SPTOPICS

SPTOPICS
MODULE 6

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

 SPTOPICS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 1 - DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

A. LIMITS
B. DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
C. IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
D. SLOPE/TANGENT/NORMAL LINE
E. MAXIMA/MINIMA PROBLEMS
F. RELATED RATES

PART 2 - INTEGRAL CALCULUS

A. INTEGRATION FORMULAS
B. EQUATION OF CURVES
C. VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
D. AREA BY INTEGRATION
a. PLANE AREAS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
b. PLANE AREAS IN POLAR COORDINATES
E. CENTROID BY INTEGRATION
F. MOMENT OF INERTIA BY INTEGRATION
G. VOLUME
a. By Integration
b. By. Pappus’ Theorem
H. ARC LENGTH
a. By integration

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

SPTOPICS

PART 1
DIFFERENTIAL
CALCULUS

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

 SPTOPICS

LIMITS

We can redefine
Calculus as a branch
of mathematics that
enhances Algebra,
Trigonometry, and
Geometry through the
limit process. Calculus
simply will not exist
without limits because
every aspect of it is in the form of a limit in one sense or another. To illustrate this
notion, consider a secant line whose slope is changing until it will become a
tangent (or the slope of the curve) at point P (see figure below). Then we can
say that the slope of the curve at any point P is the limit of the slope of the secant
through P.

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
3. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

Find the first derivative of 2cos(2+x3).

a.-3x2sin(2+x3)
b. -6x2sin(2+x3)
c. 6x2sin(2+x3)
d. 3x2sin(2+x3)

Find the first derivative of y = arccos4x.

−4
a.
√1−16𝑥 2
4
b.
√1−16𝑥 2
4
c.
√1−4𝑥 2
−4
d.
√1−4𝑥 2

Find y’ if y=sinhx.
a. cschx
b. coshx
c. sechx
d. tanhx

Find the second derivative of y = x^-2 at

x = 3.

a. 0.5
b. -0.375
c. -0.5
d. 0.375

Find the second derivative of

y=x(x+1)^3 when x=1.

a. 36 b. 56 c.40 d. 48

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

SAMPLES:

𝑦3
Find y’ when x = + y.
3

−1
a. 𝑦 2 +1

1
b.
𝑦2

1
c. 𝑦 2 +1

−1
d. 𝑦2

1
Find y’ where y = 1 .
1−1+𝑥

a. X2
b. X-2
c. - X2
d. - X-2

SLOPE/TANGENT/NORMAL LINE

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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At what point along the curve x3 – 9x – y = 0 will the slope be 18?

a. (1,-8)

b. (3,0)

c. (2,-10)

d. (0,0)

Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve x 2 + y2 = 41 at (5,4).

a. 5x – 4y – 41 = 0

b. 5x + 4y +41 = 0

c. 5x + 4y – 41 = 0

d. 5x – 4y – 41 = 0

What is the equation of the normal to the curve x 2 + y2 = 25 at (4,3)?

a. 3x + 4y = 24

b. 3x - 4y = 0

c.4x + 3y = 25

d. 4x – 3y= 7

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MAXIMA/MINIMA PROBLEMS

Graph of the Function y = f(x)

The graph of a function y = f(x) may be plotted using Differential Calculus.

Consider the graph shown below.

As x increases, the curve rises if the slope is positive, as of arc AB; it falls if the
slope is negative, as of arc BC.

Relative Maximum and Minimum Points

At a point such as B, where the function is algebraically greater than that of

any neighboring point, the point is said to have a maximum value, and the
point is called a maximum point (relative to adjacent points). Similarly at D, the
function has a minimum value (relative to adjacent points). At maximum or
minimum points, the tangent is horizontal or the slope is zero.

This does not necessarily mean that at these points the function is maximum or
minimum. It does only mean that the tangent is parallel to the x-axis, or the
curve is either concave up or concave down. The points at which dy/dx = 0 are
called critical points, and the corresponding values of x are critical values.

