large communication satellites
with small, cheap earth antennas.

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 COMPANY PROFILE

COMPANY NAME : Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.

TYPE: Communication service provider

COUNTRY: India

AVAILABLITY: National except delhi

OWNER: The government of India

FOUNDED: 15 September 2000

HEADQUARTERS: New Delhi, India

INDUSTRY: Telecommunications

SERVICES: Fixed line and mobile telephony,

Internet services, digital television, IPTV

WEBSITE: [Link]

HOW BSNL CAME IN TELECOM MARKET:

The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for
Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and private
manufacturing of customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar Telephone
Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set up in [Link]
Telecom Commission was established in 1989. A crucial aspect of the institutional reform
of the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent regulatory body in 1997 –
the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to assure investors that the sector would
be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In 2000, DoT corporatized its services wing
and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.

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INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
It is defined as the system of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal
conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic activity
and behavior. The country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro Districts,
Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA) and Short Distance
Charging Area (SDCA).

In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of government.
Its basic functions are:

• Policy Formulation • Review of performance • Licensing • Wireless spectrum

management • Administrative monitoring of PSUs • Research & Development •
Standardization/Validation of Equipment 8

BSNL CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOM:

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the service
providers role from DOT. BSNL’s roadmap for providing customer with access to the latest
telecommunications services without losing sight of universal service access has been by
way of utilizing optimally the existing infrastructure and accelerating advances in
technological component by innovative absorption.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF BSNL:
• BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth largest integrated telecom
operator in the country.

• BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission network.

• BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom connectivity.

• Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi & Mumbai.

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 BROADBAND

Definition of Broad Band

Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data
transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s or more is
considered broadband.

What is Broadband Service?

Broadband refers to a connection that has capacity to transmit large amount of data at high
speed. Presently a connection having download speeds of 256 kbps or more is classified as
broadband. When connected to the Internet broadband connection allows surfing or
downloading much faster than a dial-up or any other narrowband connections. BSNL offers
2 Mbps minimum download speed for its Broadband connections.

Requirement for providing Broad Band connection

 Personal Computer
 ADSL Modem
 Land Line Connection
 Splitter for separating telephone from Personal computer.

Services available through Broadband

 High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with speed
ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.
 Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per his
/ her requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps
during the video Conferencing session.
 Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services, video-on-demand etc. for
application in distance education, telemedicine etc.
 Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private network
securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.
 Video and Audio Conferencing:
 Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and
time shifted TV

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  Video on Demand: Customers can view any movie of their choice from a
pool of movies stored in a central server. The movies can be viewed either
on a TV or a PC.
 Audio on Demand: It is a similar service where person can listen to any
music of his choice.
 TV channels through broadband connection: The TV channels may be
available in the broadband connection. In fact, there may be other new
channels, particularly the educational and scientific channels, depending on
demand. Additional equipments required in the customer's premises are
Set Top Box (STB) - The STB converts the digital IP based signal to a form
compatible with the TV set.

 PC and TV The TV services envisaged are:

i. S-VoD : Subscription based Video Content, as in Pay Channels.
ii. Video-On-Demand
iii. N-VoD : Near Video-On-Demand. NVOD provides playouts on fixed time bands
which people can watch against payment.
iv. T-VOD : Transaction or Pay-Per-View service. The video content will have
Hindi, international and regional movies, music, soaps and serials, sports, news,
interactive gaming, e-learning and niche channels. "The driver in entertainment
will be on-demand movies, interactive gaming, broadband Internet connectivity
and e-learning,"
 Billing: To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or
volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to select the
services through web server To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband
services
 IP Telephony
 Messaging: plain and feature rich,
 Multi-site MPLS VPN with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees.
 Wi-Fi
 Web hosting & web co-location.
 Lease line service.

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 Working of broadband

SERVICE PROVIDER

CORE ROUTER

BNG

TIRE/RPR

OC LAN

DSLAM

ADSL-MODUM

SERVICE PROVIDER
Service is provided to BSNL through satellites

CORE ROUTER
A core router is a router that forwards packets to computer hosts within a network (but
not between networks). A core router is sometimes contrasted with an edge router, which

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routes packets between a self-contained network and other outside networks along a
network backbone.

