University of Mustansiriyah Assist. Prof. Awadh E.

Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
Design of Slab Bridges
Slab Bridges
It is the simplest system of superstructure and used for short bridges where the span length
is about 15 m or less. Generally, the slab (deck) carries the traffic and other design loads of the
bridge into abutments (exterior supports) or/and piers (interior supports). Also, the slab behaves
as simply supported, continuous or cantilever span depending on the number and position of
supports. The span length (𝑆) and thus the main reinforcement of the slabs shall be taken parallel
to traffic direction. The slab edges shall either be strengthened or integrated with supporting edge
beams. The edge beams are to carry the curbs, parapets and barriers but not to carry the slab.

Slab Bridge Components

Strip Method for Decks Analysis

An approximate analysis method in which the deck is subdivided into strips perpendicular
to the supporting components. This method shall be considered acceptable for slab bridges and
concrete slabs having more than 4600 mm spans which primarily in the direction parallel to traffic.

Equivalent Interior Strip Widths

This Article shall be applied to the CIP solid or voided concrete slab bridges. The equivalent
width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with one lane (𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ), or two
lines of wheels, loaded may be determined as:
𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 250 + 0.42√𝐿1 𝑊1
Whereas, the equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment
with more than one lane (𝐸𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖 ) loaded may be determined as:
𝐸𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖 = 2100 + 0.12√𝐿1 𝑊1
≤ 𝑊/𝑁𝐿
where:
𝐸: equivalent width (mm)

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 University of Mustansiriyah Assist. Prof. Awadh E. Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
Design of Slab Bridges
𝐿1 : modified span length (mm)
𝑊1 : modified edge to edge width of bridge (mm)
𝑊: physical edge to edge width of bridge (mm)
𝑁𝐿 : number of design lanes
• 𝐿1 = 𝑆
≤ 18000 𝑚𝑚
• 𝑊1 = 𝑊
≤ 18000 𝑚𝑚 [multilane loading]
≤ 9000 𝑚𝑚 [single-lane loading]

Equivalent Edge Strip Width

Unless otherwise specified, the edge of the deck shall either be strengthened or be
supported by a beam or other line component. The beam or component shall be integrated in or
made composite with the deck. The edge beams may be designed as beams support one line of
wheels and whose width may be taken as the equivalent width of longitudinal edge strip per lane
(𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 ) loaded. The edge beam equivalent strip width may be determined as:
𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒 + 300 + 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 /4
≤ 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 /2
≤ 1800 𝑚𝑚
where:
𝑊𝑒 : distance between the edge of the deck and the inside face of the barrier (mm)
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 : equivalent width of interior strip for deck (mm)
Where the primary direction of the deck is transverse, and/or the deck is composite with
a structurally continuous concrete barrier, no additional edge beam need be provided.
Slabs designed using the equivalent strip width method may be assumed to be adequate
in shear, but edge beams on slab bridges require shear analysis.

Main Reinforcement
The amount of main reinforcement that required for flexural resistance can be estimated
(𝐴𝑠,𝑒𝑠𝑡 ) to provide the primary reinforcement for positive moment:
𝐴𝑠,𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 1.25𝑀𝑢 /𝑓𝑦 . 𝑑𝑠
After estimation for required amount of steel, the ductile failure (𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦 ) and resistance
factor (𝜙) must be checked.
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 [(𝑑𝑠 − 𝑐 )/𝑐 ]
If (𝜀𝑠 ≥ 0.005) → 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑, then:
• 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
• 𝜙𝑓 = 0.9 [reinforced concrete section]
= 1.0 [prestressed concrete section]
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 University of Mustansiriyah Assist. Prof. Awadh E. Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
Design of Slab Bridges
Limits for Main Reinforcement
• Maximum reinforcement:
• 𝑁𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛
• Minimum reinforcement:
• 𝑀𝑟 ≥ 1.20𝑀𝑐𝑟
• 1.20𝑀𝑐𝑟 ≤ 1.33𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛𝑐 . 𝑓𝑟
where:
𝑀𝑐𝑟 : cracking moment ([Link])
𝑆𝑛𝑐 : section modulus of non-cracked section (mm3)
𝑓𝑟 : modulus of rupture (MPa)