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The second derivative of a function is the rate of change of the first derivative
or the rate of change of the slope. It follows that as x increases and y" is
positive, y' is increasing and the tangent turns in a counterclockwise direction
and the curve is concave upward. When y" is negative, y' decreases and the
tangent turns in the clockwise direction and the curve is concave downward.

If y' = 0 and y" is negative (i.e. y" < 0), the point is a maximum point (concave
downward).

If y' = 0 and y" is positive (i.e. y" > 0), the point is a minimum point (concave
upward).

Points of Inflection

A point of inflection is a point at which the curve changes from concave

upward to concave downward or vice versa (see point E from the figure). At
these points the tangent changes its rotation from clockwise to
counterclockwise or vice versa.

At points of inflection, the second derivative of y is zero (y" = 0).

Steps in Solving Maxima and Minima Problems

 Identify the constant, say cost of fencing.

 Identify the variable to be maximized or minimized, say area A.
 Express this variable in terms of the other relevant variable(s), say A = f(x,
y).
 If the function shall consist of more than one variable, expressed it in terms
of one variable (if possible and practical) using the conditions in the
problem, say A = f(x).
 Differentiate and equate to zero, dA/dx = 0.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. The sum of two positive numbers is 2. Find the smallest value possible for
the sum of the cube of one number and the square of the other.
2. A rectangular lot is bounded at the back by a river. No fence is needed
along the river and there is to be 24-ft opening in front. If the fence along
the front costs $1.50 per foot, along the sides $1 per foot, find the
dimensions of the largest lot which can be thus fenced in for $300.
(84ftx112ft)
3. Find the volume of the largest box that can be made by cutting equal
squares out of the corners of a piece of cardboard of dimensions 15
inches by 24 inches, and then turning up the sides. (486)
4. Find the rectangle of maximum perimeter inscribed in a given circle.
5. A page is to contain 24 sq. in. of print. The margins at top and bottom are
1.5 in., at the sides 1 in. Find the most economical dimensions of the page.
(6x9)
6. A ship lies 6 miles from shore, and opposite a point 10 miles farther along
the shore another ship lies 18 miles offshore. A boat from the first ship is to
land a passenger and then proceed to the other ship. What is the least
distance the boat can travel? (26 mi)
7. Find the shortest distance from the point (5, 0) to the curve 2y2 = x3. (√𝟏𝟑)
8. A cylindrical tin boiler, open at the top, has a copper bottom. If sheet
copper is m times as expensive as tin, per unit area, find the most
economical proportions.
9. A man on an island 12 miles south of a straight beach wishes to reach a
point on shore 20 miles east. If a motorboat, making 20 miles per hour, can
be hired at the rate of $2.00 per hour for the time it is actually used, and
the cost of land transportation is $0.06 per mile, how much must he pay
for the trip? (2.16)
10. A right circular cylinder of radius r and height h is
inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 m and height 12 m. Determine
the radius of the cylinder such that its volume is a maximum.

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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TIME RATES

If a quantity x is a function of time t, the time rate of change of x is given by

dx/dt.

When two or more quantities, all functions of t, are related by an equation, the
relation between their rates of change may be obtained by differentiating
both sides of the equation with respect to t.

Steps in Solving Time Rates Problem

 Identify what are changing and what are fixed.

