WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

(2171004)
B.E 7TH SEMESTER

LABORATORY MANUAL
2018

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

L.D.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AHMEDABAD
L. D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC ENGG. DEPARTMENT

INDEX
Sr.
Title Date page Sign
No.
1 To Study and verify spectrum of standard
signals using Spectrum Analyzer.

2 To study about GSM system architecture and

GSM handset.

3. To study and verify the general AT

Commands for GSM System.
4 To study and verify the Call control
and Data control AT Commands for
GSM System.
5 To study and verify network/Message related
AT commands.

To study about the block diagram of GSM

6 handset

7 To measure the supplies generated by CCONT

IC in a GSM Handset.

8 To perform and Observe channelization

scheme of cellular system.

9 To perform and Observe adjacent interference

in cellular System

10 To perform and Observe co-channel

interference in cellular System

11 Modelling and simulation of Rayleigh, Rician

and AWGN Channel using MATLAB.

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EXPERIMENT:-1
AIM:- To Study and verify spectrum of standard signal using spectrum
analyzer.
Objectives:-
1. Fourier series analysis of a sine ,square wave and triangular wave.

2. To compare frequency spectrum of square and triangular wave.

Apparture:-
Spectrum analyzer (HM5014),function generator,BNC to BNC ,connecting probe.

Theory:-
Fourier series:
The frequency spectrum of a time-domain signal is a representation of that signal in the

frequency domain. The frequency spectrum can be generated via a Fourier transform of the signal

and the resulting values are usually presented as amplitude and phase, both plotted versus frequency.

Any signal can be expressed as summation of sine waves of different frequency and amplitude.

Expression for finding Fourier series:

Fourier series for square wave:

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Fourier series for triangular wave:

Procedure:
a) Square wave:

1. Connect function generator to spectrum analyzer using connector. apply power supply to both

and switch them ‘ON’.

2. Set 1MHz square wave on function generator. Select square wave on function generator.

3.on spectrum analyzer set: span=5 MHz

RBW=120KHz

Attenuation =40dB

4. Harmonics of the square wave will be displayed on spectrum analyzer. Observe that there are
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only ODD harmonics present.

5.To note the reading, push the marker mode button and move the marker to maximum amplitude

in spectrum using marker knob.

6. Push the max. HLD switch and take the measurement in dBm.

7. Repeat the step of measurement by moving the marker to ODD harmonics and make

observation table.

8. Find the relation between power level of harmonics theoretically by using Fourier series

formula for square wave.

9. Find difference between theoretical and practical values of harmonics.

b)sine wave:

1.select sine wave on the function generator.

2.Reapeat steps 1 through 3 for sine wave.

3.Observe frequency spectrum of sine wave an draw required conclusions.

c) Triangular wave:

1. Select triangular wave on the function generator.

2. Repeat step 1 through 9 for triangular wave.

3.Compare the frequency spectra of both waves.

Observation Table:
Sine wave:

Sr.no Harmonics Observed Amp(dBm) Frequency (MHz)

1.
2.
3.

4.

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Square wave:

Sr. no Observed Theoretical Difference(dBm) Frequency

Amp(dBm) Amp(dBm) (MHz)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Calculation:-

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Triangular wave:

Sr.no Harmonics Observed Theoretical Difference Frequency

Amp(dBm) Amp(dBm) (dBm) (MHz)
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.
Calculation:-

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Conclusion:-

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EXPERIMENT:-2

AIM: - To study about GSM system architecture and GSM handset.

GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:

GSM FREQUENCIES

The GSM system is a frequency and time division system; each physical channel is
characterized by a carrier frequency & a time slot number. GSM system frequencies
includes two bands at 900 MHz and 1800MHz commonly referred as GSM-900 and
DCS1800.For the primary band in GSM-900 system,124 radio carriers have been defined
and assigned in two sub-bands of 25 MHz each in the 890-915 MHz and 935-960MHz ranges,
with channel width of 200 kHz .

The GSM system comprises of (refer Fig. 1) mobile station (MS), base transceiver station
(BTS), base station controller (BSC), mobile switching center (MSC) and a set of registers
(databases) to assist in mobility management & security functions. All signaling between
MSC and various registers as well as between MSCs takes place using Signaling System 7
(SS7) network.

Mobile Station (MS): GSM mobile station is

nothing but your handset or subscriber unit. At the time of
manufacturing a handset, an international mobile
equipment identity (IMEI) is programmed into the
terminal. A subscriber identity module (SIM) is required to
activate and operate GSM terminal. The SIM may be a
removable unit that can be inserted by the user. Any GSM
terminal capable of receiving a detachable SIM card can
become the user‟s MS upon plugging into the SIM card.

SIMcardholder&SIM
card

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Base station system (BSS): The base station system comprises a base station
controller (BSC) and one or more subtending base transceiver stations (BTS).The BSS is
responsible for all functions related to the radio resource management.

Mobile switching center (MSC): It‟s a local ISDN switch with additional
capabilities to support mobility management functions like location update, terminal
registration, and handoff. MSC performs the following major functions:
Call setup, release
Call routine
Billing information
Paging & altering
Echo cancellation
Registration etc.

GSMNetworkarchitecture

Home location register (HLR): It is a centralized database that has the permanent data
about the mobile subscribers in a large service area.

Visiting location register (VLR): It represents a temporary data store, and generally there
is one VLR per MSC. This register contains information about mobile subscribers who are
currently in the service area & which features are activated locally.

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Authentication center (AC): Generally associated with HLR, contains

authentication parameters which are used in initial location registration, location updates
etc.it uses authentication & cipher key generation algorithm A3 & A8 respectively.

Equipment identity register (EIR): It maintains information to authenticate terminal

equipment so that fraud can be identified and denied service.