BNG- Broadband Network Gateway

Broadband Network Gateway (BNG) is the access point for subscribers, through which they
connect to the broadband network. When a connection is established between BNG and
CustomerPremise Equipment (CPE), the subscriber can access the broadband services
provided by the Network Service Provide (NSP) or Internet Service Provider (ISP). BNG
establishes and manages subscriber sessions. When a session is active, BNG aggregates
traffic from various subscriber sessions from an access network, and routes it to the
network of the service provider. BNG is deployed by the service provider and is present at
the first aggregation point in the network, such as the edge router. An edge router, like the
Cisco ASR 9000 Series Router, needs to be configured to act as the BNG. Because the
subscriber directly connectsto the edge router, BNG effectively managessubscriber access,
and subscriber management functions such as:

• Authentication, authorization and accounting of subscriber sessions

• Address assignment

• Security

• Policy management

• Quality of Service (QoS)

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Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)
Resilient Packet Ring (RPR), is a protocol standard designed for the optimized transport of
data traffic over optical fiber ring networks. The standard began development in November
2000[1] and has undergone several amendments since its initial standard was completed in
June 2004. The amended standards are 802.17a through 802.17d, the last of which was
adopted in May 2011.[2] It is designed to provide the resilience found
in SONET/SDH networks (50 ms protection) but, instead of setting up circuit oriented
connections, provides a packet based transmission, in order to increase the efficiency
of Ethernet and IP services.

DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)

A DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) is a network device, usually at a
telephone company central office, that receives signals from multiple customer Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL) connections and puts the signals on a high-speed backbone line
using multiplexing techniques. Depending on the product, DSLAM multiplexers connect
DSL lines with some combination of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), frame relay, or
Internet Protocol networks. DSLAM enables a phone company to offer business or homes
users the fastest phone line technology (DSL) with the fastest backbone network
technology (ATM).

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ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line)
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type of digital subscriber line (DSL)
technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission
over copper telephone lines than a conventional voice band modem can provide. ADSL
differs from the less common symmetric digital subscriber line(SDSL). In
ADSL, bandwidth and bit rate are said to be asymmetric, meaning greater toward the
customer premises (downstream) than the reverse (upstream). Providers usually market
ADSL as a service for consumers for Internet access for primarily downloading content
from the Internet, but not serving content accessed by others.

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FEATURES OF BROADBAND
 Fast connection to the Internet
Access to the services which would otherwise be impossible on a slower dial up
connection. These include facilities such as downloading music or video footage,
listening to your favourite radio station or downloading (or sending) large attached
files with emails.
 “Always-on” connection
Means that you are permanently connected to the internet; hence no need to dial up
connection every time you want to surf the web, send email, etc.
 Flat-rate billing
If you choose an uncapped rate there will be no additional charges for the time you
are online. You can use it as much or as little as you would like, for a fixed fee. Some
connections are available at a lower cost, but limit you to the amount of data being
downloaded (known as ‘capped rate’).
 Dedicated connection
Simultaneous use of both telephone & data line.

WIRE LINE BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES :

ADSL (A symmetric Digital Subscriber Line) ADSL exploits the copper wires which have a
much greater bandwidth or range of frequencies than that demanded for voice without
disturbing the line’s ability to carry phone conversations. The A stands for asymmetric,
meaning that data transmission rate is not the same in both directions i.e., more
bandwidth, or data-carrying capacity, is devoted to data travelling downstream-from the
Internet to your PC-than to upstream data travelling from your PC to the Internet. The
reason for the imbalance is that, generally upstream traffic is very limited to a few words at
a time, like for example ±an URL request and downstream traffic, carrying graphics,
multimedia, and shareware program downloads needs the extra capacity. An ADSL circuit
connects an ADSL modem on each end of a twisted pair telephone line, creating three
information channels

1. A high speed downstream channel

2. A medium speed duplex channel

3. A basic telephone service channel The basic telephone service channel is split off from
the digital modem by filters, thus guaranteeing uninterrupted basic telephone service, even
if ADSL fails.

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Features of ADSL
 Allows simultaneous access to the line by the telephone and the computer
 In case of power/ADSL failure, data transmission is lost but basic telephone service
will be operational
 ADSL Provides 16-1000 kbps upstream and 1.5-24 Mbps downstream. It can work
up to a distance of 3.7 to 5.5 km depending upon the speed required.

Advantages of ADSL
 You can leave your Internet connection open and still use the phone line for voice
calls.
 The speed is much higher than a regular modem
 DSL doesn’t necessarily require new wiring; it can use the phone line you already
have.