Distribution Reinforcement
It is reinforcement shall be placed in the secondary direction in the bottom of slabs as a
percentage of the primary reinforcement for positive moment as follows:
𝐴𝑠,𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡 = %𝐴𝑠
• % = 17.5/√𝑆 ≤ 0.50 [primary reinforcement parallel to traffic]
= 38.4/√𝑆 ≤ 0.67 [primary reinforcement perpendicular to traffic]
where:
𝑆: effective span length (mm)

Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be provided near surfaces of
concrete exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural mass concrete.
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature may be in the form of bars, welded wire
fabric or prestressing tendons and shall satisfy:
• 𝐴𝑠,𝑆+𝑇 ≥ 0.75𝑏. ℎ/2(𝑏 + ℎ)𝑓𝑦
• 0.233 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑆+𝑇 ≤ 1.27
where:
𝐴𝑠 : area of reinforcement in each direction and each face (mm2/mm)
𝑏: least width of component section (mm)
ℎ: least thickness of component section (mm)
𝑓𝑦 : specified yield strength of reinforcing bars (MPa)

30
 University of Mustansiriyah Assist. Prof. Awadh E. Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
Design of Slab Bridges
Transverse Reinforcement
For edge beams, transverse reinforcement (𝐴𝑣 ) shall be provided where:
𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑣 (𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑝 )/2
• 𝑉𝑐 = 0.166√𝑓𝑐′ . 𝑏𝑣 . 𝑑𝑣
• 𝑉𝑠 = [𝑉𝑢 − 𝜙𝑣 (𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑝 )]/𝜙𝑣
• 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑉𝑠 . 𝑠/𝑑𝑣 . 𝑓𝑦

Minimum Transverse Reinforcement

• 𝐴𝑣 ≥ 0.083√𝑓𝑐′ . 𝑏𝑣 . 𝑠/𝑓𝑦
Design Procedure
 Determine the effective slab span length (𝑆)
 From AASHTO Tables, find minimum slab thickness (ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) and then use (ℎ𝑑 ≥ ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
• ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 175 𝑚𝑚
≥ 𝑆/20 [cracking control]
 Calculate the unfactored dead load force effects per unit width
 Calculate the live load force effects
 Determine the equivalent width of the interior strip for live load
 Calculate the unfactored live load force effects per unit width of the equivalent strip
 Calculate ultimate moment (𝑀𝑢 ) and shear (𝑉𝑢 ) according to (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) method
 Determine the required main reinforcement details for flexure as well all other distributed,
shrinkage and temperature reinforcements
 No need to check shear and bond stresses when the deck is designed as a slab
 No need for thermal expansion when the span length (𝑆) is less than 12200 mm
 Design of longitudinal edge beams (if exist) by the same steps of slab design, except:
• Use equivalent edge strip for live load
• No distribution reinforcement. However, stirrups are required to resist shear stresses.

Ex. 1: Slab bridge shown below, is designed to carry standard HS-93 vehicular load with concrete
compressive strength (𝑓𝑐′ ) = 28 MPa and steel yield stress of (𝑓𝑦 ) = 420 MPa. The thickness
of nonstructural overlay is 70 mm and the expected future wearing surface is 50 mm.
Determine the details of reinforcements required for the deck slab. Take the area of
concrete parapet = 0.3 m2.

31
 University of Mustansiriyah Assist. Prof. Awadh E. Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
Design of Slab Bridges