GSM CAPABILITY & DATA SERVICES:

Characteristics of the initial GSM standard include the following:

Fully digital system utilizing the 900MHz frequency band.

TDMA over radio carriers (200 KHz carrier spacing)
User/terminal authentication for fraud control
Full international roaming capability
Compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services
Support of short message service (SMS)

FDMA-TDMA

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GSM supports a range of basic and supplementary services like bearer services, tele-services
and supplementary services. The common ISDN like supplementary services

Supported by GSM include the following:

Call forwarding
Call barring
Callwaiting
Call hold
Call charge etc.

Call forwarding & barring are defined in the original GSM specification (phase 1). GSM data
services consist of circuit-switched and packet-switched data. Circuit switched data can be to
an analog modem, to an ISDN connection, or to a fax machine. Packet switched data
connects to a packet network.

The GSM GPRS extends the packet capabilities of GSM to higher data rates and longer
messages. The service supports sending point to point and point to multipoint messages. Two
nodes are added to the GSM network to support GPRS.

GSM - The Wireless Evolution: The Wireless Evolution is achieved through the GSM family
of wireless technology platforms - today's GSM, GPRS, EDGE & 3GSM. GSM is a living,
evolving standard - growing and adapting to meet changing customer needs. It is the basis of
a powerful family of platforms for the future - providing a direct link into next generation
solutions including GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM
Evolution) and 3GSM.

Conclusion:-

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Experiment:-3
Aim: - To study and verify the general AT Commands for GSM
System.

In general AT commands comprises of three parts, which start with AT, followed by a
command and ended with the line termination character. The exceptions to this are A/ and
+++ which are sent without AT and carriage return.

The response from each command varies and is documented within the following text. In
general a successful command will respond with OK, whilst an unrecognized command will
fail with an error. If the command is recognized but fails due to an invalid sub parameter,
equipment error or network error, a more informative result code may be obtained by using
the command AT+CMEE=2, to display extended verbose result codes.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Place Evaluation board on the table.

Connect the serial cable to the 9 pole COM1 or COM2 port of the PC
(depending on which COM is available) then connect the other end of the serial cable to the 9-
pin SUB-D connector of the EVAL board.

Step 2: Remove two screws from the Evaluation board.

Pick up an A2D/F35/C2D Evaluation board. On the leftmost bottom corner, there
is a four pin connector named as BTMP A2D F35. Short rightmost pin Le. A2D & F35 by
jumper (Short Circuit Bridge).
Above from this four pin connector, there is another five pin connector. Short pin 3
& 4 from right Le. A2D &BAT. Back side of this board has 40 pin connector (female)
sockets. Fix it on the male 40 pin connector socket available on the Evaluation board. Proper
care should be taken while fixing. All the jumpers should come at bottom side but just above
external SIM holder & reset switch.

Step 3: Now the Siemens TC35 module. Fix it on A2D/F35/C2D Evaluation board carefully
in the same manner.
Caution! Do not play with the RF module, do not press.

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Step 4: How to fix sim card. For fixing the SIM card, user has two options. Either user
can use onboard internal SIM holder available on TC35 module or external holder on
Evalkit.
External: Here SIM card fits into the SIM card holder under the plastic cover which should
be closed by twisting the metal flap “LOCK”.
Internal: On board 81M holder is available on TC35 module. By pressing small push button
(c2) take out the holder outside & fixed any working SIM card in it and fix it again in TC35
module.

Step 5:The GSM 900/1800Mhz antenna. TC35 (F35) module has antenna connector for this
antenna. Push one end of this antenna to TC35 antenna connector and then lock it properly.
Place connected antenna either on top of the rack in lab or best way is to place outside the lab
in open space environment to get better signal strength.
Antenna has a magnet on bottom side for fixing. Don’t touch antenna while
Evaluation kit is on. During experiment, switch off the module and then change the antenna
position for getting good signal strength and again power on the module.

Step 6: For connecting RJ-45 plug, user has two options available. One socket is on
Evaluation board and other is on A2D/F35 board.
Choose anyonee.g: fixed RJ-45 plug of headphone and microphone to evaluation
board near serial port.

Step 7: Software interface Now you can communicate with the module through any
terminal program such as HyperTerminal under Windows.
To locate HyperTerminal in windows follow the following path

C:\programfiles\accessories\HyperTerminal\or if it is not available, then user can install

HyperTerminal from GSM trainer CD-ROM provided How to install A2d test software from
CD-ROM?? Insert GSM trainer CD in CD-ROM drive, say it is E drive. Run the setup file
from location E:\testsoftware\setup. After completion of setup, restart the computer.

Step 8: To turn on the EVAL board, plug in the power supply. Start the test software, now
press Soft On for three seconds until the RED is lighting.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr.No AT Command Response

1 AT+CGMI
2 AT+CGMM
3 AT+CGMR
4 AT+CGSN
5 AT+CIMI
6 AT+CSQ
7 AT+CBC
8 AT+CPAS

AT^MONI (OPERATOR-1)

Chann Rs DBm MCC MNC LAC Cell NCC BCC PWR Rxlev C1

AT^MONP (OPERATOR-1)

Sr. Chnn Rs dBm MNC MCC BCC C1 C2

No.
1
2

AT commands have three basic structures, some of which are not applicable to all command
types, for further information see the individual commands.

Test Commands (ATxxx=?) test's the existence of a command and checks its range
of sub parameter(s).

Read Commands (ATxxx?) reads the current value of the sub parameter(s).

Set Command (ATxxx=a,b) will attempt to set a new sub parameter value(s). If the
command is successful the AT command interpreter will return OK (if ATV1, ATQ0)
otherwise an error or informative result code will be returned.

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Execution command causes the modem to return the manufacturer specific identity.