In BSNL, Broadband Access Network, there has to be an ADSL modem on either end of the
telephone line. One end of the line, terminated at Subscriber’s premises is first connected to
the splitter which filter out the low frequency voice to be connected to the telephone
instrument. The higher frequency, which carries the data is connected to the modem. The
connectivity is shown in the figure 1 given below.

The other end is terminated at service providers end which also has similar
arrangement. But at service providers point, numerous ADSL lines are terminated and
there has to be equal number of splitters and ADSL modems. So instead of separate
splitters & modems, it is aggregated into single nit called Digital Subscriber Line
Access Multiplexer (DSLAM). So one side of the DSLAM interfaces the subscriber lines
and the other side interfaces to the core network through several LAN switches.

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Before being given access to the subscriber, subscriber is authenticated based on
username and password by the BRAS. After authentication(verification of username &
password), subscriber is authorised to access the Providers core network and in turn
is connected to whatever service or content the subscriber demands and accounting
is initiated based on either time based or volume based billing. The LAN Switch
collocated with the Core router is termed as Tier ± 1 Switch and all other LAN
switches which aggregate the DSLAM are called Tier -2 switches. DSLAMs can also be
aggregated to Tier -1switch.

The various components in the Broadband Access Network are:

 Customer Premises Equipment(CPE) (ADSL Modem & Splitter)

 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)

 LAN Switches: for aggregating DSLAM (Tier -1 & Tier -2 Switch)

 Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS)

DSL
DSL is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires
of a local telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop. In
telecommunications marketing, the term Digital Subscriber Line is widely understood
to mean Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most commonly installed
technical variety of DSL. DSL service is delivered simultaneously with regular
telephone on the same telephone line. This is possible because DSL uses a higher
frequency. These frequency bands are subsequently separated by filtering. The data
throughput of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 Kb/s to 20 Mbit/s in
the direction to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line
conditions, and service-level implementation. In ADSL, the data throughput in the
upstream direction, (i.e. in the direction to the service provider) is lower, hence the

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designation of asymmetric service. In Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)
service, the downstream and upstream data rates are equal.

ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network )

Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is one of the oldest broadband digital
access methods for consumers and businesses to connect to the Internet. It is a
telephone data service standard. A basic rate ISDN line (known as ISDN-BRI) is an
ISDN line with 2 data “bearer” channels (DS0 -64 Kbit/s each). Using ISDN terminal
adapters (erroneously called modems), it is possible to bond together 2 or more
separate ISDN-BRI lines to reach bandwidths of 256 Kbit/s or more. The ISDN channel
bonding technology has been used for video conference applications and broadband
data transmission.

Advantages:

 Constant data rate at 64 Kbit/s for each DS0 channel.

 Two way broadband symmetric data transmission, unlike ADSL.

 One of the data channels can be used for phone conversation without
disturbing the data transmission through the other data channel. When a
phone call is ended, the bearer channel can immediately dial and re-
connect itself to the data call.

 Call setup is very quick.

 Low latency

 ISDN Voice clarity is unmatched by other phone services.

 Caller ID is almost always available for no additional fee.

 Maximum distance from the central office is much greater than it is for
DSL.

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BPL (Broadband over power lines)
Broadband over power lines (BPL), also known as power -line Internet or power
band, is the use of PLC technology to provide broadband Internet access through
ordinary power lines. A computer (or any other device) would need only to plug a
BPL “modem” into any outlet in an equipped building to have high-speed Internet-
access. the utility. Also, such ubiquitous availability would make it much easier for
other electronics, such as televisions or sound systems, to hook up. Cost of running
wires such as Ethernet in many buildings can be prohibitive; Relying on wireless has
number of predictable problems including security, limited maximum throughput and
inability to power devices efficiently.

APPLICATIONS OF BROADBAND

 Basic WWW browsing and Email access

 Run Servers (Web / FTP)

 Business tariff, can depend on company

 Some technologies are asymmetric (cable, ADSL)

 Video On Demand (VOD)

 Audio Streams (Internet Radio)

 Fast File Transfers (Possibility of downloading large files in short period

of time)

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 TELECOM NETWORK

This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a call
from basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice versa.

CALL SETUP:

 When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the
nearest switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching
Telecommunication Network). Then it processes the caller and
subscriber’s number if it exists in the same BSC then call setup is
completed.

 If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching Centre) then call
transfer to MSC (Main Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior
BSC then call setup is completed.