Concrete Deck

600 mm
Elavation

7300 mm
600 mm

7300 mm

600 mm Section
Sol:
• Design of Deck Slab
𝑆 = 7500 𝑚𝑚
Find minimum slab thickness (ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) for the deck to control deflection:
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.04(𝑆 + 3000) = 0.04(7500 + 3000) = 420 𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑑 = 450 𝑚𝑚
Calculate the unfactored dead load force effects per unit width:
𝑤𝐷𝐶 = ℎ𝑑 𝑥 𝛶𝑐 = 0.45 𝑥 24 = 10.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
→ 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 𝑤𝐷𝐶 . 𝐿2 /8 = 10.8 𝑥 7.52 /8 = 75.94 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑤𝐷𝑊1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝛶𝑎𝑠 = 0.07 𝑥 22.5 = 1.575 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑤𝐷𝑊2 = 𝑡𝑓𝑤𝑠 𝑥 𝛶𝑎𝑠 = 0.05 𝑥 22.5 = 1.125 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑤𝐷𝑊 = 1.575 + 1.125 = 2.7 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
→ 𝑀𝐷𝑊 = 𝑤𝐷𝑊 . 𝐿2 /8 = 2.7 𝑥 7.52 /8 = 18.99 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Calculate the live load force effects:
𝑤𝐿𝑛 = 9.3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
→ 𝑀𝐿𝑛 = 𝑤𝐿𝑛 . 𝐿2 /8 = 9.3 𝑥 7.52 /8 = 65.39 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿 = 7.5 𝑚 < 12 𝑚 → 𝑀𝑇𝑎 > 𝑀𝑇𝑟
110 kN 110 kN
CL