Command Possible responses

+CGMI Falcom_A2D_V1.01
+CGMI=? OK

AT+CGMM, Request Model Identification

Execution command causes the modem to return the manufacturer specific model identity.

Command Possible responses

+CGMM MULTIBAND 900E 1800
+CGMM=? OK

AT+CGMR, Request Version Identification

Execution command causes the modem to return revised software version.

Command Possible responses

+CGMR <version number>
+CGMR=? OK

AT+CGSN, Request Product Serial Number Identification

This command causes the modem to return the product serial number (IMEI - International
Mobile Equipment Identity).

Command Possible responses

+CGSN <IMEI>
+CGSN=? OK

AT+CIMI, Request International Mobile Subscriber Identity

Execution command causes the modem to return the International Mobile Subscriber Identity
Number (IMSI), when IMSI attached to a network.

Command Possible responses

+CIMI <IMSI>
+CIMI=? OK

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AT+CSQ Signal Quality

The signal strength as calculated by the ME. Bit error rate reporting is not supported by Nokia
products.

Command Response
+CSQ +CSQ: <rssi>,99
+CSQ=? +CSQ: (0-31,99),(99)

AT+CBC Battery Charge

The ME battery charging status and charge level. In Nokia products <bcs>=1 shall mean that
the battery is being charged.
Command Response
+CBC +CBC: <bcs>,<bcl>
+CBC=? +CBC: (0,1),(0-100)

AT+CPAS Phone Activity Status

The general status of the ME. The supported <pas> values are product specific. If TA and ME
are disconnected from each other, <pas>=1 (ME unavailable) shall be reported. If TA and ME
are in one physical entity, the test command shall still report that <pas>=1 is available
although it could never be reported.

Command Response
+CPAS +CPAS: <pas>
+CPAS=? +CPAS: (0,2,3,4)

Conclusion:-

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Experiment:-4
Aim: - To study and verify the Call control and Data control AT
Commands for GSM System.

In general AT commands comprises of three parts, which start with AT, followed by a
command and ended with the line termination character. The exceptions to this are A/ and
+++ which are sent without AT and carriage return.

The response from each command varies and is documented within the following text. In
general a successful command will respond with OK, whilst an unrecognized command will
fail with an error. If the command is recognized but fails due to an invalid sub parameter,
equipment error or network error, a more informative result code may be obtained by using
the command AT+CMEE=2, to display extended verbose result codes.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Place Evaluation board on the table.

Connect the serial cable to the 9 pole COM1 or COM2 port of the PC
(depending on which COM is available) then connect the other end of the serial cable to the 9-
pin SUB-D connector of the EVAL board.

Step 2: Remove two screws from the Evaluation board.

Pick up an A2D/F35/C2D Evaluation board. On the leftmost bottom corner, there
is a four pin connector named as BTMP A2D F35. Short rightmost pin Le. A2D & F35 by
jumper (Short Circuit Bridge).
Above from this four pin connector, there is another five pin connector. Short pin 3
& 4 from right Le. A2D &BAT. Back side of this board has 40 pin connector (female)
sockets. Fix it on the male 40 pin connector socket available on the Evaluation board. Proper
care should be taken while fixing. All the jumpers should come at bottom side but just above
external SIM holder & reset switch.

Step 3: Now the Siemens TC35 module. Fix it on A2D/F35/C2D Evaluation board carefully
in the same manner.
Caution! Do not play with the RF module, do not press.

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Step 4: How to fix sim card. For fixing the SIM card, user has two options. Either user
can use onboard internal SIM holder available on TC35 module or external holder on
Evalkit.
External: Here SIM card fits into the SIM card holder under the plastic cover which should
be closed by twisting the metal flap “LOCK”.
Internal: On board 81M holder is available on TC35 module. By pressing small push button
(c2) take out the holder outside & fixed any working SIM card in it and fix it again in TC35
module.

Step 5:The GSM 900/1800Mhz antenna. TC35 (F35) module has antenna connector for this
antenna. Push one end of this antenna to TC35 antenna connector and then lock it properly.
Place connected antenna either on top of the rack in lab or best way is to place outside the lab
in open space environment to get better signal strength.
Antenna has a magnet on bottom side for fixing. Don’t touch antenna while
Evaluation kit is on. During experiment, switch off the module and then change the antenna
position for getting good signal strength and again power on the module.

Step 6: For connecting RJ-45 plug, user has two options available. One socket is on
Evaluation board and other is on A2D/F35 board.
Choose anyonee.g: fixed RJ-45 plug of headphone and microphone to evaluation
board near serial port.

Step 7: Software interface Now you can communicate with the module through any
terminal program such as HyperTerminal under Windows.
To locate HyperTerminal in windows follow the following path

C:\programfiles\accessories\HyperTerminal\or if it is not available, then user can install

HyperTerminal from GSM trainer CD-ROM provided How to install A2d test software from
CD-ROM?? Insert GSM trainer CD in CD-ROM drive, say it is E drive. Run the setup file
from location E:\testsoftware\setup. After completion of setup, restart the computer.

Step 8: To turn on the EVAL board, plug in the power supply. Start the test software, now
press Soft On for three seconds until the RED is lighting.

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Call control commands

1) ATA- Answer command

Before one of the result codes can be returned some of the following
commands must be executed: +CR, +ER, +DR, or +ILRR (in that order).
Available connection rates depend on the product. The Answer command is
also used to control alternating mode calls . In GPRS connections the data
rate can actually be higher than the value that is returned because it is the
minimum desired value. The only verbose code returned in the case of GPRS
call is the word CONNECT.

Possible verbose / Description

numeric (V0) result
codes (V1)
CONNECT / 1 Data/fax call established; rate 300 bps (or
X forbids rate display) or GPRS context
activation.
CONNECT 1200 / 5 Data/fax call established; rate 1200 bps.