 If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO

now call transfer is done on BTSs (Base Transceiver Station) and call
setup is completed.

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FUNCTION OF EXCHANGE:

 Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This

is done by two type of signaling:

1. Inchannel signaling

2. Common channel signaling

 Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of

signaling network.

 Charging and billing.

ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE:

 All control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.

 Memories are modifiable and control program can always be rewritten.

For each call processing step decision is taken according to class of
service.

CARRIER ROOM:
Leased line connectivity is provided in carrier room. This room has two
parts:

1. Conventional leased line system

2. MLLN

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CONVENTIONAL LEASED LINE SYSTEM:

 It consists of modems and routers that are provided by the company

requesting for that network.

 Connectivity of different ATM, banks etc. is provided by BSNL here.

 For this, we have 4 modems (2 in Exchange, 1 at sender and 1 at receiver)

 Modems are used for short distances i.e. trans and receive part are
received here and local lead connection is given to the subscriber.
 Local lead faults can be handled here but the trans and receive faults can
be handled by the department meant for it.

 Accept 64Kbps or 2 Mbps.

 For long distance communication we have MUXS and data is sent through
optical fibers. MUXS are present at both the ends.

MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK:

 No open wiring.

 Route can be changed by the computer software

 In Agra Gate Exchange, we have 3 VMUX of type II.

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MDF(MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME):

M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a

termination point within the local telephone exchange where exchange
equipment and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires.

FUNCTIONS OF MDF:

 All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines
are terminated and distributed through MDF.

 The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from
both sides. Each jumper is a twisted wire.
 It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the
main Exchange area.

 The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat
coils and functions as a test point between a line and the office.

 It provides testing of calls.

 It checks whether fault is indoor or external.

 All lines terminate individually.

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POWER PLANT:

 It provides -48V to the switch rooms and 48V to the connections.

 Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their

maintenance.

 Cooling is provided through fans & AC.

 There is earth region too for protection.

HOW A TELECOM EXCHANGE WORKS:

It require -48 Vdc.

A telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic
components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical
building used to h ouse inside plant equipment including telephone switches,
which make telephone calls “work” in the sense of making connections and
relaying the speech information.

The basic block diagram for a telecom exchange is as follows-

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Engine and Alternator

It provides AC output in the event of commercial power supply failure. The

diesel engine provides the prime mover to the alternator so that the
alternating current is generated to support the exchange systems.150 KV
Generator with 6 Silinder, and it require 24 V DC for Starting System

OMC (Operation and Maintenance Control):

It contains input-output processor terminals, visual display units, printers,

cartridges, etc. It controls the entire operation of exchange data and billing
data. The new connections, adding and removing of facilities to the
subscriber is done in the OMC room.

Switch:

It provides the switching facility and connection to the outside of the

exchange. The switch room contains actual telephone switching hardware
such as cabinets, racks, slots and cards. Switching is the most important part
of the exchange process.

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 SWITCHING

A switch is defined as establishing a temporary connection from the calling

subscriber to the called subscriber. Switch is a device that makes the
connection and breaks the connection. It is a device that channels incoming
data from any of the multiple input ports to the specific input that will take
the data toward its intended destination.

A Digital switching system, in general, is one in which signals are switched in

digital form. These signals may represent speech or data. The digital signals
of several speech samples are time multiplexed on a common media before
being switched through the system.

To connect any two subscribers, it is necessary to interconnect the time-slots

of the two speech samples which may be on same or different PCM highways.
The digitalized speech samples are switched in two modes, viz., Time
Switching and Space Switching.

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 AU: Subscriber rack for feeding current and other functionalities

Interface: Interface between main exchange and subscribers/Trunks

Switch: Main switching network and other exchange equipment

MDD: Magnetic Disk Drive for storing data

MTD: Magnetic Tape Drive for backup and regeneration of the exchange

OMT: Operation and Maintenance terminal to issue various commands.

Control: Processor to control peripherals and interfacing Main Exchange.

Printer: To get hard copy for all the reports.

Different types of Electronic Switches are –

(1) C-DOT : Indian Made

(2) E10B : France Made

(3) OCB : France Made

(4) EWSD : Germany Made

C-DOT

The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) was established in August

1984 as an autonomous body. Its goal was to develop telecommunication
technology to meet the needs of the Indian telecommunication network.