MTa
2.85 m 0.9 mm 3.45 m
VA VB
3.75 m 0.3 mm 3.75 m
CL
Σ𝑀𝐵 = 0 ↷+
32
 University of Mustansiriyah Assist. Prof. Awadh E. Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
Design of Slab Bridges
𝑉𝐴 𝑥 7.5 − 110(3.45 + 4.65) = 0
∴ 𝑉𝐴 = 118.8 𝑘𝑁 , 𝑉𝐵 = 101.2 𝑘𝑁
→ 𝑀𝑇𝑎 = 118.8 𝑥 4.05 − 110 𝑥 1.2 = 349.14 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝐼𝑀 = 0.33
→ 𝑀𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀 = (1 + 𝐼𝑀)𝑀𝑇𝑎 + 𝑀𝐿𝑛
= 1.33 𝑥 349.14 + 65.39 = 529.75 ≅ 530 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Determine the equivalent width of the interior strip for live load:
𝑁𝐿 = 𝐼𝑁𝑇(𝑤/3.6) = 𝐼𝑁𝑇(7.3/3.6) = 2
∵ 𝑁𝐿 = 2 → ∴ 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖
𝐿1 = 𝑆 = 7.5 𝑚 ← 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠
≤ 18 𝑚
𝑊1 = 𝑊 = 8.5 𝑚 ← 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠
≤ 18 𝑚
𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 250 + 0.42√𝐿1 𝑊1 = 250 + 0.42√7.5 𝑥 8.5𝑥106 ≅ 3.6 𝑚
𝐸𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖 = 2100 + 0.12√𝐿1 𝑊1 = 2100 + 0.12√7.5 𝑥 8.5𝑥106 ≅ 3 𝑚
≤ 𝑊/𝑁𝐿 = 8.5/2 = 4.25 𝑚
→ 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 3 𝑚
Calculate the unfactored live load force effects per unit width of the equivalent strip:
→ 𝑀𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀 = 530/𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 530/3 = 176.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Strength I limit State: Factored Moments and Shear:
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜂𝑖 [1.25𝑀𝐷𝐶 + 1.50𝑀𝐷𝑊 + 1.75𝑀𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀 ]
= 1.0[1.25 𝑥 75.94 + 1.50 𝑥 18.99 + 1.75 𝑥 176.67] = 432.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Calculate the amount of main reinforcements:
𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑏 = 25 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅𝑏 = 30 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑠 = ℎ𝑑 − 𝑐𝑏 − ∅𝑏 /2 = 450 − 25 − 15 = 410 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 1.25𝑀𝑢 /𝑓𝑦 . 𝑑𝑠 = 1.25 𝑥 432.6𝑥106 /(420 𝑥 410) = 3140.25 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑦 /(0.85𝑓𝑐′ . 𝛽1 . 𝑏) = 3140.25 𝑥 420/(0.85 𝑥 28 𝑥 0.85 𝑥 1000) = 65.2 𝑚𝑚
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 [(𝑑𝑠 − 𝑐 )/𝑐 ] = 0.003[(410 − 65.2)/65.2] = 0.0159 ≥ 0.005 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
𝑎 = 𝛽1 . 𝑐 = 0.85 𝑥 65.2 = 55.42 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑𝑠 − 0.5𝑎) = 3140.25 𝑥 420(410 − 0.5 𝑥 55.42) = 504.2 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑟 = 𝜙𝑓 . 𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 𝑥 504.2 = 453.78 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢 = 432.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
Check for minimum reinforcement:
𝑦̅ = ℎ𝑑 /2 = 450/2 = 225 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑏ℎ𝑑 3 /12 = 1000 𝑥 4503 /12 = 7.59𝑥109 𝑚𝑚4
𝑆𝑛𝑐 = 𝐼𝑔 /𝑦̅ = 7.59𝑥109 /225 = 33.75𝑥106 𝑚𝑚3
𝑓𝑟 = 0.63√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.63 𝑥 √28 = 3.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑓𝑟 . 𝑆𝑛𝑐 = 3.33 𝑥 33.75𝑥106 = 112.39 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
1.2𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 1.2 𝑥 112.39 = 134.87 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
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 University of Mustansiriyah Assist. Prof. Awadh E. Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
Design of Slab Bridges
1.33𝑀𝑢 = 1.33 𝑥 432.6 = 575.36 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 1.2𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 134.87 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
𝑀𝑟 = 453.78 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 1.2𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 134.87 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
Details of main reinforcement:
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.5Ø𝑏 = 45 𝑚𝑚 ← 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠
≥ 1.5𝑑𝑎𝑔 = 1.5 𝑥 19 = 28 𝑚𝑚
≥ 38 𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.5ℎ𝑑 = 675 𝑚𝑚
= 3ℎ𝑑 = 1350 𝑚𝑚 (𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 )
≤ 450 𝑚𝑚 ← 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠
∅𝑏 = 30 𝑚𝑚 → 𝐴𝑏 = 706.85 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠 = 1000𝐴𝑏 /𝐴𝑠 = 706.85𝑥103 /3140.25 = 225 𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅30 𝑚𝑚 @ 200 𝑚𝑚 o.c. parallel to traffic
Determine the size and spacing of lateral (distribution) reinforcements:
% = 17.5/√𝑆 = 17.5/√7500 = 0.202 ≤ 0.5 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
2
𝐴𝑠,𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡 = %𝐴𝑠 = 0.202 𝑥 3140.25 = 634.33 𝑚𝑚 /𝑚
∅𝑏 = 16 𝑚𝑚 → 𝐴𝑏 = 201.06 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 1000𝐴𝑏 /𝐴𝑠 = 201.06𝑥103 /634.33 = 316.96 𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅16 𝑚𝑚 @ 300 𝑚𝑚 o.c. parallel to traffic
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement:
𝐴𝑠,𝑆+𝑇 = 0.75𝑏. ℎ/2(𝑏 + ℎ)𝑓𝑦 = 0.75 𝑥 1000 𝑥 450/2(1000 + 450)420 = 0.277
0.233 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑆+𝑇 ≤ 1.27 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
𝐴𝑠,𝑆+𝑇 = 277 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
∅𝑏 = 12 𝑚𝑚 → 𝐴𝑏 = 113.1 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠 = 1000𝐴𝑏 /𝐴𝑠 = 113.1𝑥103 /277 = 408 𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅12 𝑚𝑚 @ 400 𝑚𝑚 o.c. on each side and each direction at the top face
Check for Shear:
Slab and slab bridges designed for moment using equivalent strips method are
considered safe in shear. Therefore, calculations are not required for shear.
• Design of Edge Beams
Determine the equivalent width of the edge strip:
𝑊𝑒 = 600 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒 + 300 + 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 /4 = 600 + 300 + 3000/4 = 1.65 𝑚
≤ 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 /2 = 1.5 𝑚
≤ 1.8 𝑚
→ 𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 1.5 𝑚
𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 1.5 𝑚
Calculate the unfactored dead load force effects per unit width:
𝑤𝐷𝐶1 = 10.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