CONNECT 2400 / 10 Data/fax call established; rate 2400 bps.

CONNECT 4800 / 11 Data/fax call established; rate 4800 bps.

CONNECT 9600 / 12 Data/fax call established; rate 9600 bps.

CONNECT 14400 / 17 HSCSD (or 14.4 tch) data/fax call

established; rate 14400 bps.
CONNECT 19200 / 18 HSCSD data call established; rate 19200
bps.
CONNECT 28800 / 19 HSCSD data call established; rate 28800
bps.
CONNECT 38400 / 20 HSCSD data call established; rate 38400
bps.
CONNECT 43200 / 21 HSCSD data call established; rate 43200
bps.
ERROR / 4 The command cannot be executed.

NO CARRIER / 3 The call could not be established.

OK / 0 The command is aborted.

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2) ATD- Dial

Description
Possible verbose / numeric (V0)
result codes (V1)
BLACKLIST Calling the number is forbidden until manual
ED / 14 reset.

BUS Called party is busy.

Y/7
CONNE Data/fax call established; rate 300 bps (or X
CT/ 1 forbids rate display) or GPRS context
activation.
CONNECT 1200 / Data/fax call established; rate 1200 bps.
5
CONNECT Data/fax call established; rate 2400 bps.
2400/10
CONNECT Data/fax call established; rate 4800 bps.
4800/11
CONNECT Data/fax call
9600/12 established; rate 9600bp
CONNECT High-Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) (or
14400 / 17 14.4 tch) data/fax call established; rate 14400
bps.
CONNECT 19200 / 18 HSCSD data call established; rate 19200 bps.
CONNECT 28800/19 HSCSD data call established; rate 28800 bps.
CONNECT 38400 / 20 HSCSD data call established; rate 38400 bps.
CONNECT . HSCSD data call established; rate 43200 bps
4320 / 21
DELAYE Calling the number is temporarily (5 seconds -
/ 13 3 minutes) forbidden.

ERRO Command cannot

R/4 be executed
NO Called party does
ANSWE/8 not answer.
NO Call could not be
CARRIE/3 established.
Ok Command aborted or voice call started with
/ semicolon character

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Before one of the result codes can be returned, some of the following
commands have to be given: +CSSI, +COLP, +CR, +ER, +DR, or +ILRR (in
that order). Available connection rates depend on the product.
DELAYED/BLACKLISTED mechanism, that is, the blacklist is cleared by
pressing the ME key or by resetting the ME. The dial command is also used
to control alternating mode calls .In GPRS connections the data rate can
actually be higher than the desired value because it is a minimum desired
value. The only verbose code returned in case of a GPRS call is the word
CONNECT.

3) ATH- Hook control (Hang up call)

This command ends the call.

Command Response
H[0] End all calls (except a possible waiting call) if only single mode
calls are in progress, or switch to voice mode if a call of an
alternate mode is active.

4) ATL- Monitor speaker loudness

This setting is ignored.

Command
L[0]..L3

5) ATM- Monitor speaker mode

This setting is ignored.

Command
M[0]..M3

6) ATP- Select pulse dialling

This setting is ignored.

Command
P

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7) ATT- Select tone dialling

This setting is ignored.

Command
T

8) AT+CSTA- Select type of address

The dial command D uses always this setting except when the dial string
includes the international access code character (+). In this case the type of
the address sent to the network defaults to 145 (international/telephony).
Command Response Default

+CSTA=<type> 129
+CMOD? +CMOD: <mode>
+CMOD=? +CMOD: (0-3)

9) AT+CRC -Cellular result codes

Controls the presentation of the +CRING unsolicited result code, which can
be returned instead of a regular RING.
Command Response Default

+CRC=<mode> 0
+CRC? +CRC: <mode>
+CRC=? +CRC: (0,1)

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Data control commands

1) ATI-Request identification information

Command Response Description

I[0] Nokia Same as +GMI.

I1 product serial number Same as +GSN.

I2 product version Same as +GMR.

I3 product name Same as +GMM

I4 minor SW version

I9 plug and play info

I5-I8 and I10-I255 Dummies that are just

accepted.

2) ATZ-Reset to default configuration

Settings that are not stored in a profile,(“AT&W Store configuration”) will be

reset to their factory defaults (“AT&F Set to factory-defined configuration.”
Note that Z resets also all Fax commands). Although a product would not
have memory profiles (or only one of them) it shall accept both Z0 and Z1
(and reset to factory defaults). Additional commands on the same command
line after the Z command will be ignored.

Command Description
Z[0] Disconnect, reset to stored profile 0.
Z1 Disconnect, reset to stored profile 1.

3) AT&F- Restore factory settings

Command parameters (if implemented) that are reset to their factory defaults
are: all S-registers, E, Q, V, X, &C, &D, +IFC, +ILRR, &S, +CSCS, +DS, +DR,
+ES, +ER, +CSTA, +CMOD, +CBST, +CRLP, +CR, +CRC, +CSNS, +CHST,
+CHSN, +CV120 (only <mfm>), +CVHU, +CREG, +COPS (only <format>),
+CLIP, +CLIR, +COLP, +CCWA (only <n>), +CUSD (only <n>), +CSSN, +CPBS,
+CMEE, SMS commands, GPRS commands, and Fax commands.

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Command Description
&F[0] Reset to factory defaults.

4) AT&V - View active configuration

The response format is product specific, but it must fit in one 80x24
character display and all command parameters stored in a profile (or current
settings) must be shown as ‘command name’-‘values of parameters’ pairs (for
example, +CSSN=0,1, E0 or S7=80, +COPS=,2, or +CSCS="HEX").