In the initial years, a telecom revolution in rural India that was responsible
for all-round socio-economic development from global connectivity. As part
of its development process, C-DOT spawned equipment manufacturers and
component vendors. Research and development facilities were located at its
Delhi and Bangalore campuses.

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Within a very short time, telecom switching products suited to Indian
conditions appeared in the form of small rural automatic exchanges (RAXs)
and medium size switches as SBMs for towns. This was followed by higher
capacity digital switches known as main automatic exchanges (MAXs). C-DOT
technology spread across the country through its licensed manufacturers..

Beginning with digital switching systems, C-DOT developed products for

optical, satellite and wireless communication from circuit switching
technology, ATM and next generation networks. From a purely hardware
development centre, it diversified into development of telecom software like
IN, NMS, Data Clearing House and from a protected environment of closed
market to an open and competitive market.

While developing the RAX/MAX digital switches, C-DOT also evolved

processes and procedures for manufacturing the switches in Indian factories
which set up an Indian manufacturing vendor base. Later, C -DOT projects
included central monitoring systems for telecom security, for the Indian
government.

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Block diagram :C-DOT DSS MAX exchange can be configured using four
basic modules

 Base Module

 Central Module

 Administrative Module

 Input Output Module

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 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
A mobile phone, cell phone or hand phone is an electronic device used to make mobile
telephone calls across a wide geographic area, served by many public cells, allowing
the user to be mobile. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the range
of a single, private base station, for

example within a home or an office.

A mobile phone can make and receive telephone calls to and from the public
telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones
across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network provided by
a mobile network operator. In addition to telephony, modern

mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text
messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, sh ort range wireless
communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and
photography. Mobile phones that offer these more general computing
capabilities are referred to as smart phones.

Generation Gap

Generation#1

 Analog [routines for sending voice]

 All systems are incompatible

 No international roaming

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Generation#2

 Digital [voice encoding]

 Increased capacity

 More security

 Compatibility

 Can use TDMA or CDMA for increasing capacity

Generation#2.5

 Packet-switching

 Connection to the internet is paid by packets and not by connection time.

 Connection to internet is cheaper and faster [up to 56KBps]

Generation#3

 The present future

 Permanent web connection at 2Mbps

 Internet, phone and media: 3 in 1

 The standard based on GSM is called UMTS.

 The EDGE standard is the development of GSM towards 3G.

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 The genius of the cellular system is the division of a city into small cells. This
allows extensive frequency reuse across a city, so that millions of people can
use cell phones simultaneously. In a typical analog cell-phone system, the
cell-phone carrier receives about 800 frequencies to use across the city. The
carrier chops up the city into cells. Each cell is typically sized at about
10squaremiles (26 square 22ilometres). Cells are normally thought of as
hexagons on a big hexagonal grid, like this:

HOW A CALL IS CONNECTED

 When you first power up the phone, it listens for an SID on the control
channel. The control channel is a special frequency that the phone and
base station use to talk to one another about things like call set-up and
channel changing. If the phone cannot find any control channels to listen
to, it knows it is out of range and displays a “no service” message.
 When it receives the SID, the phone compares it to the SID programmed
into the phone. If the SIDs match, the phone knows that the cell it is
communicating with is part of its home system.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CMR University

  Along with the SID, the phone also transmits a registration request, and
the MTSO keeps track of your phone’s location in a database — this way,
the MTSO knows which cell you are in when it wants to ring your phone.
 The MTSO gets the call, and it tries to find you. It looks in its database to
see which cell you are in.
 The MTSO picks a frequency pair that your phone will use in that cell to
take the call.
 The MTSO communicates with your phone over the control channel to tell
it which frequencies to use, and once your phone and the tower switch on
those frequencies, the call is connected. Now, you are talking by two-way
radio to a friend.
 As you move toward the edge of your cell, your cell’s base station notes
that your signal strength is diminishing. Meanwhile, the base station in
the cell you are moving toward (which is listening and measuring signal
strength on all frequencies, not just its own one-seventh) sees
 your phone’s signal strength increasing. The two base stations
coordinate with each other through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone
gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. This hand off
switches your phone to the new cell.

 Let’s say you’re on the phone and you move from one cell to another —
but the cell you move into is covered by another service provider, not yours.
Instead of dropping the call, it’ll actually be handed off to the other service
provider.