 Assign variables to those that are changing and appropriate value
(constant) to those that are fixed.
 Create an equation relating all the variables and constants in Step 2.
 Differentiate the equation with respect to time.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. Water is flowing into a vertical cylindrical tank at the rate of 24 ft^3/min. If

the radius of the tank is 4 ft, how fast is the surface rising? (0.477 ft/min)
2. A rectangular trough is 10 ft long and 3 ft wide. Find how fast the surface
rises, if water flows in at the rate of 12 ft^3/min. (0.4 ft/min)
3. A ladder 20 ft long leans against a vertical wall. If the top slides downward
at the rate of 2 ft/sec, find how fast the lower end is moving when it is 16 ft
from the wall. (1.5 ft/s)
4. A train starting at noon, travels north at 40 miles per hour. Another train
starting from the same point at 2 PM travels east at 50 miles per hour. Find,
to the nearest mile per hour, how fast the two trains are separating at 3
PM. (56.15 mi/hr)
5. A man 6 ft tall walks away from a lamp post 16 ft high at the rate of 5
miles per hour. How fast does the end of his shadow move? (8mi/hr)
6. A trapezoidal trough is 10 ft long, 4 ft wide at the top, 2 ft wide at the
bottom and 2 ft deep. If water flows in at 10 ft^3/min, find how fast the
surface is rising, when the water is 6 in deep. (0.4 ft/min)

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SPTOPICS

7. A light at eye level stands 20 ft from a house and 15 ft from the path
leading from the house to the street. A man walks along the path at 6 ft
per sec. How fast does his shadow move along the wall when he is 5 ft
from the house? (8ft/sec)
8. A light is placed on the ground 30 ft from a building. A man 6 ft tall walks
from the light toward the building at the rate of 5 ft/sec. Find the rate at
which the length of his shadow is changing when he is 15 ft from the
building. (-4ft/sec)
9. One city A, is 30 mi north and 55 mi east of another city, B. At noon, a car
starts west from A at 40 mi/hr, at 12:10 PM, another car starts east from B at
60 mi/hr. Find, in two ways, when the cars will be nearest together.
(12:39pm)

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

SPTOPICS

PART 2
INTEGRAL
CALCULUS

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

SPTOPICS

2𝜋/3
[Link] ∫𝜋/3 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥
a. 0.75
b. 1.44
c. 2.38
d. 0

1 𝑥
2. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +2
a. 0.230
b. 0.203
c. 0.372
d. 0.327

𝜋/2
3. Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
a. 0.6283
b. 0.7854
c. 1.0472
d. 1.5708

𝜋/2
4. Evaluate ∫0 cos6 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a. 0.0053
b. 0
c. 0.0033
d. 0.0035

1
5. Evaluate ∫0 sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a. 0.6807
b. 0.6708
c. 0.5807
d. 0.5708

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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EQUATION OF CURVES

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
The slope at any point on a curve is given by 6x-2. Determine the equation
of the curve if it passes through (5,3).

a. 3x2 – 2x – y – 62 = 0
b. 3x2 – 2x + y – 62 = 0
c. 3x2 – 2x – y + 62 = 0
d. 3x2 – 2x + y + 62 = 0

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

The motion of a particle in space is defined by the parametric equations a x =

0.8t, ay = 2 – 0.3t and az = 5 where a is in m/s2 and t in seconds.

1. Acceleration of the particle after 10 seconds.

a. 10.71 m/s2
b. 8.46 m/s2
c. 9.49 m/s2
d. 11.16 m/s2
2. Velocity of the particle after 10 seconds.
a. 64.23 m/s
b. 57.09 m/s
c. 70.25 m/s
d. 67.13 m/s
3. Distance traveled by the particle after 10 seconds.
a. 281.88 m
b. 287.71 m
c. 295.08 m
d. 291.61 m

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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AREA BY INTEGRATION

PLANE AREAS OF RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

There are two methods for finding the area bounded by curves in rectangular
coordinates. These are...

by using a horizontal element (called strip) of area, and

by using a vertical strip of area.