Command Description
&V[0] Show current settings (all command parameter values under
&F and &Y settings).
&V1 Show settings in stored profile 0 (all command parameter
values defined under &W).
&V2 Show settings in stored profile 1 (all command parameter
values defined under &W).

5)AT&W - View active configuration

Command parameters (if implemented) that are stored to a profile are the
same as listed under the &F command, except the parameters of the
following commands which are not stored: +CMOD, +CSCA, and +CSMP.

Command Description
&W[0] Store to profile 0.
&W1 Store to profile 1.

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5) AT&Y -Select power-up configuration

This setting is not part of the settings that are stored in a profile. The &F
command does not affect this setting.

Command Description
&Y[0] Power-up uses profile 0.

&Y1 Power-up uses profile 1.

6) AT+GCAP- Request complete capabilities list

The response is returned when GSM 3GPP TS 27.007 commands, some fax
classes, and V.42bis compression are supported. The response may differ
depending on the features that have been implemented in the product.

Command Description
+GCAP +GCAP: +CGSM, +FCLASS, +DS, +W

Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT:-5

AIM: - To study and verify network/Message related AT commands.

AT+CPIN

This command enters the ME passwords (CHV1 / CHV2 / PUK1 / PUK2, etc.), that are
required before any ME functionality can be used. CHV1/CHV2 is between 4 and 8 digits
long, PUK1/PUK2 is only 8 digits long. If the user application tries to make an outgoing call
before the SIM PIN code (CHV1) has been confirmed, then the product will refuse the
“ATD” command with a “+CME ERROR: 11” (SIM PIN required). The application is
responsible for checking the PIN after each reset or power on - if the PIN was enabled.

Command syntax: AT+CPIN=<pin>

Command Possible responses

At+CPIN=1234 OK

+CME ERROR: 3
AT+CPIN=5678
Note: Operation not allowed, PIN previously
Note: Enter PIN
Entered

After 3 unsuccessful attempts to enter the PIN (Personal Identification Number), the PUK
(Personal Unblocking Key) will be required. PUK validation forces the user to enter a new
PIN code as a second parameter and this will be the new PIN code if PUK validation
succeeds. CHV1 is then enabled if PUK1 is correct. The application therefore uses this
command:
AT+CPIN=<PUK>,<New PIN>

Command Possible responses

AT+CPIN=00000000,1234 +CME ERROR: 16

AT+CPIN=12345678,1234 OK
Note: Enter PUK and new PIN, Note: PUK correct, new PIN stored
2nd attempt

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To determine which code must be entered (or not), the following query command can be
used: AT+CPIN?

The possible responses are:

+CPIN: READY ME is not pending for any password

+CPIN: SIM PIN CHV1 is required
+CPIN: SIM PUK PUK1 is required
+CPIN: SIM PIN2 CHV2 is required
+CPIN: SIM PUK2 PUK2 is required
+CPIN: PH-SIM PIN SIM lock (phone-to-SIM) is required
+CPIN: PH-NET PIN Network personalization is required
+CME ERROR: SIM failure (13) absent (10) etc…

AT+COPS

There are three possible ways of selecting an operator (PLMN):

1. The product is in manual mode. It then tries to find the operator specified by the
application and if found, tries to register.
2. The product is in automatic mode. It then tries to find the home operator and if
found, tries to register. If not found, the product automatically searches for another network.
3. The product enters into manual/automatic mode, and then tries to find an operator as
specified by the application (as in manual mode). If this attempt fails it enters automatic
mode. If this is successful, the operator specified by the application is selected. The mobile
equipment then enters into automatic mode.

Note: The read command returns the current mode and the currently selected operator. In
manual mode, this PLMN may not be the one set by the application (as it is in the search
phase). These commands are not allowed during one communication.

Command Possible responses

+COPS: 0,2,20801
AT+COPS?
OK
Note: Ask for current
PLMN
Note: Home PLMN is France Telecom Orange

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AT+COPS=? +COPS: (2,”F Itinéris”,”Itline”,”20801”), (3,”F
SFR”,”SFR”,”20810”)

OK

Note: Home PLMN is France Telecom SFR network

+CME ERROR: 32
AT+COPS=1,2,20810

Note: Ask for registration

on SFR network
Note: Network not allowed - emergency calls only

+CME ERROR: 529

AT+COPS=1,1,23433

Note: Ask for registration

on UK Orange network
Note: Selection failed - emergency calls only
OK
AT+COPS=0

Note: Ask for registration

on home network
Note: Succeeded
AT+COPS=3,0
OK
Note: Set to long
alphanumeric
AT+COPS? +COPS: 0,0,”Orange F” OK

AT+COPS=2 OK
Note: Ask for
deregistration from Note: Succeeded
network
AT+COPS?
+COPS: 2
Note: Ask for current
PLMN
Note: ME is unregistered until =0 or 1 is selected

Defined values:

The parameters values are the following ones:

<mode>

0: automatic (default

value)

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1: manual

2: deregistration; ME will be unregistered until <mode>=0 or 1 is

selected. 3: set only <format> (for read command AT+COPS?)

4: manual / automatic (<oper> shall be present), if manual selection fails, automatic
mode is entered

<format>: format of <oper> field

<format>

0: long alphanumeric format

<oper>

1: short alphanumeric

format<oper>

2: numeric <oper> (default value)

<stat>: status of <oper>

<stat>0: unknown
1: available
2: current
3:forbidden

<oper>: operator identifier (MCC/MNC in numeric format only for operator selection)

The long alphanumeric format can be up to 16 characters long (see appendix 0 for operator
names description, field is “Name”). The short alphanumeric format can be up to
8
characters long.