 If the SID on the control channel does not match the SID programmed
into your phone, then the phone knows it is roaming. The MTSO of the cell
that you are roaming in contacts the MTSO of your home system, which then
checks its database to confirm that the SID of the phone you are using is valid.
Your home system verify your phone to the local MTSO, which then tracks
your phone as you move through its cells. And the amazing thing is that all of
this happens within seconds.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CMR University

 CDMA

One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several
transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication
channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies. This concept is
called multiple access. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special
coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to
be multiplexed over the same physicalchannel.

By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time,while

frequency-division multiple access(FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of
spread spectrum signaling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data
bandwidth than the data being communicated.

 FDMA - Different users use different frequency

 TDMA - Different user use different time slotof one frequency
 CDMA - Different user use same frequency at the same
time, but with different spreading code

CDMA is a spread spectrum multiple access technique. A spread spectrum technique

spreading the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power.
Spreading code is a pseudo-random code that has a narrow Ambiguity function,
unlike other narrow pulse codes. In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much
higher rate than the data to be transmitted. Data for transmission is combined via
bitwise XOR(exclusive OR) with the faster code.

Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing
the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA
systems. The best performance will occur when there is good separation between the
signal of a desired user and the signals of other users. The separation of the signals is

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CMR University

made by correlating the received signal with the locally generated code of the desired
user. If the signal matches the desired user’s code then the correlation function will be
high and the system can extract that signal. If the desired user’s code has nothing in
common with the signal the correlation should be as close to zero as possible (thus
eliminating the signal); this is referred to as cross correlation. If the code is correlated
with the signal at any time offset other than zero, the correlation should be as close to
zero as possible. This is referred to as auto-correlation and is used to reject multi-path
interference.

Advantages of CDMA

 Frequency reuse factor is 1. Network design and expanding become much

easier.

 Large Coverage, almost 2 times than GSM, saves money for operators.

 High spectrum capacity 8—10 times than AMPS, 4²6 times than GSM.

 High privacy, hard to wiretapping.

 Perfect Power Control and voice activation make the MS power low,
healthy for body green mobile phone.

 Use soft handoff, decreases call-drop rate.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CMR University

 GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications)

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a standard set developed by the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for
second generation (or “2G”) digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for first
generation analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit
switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. The standard was expanded
over time to include first circuit switched data transport, then packet data transport via
GPRS. Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE. The GSM standard is
succeeded by the third generation (or “3G”)UMTS standard developed by the 3GPP. GSM
networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth generation (or “4G”) LTE
Advanced standards.”GSM” is a trademark owned by the GSM Association.

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching
for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network²
macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies
according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells
where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof
top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level;
they are typically used in urban areas. Pico cells are small cells whose coverage
diameter is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors. Femto cells are cells
designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the
service provider’s network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are
used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between
those cells.

Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and
propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of
kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35
kilometres (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an
extended cell,where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the
antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CMR University

Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor
microcell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed
through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the
separate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot
of call capacity is needed indoors; for example, in shopping centres or airports.
However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-
building penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell. The modulation used in
GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency
shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothened
with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which
greatly reduces the interference to neighbouring channels (adjacent-channel
interference).

GSM subsystems

Network Subsystem: includes the equipments and functions related to end-

to-end call.

Radio Subsystem: includes the equipments and functions related to the

management of the connections on the radio path.

Operations and Maintenance subsystem: includes the operation and

maintenance of GSM equipment for the radio and network interface.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CMR University

GSM Evolution

Advantages for Operators

More revenue : By providing more than a mobile connection. Also operator

can charge on the basis of type and amount of content accessed.

Huge Potential Market for Data Services: Mobile Phone and Internet, both
are fastest growing technologies and GPRS is the merger of two.

Fast Roll-out and Continuous Network Expansion: GPRS is an integral part

of GSM.

GPRS uses excess voice capacity for data: GPRS Packets are transmitted in
short, free periods between busy hour calls.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CMR University

 CONCLUSION

This internship has been an excellent and rewarding experience. I can

conclude that there have been a lot I’ve learnt from my work at BSNL.

Not only did I gain practical skills but I also had the opportunity to meet many
fantastic people and make connections that will last a lifetime. The
atmosphere at the BSNL, Kolar was always welcoming which made me feel
right at home.

The primary objective of this implant training was to get an overview about
the services of the BSNL. This implant training gave a good perspective about
the detailed process involved in broadband, Mobile communication, switching
of calls and other service that are given by the BSNL.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CMR University