The strip is in the form of a rectangle with area equal to length × width, with width
equal to the differential element. To find the total area enclosed by specified
curves, it is necessary to sum up a series of rectangles defined by the strip.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 9 – x2 and the x-axis. (36 sq. units)
2. Find the area bounded by the curve x = y2 + 2y and the line x = 3. (32/3
sq. units)
3. Solve the area bounded by the curve y = 4x - x2 and the lines x = -2 and y
= 4. (64/3 sq. units)

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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PLANE AREAS IN POLAR COORDINATE

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. Find the area bounded by the curve r2 = a2cos2θ.

a. 4a2
b. a2
c. 3a2
d. 2a2
2. Find the area bounded by the curve r2 = 16cosθ.
a. 30 sq. units
b. 32 sq. units
c. 36 sq. units
d. 27 sq. units
3. Find the area bounded by r=asin3θ and r=acos3θ. (0.25πa2)

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CENTROID BY INTEGRATION

We extend the simple case given above. The "typical" rectangle indicated has
width Δx and height y2− y1, so the total moments in the x-direction over the
total area is given by:

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Find the centroid of the area bounded by y = x3, x = 2 and the x-axis.

(1.6,2.29)

MOMENT OF INERTIA BY INTEGRATION

The moment of inertia is a measure of the resistance of a rotating body to a

change in motion.

We want to find the moment of inertia, Iy of the

given area, which is rotating around the y-axis.

Each "typical" rectangle indicated has

width dx and height y2 − y1,so its area
is (y2 − y1)dx.

If k is the mass per unit area, then each typical

rectangle has mass k(y2 − y1)dx.

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The moment of inertia for each typical rectangle is [k(y2 − y1)dx] x2, since each rectangle
is x units from the y-axis.

SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. For the first quadrant area bounded by the curve y = 1- x2, find:
a. Moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis (Iy) (2k/15)
b. Mass of area (2k/3)
c. Radius of gyration (0.447)

2. Find the moment of inertia of the region bounded by the curves x 2 = 8y,
x=4, and the x-axis about the x-axis.
a. 1.79
b. 1.37
c. 1.63
d. 1.52

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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VOLUME BY INTEGRATION

Solids of Revolution by Integration

The solid generated by rotating a plane area about an axis in its plane is called
a solid of revolution. The volume of a solid of revolution may be found by the
following procedures:

Circular Disk Method

The strip that will revolve is perpendicular to the axis of revolution. In this
method, the axis of rotation may or may not be part of the boundary of the
plane area that is being revolved.

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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Cylindrical Shell Method

The strip that will revolve is parallel to

the axis of revolution. The volume of
revolution is obtained by taking the
limit of the sum of cylindrical shell
elements, each of which is equal in
volume to the mean circumference
times the height times the thickness.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by the
curve y2 = x, the x-axis and the line x = 2 is revolved about the x-axis. (2π)
2. Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by the
curve y2 = x, the x-axis and the line x = 2 is revolved about the y-axis.
(14.22)

VOLUME BY SECOND THEOREM OF PAPPUS

V = 2πAr

A = cross sectional area

r = distance of centroid from the axis of revolution

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. The area enclosed by the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 is revolved about the line
x=3. What is volume generated?
a. 370.3 cu. units
b. 360.1 cu. units
c. 355.3 cu. units
d. 365.1 cu. units

2. The area enclosed by the ellipse x2 + y2 = 9 is revolved about the line x=3.
What is volume generated?
a. 324.36 cu. units
b. 379.58 cu. units
c. 461.08 cu. units
d. 532.96 cu. units

3. The area enclosed by the ellipse x2 + y2 = 25 is revolved about the line

x=10. What is volume generated?
a. 4934.8 cu. units
b. 4286.29 cu. units
c. 5230.16 cu. units
d. 5537.08 cu. units

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ

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ARC LENGTH

BY INTEGRATION

SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. Find the length of y = x^(3/2) from x = 0 to x = 4. (9.073)

2. Find the length of the curve x = 2(2t+3)^3/2 and y = 3(t+1)2 from t = -1
t=3.
a. 74
b. 72
c. 73
d. 75
3. What is the perimeter of the curve r=4(1-sinθ)?
a. 32
b. 27.16
c. 25.13
d. 24

ALGEBRA PREPARED BY: ENGR. LIONEL P. LAPUZ