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AT+CREG

Command is used to show the network registration status and to control the presentation
ofan unsolicited result code +CREG: <stat> when there is a change in the network
registration status.
AT+CREG=n for ex. Cops response like this < 2, “idea”, “40424”>
Here n=2 for idea

Command Possible responses

OK
+CREG=[<n>]
Unsolicited result codes:

+CREG: <n>,<stat> (n=1)

+CME ERROR:
+CREG?
<err>
+CREG: <n>,<stat>,<lac>,<ci>
+CME ERROR:
+CREG=? +CREG: (list of supported <n>s)
<err>

AT+CSQ

Command is used to ask for the networks field strength and the current bit error rate.

Command Possible responses

+CSQ +CSQ: <rssi>,<ber> +CME ERROR: <err>
+CSQ=? +CSQ: (list of supported <rssi>s),(list of supported <ber>s)

Defined values:

<rssi>:

0: -113 dBm or less

1: -111 dBm

30: -109 to -53 dBm

31: -51dBm or greater

99: not known or not detectable

<ber>: 0…7: as RXQUAL values in the table GSM 05.08

99: not known or not detectable

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Message handling commands:-

AT+CMGR

Command is used to read one messages from the SIM card storage.

Command Possible responses

if SMS-DELIVER:

+CMGR: <stat>,<oa>,,<scts>[,<tooa>, +CMS ERROR:

+CMGR=<index>
<fo>,<pid>,<dcs>,<sca>,<tosca>,<length>] <err>
<CR><LF><data>

+CMGR=? OK

Defined values:

<stat> String type (default "REC UNREAD");indicates the status

of message in memory:

"REC UNREAD" Received unread message

(i.e. new message)

"REC READ" Received read message

"STO UNSENT" Stored unsent message

"STO SENT" Stored sent message

"ALL" All messages

<index> Integer type; value in the range of location

numbers supported by SIM memory

<oa> GSM 03.40 TP-Originating-

Address Address- Value field in string format

<da> GSM 03.40 TP-Destination-

Address Address- Value field in string format

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AT+CMGS

Command is used to send a message to the service centre.

Command Possible responses

+CMGS=<da>[,<toda>]<CR> +CMGS: <mr> +CMS ERROR: <err>

+CMGS=? OK

To send message for any No.

AT+CMGS=”<MO. NO. WITHOUT CONTY CODE>” ENTER
>MESSAGE ANY AND PRSS CONTROL Z
To Read
AT+CMIT:”SN”,4 IS ANY INDEX NO. WHRE INFO IS SAVED
AT+CMGR=<INDEX NO.>;
For status.
AT+CMGL=”ALL” TO READ ALL THE MSG.

Defined values:

<da> GSM 03.40 TP-Destination-Address Address- Value

field in string format

<toda> GSM 04.11 TP-Destination-Address Type-of-

Address octet in integer format (when first
character of <da> is + (IRA 43) default is 145, otherwise default is 129)
<mr> GSM 03.40 TP-Message-Reference in integer format

AT+CMGD

Command is used to delete a message from the SIM card storage.

Command Possible responses

+CMGD=<index> OK +CMS ERROR: <err>
+CMGD=? OK

Defined values:

<index> integer type; value in the range of location numbers

supported by SIM memory

CONCLUSION:-

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EXPERIMENT:-6

AIM: - AIM:- To study about the block diagram of GSM handset.

Objective:

Theory:

(1) RF section:
This is where the RF signal is filtered and down converted to analog baseband signals. It is
also where analog baseband signals are RF. filtered and then unconverted and amplified to

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(2)Analog Baseband / Voice band Codec:

This is where analog base-band signals from RF receiver section are filtered, sampled, and digitized
before being fed to the DSP section. It is also where coded speech digital information from DSP
section are sampled and converted to analog base-band signals which are then fed to the RF
transmitter section. This is where voice speech from the microphone is digitized and coded to a
certain bit rate (13kbps for GSM) using the appropriate coding scheme (balance between perceived
quality of the compressed speech and the overall cellular system capacity and cost). It is also where
the received voice call binary information are decoded and converted in the speakerphone.

(3) DSP / Microprocessor:

The digital signal processor (DSP) is a highly customized processor designed to perform signal
manipulation calculations at high speed. The microprocessor handlesall of the housekeeping chores
for the keyboard and display; deals with command and control signaling with the base station and
also coordinates the rest of the functions on the board.

(4) Flash Memory, ROM, SRAM (SIM card):

The ROM, SRAM, and Flash memory chips provide storage for the phone's operating system and
customizable features, such as the phone directory. The SIM card belongs to this category; it stores
the subscribers identification number and other network information.

(5) Power Management / DC- DC:

This section regulates from the battery all the voltages required to the different phone sections.

Conclusion:-

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EXPERIMENT:-7

AIM: - To measure the supplies generated by CCONT IC in a GSM Handset.

Procedure:
Switch ON the Trainer with SIM inserted. TP 10
Actual
PinNo. IdealValue
Value
TP 10 1.5 V

TP 11 5V

TP 12 2.8V

TP 13 2.8 V

TP 14 2.8 V

TP 15 2V

TP 16 2.8 V

TP 17 2.8 V

TP 18 2.8 V

TP 19 2.8 V

Requirements for a Real Time Clock (RTC) implementation are a basic cloc k
(hours and minutes),a calendar and a timer with alarm and power „On/Off‟- Function
And miscellaneous calls. The RTC will contain only the time base and the alarm
Timer but all other functions (e.g. calendar) are implemented with the MCU software.
The RTC is integrated in the CCONT, because the CCONT already contains
the power up/ down functions and a 32 KHz sleep-clock, which is always running when
the phone battery is connected. The 32 KHz sleep-clock is used as time source to a RTC
block.