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 University of Mustansiriyah Assist. Prof. Awadh E. Ajeel
Faculty of Engineering 4th Year Stage
Highway & Transportation Eng. Dept. Lecture Notes on Design of Bridges
Design of Slab Bridges
𝑤𝐷𝐶2 = 𝐴𝑝𝑎 𝑥 𝛶𝑐 = 0.3 𝑥 24 = 7.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
= 7.2/𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 7.2/1.5 = 4.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑤𝐷𝐶 = 𝑤𝐷𝐶1 + 𝑤𝐷𝐶2 = 10.8 + 4.8 = 15.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
→ 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 𝑤𝐷𝐶 . 𝐿2 /8 = 15.6 𝑥 7.52 /8 = 109.69 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑤𝐷𝑊 = 2.7 𝑥 (𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 − 𝑊𝑡𝑏 )/𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 2.7(1.5 − 0.6)/1.5 = 1.62 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
→ 𝑀𝐷𝑊 = 𝑤𝐷𝑊 . 𝐿2 /8 = 1.62 𝑥 7.52 /8 = 11.39 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Calculate the unfactored live load force effects per unit width:
𝑤𝐿𝑛 = 9.3 𝑥 (𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 − 𝑊𝑡𝑏 )/𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 9.3(1.5 − 0.6)/1.5 = 5.58 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
→ 𝑀𝐿𝑛 = 𝑤𝐿𝑛 . 𝐿2 /8 = 5.58 𝑥 7.52 /8 = 39.24 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
→ 𝑀𝑇𝑎 = 0.5 𝑥 349.24/𝐸𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 0.5 𝑥 349.24/1.5 = 116.41 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
→ 𝑀𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀 = (1 + 𝐼𝑀)𝑀𝑇𝑎 + 𝑀𝐿𝑛 = 1.33 𝑥 116.41 + 39.24 = 194.07 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Strength I limit State: Factored Moments and Shear:
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜂𝑖 [1.25𝑀𝐷𝐶 + 1.50𝑀𝐷𝑊 + 1.75𝑀𝐿𝐿+𝐼𝑀 ]
= 1.0[1.25 𝑥 109.67 + 1.50 𝑥 11.39 + 1.75 𝑥 194.07] = 493.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Calculate the amount of main reinforcements:
𝑀𝑟 = 453.78 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 = 493.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ∴ 𝑁𝑂𝐾 → 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑐 = 25 𝑚𝑚 , ∅𝑏 = 30 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 410 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 1.25𝑀𝑢 /𝑓𝑦 . 𝑑𝑠 = 1.25 𝑥 493.8𝑥106 /(420 𝑥 410) = 3584.5 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑦 /(0.85𝑓𝑐′ . 𝛽1 . 𝑏) = 3584.5 𝑥 420/(0.85 𝑥 28 𝑥 0.85 𝑥 1000) = 74.42 𝑚𝑚
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 [(𝑑𝑠 − 𝑐 )/𝑐 ] = 0.003[(410 − 74.42)/74.42] = 0.0135 ≥ 0.005 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
𝑎 = 𝛽1 . 𝑐 = 0.85 𝑥 74.42 ≅ 63.26 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑𝑠 − 0.5𝑎) = 3584.5 𝑥 420(410 − 0.5 𝑥 63.26) = 569.63 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑟 = 𝜙𝑓 . 𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 𝑥 569.63 = 512.66 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢 = 493.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
Check for minimum reinforcement:
𝑀𝑟 = 512.66 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 1.2𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 134.87 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
Details of reinforcement:
𝑠 = 1000𝐴𝑏 /𝐴𝑠 = 706.85𝑥103 /3584.5 ≈ 200 𝑚𝑚
∴Amount of reinforcement in interior strip is enough for edge strip
𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅30 𝑚𝑚 @ 200 𝑚𝑚 o. c. parallel to traffic at the bottom face
𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅16 𝑚𝑚 @ 300 𝑚𝑚 o. c. perpendicular to traffic at the bottom face
𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅12 𝑚𝑚 @ 400 𝑚𝑚 o. c. on each side and each direction at the top face

Traffic

Ø30 mm @ 200 mm Main Ø16 mm @ 300 mm Distribution

600 mm Ø12 mm @ 400 mm Shrink. and Temp.
Elavation
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