40 Meter NVIS Antenna
Steve Brumagin, KI4VGA
What is a NVIS antenna?
• NVIS is an acronym for Near Vertical Incidence Skywave.
• It is an antenna has quite a history with military use. This is due to the
NVIS antenna’s attributes of being portable, easy to set up and take
down, effective in mountainous areas, and will make reliable contacts
from 30 to 400 miles away with 100 Watts or less.
• Although there are several designs, many NVIS antennas are simply
dipole antennas deployed horizontally or as a slopers at an elevation
less than ¼ wavelength above the ground. In addition, the NVIS may
or may not include wires on the ground surface working as reflecting
elements.
So how does NVIS work?
• Due to design the NVIS antenna transmits radio waves vertically (75‐90
degrees from earth’s surface)to the ionosphere where they are reflected
back to earth in a circular pattern centered around the antenna. This
propagation is for those frequencies that are most likely to be reflected by
the ionosphere. Specifically, frequencies from 1.8 to 8 MHz. Frequencies
above 8MHz become less likely to be reflected and frequencies above
30MHz, have little or no reflectivity.
• Due to this reflectivity, NVIS antennas typically use 40M for daytime
contacts and 80 M for nighttime contacts.
• This circular radiation pattern resembles an upside down half grapefruit
and is sometimes referred to as a cloud warmer. Since this pattern is
circular, signal strength is fairly equal transmission in all directions and
directing your signal is not required and topography (hills and valleys) have
little effect on transmissions.
So why would you want an NVIS antenna?
• A NVIS antenna is very portable.
• A NVIS antenna can be easily set up by one person and does not require
trees or extensive supports (masts). So a NVIS antenna can be set up
almost any where on the ground that is level.
• The NVIS allows you to make reliable contacts from 30 to 400 miles away.
• The NVIS antenna, due to its proximity to the ground, reception is fairly
quiet and free of noise (QRN & QRM).
• Because of all theses characteristics, the NVIS makes a great emergency HF
antenna or simply an antenna you take with you for a field operation or
when camping.
• Please be aware, the NVIS is not a DX antenna!!! This antenna system was
developed for reliable communication (within 400 miles) with 100 Watts or
less power.
So you want to build a
40M NVIS Antenna….
Start with cutting the radiating and
reflecting elements. I used a 100 ft roll of
18 gauge twin speaker wire.
• Radiating element will be a dipole that
is ½ wavelength for the frequency. In
this case I cut a 33.5 ft. length of dual
wire‐stranded stereo speaker wire and
separated the wires & joined them to
a SO‐239 connector. No need to
remove the insulation. This wire can
then be trimmed to resonant 40 M
frequency (antenna analyzer
recommended).
• Reflectors were made from the
remaining spool of speaker wire. The
two wires will need to be separated
and can be trimmed to approx. 73 to
75 feet in length, but must be longer
than radiator.
Radiator Element
Details
• This shows the radiator at the top of
photo with SO‐239 connector in the ¾”
PVC Tee. It is in a Tee so it can be
attached to a 5 foot section of ¾” PVC
(center support)
• At the bottom of the phot is the two wire
reflector. The two wires are separated by
a six inch long section of ¾” PVC with the
wires separated by four inches.
Radiator Continued
• This is one end of the radiator wires. I
have drilled a hole through a 3/4” PVC
connector, put the wire through the hole,
and knotted the end. This connector will
go on top of one of the five foot PVC
supports that is end of the radiator.
• I also drilled two holes opposite the
director wire and inserted a zip tie for the
guy line.
• Once set up this will look just like a 1/2
wave 40 M dipole that is five feet above
the ground (less than 1/10 wavelength
above ground).
Reflector Details
• The reflector is placed parallel to the
radiator directly under the radiator wire
on the ground. The reflectors must be
centered under the dipole. The reflector
is designed to be longer than the radiator
wire and be in direct in contact with the
ground. These reflector wires are not
connected to each other nor the radio.
The simply work as reflecting elements
directing signals upward.
• Some designs include attaching the
reflectors to driven ground rods, however
this design does not include grounding of
the reflectors. But feel free to
experiment….
NVIS Supports
• Due to materials I had on hand, I
designed my NVIS antenna supports to be
five feet above ground. If you make
supports taller than 5 or 6 feet, you may
want to use PVC that is larger than ¾”.
• I cut my supports to be no longer than 2
feet in length so that they would fit into
the carrying bag that I had. Just
remember that if your supports are
multiple sections, that you will need a
PVC connector for each joint.
• Due to portability, I did not glue any of
the connections. If you are concerned
about losing connectors, you can always
just glue one side with PVC cement.
NVIS Supports
Continued
• Here is a photo of all sections of one
support connected together. My design
has two 2‐foot sections an a single 1‐foot
section at the top.
• This design uses a single center support
and two end supports. For each PVC
support, I utilize single 2‐foot long section
of rebar that I drive into the ground
(about 1‐foot) and then I place the
support over the rebar. The center
support is stabilized by the tension on the
radiator wire. And the end supports
utilize guying for stabilization.
Setting Up the NVIS
Find an area (at least 80 feet)
preferable in a mown area
• Deploy the reflectors and find
the mid point (marked with
tape). I place the rebar for the
center support at this location
between reflector wires.
• Then I next to the radiator wire
parallel to the reflectors.
• I then put together the center
support, attach it to the Tee and
place the support on the rebar.
Deploy the NVIS
• Here is the center support/radiator wire
in place with the radiator wires sloping
toward either end.
• At this point, I repeat the process of
assembling the supports for each end,
driving rebar, and guying the supports.
The end supports should be slightly
angled away from the center support (to
help with assembly prior to guying).
• Once guyed, there should be enough
tension on the radiator wire so that the
radiator does not droop excessively, but
not so much tension to stress the
connections at the center.
Assembled NVIS
• Here my NVIS is up and almost ready for
operation.
• In this photo you can see the guyed end
support in the foreground, the reflector
on the ground (centered under the
radiator), and the center and far end
supports.
How to feed your NVIS
• It is important to bring feed line straight
down the support and away from the
antenna at a 90 degree angle. This is
critical in the area adjacent to the NVIS to
minimize feedline/transmission issues.
• I utilize a 50 foot‐long coax with a 1:1
choke balun. This includes 18‐24 feet (10
wraps) of coax around a 4” diameter
piece of PVC pipe.
• When using NVIS, I utilize an antenna
tuner since I did not have an antenna
analyzer when I constructed this antenna
and planned to operate through out the
entire 40 M band (SSB and digital).
Questions?