Conclusion:-

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Experiment-8
Aim: To perform and Observe channelization scheme of
cellular system. Objectives:
1.To measure BS and MS carrier frequency and understand concept of FDD (Frequency
Division Duplexing )

Apparatus:
MT-2000 trainer board, Spectrum analyzer (HM 5014), BNC to BNC, Connecting probe

Theory:

Frequency division duplex, FDD, uses the idea that the transmission and reception of signals
are achieved simultaneously using two different frequencies. Using FDD it is possible to transmit
and receive signals simultaneously as the receiver is not tuned to the samem frequency as the
transmitters shown.

FDD - frequency division duplex

For the FDD scheme to operate satisfactorily, it is necessary that the frequency, i.e. channel
separation between the transmission and reception frequencies must be sufficient to enable the
receiver not to be unduly affected by the transmitter signal. This is known as the guard band.
Receiver blocking is an important issue with FDD schemes, and often highly selective filters may
be required. For cellular systems using FDD, filters are required within the base station and also
the handset to ensure sufficient isolation of the transmitter signal without desensitizing the receiver.
While cost is not such a significant driver for the base stations, placing a filter into the handsets is
more of an issue.

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The use of an FDD system does enable true simultaneous transmission and reception of signals.
However two channels are required and this may not always use the available spectrum efficiently.
The spectrum used for FDD systems is allocated by the regulatory authorities. As there is a
frequency separation between the uplink and downlink directions, it is not normally possible
to reallocate spectrum to change the balance between the capacity of the uplink and downlink
directions if there are changing capacity requirements for each direction.

Procedure:
Channelization:

1. Switch on both BS and MS module and their sub modules.

2. Select channel 1 from the control module of BS.
3. Select channel 1 from the control module of MS.
4. Measure the received power and frequency and the transmitting power and frequency at the
MS using spectrum analyzer.
5. Measure the Duplexing distance as MS frequency minus BS frequency.
6. Repeat above steps for all the channels.
7. Prepare the observation table.

Observation Table:
M.S Frequency= 46.66 MHZ

B.S Frequency= 49.72 MHZ

Sr. No. Channel MS freq MS power BS freq BS power Duplexing

No. (MHz) (dBm) (MHz) (dBm) distance (MHz)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10

Conclusion:

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Experiment-9

Aim:- To perform and Observe adjacent Channel interference in cellular

System

Objectives:

1. To observe adjacent channel interference.

2. To find SIR for adjacent channel interference.

Apparatus:

MT-2000 trainer board, spectrum analyser (HM 5014), BNC-to-BNC, connecting probe.

Theory:
Interference is the sum of all signal contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal. Let’s
understand how its effect, its type and what possible source for it.

Effect of interference:
1. Interference is a major limiting factor in the performance of cellular system.
2. It cause degradation of signal quality.
3. It introduce bit error in the received signal.
4. Bit error are partly recoverable by means of channel coding and error correction mechanisms.
5. The interference situation is not reciprocal in the uplink and down link direction.
6. Mobile station and base station are exposed to the different interference situation.
Sources of interference:
 Another mobile in the same cell.
 A call in progress in the neighbouring cell.
 Other base station operating on the same frequency.
 Any non-cellular system which leaks energy in to the cellular frequency band.

Types of interference:

 There are two types of system generated interference.

1. Co-channel interference
2. Adjacent channel interference
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 Adjacent channel interference:

 Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired
signal is call adjacent channel interference.
 Adjacent channel interference results from imperfect receivers filters which allow
nearby frequencies to leak into the pass band.
 Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through careful filtering and channel
assignments.
 By keeping the frequency separations between each channel in a given cell is largest
possible, the adjacent interference may be reduced considerably.

Procedure:

Adjacent and co-channel interference:

1. For adjacent channel interference, select channel 4 on both MS1and BS.

2. Take another MS 2 and select channel 5 or 3.keep the MS 1 far and MS 2 the near to
the BS.
3. Individually measure the received power of MS 1 and MS 2 at the base stations. This
given the signal power and interference power respectively
4. Calculate the signal to interference ratio in db.
5. Simultaneously switch of both the MS .and the observed the received power and
frequency at the BS.

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Observations table:

Frequency Power
(MHZ)
(dBm)

Position -1

Position -2

Position -3

Calculations:

Conclusion:

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Experiment-10

Aim:- To perform and Observe co-channel interference in cellular System

Objectives:

1. To observe co- channel interference.

2. To find SIR for co channel interference.

Apparatus:

MT-2000 trainer board, spectrum analyser (HM 5014), BNC-to-BNC, connecting probe.

Theory:
Interference is the sum of all signal contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal. Let’s
understand how its effect, its type and what possible source for it.

Effect of interference:
1. Interference is a major limiting factor in the performance of cellular system.
2. It cause degradation of signal quality.
3. It introduce bit error in the received signal.
4. Bit error are partly recoverable by means of channel coding and error correction
mechanisms.
5. The interference situation is not reciprocal in the uplink and down link direction.
6. Mobile station and base station are exposed to the different interference situation.
Sources of interference:
 Another mobile in the same cell.
 A call in progress in the neighbouring cell.
 Other base station operating on the same frequency.
 Any non-cellular system which leaks energy in to the cellular frequency band.

Types of interference:

 There are two types of system generated interference.

1. Co-channel interference
2. Adjacent channel interference
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 Co-channel interference:
 This type of interference is the due to frequency reuse, i.e. several cells use same set
of frequency.
 This cells are called co-channel cells.
 Co-channel interference cannot be combated by increasing the power of transmitter.
This is because an increasing in carrier transmit power increases the interference to
neighbouring co-channel cell.
 To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells must be physically separated by
minimum distance to provide sufficient isolation due to propagation or reduce of the
footprint of the cell.
 Some factors other than reuse distance that influence co-channel interference are
antenna type, directionality, height, site position etc.
 GSM specifies C/I>9db.

