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Overview of Quantum Numbers in Chemistry

This document discusses the quantum numbers used to describe the electron configuration of atoms. It defines the principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (L), magnetic quantum number (mL), and spin quantum number (ms). It provides the values these quantum numbers can take and rules for their combination. The document then discusses how the quantum numbers are used to write electron configurations and provides examples of configurations for various atoms from hydrogen to krypton.

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359 views19 pages

Overview of Quantum Numbers in Chemistry

This document discusses the quantum numbers used to describe the electron configuration of atoms. It defines the principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (L), magnetic quantum number (mL), and spin quantum number (ms). It provides the values these quantum numbers can take and rules for their combination. The document then discusses how the quantum numbers are used to write electron configurations and provides examples of configurations for various atoms from hydrogen to krypton.

Uploaded by

AP
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HISTORY

OF THE
ATOM
The Quantum Numbers

NAME SYMBOL VALUES

Principal Quantum any integer from 1 to


Number n infinity
Azimuthal Quantum
Number L any integer from 0 to n-1
Magnetic Quantum
Number mL any integer from -L to +L

Spin Quantum Number ms +/- 1/2


Rules governing the combination
of quantum numbers:
• Three quantum numbers n, l and m are integers.
• The principal quantum number (n) cannot be zero.
N must be 1, 2, 3, etc.
• The angular quantum number (l) can be any
integer between 0 and n-1. For n = 3, l can be
either 0, 1, or 2.
• The magnetic quantum number (m) can be any
integer between –l and +l. For l = 2, m = can be
either –2, -1, 0, +1, or +2.
• The spin quantum number (s) is less arbitrarily
assigned the numbers +½ and -½.
QUANTUM NUMBERS

Pauli
Exclusion
Principle: no
two electrons
can have the
same set of
fours
quantum
numbers
L-value Orbital Type

0 s

1 p

2 d

3 f
atom atomic
electron configuration
number
H 1 1s1 (meaning one electron in the 1s orbital)

He 2 1s2

Li 3 1s2 2s1 or He 2s1

Be 4 1s2 2s2 or He 2s2

B 5 1s2 2s2 2px1 or He 2s2 2px1


1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 or He 2s2 2px1 2py1 (* see
C 6
Hund's Rule Below)
N 7 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 or He 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1

O 8 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1 or He 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1


F 9 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz1 or He 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz1

Ne 10 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 or He 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2

Na 11 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s1 or Ne 3s1

Mg 12 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 or Ne 3s2

Al 13 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px1 or Ne 3s2 3px1

Si 14 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px13py1 or Ne 3s2 3px1 3py1
1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px13py13pz1 or Ne 3s2 3px1 3py1
P 15
3pz1
1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px23py13pz1 or Ne 3s2 3px2 3py1
S 16
3pz1
1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px23py23pz1 or Ne 3s2 3px2
Cl 17
3py2 3pz1
1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px23py23pz2 or Ne 3s2 3px2
Ar 18
3py2 3pz2
K 19 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px23py23pz2 4s1 or Ar 4s1

Ca 20 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px23py23pz2 4s2 or Ar 4s2

Sc 21 Ar 4s2 3d1

Ti 22 Ar 4s2 3d1 3d1

V 23 Ar 4s2 3d1 3d1 3d1

Cr 24 Ar 4s1 3d1 3d1 3d1 3d13d1 (* see Hund's Rule Below)

Mn 25 Ar 4s2 3d1 3d1 3d1 3d13d1


Fe 26 Ar 4s2 3d2 3d1 3d1 3d13d1

Ar 4s2 3d2 3d2 3d1 3d13d1


Co 27

Ni 28 Ar 4s2 3d2 3d2 3d2 3d13d1

Ar 4s1 3d2 3d2 3d2 3d23d2 (note that a 4s electron has moved to fill
Cu 29
the 3d)

Zn 30 Ar 4s2 3d2 3d2 3d2 3d23d2 or Ar 4s2 3d10

Ga 31 Ar 4s2 3d2 3d2 3d2 3d23d2 4px1 or Ar 4s2 3d10 4px1

Ge 32 Ar 4s2 3d2 3d2 3d2 3d23d2 4px1 4py1 or Ar 4s2 3d10 4px1 4py1

As 33 Ar 4s2 3d2 3d2 3d2 3d23d2 4px1 4py1 3pz1 or Ar 4s2 3d10 4px1 4py1 3pz1
Ar 4s2 3d2 3d2 3d2 3d23d2 4px2 4py1 4pz1 or Ar 4s2 3d10 4px2
Se 34
4py1 4pz1
Ar 4s2 3d2 3d2 3d2 3d23d2 4px2 4py2 4pz1 or Ar 4s2 3d10 4px2
Br 35
4py2 4pz1

Kr 36 Ar 4s2 3d2 3d2 3d2 3d23d2 4px2 4py2 4pz2 or Ar 4s2 3d10 4p6

Rb 37 Kr 5s1

Sr 38 Kr 5s2

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