 In a cellular system, when the size of each cell is approximately the same, co-channel
interference is independent of the transmitted power and becomes a function of cell
radius (R) and the distance to the centre of the nearest co-channel cell (D).
 Q=D/R=03N

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 By increasing the ratio of D/R the spatial separation between the co-channel cells
relative to the coverage distance of the cell is increased. In this way interference is
reduced from improve the isolation of RF energy from the co-channel cell.
 The perimeter Q, call the co-channel reuse ratio, is the related to the cluster size.
 A small Value of Q provides larger capacity since the cluster size N is small whereas
a large value of Q improve the transition quality.

Procedure:

Co-channel interference:

1. For co-channel interference, select same channel on the BS, MS 1 and MS2 .
2. Individually measure power received power MS 1 and MS 2 at the base stations.
This given the signal power and interference power respectively
3. Simultaneously switch on both the MS. And observed the received power and
frequency at the BS.

Observations table:

Station Frequency (mhz) Power(dbm)

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Calculations:

Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT:-11

AIM:-Modeling and simulation of Rayleigh, Rician and AWGN Channel

using MATLAB.

Generation ofR ayleighand Rician Fading Channels

Usually it has been observed that in the wireless communication systems, the
propagation environment for any wireless channel either its indoor or outdoor have been
subjected to Line-of-Sight or Non Line-of-Sight. As explained in the preceding section, it has
been observed that the probability density function, pdf of the received signal in the LOS
environment follows the Rician fading distribution. While the received signal in NLOS
environment follows the Rayleigh fading distribution.

Figure1:Non-
LOSandLOSpropagationenvironments.LOS:B,NLOS:A(Reflection),C(Scattering)
,D(Diffraction)

Figure 1 illustrates these two different propagation environments. Here it has been mentioned
that any received signal in the propagation environment for a wireless channel can be
considered as the sum of the received signals from an infinite number of scatters. A wireless
channel subject to the fading environments in Figure 1 can be represented by a complex
Gaussian random variable, W 1+W2. In this equation W1and W2 are the independent and
identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random variable having a zero mean and σ2 varience. Let
X signify the amplitude of the complex Gaussian random variable W 1+jW2 in the manner that
= 12 + 22 .here X is a Rayleigh random variable with the probability density function
(PDF) given as
2
ሻ=

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2− 22---------------- (1)

Where 2σ2 = E{X2}. In addition X2 is known as a chi-square (χ2) random variable. Now, it
has been shown that ho to generate the Rayleigh random variable X.

First of all, we generate two Gaussian random variables Z 1 and Z2 by using a built-in
Matlab function “randn”. Using equation of the Rayleigh random variable X with pdf has been
represented as

=. 12 + 22---------------- (2)

Where Z1 ~ N(0,1) and Z2 ~ N(0,1). Now in the next step the Rayleigh random variable X
having the average power of 2σ2 = E{X2} has been generated using equation-(2).

The amplitude of the received signal in the line of sight (LOS) environment in which
there exists a dominant path which has not been subjected to any loss due to reflection,
diffraction and scattering has been expressed as = + 12 + 22 . Here in this equation represent the
dominant LOS component while W1and W 2 are the i.i.d. Gaussian random variables having a
zero mean and σ2 is variance as in the non-LOS environment. It has been observed that X is the
Rician random variable with PDF of
2+2
ሻ= 0 --------------------- (3)
2− 22 σ2ቁ

Where I0 (·) is the modified zeroth-order Bessel function of the first kind and

where there is no LOS or dominant component (i.e. K = 0), equation reduces to the Rayleigh
PDF equation (1) as in non-LOS environment. Where the dominant path exists and increases
then the value of K also increases and equation (3) tends to be the Gaussian PDF. In general
for
wireless communication it has been assumed that K ~ -40dB for the Rayligh fading channel and
K>15dB for the Gaussian channel. In the LOS environment the first path that usually arrives
with any reflection has been considered and medeled as a Rician fading channel. In fig.2 it
has
been shown that the pdfs generated for Rayleigh and Racian fading channels by running
computer simulation program in Matlab. It has been further demonstrated that the Racian
distribution approaches Rayleigh distribution and Gaussian distribution when K = -40dB and K
= 15dB respectively.

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MATLABCODE

%plot_Ray_Ric_channel.m
%ProgramtoshowRayleighandRiciandistributio
n
clear,clf
N=200000;level=30;K_dB=[-
4015]; pmd=['k-s';'b-o';'r-^'];

%Rayleighmodel

Rayleigh_ch=Ray_model(N);
[temp,x]=hist(abs(Rayleigh_ch(1,:)),l
evel); plot(x,temp,pmd(1,:)),holdon

%Ricianmodel

fori=1:length(K_dB);

Rician_ch(i,:)=Ric_model(K_dB(i),N);%#ok<SA
GROW> [tempx]=hist(abs(Rician_ch(i,:)),level);

plot(x,temp,pmd(i+1,:))

end

xlabel('randomvariablex[dB]'),ylabel('Occurrenceprobability')

legend('Rayleigh','Rician,K=-40dB','Rician,K=15dB','Location','NorthEast')

RayleighModel

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functionH=Ray_model
(L)
%Rayleighchannelmod
el
%Input:L=Numberofchannelrealizations
%Output:H=Channelvector

H=(randn(1,L)+1i*randn(1,L))/sqrt(2);

RicianModel
functionH=Ric_model(K_d
B,L)
%Ricianchannelmodel
%Input:K_dB=Kfactor[dB]
%Output:H=Channelvector
K=10^(K_dB/10);

H=sqrt(K/(K+1))+sqrt(1/(K+1))*Ray_model(L);

Conclusion:-

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